707:
hemisphere is critical for perceiving sarcasm (Davis et al., 2016), integrating context required for understanding metaphor, inference, and humour, as well as recognizing and expressing affective or emotional prosody—changes in pitch, rhythm, rate, and loudness that convey emotions". One of the experiments carried out by
Gazzaniga involved a split-brain male patient sitting in front of a computer screen while having words and images presented on either side of the screen, and the visual stimuli would go to either the right or left visual field, and thus the left or right brain, respectively. It was observed that if the patient was presented with an image to his left visual field (right brain), he would report not seeing anything. If he was able to feel around for certain objects, he could accurately pick out the correct object, despite not having the ability to verbalize what he saw.
305:
296:
40:
275:
259:, pessimistic thoughts and unconstructive thinking styles", as well as vigilance, arousal and self-reflection, and a relatively hypoactive left hemisphere, "specifically involved in processing pleasurable experiences" and "relatively more involved in decision-making processes". Additionally, "left hemisphere lesions result in an omissive response bias or error pattern whereas right hemisphere lesions result in a commissive response bias or error pattern." The
1754:
372:
731:
719:
414:
461:
155:
left-handers. This is particularly important when it comes to writing, a form of language that involves hand use. Studies attempting to isolate the linguistic component of written language in terms of brain lateralization could not provide enough evidence of a difference in the relative activation of the brain hemispheres between left-handed and right-handed adults
301:
damage often exhibit discourse that is abrupt and perfunctory or verbose and excessive. They can also have pragmatic deficits in situations of turn taking, topic maintenance and shared knowledge. . Although both sides of the hemisphere has different responsibilities and tasks, they both complete each other and create a bigger picture
436:
In the 19th century and to a lesser extent the 20th, it was thought that each side of the brain was associated with a specific gender: the left corresponding with masculinity and the right with femininity and each half could function independently. The right side of the brain was seen as the inferior
390:
states that the research on brain lateralization is valid as a research program, though commercial promoters have applied it to promote subjects and products far outside the implications of the research. For example, the implications of the research have no bearing on psychological interventions such
238:
Rather than just being a series of places where different brain modules occur, there are running similarities in the kind of function seen in each side, for instance how right-side impairment of drawing ability making patients draw the parts of the subject matter with wholly incoherent relationships,
379:
The concept of "right-brained" or "left-brained" individuals is considered a widespread myth which oversimplifies the true nature of the brain's cerebral hemispheres (for a recent counter position, though, see below). Proof leading to the "mythbuster" of the left-/right-brained concept is increasing
307:
Lateral brain damage can also affect visual perceptual spatial resolution. People with left hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of high resolution, or detailed, aspects of an image. People with right hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of low resolution, or big picture, aspects
300:
Right hemisphere damage also has grave effects on understanding discourse. People with damage to the right hemisphere have a reduced ability to generate inferences, comprehend and produce main concepts, and a reduced ability to manage alternative meanings. Furthermore, people with right hemisphere
702:
phenomena that allowed
Gazzaniga and Sperry to study the contributions of each hemisphere to various cognitive and perceptual processes. One of their main findings was that the right hemisphere was capable of rudimentary language processing, but often has no lexical or grammatical abilities. Eran
421:
Some popularizations oversimplify the science about lateralization, by presenting the functional differences between hemispheres as being more absolute than is actually the case. Interestingly, research has shown quite opposite function of brain lateralisation, i.e. left hemisphere creatively and
287:
Damage to either the right or left hemisphere, and its resulting deficits provide insight into the function of the damaged area. There is truth to the idea that some brain functions reside more on one side of the brain than the other. We know this in part from what is lost when a stroke affects a
154:
functions such as grammar, vocabulary and literal meaning are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere, especially in right-handed individuals. While language production is left-lateralized in up to 90% of right-handers, it is more bilateral, or even right-lateralized, in approximately 50% of
706:
Language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere. While the left hemisphere has proven to be more optimized for language, the right hemisphere has the capacity with emotions, such as sarcasm, that can express prosody in sentences when speaking. According to
Sheppard and Hillis, "The right
316:
If a specific region of the brain, or even an entire hemisphere, is injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be assumed by a neighboring region in the same hemisphere or the corresponding region in the other hemisphere, depending upon the area damaged and the patient's age. When injury
333:
of the brain, that exists most commonly in the left inferior frontal hemisphere. Thus, the aphasia that develops from the lack of functioning of the Broca's area is an expressive and non-fluent aphasia. It is called 'non-fluent' due to the issues that arise because Broca's area is critical for
94:
Lateralization of brain structures is based on general trends expressed in healthy patients; however, there are numerous counterexamples to each generalization. Each human's brain develops differently, leading to unique lateralization in individuals. This is different from specialization, as
230:, and artistic ability are represented bilaterally. Numerical estimation, comparison and online calculation depend on bilateral parietal regions while exact calculation and fact retrieval are associated with left parietal regions, perhaps due to their ties to linguistic processing.
