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response. IFNs are essential in order for the immune system to fight off viral infections in a host. This inhibitory mechanism is believed to be due to a number of reasons, the first being, competitive inhibition of the formation of the transcription factor. On this transcription factor, NSs interacts with and binds to a subunit that is needed for RNA polymerase I and II. This interaction cause competitive inhibition with another transcription factor component and prevents the assembly process of the transcription factor complex, which results in the suppression of the host antiviral response. Transcription suppression is believed to be another mechanism of this inhibitory process. This occurs when an area of NSs interacts with and binds to the host's protein, SAP30 and forms a complex. This complex causes histone acetylation to regress, which is needed for transcriptional activation of the IFN promoter. This causes IFN expression to be obstructed. Lastly, NSs has also been known to affect regular activity of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R. This protein is involved in cellular antiviral responses in the host. When RVFV is able to enter the host's DNA, NSs forms a filamentous structure in the nucleus. This allows the virus to interact with specific areas of the host's DNA that relates to segregation defects and induction of chromosome continuity. This increases host infectivity and decreases the host's antiviral response.
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are available. The killed vaccines are not practical in routine animal field vaccination because of the need of multiple injections. Live vaccines require a single injection but are known to cause birth defects and abortions in sheep and induce only low-level protection in cattle. The live-attenuated vaccine, MP-12, has demonstrated promising results in laboratory trials in domesticated animals, but more research is needed before the vaccine can be used in the field. The live-attenuated clone 13 vaccine was recently registered and used in South Africa. Alternative vaccines using molecular recombinant constructs are in development and show promising results.
79:
751:, which leads to an increase in mosquito vectors. RVFV can be transmitted vertically in mosquitos, meaning that the virus can be passed from the mother to her offspring. During dry conditions, the virus can remain viable for a number of years in the egg. Mosquitos lay their eggs in water, where they eventually hatch. As water is essential for mosquito eggs to hatch, rainfall and flooding cause an increase in the mosquito population and an increased potential for the virus.
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316:), or affect the eye. Patients who become ill usually experience fever, generalised weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss at the onset of the illness. Typically, people recover within two to seven days after onset. About 1% of people with the disease die of it. In livestock, the fatality level is significantly higher. Pregnant livestock infected with RVF
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working with animals in RVF-endemic areas, wearing protective equipment to avoid any exposure to blood or tissues of animals that may potentially be infected is an important protective measure. Potentially, establishing environmental monitoring and case surveillance systems may aid in the prediction and control of future RVF outbreaks.
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The first documented outbreak was identified in Kenya in 1931, in sheep, cattle and humans; another severe outbreak in the country in 1950–1951 involved 100,000 deaths in livestock and an unrecorded number of humans with fever. An outbreak occurred in South Africa in 1974–1976, with more than 500,000
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are currently available for humans. While a vaccines have been developed for humans, it has only been used experimentally for scientific personnel in high-risk environments. Trials of a number of vaccines, such as NDBR-103 and TSI-GSD 200, are ongoing. Different types of vaccines for veterinary use
257:
Prevention of the disease in humans is accomplished by vaccinating animals against the disease. This must be done before an outbreak occurs because if it is done during an outbreak it may worsen the situation. Stopping the movement of animals during an outbreak may also be useful, as may decreasing
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A person's chances of becoming infected can be reduced by taking measures to decrease contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals and protection against mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects. Use of mosquito repellents and bed nets are two effective methods. For persons
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Although many components of the RVFV's RNA play an important role in the virus' pathology, the nonstructural protein encoded on the S segment (NSs) is the only component that has been found to directly affect the host. NSs is hostile and combative against the host interferon (IFNs) antiviral
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747:, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently. Outbreaks of this disease usually correspond with the warm phases of the EI Niño/Southern Oscillation. During this time there is an increase in rainfall, flooding and greenness of
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250:. Animals such as cows, sheep, goats, and camels may be affected. In these animals it is spread mostly by mosquitoes. It does not appear that one person can infect another person. The disease is diagnosed by finding
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Turell MJ, Lee JS, Richardson JH, Sang RC, Kioko EN, Agawo MO, Pecor J, O'Guinn ML (December 2007). "Vector competence of Kenyan Culex zombaensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus".
