737:, a veteran of CIA counter-espionage activities, was instructed to offer the Mafia $ 150,000 to kill Fidel Castro. The advantage of employing the Mafia for this work is that it provided CIA with a credible cover story. The Mafia were known to be angry with Castro for closing down their profitable brothels and casinos in Cuba. If the assassins were killed or captured the media would accept that the Mafia were working on their own. The Mafia played along in order to get protection from the FBI.
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849:): "Some old CIA hands believe that Bissell was setting a trap to force U.S. intervention." Edgar Applewhite, a former deputy inspector general, believed that Bissell and Dulles were "building a tar baby." Jake Esterline was very unhappy with these developments and on 8 April attempted to resign from the CIA. Bissell convinced him to stay.
987:. Bissell told Kennedy that the operation could still be saved if American warplanes were allowed to fly cover. Admiral Burke supported him on this. General Lemnitzer called for the Brigade to join the guerrillas in the Escambray Mountains. Bissell explained this was not an option as their route was being blocked by 20,000 Cuban troops.
624:
Bissell delivered an address at the CIA entitled "The
Stimulation of Innovation" in 1957 that called for funding the research and development of groundbreaking new technologies for intelligence gathering and surveillance. He acknowledged that such surveillance may entail "gray activities" by the CIA,
967:
At 7 a.m. on April 18, Bissell told
Kennedy that the invasion force was trapped on the beaches and encircled by Castro’s forces. Then Bissell asked Kennedy to send in American forces to save the men. Bissell expected him to say yes. Instead he replied that he still wanted "minimum visibility." The
840:
Bissell now resubmitted his plan. As requested, the landing was no longer at
Trinidad. Instead he selected Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). This was 80 miles from the Escambray Mountains. What is more, this journey to the mountains was across an impenetrable swamp. As Bissell explained to Kennedy,
844:
As Allen W. Dulles recorded at the time: "We felt that when the chips were down, when the crisis arose in reality, any action required for success would be authorized rather than permit the enterprise to fail." In other words, he realized that the initial invasion was likely to fail, but believed
836:
At a meeting on 11 March 1961, Kennedy rejected
Bissell’s proposed scheme. He told him to go away and draft a new plan. He asked for it to be "less spectacular" and with a more remote landing site than Trinidad. It appears that Kennedy had completely misunderstood the report from the JCS.
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aircraft that could reach the other country. However, because of the great shroud of secrecy erected by the CIA around the source of the information, the U-2 spy plane program, the hysteria in some
American circles based on the allegations of the bomber gap was not publicly put to rest.
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in 1955 as the site for the test facility for the U-2, and
Bissell supervised the test facility and its build up until he resigned from the CIA. The U-2 spy plane was a great success and within two years Bissell was able to say that 90% of all hard intelligence about the
998:, "Bissell had been caught in his own web. 'Plausible deniability' was intended to protect the president, but as he had used it, it was a tool to gain and maintain control over an operation.... Without plausible deniability, the Cuba project would have been turned over to
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surveillance that the CIA may not have the legal right to undertake. But he urged that the dubious legal status of such activities should not preclude the CIA from pursuing them. He also advocated that the CIA implement
755:" (code-named JMARC), "to bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more ... acceptable to the U.S. in such a manner as to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention." This paper was based on
1014:, the new spy plane that would make the U-2 obsolete. Bissell turned down the offer and in February 1962 he left the Central Intelligence Agency and was replaced as head of the Directorate for Plans, by
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As a face-saving exit from the CIA, John F. Kennedy offered
Bissell the post as director of a new science and technology department. This would leave him in charge of the development of the
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of the CIA Technical
Services Division was asked to come up with proposals that would undermine Castro's popularity with the Cuban people. (Gottlieb also ran the
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veterans from World War Two—the grouping would expand its informal membership around the
Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. The group would grow to include
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on 18 November 1960. According to
Bissell, Kennedy remained impassive throughout the meeting. He expressed surprise only at the scale of the operation.
322:. He returned to Yale where he obtained a Ph.D. in economics in 1939. His brother, William, also attended Yale and became a member of Skull and Bones.
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825:" they were not given details of the plot to kill Castro. The JCS reported that if the invaders were given four days of air cover, if the people of
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was lying about the number of bombers and missiles being built by the Soviet Union. The photographs debunked the allegations of a "
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stayed on as Bissell's deputy. The Directorate for Plans reportedly controlled over half the CIA's budget and was responsible for
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That night Bissell had another meeting with John F. Kennedy. This time it took place in the White House and included General
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that Kennedy would agree to any additional military support required to prevent this outcome. According to Evan Thomas (
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project from 1953–1964.) These schemes were rejected and instead Bissell decided to arrange Castro's assassination.