225:
Because of this functional division of the left and right sides of the body and of the space that surrounds it, the processing of information in the sensory cortices is essentially identical. That is, the processing of visual and auditory stimuli, spatial manipulation,
357:
errors and may sound nonsensical to the listener. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by phonemic paraphasias, neologism or jargon. Another characteristic of a person with
Wernicke's aphasia is that they are unconcerned by the mistakes that they are making.
380:
as more and more studies are brought to light. Harvard Health
Publishing includes a study from the University of Utah in 2013, that exhibited brain scans revealing similarity on both sides of the brain, personality and environmental factors aside.
922:"Localisation of Function in the brain and Hemispheric Lateralisation: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory and language centres; Broca's and Wernicke's areas, split brain research. Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the brain after trauma"
383:
Although certain functions show a degree of lateralization in the brain—with language predominantly processed in the left hemisphere, and spatial and nonverbal reasoning in the right—these functions are not exclusively tied to one hemisphere.
698:. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate. When these connections are cut, the two halves of the brain have a reduced capacity to communicate with each other. This led to many interesting
1131:
Papadopoulou AK, Samsouris C, Vlachos F, Badcock N, Phylactou P, Papadatou-Pastou (November 2023). "Exploring cerebral laterality of writing and the relationship to handedness: a functional transcranial
Doppler ultrasound investigation".
422:
chaotically links between concepts and right hemisphere tends to adhere to specific date and time, although generally adhering to the pattern of left-brain as linguistic interpretation and right brain as spatio-temporal.
566:
continued in the vein of Broca's research by studying language deficits unlike expressive aphasia. Wernicke noted that not every deficit was in speech production; some were linguistic. He found that damage to the left
126:, has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres. Another example is that each hemisphere in the brain tends to represent one side of the body. In the
334:
language pronunciation and production. The area controls some motor aspects of speech production and articulation of thoughts to words and as such lesions to the area result in specific non-fluent aphasia.
594:
These seminal works on hemispheric specialization were done on patients or postmortem brains, raising questions about the potential impact of pathology on the research findings. New methods permit the
43:
The human brain is divided into two hemispheres–left and right. Scientists continue to explore how some cognitive functions tend to be dominated by one side or the other; that is, how they are
91:. Although the macrostructure of the two hemispheres appears to be almost identical, different composition of neuronal networks allows for specialized function that is different in each hemisphere.
292:
or intonation when speaking. The left hemisphere is often involved with dealing of detail-oriented perception while the right hemisphere deals mostly with wholeness or an overall concept of things
192:
to project to the opposite hemisphere, and about half do not cross to project to the hemisphere on the same side. This means that the left side of the visual field is processed largely by the
239:
or where the kind of left-side damage seen in language impairment not damaging the patient's ability to catch the significance of intonation in speech. This has led
British psychiatrist
169:
for about 95% of right-handers but about 70% of left-handers. Social interactions, demonstrating fierce emotions, and mathematical information are all provided by the right hemisphere.
2485:
Ocklenburg, S. & Güntürkün, O. (2024). The
Lateralized Brain - The Neuroscience and Evolution of Hemispheric Asymmetries. Second Edition. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-99737-9 (
2346:
Ocklenburg, S. & Güntürkün, O. (2024). The
Lateralized Brain - The Neuroscience and Evolution of Hemispheric Asymmetries. Second Edition. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-99737-9 (
1481:
Braun CM, Delisle J, Guimond A, Daigneault R (March 2009). "Post unilateral lesion response biases modulate memory: crossed double dissociation of hemispheric specialisations".
288:
particular part of the brain. Left hemisphere damage has many effects on language production and perception. Damage or lesions to the right hemisphere can result in a lack of
317:
interferes with pathways from one area to another, alternative (indirect) connections may develop to communicate information with detached areas, despite the inefficiencies.
896:
95:
lateralization refers only to the function of one structure divided between two hemispheres. Specialization is much easier to observe as a trend, since it has a stronger
482:
247:, where the left hemisphere tends to reduce complex matters such as ethics to rules and measures, and the right hemisphere is disposed to the holistic and metaphorical.
730:
718:
1768:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (8 June 2023).
1382:
392:
2025:
921:
1312:
30:
This article is about specialization of function between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. For specialization of brain function generally, see
652:
of the brain with small electrical currents to activate discrete brain regions. They found that stimulation of one hemisphere's motor cortex produces
437:
and thought to be prominent in women, savages, children, criminals, and the insane. A prime example of this in fictional literature can be seen in
443:
177:
The processing of basic sensory information is lateralized by being divided into left and right sides of the body or the space around the body.