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Distribution of Rift Valley fever in Africa: Blue, countries with endemic disease and substantial outbreaks of RVF; green, countries known to have some cases, periodic isolation of virus, or serologic evidence of
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A vaccine has been conditionally approved for use in animals in the US. It has been shown that knockout of the NSs and NSm nonstructural proteins of this virus produces an effective vaccine in sheep as well.
1694:"Rift Valley fever virus vaccine lacking the NSs and NSm genes is safe, nonteratogenic, and confers protection from viremia, pyrexia, and abortion following challenge in adult and pregnant sheep"
1064:"Complete Genome Analysis of 33 Ecologically and Biologically Diverse Rift Valley Fever Virus Strains Reveals Widespread Virus Movement and Low Genetic Diversity due to Recent Common Ancestry"
3605:
1532:
1692:
Bird BH, Maartens LH, Campbell S, Erasmus BJ, Erickson BR, Dodd KA, Spiropoulou CF, Cannon D, Drew CP, Knust B, McElroy AK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Nichol ST (December 2011).
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Turell MJ, Presley SM, Gad AM, Cope SE, Dohm DJ, Morrill JC, Arthur RR (February 1996). "Vector competence of
Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus".
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276:. Outbreaks usually occur during periods of increased rain which increase the number of mosquitoes. The disease was first reported among livestock in
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genome. Its L and M segments are negative-sense, but its S segment is ambisense. These three genome segments code for six major proteins: L protein (
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which often last for up to a week. The severe symptoms may include: loss of sight beginning three weeks after the infection, infections of the
642:. Contact with infected tissue is considered to be the main source of human infections. The virus has been isolated from two bat species: the
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Other signs in livestock include vomiting and diarrhea, respiratory disease, fever, lethargy, anorexia and sudden death in young animals.
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699:(KEMRI) has developed a product called Immunoline, designed to diagnose the disease in humans much faster than in previous methods.
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order. This is an order of enveloped negative single stranded RNA viruses. All
Bunyaviruses have an outer lipid envelope with two
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1645:"Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Vaccine Is Fully Attenuated by a Combination of Partial Attenuations in the S, M, and L Segments"
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In humans, the virus can cause several syndromes. Usually, they have either no symptoms or only a mild illness with fever,
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3038:
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1999:
Arzt J, White WR, Thomsen BV, Brown CC (January 2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium".
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1594:"The One Health Approach is Necessary for the Control of Rift Valley Fever Infections in Egypt: A Comprehensive Review"
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Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, Al
Mujalli D, Al Khamees M, Swanepoel R (September 2002).
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262:; however, as of 2010 it is not widely available. There is no specific treatment and medical efforts are supportive.
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3408:
3326:
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1643:
Ikegami T, Hill TE, Smith JK, Zhang L, Juelich TL, Gong B, Slack OA, Ly HJ, Lokugamage N, Freiberg AN (July 2015).
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1833:"Enzootic hepatitis or rift valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east africa"
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Nanyingi MO, Munyua P, Kiama SG, Muchemi GM, Thumbi SM, Bitek AO, Bett B, Muriithi RM, Njenga MK (2015-07-31).
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238:. It is spread by either touching infected animal blood, breathing in the air around an infected animal being
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Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK (March 2011).
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which may occur within the first few days. Those who have bleeding have a chance of death as high as 50%.
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688:
596:
309:
78:
72:
1832:
728:
526:. This structural similarity suggests that there may be a common origin for these viral families.
3679:
2954:
2806:
2262:
2067:
2024:
1950:
1893:
1427:
1221:
744:
508:
87:
324:(animal disease epidemic) of RVF is usually first indicated by a wave of unexplained abortions.
3882:
207:
of humans and livestock that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The mild symptoms may include:
3941:
3836:
3759:
3536:
2879:
2483:
2059:
2016:
1981:
1942:
1885:
1864:"Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts"
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in 1977–78, an estimated 200,000 people were infected and there were at least 594 deaths. In
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2008:
1932:
1924:
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for urgent research and development toward new diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines.
