616:
comparison of sequences at ITS tracts is not appropriate. Conserved sequences at coding regions of rDNA allow comparisons of remote species, even between yeast and human. Human 5.8S rRNA has 75% identity with yeast 5.8S rRNA. In cases for sibling species, comparison of the rDNA segment including ITS tracts among species and phylogenetic analysis are made satisfactorily. The different coding regions of the rDNA repeats usually show distinct evolutionary rates. As a result, this DNA can provide phylogenetic information of species belonging to wide systematic levels.
381:
664:, or lost due to deletion mutations. The same is true for mutations that occur in rDNA repeats; it has been found that if the genes that are associated with the synthesis of ribosomes are disrupted or mutated, it can result in various diseases associated with the skeleton or bone marrow. Also, any damage or disruption to the enzymes that protect the tandem repeats of the rDNA, can result in lower synthesis of ribosomes, which also lead to other defects in the cell. Neurological diseases can also arise from mutations in the rDNA tandem repeats, such as
668:, which occurs when the number of tandem repeats increases close to a hundred-fold; compared with that of the normal number of tandem repeats. Various types of cancers can also be born from mutations of the tandem repeats in the ribosomal DNA. Cell lines can become malignant from either a rearrangement of the tandem repeats, or an expansion of the repeats in the rDNA.
22:
353:
615:
among species, which allows interspecific comparison to elucidate phylogenetic relationship using only a few specimens. Coding regions of rDNA are highly conserved among species but ITS regions are variable due to insertions, deletions, and point mutations. Between remote species as human and frog
543:
formation, the regions containing the rDNA gene clusters are amplified, dramatically increasing the amount of available templates for transcription up to several thousand copies. In some ciliate genera, such as
461:. In rDNA, the tandem repeats are mostly found in the nucleolus; but heterochromatic rDNA is found outside of the nucleolus. However, transcriptionally active rDNA resides inside of the nucleolus itself.
33:
about bacteria/organelle, archaea (rDNA operons — the euk ones are technically polycistronic too); canonical inclusion of 5S in these groups; plastid 4.5S; occurrence of nonclassical "unlinked" variants
446:. As repetitive DNA regions often undergo recombination events, the rDNA repeats have many regulatory mechanisms that keep the DNA from undergoing mutations, thus keeping the rDNA conserved.
648:
gene transcription. In a PolI defective mutant, the HOT1 hotspot recombination-stimulating activity is abolished. The level of PolI transcription in HOT1 appears to determine the level of
332:
A notable amount of bacteria and archaea diverge from the canonical structure of the operon containing the rDNA genes, carrying the "unlinked" genes in different places of their genome.
603:
occurred frequently between species and often flanked by conserved sequences. They could occur by slippage of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication or by gene conversion.
1250:"Sequencing and analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) and coding regions in the EcoR I fragment of the ribosomal DNA of the Japanese pond frog Rana nigromaculata"
584:. However, the mechanism of concerted evolution is imperfect, such that polymorphisms between repeats within an individual can occur at significant levels and may confound
560:, extensive fragmentation of the amplified DNA leads to the formation of microchromosomes, centered on the rDNA transcriptional unit. Similar processes are reported from
1388:
1553:
281:
The rDNA-genes are commonly present with multiple copies in the genome, where they are organized in linked groups in most species, separated by an
521:
allows for the reduction of rDNA genes in the germline. The exact number of copies in the micronucleus core genome ranging from several copies in
356:
The gene segment of eukaryotic rDNA contains 18S, 5.8S, and 28S tracts and forms a tandem repetitive cluster; the 5S rDNA is coded separately.
1028:
876:
580:
In the large rDNA array, polymorphisms between rDNA repeat units are very low, indicating that rDNA tandem arrays are evolving through
1739:
1726:
1749:
1546:
632:, referred to as HOT1. HOT1 expresses recombination-stimulating activity when it is inserted into novel locations in the yeast
624:
A fragment of yeast rDNA containing the 5S gene, non-transcribed spacer DNA, and part of the 35S gene has localized cis-acting
1780:
1626:
1613:
1325:
94:
1145:"Intragenomic polymorphisms among high-copy loci: a genus-wide study of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Asclepias (Apocynaceae)"
1197:
Päques F, Samson ML, Jordan P, Wegnez M (November 1995). "Structural evolution of the
Drosophila 5S ribosomal genes".