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to develop a follow-on aircraft. This evolved into Project OXCART, under which the CIA developed and operated the
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Monte Reel, "A Brotherhood of Spies: The U2 and the CIA's Secret War," (New York: Anchor Books, 2019), pp. 132–33
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Monte Reel, "A Brotherhood of Spies: The U2 and the CIA's Secret War," (New York: Anchor Books, 2019), p. 148
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coming into the CIA was "funneled through the lens of the U-2's aerial cameras". This information convinced
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The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974
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became involved in this first plot against Castro. The strategy was managed by Sheffield Edwards;
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As DD/P, Bissell also oversaw the early stages of Project OXCART, the development of the
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to develop radar camouflage for the aircraft. When this was unsuccessful, he initiated
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In 1956, after the Soviet Union protested the first U-2 overflights, Bissell initiated
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Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America’s Space Espionage
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Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs Hardcover – May 29, 1996
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this meant that the guerrilla fallback option had been removed from the operation.
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In March 1960, President Eisenhower approved a CIA plan to overthrow Castro. (See
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1127:"WashingtonPost.com: Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs"
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joined the rebellion and if they were able to join up with the guerrillas in the
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in 1954. In fact, Bissell assembled the same team as the one used in Guatemala:
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suffered a mental breakdown in September 1958, Bissell replaced him as the CIA's
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1362:, approved for release by the CIA in October 1994. Retrieved: 26 January 2007.
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Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, Subject: Roselli, Johnny
1186:. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013
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He also played a key role, as CIA Program Manager, in the development of the
354:(OPC) in diverting counterpart funds of the ECA to OPC operations in Europe.
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Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. was the son of Richard Bissell, the president of
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was given a copy of the JMARC proposal by Bissell and Allen W. Dulles in
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Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba
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Bissell, Richard M. Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo.
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1477:"The "Confessions" of Allen Dulles: New Evidence on the Bay of Pigs"
572:'spy plane'. Bissell and Herbert Miller, another CIA officer, chose
1155:"Richard M. Bissell, 84, Is Dead; Helped Plan Bay of Pigs Invasion"
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Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism
338:. The following year he was appointed as an administrator of the
645:(DDP). Bissell officially assumed the office on 1 January 1959.
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In 1954 he was placed in charge of developing and operating the
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In March 1960 a top-secret policy paper was drafted entitled: "
964:, calling for the Cuban Army to revolt. They failed to do so.
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to run a committee to lobby for an economic recovery plan for
258:(September 18, 1909 – February 7, 1994) was an American
29:
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The Georgetown Set: Friends and Rivals in Cold War Washington
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Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs,
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Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs
956:, broadcasts being made on a small island 100 miles off the
1393:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p.
1442:. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. p. 34.
1355:"The U-2's Intended Successor: Project Oxcart 1956–1968".
1270:(New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2011), pp. 4, 168.
1060: – National intelligence agency of the United States
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JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters
884:
1559:. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1992.
1529:(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996).
1002:, and Bissell would have become a supporting actor."
753:
A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime
1601:– Harry S. Truman Library and Museum – July 9, 1971
262:officer responsible for major projects such as the
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1599:Oral History Interview with Richard M. Bissell Jr.
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1284:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 169–70.
157:Co-Director of the National Reconnaissance Office
1660:Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1204:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1066: – Failed landing operation of Cuba in 1961
27:Central Intelligence Agency officer (1909–1994)
1324:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
1254:; Bissell is a secondary character, appearing
1221:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
1040:In February 1994, Bissell died at his home in
787:(aka "Frank Bender"). Added to the team were
318:, and graduating in 1932, then studied at the
1555:Pedlow, Gregory W. and Donald E. Welzenbach.
8:
889:introducing citations to additional sources
396:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1645:People of the Office of Strategic Services
821:to vet the JMARC project. As a result of "
694:). The strategy was organized by Bissell.
302:. Two of his fellow pupils at Groton were
270:. He is seen as one of the most important
142:
131:
1640:People of the Central Intelligence Agency
669:, and others. Bissell's main target was
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1581:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).
1148:
1146:
879:Relevant discussion may be found on the
817:In March 1961 John F. Kennedy asked the
759:, the policy that had worked so well in
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330:In July 1947, Bissell was recruited by
169:September 1961 – February 1962
1197:
977:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
7:
721:. Later, other crime bosses such as
436:. Originally formed in 1945–1948 by
394:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
348:Economic Cooperation Administration
1493:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1984.tb00417.x
1153:Binder, David (February 8, 1994).
653:. (DDP oversaw plans to overthrow
346:and eventually became head of the
25:
1635:People from Hartford, Connecticut
1475:Vandenbroucke, Lucien S. (1984).
1650:Kennedy administration personnel
872:relies largely or entirely on a
861:
366:
34:
1181:"Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers"
1048:was published two years later.