2656:
2302:
2463:
2441:
2334:
1937:
1777:
1736:
1115:
1086:
260:
2514:
550:) is an important speech production region. The motor aspects of speech production deficits caused by damage to Broca's area are known as
1631:"Testing the Darwinian function of lateralization. Does separation of workload between brain hemispheres increase cognitive performance?"
2679:
2567:
2104:
1176:
2674:
2373:
2212:
1966:
508:
417:
Oversimplification of lateralization in pop psychology. This belief was widely held even in the scientific community for some years.
31:
1567:
Patel, Sona; Oishi, Kenichi; Wright, Amy; Sutherland-Foggio, Harry; Saxena, Sadhvi; Sheppard, Shannon M.; Hillis, Argye E. (2018).
1866:"An evaluation of the left-brain vs. right-brain hypothesis with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging"
1847:
431:
2693:
690:
patients led to an even greater understanding of functional laterality. Split-brain patients are patients who have undergone
486:
349:. Damage to this area causes primarily a deficit in language comprehension. While the ability to speak fluently with normal
1943:
703:
Zaidel also studied such patients and found some evidence for the right hemisphere having at least some syntactic ability.
1758:
833:
1524:
Devinsky O (January 2009). "Delusional misidentifications and duplications: right brain lesions, left brain delusions".
629:
605:
568:
1333:
2429:
2320:
818:
396:
76:
471:
660:
cortices is fairly consistent from person to person; Penfield and Jasper's famous pictures of the motor and sensory
601:
2041:"Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: does the corpus callosum enable the human condition?"
490:
475:
2591:
1022:"Choosing words: left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or both? Perspective on the lateralization of word retrieval"
633:
2274:
608:(PET) are important because of their high spatial resolution and ability to image subcortical brain structures.
381:
255:
Depression is linked with a hyperactive right hemisphere, with evidence of selective involvement in "processing
2809:
2794:
2507:
1273:
793:
264:
115:
2081:
The left is specialized for semantic processing while the right appears to be specialized for episodic memory.
165:, associated with the production of speech and comprehension of speech, respectively, are located in the left
526:
One of the first indications of brain function lateralization resulted from the research of French physician
1412:
2357:
1348:
813:
438:
2486:
2347:
2326:
828:
783:
350:
123:
342:
2476:
1877:
1288:
1033:
683:
657:
649:
582:) caused language comprehension deficits rather than speech production deficits, a syndrome known as
219:
2500:
838:
773:
758:
748:
661:
345:
is the result of damage to the area of the brain that is commonly in the left hemisphere above the
166:
135:
84:
39:
1353:
274:
110:, where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. Function lateralization, such as
2451:
2417:
2145:
2137:
2076:
2007:
1813:
1709:
1549:
1506:
1463:
1374:
848:
823:
788:
691:
551:
408:
326:
2077:"Schematic drawing showing how the left hemisphere differs from the right in mnemonic functions"
2026:"Cognitive psychology - Brain Right hemisphere is random and left hemisphere is linear? Really?"
579:
162:
107:
656:
contraction on the opposite side of the body. Furthermore, the functional map of the motor and
2799:
2586:
2472:
2459:
2437:
2409:
2369:
2330:
2255:
2208:
2164:
2100:
2058:
1999:
1962:
1933:
1923:
1905:
1773:
1732:
1701:
1660:
1652:
1608:
1590:
1541:
1498:
1455:
1366:
1304:
1233:
1215:
1172:
1149:
1111:
1082:
1059:
1002:
679:
583:
527:
289:
181:
72:
946:
554:. In clinical assessment of this type of aphasia, patients have difficulty producing speech.
530:, in 1861. His research involved the male patient nicknamed "Tan", who had a speech deficit (
2603:
2401:
2316:
2245:
2237:
2184:
2176:
2129:
2048:
1991:
1895:
1885:
1805:
1691:
1642:
1598:
1580:
1533:
1490:
1447:
1408:
1358:
1296:
1223:
1205:
1141:
1049:
1041:
992:
984:
268:
256:
240:
1647:
1630:
2644:
2637:
2620:
2581:
2189:
1851:
1762:
1753:
1398:
McGilchrist (2009) provides an extensive survey of the relevant literature in chapter two.
803:
778:
763:
695:
617:
346:
227:
208:
88:
1796:(1987). "Left Brain/Right Brain Mythology and Implications for Management and Training".