401:
373:
365:
286:
282:
1364:
hyrcanus group and molecular identification of related species from the
Republic of South Korea (Diptera: Culicidae)"
1897:
1539:
474:
450:
409:
1785:
380:
429:
457:, where the rDNA regions of the chromosome forms expanded chromosomal loops, accessible for transcription of
404:
spacers. The active genome of eukaryotes contains several hundred copies of the rDNA transcriptional unit as
1591:
1566:
1531:
661:
529:
2021:
1949:
1842:
405:
301:. They are transcribed together to a precursor RNA which is then processed to equal amounts of each rRNA.
1867:
1817:
1443:
Serizawa N, Horiuchi T, Kobayashi T (April 2004). "Transcription-mediated hyper-recombination in HOT1".
649:
629:
625:
1877:
562:
1999:
1917:
752:
Hillis DM, Dixon MT (December 1991). "Ribosomal DNA: Molecular
Evolution and Phylogenetic Inference".
1994:
1907:
1822:
1708:
1570:
1206:
1109:
905:
596:
473:
contains a total of 560 copies of the rDNA transcriptional unit, spread across five chromosomes with
117:
1404:"Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae"
1772:
1643:
1289:
Nazar RN, Sitz TO, Busch H (February 1976). "Sequence homologies in mammalian 5.8S ribosomal RNA".
641:
600:
581:
98:
1100:
Alvarez I, Wendel JF (December 2003). "Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference".
1015:]. Kompaktwissen Biologie (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
77:
encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all
1944:
1852:
1827:
1671:
1468:
1230:
777:
393:
275:
175:
45:
1922:
1517:
1460:
1425:
1306:
1271:
1222:
1176:
1125:
1082:
1024:
989:
931:
872:
826:
769:
731:
713:
612:
397:
389:
322:
318:
267:
263:
255:
251:
196:
191:
171:
166:
35:
1887:
1837:
1832:
2006:
1936:
1862:
1812:
1574:
1507:
1499:
1452:
1415:
1378:
1298:
1261:
1214:
1166:
1156:
1117:
1072:
1064:
1016:
979:
971:
921:
913:
864:
816:
808:
761:
721:
705:
637:
434:
420:
413:
326:
290:
271:
243:
200:
180:
102:
78:
1857:
1762:
124:. The number of copies can vary considerably per species. Ribosomal DNA is widely used for
1882:
1717:
1689:
1658:
1653:
424:
863:] (in German) (6th ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1210:
1113:
909:
44:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1989:
1847:
1804:
1632:
1622:
1512:
1487:
1171:
1144:
984:
959:
926:
893:
726:
693:
665:
1121:
1077:
1052:
892:
Brewer TE, Albertsen M, Edwards A, Kirkegaard RH, Rocha EP, Fierer N (February 2020).
821:
796:
2036:
1694:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1456:
1420:
1403:
1358:
Li, C; Lee, JS; Groebner, JL; Kim, HC; Klein, TA; O'Guinn, ML; Wilkerson, RC (2005).
645:
585:
239:
125:
82:
74:
1472:
781:
2042:
1966:
1234:
540:
518:
514:
470:
341:
812:
1068:
660:
Diseases can be associated with DNA mutations where DNA can be expanded, such as
1961:
1872:
1734:
546:
535:
1359:
1973:
1790:
1503:
1020:
917:
868:
709:
568:
523:
478:
442:
106:
89:, its importance making it the most abundant section of RNA found in cells of
1383:
717:
1892:
1583:
556:
551:
454:
121:
90:
1521:
1464:
1275:
1180:
1129:
993:
935:
735:
352:
39:
21:
1429:
1310:
1226:
1086:
975:
960:"Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes"
830:
773:
238:
The ribosomal DNA includes all genes coding for the non-coding structural
2016:
1902:
1666:
1562:
310:
259:
247:
155:
148:
113:
86:
1302:
1912:
1326:"Sequence differences of rDNA-ITS2 and species-diagnostic PCR assay of
1266:
1249:
1218:
510:
314:
215:
210:
1161:
2011:
633:
765:
1757:
388:
The rDNA gene cluster of eukaryotes consists of the genes for the
379:
351:
329:
also present in prokaryotes, is of a similar size to eukaryotes.