952:The operation tried to rely on
705:In September 1960, Bissell and
350:(ECA). Bissell worked with the
45:needs additional citations for
1023:Institute for Defense Analyses
1:
1106:Obituary in Independent daily
633:CIA Deputy Director for Plans
352:Office of Policy Coordination
314:, turning down membership in
462:Office of Strategic Services
1545:. The New Press. New York.
1375:Central Intelligence Agency
1359:Central Intelligence Agency
1058:Central Intelligence Agency
1021:Bissell became head of the
558:Central Intelligence Agency
260:Central Intelligence Agency
243:Central Intelligence Agency
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741:Bay of Pigs Invasion plans
556:persuaded him to join the
320:London School of Economics
256:Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.
209:Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.
985:Chief of Naval Operations
643:Deputy Director for Plans
249:
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1326:. Ivan R. Dee. pp.
900:"Richard M. Bissell Jr."
663:Rafael Leonidas Trujillo
627:covert political actions
563:
514:William Averell Harriman
310:. He studied history at
69:"Richard M. Bissell Jr."
1541:Kornbluh, Peter. 1998.
1223:. Ivan R. Dee. p.
1042:Farmington, Connecticut
777:William "Rip" Robertson
548:Bissell worked for the
284:Hartford Fire Insurance
232:Farmington, Connecticut
18:Richard M. Bissell, Jr.
789:Jack Hawkins (Colonel)
136:Richard M. Bissell Jr.
1322:Prados, John (2006).
1280:Thomas, Evan (1995).
1219:Prados, John (2006).
1044:. His autobiography,
1031:Hartford, Connecticut
823:plausible deniability
819:Joint Chiefs of Staff
727:Santo Trafficante Jr.
629:in target countries.
502:Charles "Chip" Bohlen
300:Groton, Massachusetts
292:Hartford, Connecticut
286:. He was born in the
215:Hartford, Connecticut
1630:Groton School alumni
1423:, November 19, 1970.
1064:Bay of Pigs Invasion
962:David Atlee Phillips
885:improve this article
769:David Atlee Phillips
747:Bay of Pigs Invasion
655:Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
586:Dwight D. Eisenhower
390:improve this section
268:Bay of Pigs Invasion
54:improve this article
1655:Yale College alumni
1132:The Washington Post
1027:United Technologies
831:Escambray Mountains
812:Palm Beach, Florida
757:operation PBSuccess
526:John Sherman Cooper
460:—a group of former
332:W. Averell Harriman
1511:– via JSTOR.
1481:Diplomatic History
1434:Douglass, James W.
1159:The New York Times
793:Desmond FitzGerald
620:Vision for the CIA
478:Desmond FitzGerald
212:September 18, 1909
1551:978-1-56584-494-0
1535:978-0-300-06430-8
1449:978-1-4391-9388-4
1436:(October 2010) .
1282:The Very Best Men
996:The Very Best Men
968:invasion failed.
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847:The Very Best Men
651:covert operations
590:Nikita Khrushchev
522:Felix Frankfurter
454:David K. E. Bruce
428:Bissell moved to
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552:for a while but
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200:Personal details
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870:This section
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71: –
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43:This article
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801:Ted Shackley
765:Tracy Barnes
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735:Robert Maheu
731:Meyer Lansky
719:Sam Giancana
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692:Operation 40
689:
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671:Fidel Castro
639:Frank Wisner
636:
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603:
579:Soviet Union
570:Lockheed U-2
567:
554:Frank Wisner
547:
530:James Reston
490:James Truitt
486:Tracy Barnes
482:Joseph Alsop
474:Dean Acheson
438:Frank Wisner
427:
412:
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388:Please help
376:
329:
308:Tracy Barnes
304:Joseph Alsop
281:
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227:(1994-02-07)
185:Succeeded by
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1620:1994 deaths
1615:1909 births
992:Evan Thomas
518:John McCloy
466:Ben Bradlee
458:Walt Rostow
278:Early years
1609:Categories
1404:0807842044
1165:January 2,
1161:. New York
1071:References
954:Radio Swan
911:newspapers
594:bomber gap
538:Paul Nitze
506:Cord Meyer
272:spymasters
239:Profession
155:First
80:newspapers
1501:0145-2096
960:coast by
941:June 2022
881:talk page
761:Guatemala
583:President
406:June 2022
377:does not
174:President
165:In office
110:July 2007
1509:44363812
1389:(1988).
1200:cite web
1052:See also
1006:Post-CIA
958:Honduran
700:MK-ULTRA
266:and the
1268:Area 51
1089:Nro.gov
925:scholar
574:Area 51
560:(CIA).
398:removed
383:sources
344:Germany
245:officer
94:scholar
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336:Europe
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610:GUSTO
588:that
101:JSTOR
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1583:ISBN
1561:ISBN
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1531:ISBN
1497:ISSN
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1399:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1206:link
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1167:2015
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