736:
Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection
724:
Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection
547:
330:
158:
103:
1881:
1292:
1037:
2804:
2742:
2737:
2365:
2250:
2225:
1900:
1865:
1842:
1603:
1568:
1537:
1228:
1193:
1054:
1021:
997:
972:
625:
215:
204:
2405:
2392:
Josse G, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (January 2004). "Hemispheric specialization for language".
2788:
2732:
2555:
2149:
1793:
1696:
1679:
1629:
Zickert, Nele; Geuze, Reint H.; Beking, Tess; Groothuis, Ton G. G. (20 August 2021).
1553:
753:
572:
563:
387:
353:
is spared, the language produced by a person with
Wernicke's aphasia is riddled with
193:
2120:
Stiles A (2006). "Robert Louis Stevenson's "Jekyll and Hyde" and the Double Brain".
2011:
1713:
1510:
1467:
1378:
1251:
534:); "tan" was one of the few words he could articulate, hence his nickname. In Tan's
413:
2722:
2421:
1423:
988:
870:
645:
543:
244:
189:
119:
96:
2322:
The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World
1864:
Nielsen JA, Zielinski BA, Ferguson MA, Lainhart JE, Anderson JS (14 August 2013).
1678:
Pulsifer MB, Brandt J, Salorio CF, Vining EP, Carson BS, Freeman JM (March 2004).
1145:
371:
2094:
1927:
1890:
1831:
Drenth JD (2003). "Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science".
1451:
1300:
2362:
The Lateralized Brain: The Neuroscience and Evolution of Hemispheric Asymmetries
694:(usually as a treatment for severe epilepsy), a severing of a large part of the
687:
673:
621:
460:
185:
80:
17:
2053:
2040:
196:
of the right hemisphere and vice versa for the right side of the visual field.
2771:
2764:
2752:
2715:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2523:
1494:
1362:
808:
798:
329:
and is so named due to the aphasia that results from damage or lesions to the
127:
1656:
1594:
1585:
1569:"Right Hemisphere Regions Critical for Expression of Emotion Through Prosody"
1219:
2180:
843:
768:
354:
131:
111:
2413:
2259:
2241:
2096:
Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought
2062:
2003:
1909:
1705:
1664:
1612:
1545:
1502:
1459:
1438:
Hecht D (October 2010). "Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere".
1370:
1308:
1237:
1153:
1063:
1006:
2133:
1413:"One Head, Two Brains: How The Brain's Hemispheres Shape The World We See"
973:"Lateralization of the vertebrate brain: taking the side of model systems"
1274:"Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence"
699:
641:
151:
1210:
2141:
1045:
637:
596:
535:
531:
200:
2487:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780323997379/the-lateralized-brain
2348:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780323997379/the-lateralized-brain
1817:
2705:
653:
539:
1995:
1809:
27:
Specialization of some cognitive functions in one side of the brain
1929:
Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions about the Mind and Brain
575:
412:
370:
273:
38:
2226:"That's right! Language comprehension beyond the left hemisphere"
600:
comparison of the hemispheres in healthy subjects. Particularly,
1982:
Toga AW, Thompson PM (January 2003). "Mapping brain asymmetry".
1272:
Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S (May 1999).
971:
Halpern ME, Güntürkün O, Hopkins WD, Rogers LJ (November 2005).
2496:
71:/ lateralization) is the tendency for some neural functions or
1420:
454:
2492:
102:
The best example of an established lateralization is that of
75:
to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other. The
2169:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
218:, most of the neurons from the skin cross to project to the
897:"Hemispheric differences and hemispheric dominance (video)"
1772:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 13.2 The Central Nervous System.
1680:"The cognitive outcome of hemispherectomy in 71 children"
271:
are also often the result of right hemisphere lesions.
947:"Lateralization of Brain Function - Simply Psychology"
2207:. 4th ed. p1182. New York: McGraw–Hill; 2000.
1959:
Psychology : Australian and New Zealand edition
871:"Left brain vs. right brain: How does one dominate?"
399:, brain-training equipment, or management training.
1332:Dehaene S, Piazza M, Pinel P, Cohen L (May 2003).
1624:
1622:
2165:"Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé"
1171:(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
243:to view the two hemispheres as having different
2456:The Right Mind: Making Sense of the Hemispheres
1334:"Three parietal circuits for number processing"
2099:. Princeton University Press. pp. 87–90.
1327:
1325:
1079:Psycholinguistics: Learning and using Language
1020:Riès SK, Dronkers NF, Knight RT (April 2016).
2508:
1194:"Brain Lateralization and Cognitive Capacity"
393:eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
8:
2122:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
2360:; Ocklenburg, Sebastian (16 October 2017).