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
458:
1535:
894:"Unlinked rRNA genes are widespread among bacteria and archaea"
317:
are smaller than their counterparts in eukaryotes, grouped as
15:
795:
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (January 1991).
628:
stimulating activity. This DNA fragment contains a mitotic
440:
5S rDNA is also present in independent tandem repeats as in
384:
Nucleolus with pre-rRNA components called
Introns and Exons.
297:, while it is located in separate repeating regions in most
437:
in separate gene repeats at different loci in the genome.
797:"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study"
692:
Warmerdam, Daniël O.; Wolthuis, Rob M. F. (2019-03-01).
595:
were compared with each other; the result revealed that
1488:"Keeping ribosomal DNA intact: a repeating challenge"
1143:
Weitemier K, Straub SC, Fishbein M, Liston A (2015).
694:"Keeping ribosomal DNA intact: a repeating challenge"
344:
follows the structure of prokaryotic ribosomal DNA.
1982:
1935:
1803:
1771:
1748:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1682:
1642:
1599:
1590:
246:of life, these are the structural sequences of the
120:, the rDNA genes are generally highly conserved in
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
433:. Most eukaryotes however, carry the gene for the
105:, as well as both transcribed and non-transcribed
85:, integral structural elements in the assembly of
81:of life. The ribosomal DNA encodes the non-coding
958:Richard GF, Kerrest A, Dujon B (December 2008).
112:Due to their high importance in the assembly of
687:
685:
683:
681:
611:The rDNA transcription tracts have low rate of
270:). The assembly of the latter also include the
1248:Sumida M, Kato Y, Kurabayashi A (April 2004).
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1547:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
419:Similar to the structure of prokaryotes, the
8:
1007:Schmidt, Olaf (2017). Fritsche, Olaf (ed.).
412:, which in turn can be present at multiple
1722:
1713:
1596:
1554:
1540:
1532:
964:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
135:
1511:
1419:
1382:
1324:Fengyi MY, Jiannong X, Zheming Z (1998).
1265:
1192:
1190:
1170:
1160:
1076:
983:
925:
820:
725:
477:. The repeat clusters are located on the
309:The primary structural rRNA molecules in
1486:Warmerdam DO, Wolthuis RM (March 2019).
747:
745:
588:analyses for closely related organisms.
93:. Additionally, these segments includes
677:
423:is appended to the rDNA cluster in the
293:is also linked to these rDNA region in
591:5S tandem repeat sequences in several
1391:from the original on October 1, 2012.
1102:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1402:Keil RL, Roeder GS (December 1984).
1360:"A newly recognized species in the
1623:Short tandem repeat/Microsatellite
620:Recombination-stimulating activity
410:nucleolus organizer regions (NORs)
14:
425:Saccharomycetes (Hemiascomycetes)
287:External transcribed spacer (ETS)
283:internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
1457:10.1111/j.1356-9597.2004.00729.x
1051:Prescott, David M. (June 1994).
294:
20:
754:The Quarterly Review of Biology
513:, the presence of a generative
298:
1627:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
1199:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1053:"The DNA of Ciliated Protozoa"
1013:Genetics and molecular biology
376:1 and 2, numbered from 5' end.