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in 1998, the virus killed more than 400 people. Since then, there have been outbreaks in
2148:
1937:
1912:
1758:
991:
920:
Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control
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503:—G(N) and G(C)—required for cell entry. They deliver their genome into the host-cell
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abnormalities. In a small percentage of cases (< 2%), the illness can progress to
204:
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1928:
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Diagnosis relies on viral isolation from tissues, or serological testing with an
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Vaccinating animals against the disease, decreasing mosquito bites
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2818:
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Bulletin de la Société de
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Rift Valley fever was one of more than a dozen agents that the
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in the early 1900s, and the virus was first isolated in 1931.
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mosquito numbers and avoiding their bites. There is a human
3932:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
2301:"After Ebola, a Blueprint Emerges to Jump-Start R&D"
2163:"Outbreak Summaries | Rift Valley Fever | CDC"
2086:"At least 75 people die of Rift Valley Fever in Kenya"
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Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
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infected animals and the first deaths in humans. In
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against the virus or the virus itself in the blood.
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169:
161:
147:
131:
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106:
86:
62:
37:
1241:"New vectors of Rift Valley fever in West Africa"
246:from an infected animal, or the bite of infected
2259:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
1313:Boiro I, Konstaninov OK, Numerov AD (1987). "".
1563:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
837:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
58:of tissue infected with Rift Valley fever virus
2540:
8:
2265:, April 9, 2002, accessed November 14, 2008.
803:The disease is one of several identified by
556:), the two glycoproteins G(N) and G(C), the
2991:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
3799:
3733:
3643:
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3251:
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2961:
2589:
2578:
2547:
2533:
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882:
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878:
876:
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578:The virus is transmitted through mosquito
350:
339:
77:
34:
1936:
1879:
1837:The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology
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858:
856:
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1503:Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (2013).
1454:"The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever"
894:. World Health Organization. May 2010.
848:
514:The virus' G(C) protein has a class II
2203:"Rift Valley Fever – Mayotte (France)"
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
518:architecture similar to that found in
3362:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
2381:. World Health Organization. May 2010
2369:Rift Valley Fever disease card at OIE
2311:from the original on 20 December 2016
1561:"Prevention: Rift Valley Fever | CDC"
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
683:. Other methods of diagnosis include
574:Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever
268:of the disease have only occurred in
7:
2096:from the original on 9 January 2007.
1747:Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
3967:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
2865:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
2179:. WHO. 18 June 2018. Archived from
2145:"Rift Valley fever in South Africa"
1592:Fawzy M, Helmy YA (February 2019).
739:List of Rift Valley fever outbreaks
3962:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
2205:. WHO. 13 May 2019. Archived from
2108:"Deadly fever spreads Kenya Panic"
974:Dessau M, Modis Y (January 2013).
898:from the original on 15 April 2014
695:assays. As of September 2016, the
25:
1125:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
507:by fusing their envelope with an
234:The disease is caused by the RVF
27:Human and livestock viral disease
2855:Western equine encephalomyelitis
2845:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
2305:Scientific American Blog Network
2114:from the original on 1 May 2008.
1911:McMillen CM, Hartman AL (2018).
1791:from the original on 2016-12-02.
1573:
1452:Ikegami T, Makino S (May 2011).
1290:Infectious diseases of livestock
1138:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x
937:from the original on 2017-09-08.
821:
697:Kenya Medical Research Institute
371:
140:spread by an infected animal or
43:
2980:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1929:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.009
1813:from the original on 2016-12-04
1535:from the original on 2016-09-06
1044:from the original on 2016-10-03
537:is composed of single-stranded
320:virtually 100% of foetuses. An
312:(inflammation of the brain and
3142:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1:
3813:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
3399:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2638:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
484:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
344:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
227:, and bleeding together with
223:causing severe headaches and
3293:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
2090:International Herald Tribune
1505:Fields Virology, 6th Edition
1245:Emerging Infectious Diseases
658:), which are believed to be
644:Peter's epauletted fruit bat
3315:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
3303:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2229:"Rift Valley fever – Kenya"
2177:"Rift Valley fever – Kenya"
964:, accessed 12 October 2011.