1267:
1265:
542:in the left cerebral hemisphere. This left
489:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2515:
2501:
2493:
1101:
1099:
1026:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2249:
2188:
2052:
1899:
1889:
1695:
1646:
1602:
1584:
1352:
1227:
1209:
1053:
996:
509:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:, this is the same body side, but in the
2532:
2224:Sheppard SM, Hillis AE (December 2018).
1169:Psychology : a concise introduction
1961:. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley & Sons.
1957:Westen D, Burton L, Kowalski K (2006).
1110:(Second ed.). The Guilford Press.
862:
714:
538:, Broca determined he had a syphilitic
444:Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
2394:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
1648:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107884
325:Broca's aphasia is a specific type of
261:delusional misidentification syndromes
207:from one ear cross to project to the
7:
2273:Shmerling, Robert (25 August 2017).
487:adding citations to reliable sources
375:Oversimplification of hemisphericity
1731:(8th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
1538:10.1212/01.wnl.0000338625.47892.74
1388:from the original on 19 July 2011.
1318:from the original on 19 July 2011.
203:, about 90% of the neurons of the
25:
2406:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.001
1252:"The Optic Nerve - Human Anatomy"
1106:Beaumont JG (2008). "Chapter 7".
32:Functional specialization (brain)
2458:. Harcourt Brace International.
2275:"Right brain/left brain, right?"
2203:Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessel T.
1946:from the original on 9 May 2018.
1798:The Academy of Management Review
1757: This article incorporates
1752:
1697:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.15303.x
1411:, Vedantam S (4 February 2019).
729:
717:
459:
184:, about half the neurons of the
65:lateralization of brain function
2093:Harrington A (1 January 1989).
1416:(Audio podcast with transcript)
1192:Rogers, Lesley J. (July 2021).
1108:Introduction to Neuropsychology
432:Neuroscience of sex differences
52: Right cerebral hemisphere
2694:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
2568:Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis
2303:Left Brain, Right Brain? Wrong
2190:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-E780-7
989:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3439-05.2005
58: Left cerebral hemisphere
1:
2434:A Critique of Psychopathology
2230:Brain: A Journal of Neurology
2047:. 123 ( Pt 7) (7): 1293–326.
2045:Brain: A Journal of Neurology
1146:10.1080/1357650X.2023.2284407
834:Right hemisphere brain damage
2205:Principles of Neural Science
1984:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1891:10.1371/journal.pone.0071275
1452:10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.013
1301:10.1126/science.284.5416.970
1077:Taylor I, Taylor MM (1990).
606:positron emission tomography
222:of the opposite hemisphere.
211:of the opposite hemisphere.
977:The Journal of Neuroscience
819:The Master and His Emissary
616:In the 1940s, neurosurgeon
397:neurolinguistic programming
77:median longitudinal fissure
2826:
2479:. Viking: USA. 0670020745.
2325:(Hardcover ed.). US:
2039:Gazzaniga MS (July 2000).
671:
602:magnetic resonance imaging
429:
406:
134:this is predominantly the
29:
2760:Footedness in boardsports
2751:
2704:
2692:
2671:
2602:
2578:
2566:
2530:
2279:Harvard Health Publishing
1495:10.1080/13576500802328613
1363:10.1080/02643290244000239
1341:Cognitive Neuropsychology
628:developed a technique of
278:Lateral view of the Brain
2281:. Harvard Medical School
2054:10.1093/brain/123.7.1293
1844:ALLEA Annual Report 2003
1770:Anatomy & Physiology
1586:10.3389/fneur.2018.00224
951:www.simplypsychology.org
875:www.medicalnewstoday.com
794:Emotional lateralization
265:reduplicative paramnesia
2564:In cognitive abilities
2181:10.3406/bmsap.1865.9495
367:Possible misapplication
337:
320:
97:anthropological history
2689:Handedness measurement
2364:(Hardcover ed.).
2028:. Stack Exchange, Inc.
1573:Frontiers in Neurology
814:Left brain interpreter
650:somatosensory cortices
612:Movement and sensation
439:Robert Louis Stevenson
418:
376:
279:
60:
2668:Handedness related to
2327:Yale University Press
2134:10.1353/sel.2006.0043
1440:Neuroscience Research
829:Psychoneuroimmunology
784:Divided consciousness
416:
407:Further information:
374:
277:
251:Clinical significance
142:Lateralized functions
69:hemispheric dominance
42:
2680:Mathematical ability
2652:Handedness in people
2633:Handedness in boxing
2477:My Stroke of Insight
2242:10.1093/brain/awy291
1850:16 June 2011 at the
1761:available under the
684:Roger Wolcott Sperry
668:Split-brain patients
483:improve this section
220:somatosensory cortex
85:cerebral hemispheres
2701:Handedness genetics
1932:. New York: Wiley.