1:
1614:Variable number tandem repeat
1122:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00208-2
1009:Genetik und Molekularbiologie
813:10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991
1421:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90016-3
1069:10.1128/mr.58.2.233-267.1994
374:internal transcribed spacers
1254:Genes & Genetic Systems
527:as low as a single copy in
475:nucleolus organizer regions
451:nucleolus organizer regions
366:external transcribed spacer
137:Genes of the ribosomal DNA
2059:
566:and to lesser extent from
274:as well as the additional
1581:
1504:10.1007/s10577-018-9594-z
1021:10.1007/978-3-662-50274-7
918:10.1038/s41396-019-0552-3
869:10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5
710:10.1007/s10577-018-9594-z
360:, nontranscribed spacer,
73:) consists of a group of
1384:10.11646/zootaxa.939.1.1
1332:Anopheles anthropophagus
430:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
408:, they are organized in
1057:Microbiological Reviews
801:Journal of Bacteriology
530:Tetrahymena thermophila
517:next to the vegetative
400:, separated by the two
2022:Protein tandem repeats
1950:Tandemly arrayed genes
385:
377:
242:molecules. Across all
31:is missing information
976:10.1128/MMBR.00011-08
855:Graw, Jochen (2015).
656:Clinical significance
640:(PolI) transcription
630:recombination hotspot
626:mitotic recombination
383:
355:
97:sections, such as an
1995:Pathogenicity island
662:Huntington's disease
576:Sequence homogeneity
449:In the nucleus, the
285:and preceded by the
118:protein biosynthesis
1492:Chromosome Research
1303:10.1021/bi00648a008
1211:1995JMolE..41..615P
1114:2003MolPE..29..417A
910:2020ISMEJ..14..597B
698:Chromosome Research
644:that catalyzes 35S
636:. HOT1 includes an
607:Sequence divergence
582:concerted evolution
138:
122:molecular evolution
1945:Gene amplification
1414:(2 Pt 1): 377–86.
1328:Anopheles sinensis
1267:10.1266/ggs.79.105
1219:10.1007/bf00175820
386:
378:
216:MT-RNR2 (16S rRNA)
211:MT-RNR1 (12S rRNA)
136:
2030:
2029:
1931:
1930:
1799:
1798:
1703:
1702:
1592:Repeated sequence
1567:repeated sequence
1162:10.7717/peerj.718
1030:978-3-662-50273-0
878:978-3-662-44816-8
563:Glaucoma chattoni
453:give rise to the
340:Ribosomal DNA in
325:. Meanwhile, the
236:
235:
63:
62:
2050:
2007:Low copy repeats
2000:Symbiosis island
1937:Gene duplication
1723:
1714:
1597:
1575:gene duplication
1556:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
955:
940:
939:
929:
898:The ISME Journal
889:
883:
882:
852:
835:
834:
824:
792:
786:
785:
749:
740:
739:
729:
689:
638:RNA polymerase I
539:species. During
481:chromosomes 13 (
139:
103:RNA polymerase I
101:specific to the
58:
55:
49:
24:
16:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
1978:
1927:
1795:
1767:
1744:
1718:Retrotransposon
1699:
1690:Inverted repeat
1678:
1663:DNA transposon
1659:Retrotransposon
1654:Gene conversion
1645:
1638:
1635:
1586:
1577:
1560:
1530:
1529:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1006:
1005:
1001:
957:
956:
943:
891:
890:
886:
879:
854:
853:
838:
794:
793:
789:
751:
750:
743:
691:
690:
679:
674:
658:
622:
609:
578:
507:
467:
416:in the genome.
402:ITS-1 and ITS-2
350:
338:
307:
278:in eukaryotes.
231:
229:
199:
178:
174:
134:
59:
53:
50:
43:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:Genomic island
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1805:DNA transposon
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1633:Macrosatellite
1630:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:Tandem repeats
1594:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1498:(1–2): 57–72.
1478:
1445:Genes to Cells
1435:
1394:
1350:
1341:J Med Coll PLA
1316:
1281:
1240:
1186:
1135:
1092:
1063:(2): 233–267.
1036:
1029:
999:
970:(4): 686–727.
941:
904:(2): 597–608.
884:
877:
836:
807:(2): 697–703.