743:RVF outbreaks occur across
3983:
3327:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
3207:Sandfly fever Naples virus
2276:"Select Agents and Toxins"
1868:Epidemiology and Infection
960:reviewed and published by
736:
571:
2995:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
2335:World Health Organization
1881:10.1017/S0950268810001020
1803:"Rift Valley Fever | CDC"
1174:10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.136
493:The virus belongs to the
366:
358:
349:
342:
157:or the virus in the blood
51:
42:
3611:SARS-related coronavirus
3574:Henipavirus encephalitis
3432:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
3277:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3058:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3030:Arbovirus encephalitides
3006:Arbovirus encephalitides
2976:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2941:Banna virus encephalitis
2841:Arbovirus encephalitides
2786:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2752:Saint Louis encephalitis
2719:Arbovirus encephalitides
2670:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2604:Arbovirus encephalitides
2364:CDC RVF Information Page
2110:. BBC. 26 January 2007.
2013:10.1177/0300985809354350
1034:"ViralZone: Phlebovirus"
791:researched as potential
314:tissues lining the brain
3952:Sheep and goat diseases
3854:Rift Valley fever virus
3715:Yaba monkey tumor virus
3072:Kyasanur Forest disease
3034:Tick-borne encephalitis
2735:Australian encephalitis
2628:California encephalitis
2397:Rift Valley fever virus
2056:10.2460/javma.234.7.883
1849:10.1002/path.1700340418
1001:10.1073/pnas.1217780110
773:East Africa (2006–2007)
585:Culex tritaeniorhynchus
516:membrane fusion protein
18:Rift valley fever virus
3062:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
2643:La Crosse encephalitis
1257:10.3201/eid0402.980218
734:
648:Micropteropus pusillus
639:Culex quinquefasciatus
3947:Insect-borne diseases
3495:Marburg virus disease
3046:Powassan encephalitis
2723:Japanese encephalitis
2403:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2147:. WHO. Archived from
731:
2921:Semliki Forest virus
2235:on February 12, 2021
2001:Veterinary Pathology
1767:10.3402/iee.v5.28024
1710:10.1128/JVI.06046-11
1661:10.1128/JVI.00135-15
1371:10.1128/JVI.02641-10
1080:10.1128/JVI.02095-06
1038:viralzone.expasy.org
685:Nucleic Acid Testing
368:Virus classification
3468:Ebola virus disease
3132:Colorado tick fever
2887:O'nyong'nyong fever
2375:"Rift Valley fever"
2341:on 20 December 2016
2331:"List of Pathogens"
1759:2015InfEE...528024N
1698:Journal of Virology
1649:Journal of Virology
1359:Journal of Virology
1068:Journal of Virology
992:2013PNAS..110.1696D
888:"Rift Valley fever"
560:N protein, and the
310:meningoencephalitis
73:veterinary medicine
69:Infectious diseases
3957:Biological weapons
3680:Simian foamy virus
2499:External resources
2263:Middlebury College
2130:2011-07-28 at the
2092:. 7 January 2007.
1917:Antiviral Research
956:2012-05-08 at the
917:Palmer SR (2011).
793:biological weapons
745:sub-Saharan Africa
735:
564:and NSm proteins.
509:endosomal membrane
362:virion and genome
288:Signs and symptoms
3937:Tropical diseases
3919:
3918:
3805:Taxon identifiers
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3723:
3722:
3631:
3630:
3441:
3440:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3150:
3149:
2949:
2948:
2694:Rift Valley fever
2522:
2521:
1611:10.3390/v11020139
1514:978-1-4511-0563-6
951:Rift Valley Fever
783:Biological weapon
656:Hipposideros abae
652:aba roundleaf bat
562:nonstructural NSs
491:
490:
306:hemorrhagic fever
197:Rift Valley fever
194:
193:
149:Diagnostic method
38:Rift Valley fever
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3974:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3800:
3734:
3644:
3454:
3263:
3252:
3227:Chandipura virus
3163:
3103:Orthomyxoviridae
2962:
2909:Ross River fever
2674:Bunyamwera fever
2590:
2579:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2411:
2406:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2379:Fact sheet N°207
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2337:. Archived from
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2183:on June 23, 2018
2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1704:(24): 12901–09.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1471:10.3390/v3050493
1449:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1365:(13): 6098–105.
1350:
1331:
1330:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1074:(6): 2805–2816.