1882:2013PLoSO...871275N
1833:Studia Psychologica
1293:1999Sci...284..970D
1211:10.3390/ani11071996
1038:2016NYASA1369..111R
983:(45): 10351–10357.
839:Of Two Minds (book)
774:Contralateral brain
759:Bicameral mentality
749:Alien hand syndrome
362:Society and culture
167:cerebral hemisphere
87:, connected by the
73:cognitive processes
2675:Sexual orientation
2436:. Parodos Verlag.
2319:(9 October 2009).
1256:Photius Coutsoukis
1167:Griggs RA (2012).
1046:10.1111/nyas.12993
877:. 24 December 2018
849:Yakovlevian torque
824:Parallel computing
789:Dual consciousness
692:corpus callosotomy
644:. They stimulated
552:expressive aphasia
419:
409:Popular psychology
403:Popular psychology
377:
351:melodic intonation
343:Wernicke's aphasia
338:Wernicke's aphasia
327:expressive aphasia
280:
173:Sensory processing
136:contralateral side
83:into two distinct
61:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2729:In major viscera
2587:Dual brain theory
2473:Jill Bolte Taylor
2465:978-0-15-600627-9
2443:978-3-938880-51-7
2385:Further resources
2336:978-0-300-14878-7
2236:(12): 3280–3289.
1939:978-0-471-98303-3
1779:978-1-947172-04-3
1738:978-0-205-83256-9
1727:Pinel PJ (2011).
1287:(5416): 970–974.
1117:978-1-59385-068-5
1088:978-0-13-733817-7
711:Additional images
680:Michael Gazzaniga
664:were the result.
584:receptive aphasia
562:German physician
528:Pierre Paul Broca
519:
518:
511:
290:emotional prosody
283:Hemisphere damage
257:negative emotions
228:facial perception
16:(Redirected from
2817:
2626:Right-handedness
2604:Ocular dominance
2533:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2469:
2447:
2425:
2379:
2340:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2163:Broca P (1865).
2160:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1840:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1635:Neuropsychologia
1626:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1356:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1213:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
867:
733:
721:
686:in the 1960s on
514:
507:
503:
500:
494:
463:
455:
269:Capgras delusion
241:Iain McGilchrist
108:Wernicke's areas
57:
51:
21:
18:Right hemisphere
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2810:Brain asymmetry
2795:Neuropsychology
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2645:Orthodox stance
2638:Southpaw stance
2621:Cross-dominance
2616:Left-handedness
2582:Brain asymmetry
2526:
2521:
2482:
2466:
2450:
2444:
2428:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2358:Güntürkün, Onur
2356:
2343:
2337:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1996:10.1038/nrn1009
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:Wayback Machine
1841:, available in
1830:
1829:
1825:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1019:
1018:
1014:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
920:
919:
915:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
869:
868:
864:
860:
853:
804:Hemispherectomy
779:Cross-dominance
764:Brain asymmetry
744:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
696:corpus callosum
676:
670:
632:to help reduce
618:Wilder Penfield
614:
592:
580:Wernicke's area
560:
524:
515:
504:
498:
495:
480:
464:
453:
434:
428:
426:Sex differences
411:
405:
369:
364:
347:Sylvian fissure
340:
323:
321:Broca's aphasia
314:
285:
253:
236:
209:auditory cortex
175:
163:Wernicke's area
149:
144:
89:corpus callosum
59:
55:
53:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:Situs inversus
2740:
2738:Situs ambiguus
2735:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2448:
2442:
2426:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2366:Academic Press
2353:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2297:External links
2295:
2293:
2292:
2265:
2216:
2196:
2175:(1): 377–393.
2155:
2128:(4): 879–900.
2112:
2106:978-0691024226
2105:
2085:
2068:
2031:
2017:
1974:
1967:
1949:
1938:
1915:
1856:
1823:
1810:10.2307/258066
1804:(4): 600–606.
1785:
1778:
1744:
1737:
1719:
1690:(3): 243–254.
1670:
1618:
1559:
1516:
1489:(2): 122–164.
1473:
1430:
1400:
1391:
1347:(3): 487–506.
1321:
1261:
1243:
1184:
1178:978-1429261555
1177:
1159:
1140:(1): 117–150.
1123:
1116:
1095:
1087:
1069:
1032:(1): 111–131.