787:
766:10.1086/417338
741:
676:
675:
673:
670:
666:Bloom syndrome
657:
654:
646:ribosomal rRNA
621:
618:
608:
605:
577:
574:
506:
503:
466:
463:
406:tandem repeats
349:
346:
337:
334:
306:
303:
234:
233:
226:
223:
219:
218:
213:
208:
207:Mitochondrial
204:
203:
194:
189:
185:
184:
169:
164:
160:
159:
152:
145:
133:
130:
61:
60:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:Ribosomal DNA
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1695:Direct repeat
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Minisatellite
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Satellite DNA
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:(4): 305–15.
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1260:(2): 105–18.
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:(5): 615–21.
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:(3): 417–34.
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:(4): 411–53.
759:
755:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
663:
655:
653:
651:
650:recombination
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
614:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
558:
553:
549:
548:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:
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436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
347:
345:
343:
335:
333:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:large subunit
257:
253:
249:
248:small subunit
245:
241:
240:ribosomal RNA
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
151:
150:
146:
144:
141:
140:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:ribosomal RNA
80:
76:
75:ribosomal RNA
72:
69:(abbreviated
68:
67:ribosomal DNA
57:
47:
41:
37:
32:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1967:Gene cluster
1954:
1735:Alu sequence
1644:Interspersed
1495:
1491:
1481:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1297:(3): 505–8.
1294:
1291:Biochemistry
1290:
1284:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1202:
1198:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1060:
1056:
1012:
1008:
1002:
967:
963:
901:
897:
887:
860:
856:
804:
800:
790:
757:
753:
704:(1): 57–72.
701:
697:
659:
623:
613:polymorphism
610:
592:
590:
586:phylogenetic
579:
567:
561:
555:
545:
541:macronucleus
534:
528:
522:
519:macronucleus
515:micronucleus
508:
471:human genome
468:
448:
441:
439:
428:
418:
387:
369:
361:
357:
342:chloroplasts
339:
331:
308:
280:
237:
179:
154:
147:
142:
126:phylogenetic
111:
70:
66:
64:
54:October 2021
51:
30:
1962:Gene family
1873:Tc1/mariner
1828:EnSpm/CACTA
1334:from China"
547:Tetrahymena
536:Tetrahymena
479:acrocentric
305:Prokaryotes
295:prokaryotes
163:Eukaryotes
1974:Pseudogene
1791:retroposon
1709:Transposon
1571:transposon
1347:: 123–128.
672:References
597:insertions
593:Drosophila
569:Paramecium
533:and other
524:Paramecium
497:) and 22 (
443:Drosophila
348:Eukaryotes
299:eukaryotes
258:) and the
109:segments.
95:regulatory
91:eukaryotes
1893:P element
1843:Harbinger
1584:Repeatome
1362:Anopheles
718:1573-6849
601:deletions
557:Oxytricha
552:Hypotrich
455:nucleolus
276:5.8S rRNA
230:4.5S rRNA
225:16S rRNA
188:Bacteria
176:5.8S rRNA
132:Structure
128:studies.
114:ribosomes
87:ribosomes
46:talk page
2037:Category
2017:Telomere
1983:See also
1923:Zisupton
1903:Polinton
1898:PiggyBac
1853:Helitron
1672:Helitron
1667:Polinton
1563:Genetics
1522:30556094
1473:23978914
1465:15066122
1389:Archived
1276:15215676
1181:25653903
1155:: e718.
1130:14615184
994:19052325
936:31712737
861:Genetics
782:32027097
736:30556094
642:promoter
511:ciliates
505:Ciliates
427:such as
398:28S rRNA
336:Plastids
323:23S rRNA
319:16S rRNA
311:Bacteria
268:28S rRNA
256:18S rRNA
232:5S rRNA
228:23S rRNA
222:Plastid
197:23S rRNA
192:16S rRNA
172:28S rRNA
167:18S rRNA
156:LSU rRNA
149:SSU rRNA
99:promotor
40:31712737
1913:Transib
1888:Novosib
1868:Kolobok
1838:Ginger2
1833:Ginger1
1818:Crypton
1513:6394564
1430:6094015
1377:: 1–8.