1012:
963:
938:
926:Psychology Hub
913:
888:
861:
859:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
728:
726:
723:
716:
712:
709:
672:Main article:
669:
666:
626:Herbert Jasper
613:
610:
591:
588:
559:
556:
523:
520:
517:
516:
467:
465:
458:
452:
449:
427:
424:
404:
401:
368:
365:
363:
360:
339:
336:
322:
319:
313:
310:
284:
281:
252:
249:
235:
232:
216:sense of touch
205:auditory nerve
188:from each eye
174:
171:
148:
145:
143:
140:
79:separates the
54:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2822:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Situs solitus
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Ambidexterity
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2375:9780128034538
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:McGilchrist I
2314:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:0-8385-7701-6
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1968:9780470805527
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:(8): e71275.
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1729:Biopsychology
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1409:McGilchrist I
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1354:10.1.1.4.8178
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
952:
948:
942:
939:
927:
923:
917:
914:
902:
898:
892:
889:
876:
872:
866:
863:
857:
855:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Ambidexterity
752:
750:
747:
746:
741:
732:
727:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:brain mapping
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
565:
564:Karl Wernicke
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
513:
510:
502:
492:
488:
484:
478:
477:
473:
468:This section
466:
462:
457:
456:
450:
448:
446:
445:
440:
433:
425:
423:
415:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
388:Terence Hines
385:
382:
373:
366:
361:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
332:
328:
318:
311:
309:
308:of an image.
306:
304:
298:
297:
295:
291:
282:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
245:value systems
242:
234:Value systems
233:
231:
229:
223:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:visual cortex
191:
187:
183:
178:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
146:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2765:Regular foot
2759:
2723:Dextrocardia
2700:
2688:
2667:
2651:
2632:
2592:Bicameralism
2574:
2455:
2433:
2397:
2393:
2361:
2321:
2309:Bibliography
2283:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2204:
2199:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2044:
2034:
2020:
1990:(1): 37–48.
1987:
1983:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1928:
1924:Della Sala S
1918:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1769:
1751:
1747:
1728:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1638:
1634:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1532:(1): 80–87.
1529:
1525:
1519:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1446:(2): 77–87.
1443:
1439:
1433:
1424:Hidden Brain
1419:
1403:
1394:
1344:
1340:
1284:
1280:
1255:
1246:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1107:
1078:
1072:
1029:
1025:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:
941:
929:. Retrieved
925:
916:
904:. Retrieved
901:Khan Academy
900:
891:
879:. Retrieved
874:
865:
854:
705:
678:Research by
677:
634:side effects
615:
595:
593:
561:
548:Broca's area
546:brain area (
544:frontal lobe
525:
505:
499:October 2017
496:
481:Please help
469:
442:
435:
420:
386:
378:
341:
331:Broca's area
324:
315:
302:
299:
293:
286:
254:
237:
224:
213:
198:
179:
176:
159:Broca's area
157:
150:
120:accentuation
101:
93:
68:
64:
62:
44:
36:
2400:(1): 1–12.
1854:, pp. 61–72
1204:(7): 1996.
1081:. Pearson.
688:split-brain
674:Split-brain
622:neurologist
571:, superior
395:(EMDR) and
186:optic nerve
81:human brain
45:lateralized
2789:Categories
2772:Goofy foot
2753:Footedness
2716:Levocardia
2524:Laterality
2452:Ornstein R
1839:(1): 5–13.
1641:: 107884.
1483:Laterality
1134:Laterality
956:10 January
931:10 January
906:10 January
881:10 January
858:References
809:Laterality
799:Handedness
700:behavioral
636:caused by
624:colleague
604:(MRI) and
430:See also:
312:Plasticity
128:cerebellum
116:intonation
2712:In heart
2657:Musicians
2430:Cutting J
2150:161889732
1763:CC BY 4.0
1684:Epilepsia
1657:0028-3932
1595:1664-2295
1554:207103708
1526:Neurology
1349:CiteSeerX
1220:2076-2615
844:Wada test
769:Chirality
662:homunculi
640:to treat
569:posterior
470:does not
132:forebrain
112:semantics
2800:Cerebrum
2749:In feet
2611:In hands
2600:In eyes
2575:In brain
2550:General
2475:(2008).
2454:(1998).
2432:(2012).
2414:14739000
2285:24 March
2260:30496360
2063:10869045
2012:15867592
2004:12511860
1944:Archived
1926:(1999).
1910:23967180
1870:PLOS ONE
1848:Archived
1765:license.
1714:15894321
1706:15009226
1665:34090868
1613:29681885
1546:19122035
1511:28225385
1503:18991140
1468:39453265
1460:20603163
1383:Archived
1379:13458123
1371:20957581
1313:Archived
1309:10320379
1238:34359124
1154:38112692
1064:26766393
1007:16280571
742:See also
642:epilepsy
620:and his
573:temporal
558:Wernicke
355:semantic
152:Language
147:Language
2422:8181841
2251:6262217
2142:4127513
1901:3743825
1878:Bibcode
1794:Hines T
1604:5897518
1579:: 224.
1289:Bibcode
1281:Science
1229:8300231
1198:Animals
1055:4874870
1034:Bibcode
998:2654579
658:sensory
638:surgery
597:in vivo
590:Imaging
536:autopsy
532:aphasia
491:removed
476:sources
451:History
214:In the
201:hearing
124:prosody
104:Broca's
2706:LRRTM1
2545:Right
2462:
2440:
2420:
2412:
2372:
2333:
2258:
2248:
2211:
2148:
2140:
2103:
2061:
2010:
2002:
1965:
1936:
1908:
1898:
1818:258066
1816:
1776:
1735:
1712:
1704:
1663:
1655:
1611:
1601:
1593:
1552:
1544:
1509:
1501:
1466:
1458:
1377:
1369:
1351:
1307:
1236:
1226:
1218:
1175:
1152:
1114:
1093:p. 367
1085:
1062:
1052:
1005:
995:
654:muscle
540:lesion
182:vision
122:, and
56:
50:
2805:Brain
2542:Both
2539:Left
2536:Side
2418:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2138:JSTOR
2008:S2CID
1814:JSTOR
1710:S2CID
1550:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1464:S2CID
1386:(PDF)
1375:S2CID
1337:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
646:motor
576:gyrus
522:Broca
190:cross
2460:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2410:PMID
2370:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2287:2022
2256:PMID
2209:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2059:PMID
2000:PMID
1963:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1906:PMID
1774:ISBN
1759:text
1733:ISBN
1702:PMID
1661:PMID
1653:ISSN
1609:PMID
1591:ISSN
1542:PMID
1499:PMID
1456:PMID
1367:PMID
1305:PMID
1234:PMID
1216:ISSN
1173:ISBN
1150:PMID
1112:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1060:PMID
1030:1369
1003:PMID
958:2023
933:2023
908:2023
883:2023
682:and
648:and
474:any
472:cite
267:and
161:and
106:and
67:(or
63:The
2402:doi
2246:PMC
2238:doi
2234:141
2185:hdl
2177:doi
2130:doi
2049:doi
1992:doi
1896:PMC
1886:doi
1806:doi
1692:doi
1643:doi
1639:159
1599:PMC
1581:doi
1534:doi
1491:doi
1448:doi
1421:NPR
1359:doi
1297:doi
1285:284
1224:PMC
1206:doi
1142:doi
1050:PMC
1042:doi
993:PMC
985:doi
485:by
441:'s
391:as
199:In
180:In
2791::
2416:.
2408:.
2398:44
2396:.
2368:.
2329:.
2277:.
2254:.
2244:.
2232:.
2228:.
2183:.
2171:.
2167:.
2144:.
2136:.
2126:46
2124:.
2079:.
2057:.
2043:.
2006:.
1998:.
1986:.
1942:.
1904:.
1894:.
1884:.
1872:.
1868:.
1837:45
1835:.
1812:.
1802:12
1800:.
1708:.
1700:.
1688:45
1686:.
1682:.
1659:.
1651:.
1637:.
1633:.
1621:^
1607:.
1597:.
1589:.
1575:.
1571:.
1548:.
1540:.
1530:72
1528:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:14
1485:.
1462:.
1454:.
1444:68
1442:.
1418:.
1381:.
1373:.
1365:.
1357:.
1345:20
1343:.
1339:.
1324:^
1311:.
1303:.
1295:.
1283:.
1279:.
1264:^
1254:.
1232:.
1222:.
1214:.
1202:11
1200:.
1196:.
1148:.
1138:29
1136:.
1098:^
1058:.
1048:.
1040:.
1028:.
1024:.
1001:.
991:.
981:25
979:.
975:.
949:.
924:.
899:.
873:.
586:.
447:.
263:,
138:.
118:,
114:,
99:.
2516:e
2509:t
2502:v
2489:)
2468:.
2446:.
2424:.
2404::
2378:.
2350:)
2339:.
2289:.
2262:.
2240::
2193:.
2187::
2179::
2173:6
2152:.
2132::
2109:.
2065:.
2051::
2014:.
1994::
1988:4
1971:.
1912:.
1888::
1880::
1874:8
1820:.
1808::
1782:.
1741:.
1716:.
1694::
1667:.
1645::
1615:.
1583::
1577:9
1556:.
1536::
1513:.
1493::
1470:.
1450::
1427:.
1361::
1299::
1291::
1258:.
1240:.
1208::
1181:.
1156:.
1144::
1120:.
1091:.
1066:.
1044::
1036::
1009:.
987::
960:.
935:.
910:.
885:.
578:(
512:)
506:(
501:)
497:(
493:.
479:.
303:.
294:.
47:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