1371:Zootaxa
1311:1252408
1235:6911205
1227:7490776
1207:Bibcode
1172:4304868
1110:Bibcode
1087:8078435
985:2593564
927:6976660
906:Bibcode
857:Genetik
831:1987160
774:1784710
727:6394564
550:or the
493:), 21 (
489:), 15 (
485:), 14 (
435:5S rRNA
421:5S rRNA
327:5S rRNA
315:Archaea
291:5S rRNA
272:5S rRNA
244:domains
201:5S rRNA
181:5S rRNA
79:domains
2012:CRISPR
1878:Merlin
1863:ISL2EU
1813:Academ
1646:repeat
1520:
1510:
1471:
1463:
1428:
1309:
1274:
1233:
1225:
1179:
1169:
1128:
1085:
1078:372963
1075:
1027:
992:
982:
934:
924:
875:
829:
822:207061
819:
780:
772:
734:
724:
716:
634:genome
554:genus
465:Humans
289:. The
107:spacer
38:
1918:Zator
1858:IS3EU
1763:LINE2
1758:LINE1
1750:LINEs
1727:SINEs
1683:Other
1469:S2CID
1367:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1231:S2CID
1149:PeerJ
1011:[
859:[
778:S2CID
1908:Sola
1883:MuDR
1823:Dada
1786:MER4
1781:HERV
1773:LTRs
1518:PMID
1461:PMID
1426:PMID
1408:Cell
1330:and
1307:PMID
1272:PMID
1223:PMID
1177:PMID
1126:PMID
1083:PMID
1025:ISBN
990:PMID
932:PMID
873:ISBN
827:PMID
770:PMID
732:PMID
714:ISSN
599:and
499:RNR5
495:RNR4
491:RNR3
487:RNR2
483:RNR1
469:The
459:rRNA
414:loci
396:and
394:5.8S
321:and
313:and
143:Type
116:for
71:rDNA
65:The
36:PMID
2043:DNA
1848:hAT
1740:MIR
1508:PMC
1500:doi
1453:doi
1416:doi
1379:doi
1375:939
1299:doi
1262:doi
1215:doi
1167:PMC
1157:doi
1118:doi
1073:PMC
1065:doi
1017:doi
980:PMC
972:doi
922:PMC
914:doi
865:doi
817:PMC
809:doi
805:173
762:doi
722:PMC
706:doi
509:In
501:).
390:18S
370:ITS
362:ETS
358:NTS
266:or
264:23S
254:or
252:16S
2039::
1573:,
1569:,
1565::
1516:.
1506:.
1496:27
1494:.
1490:.
1467:.
1459:.
1447:.
1424:.
1412:39
1410:.
1406:.
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1345:13
1343:.
1339:.
1305:.
1295:15
1293:.
1270:.
1258:79
1256:.
1252:.
1229:.
1221:.
1213:.
1203:41
1201:.
1189:^
1175:.
1165:.
1151:.
1147:.
1124:.
1116:.
1106:29
1104:.
1081:.
1071:.
1061:58
1059:.
1055:.
1039:^
1023:.
988:.
978:.
968:72
966:.
962:.
944:^
930:.
920:.
912:.
902:14
900:.
896:.
871:.
839:^
825:.
815:.
803:.
799:.
776:.
768:.
758:66
756:.
744:^
730:.
720:.
712:.
702:27
700:.
696:.
680:^
652:.
572:.
392:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
42:).
1629:)
1625:(
1616:/
1555:e
1548:t
1541:v
1524:.
1502::
1475:.
1455::
1449:9
1432:.
1418::
1381::
1313:.
1301::
1278:.
1264::
1237:.
1217::
1209::
1183:.
1159::
1153:3
1132:.
1120::
1112::
1089:.
1067::
1033:.
1019::
996:.
974::
938:.
916::
908::
881:.
867::
833:.
811::
784:.
764::
738:.
708::
262:(
250:(
56:)
52:(
48:.
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