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1003:
971:
965:
948:
939:
938:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
892:Fact sheet N°207
884:
831:
826:
825:
749:vegetation index
633:Culex zombaensis
627:Culex perexiguus
621:Culex antennatus
554:viral polymerase
529:The virus' 11.5
376:
375:
354:
340:
82:
81:
47:
35:
21:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3807:
3797:
3784:
3764:
3729:
3719:
3694:
3664:
3638:
3627:
3590:
3565:Paramyxoviridae
3558:
3511:
3448:
3437:
3415:
3346:
3257:
3246:
3231:
3211:
3195:Pappataci fever
3188:Oropouche virus
3183:Oropouche fever
3157:
3146:
3116:
3096:
3014:
2986:Heartland virus
2956:
2945:
2925:
2897:Pogosta disease
2825:
2772:West Nile fever
2703:
2584:
2573:
2566:
2553:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2494:
2493:
2422:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2209:on July 1, 2019
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2132:Wayback Machine
2123:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1655:(14): 7262–76.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1352:
1351:
1334:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1027:
986:(5): 1696–701.
973:
972:
968:
958:Wayback Machine
949:
942:
931:
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
886:
885:
850:
845:
827:
820:
817:
801:
785:
741:
726:
705:
677:
668:
662:for the virus.
609:Aedes ochraceus
576:
570:
487:
423:Negarnaviricota
370:
338:
333:
290:
174:Supportive care
112:Loss of sight,
76:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3833:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3652:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3592:
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3587:
3586:
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3570:
3568:
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3559:
3557:
3556:
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3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:viral diseases
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2454:
2439:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:Classification
2408:
2407:
2391:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2358:External links
2356:
2353:
2352:
2322:
2291:
2288:on 2012-02-25.
2267:
2246:
2220:
2194:
2168:
2154:
2151:on 2010-04-12.
2136:
2117:
2099:
2077:
2034:
1991:
1980:(24): 867–71.
1960:
1903:
1854:
1823:
1794:
1733:
1684:
1635:
1584:
1545:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1464:(5): 493–519.
1437:
1416:10.1002/biof.6
1394:
1332:
1305:
1299:978-0195761702
1298:
1280:
1231:
1210:10.2987/5645.1
1187:
1152:
1111:
1054:
1025:
966:
940:
929:
909:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:Viruses portal
816:
813:
809:Ebola epidemic
800:
797:
784:
781:
725:
722:
704:
701:
676:
673:
667:
664:
603:Aedes mcintosh
569:
566:
489:
488:
481:
479:
475:
474:
467:
463:
462:
455:
451:
450:
443:
439:
438:
435:Ellioviricetes
431:
427:
426:
419:
415:
414:
407:
403:
402:
395:
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:
364:
363:
356:
355:
347:
346:
337:
334:
332:
329:
289:
286:
229:liver problems
192:
191:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
118:liver problems
110:
104:
103:
90:
84:
83:
66:
60:
59:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:Rhabdoviridae
3735:
3732:
3726:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:Herpesviridae
3645:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:Coronaviridae
3593:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:Rhabdoviridae
3514:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:Herpesviridae
3418:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:Rhabdoviridae
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:Toscana virus
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3112:Bourbon virus
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:Sindbis virus
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
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3268:Arenaviridae
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3168:Bunyavirales
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3101:
3087:Langat virus
3021:Flaviviridae
3019:
3010:Bhanja virus
2967:Bunyavirales
2965:
2930:
2830:
2802:Yellow fever
2790:Dengue fever
2710:Flaviviridae
2708:
2693:
2653:Tahyna virus
2618:Bwamba Fever
2595:Bunyavirales
2593:
2506:
2482:
2471:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2402:
2396:
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2378:
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2339:the original
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2304:
2294:
2283:the original
2270:
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2171:
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2149:the original
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2089:
2080:
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2007:(1): 15–27.
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1973:
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1920:
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1797:
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1567:24 September
1565:. Retrieved
1537:. Retrieved
1523:
1504:
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1457:
1410:(1): 14–20.
1407:
1403:
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1321:(1): 62–67.
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1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
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979:
969:
919:
912:
900:. Retrieved
891:
802:
786:
765:Saudi Arabia
753:
742:
724:Epidemiology
718:
710:
706:
693:IgM antibody
689:cell culture
678:
669:
666:Pathogenesis
655:
647:
637:
631:
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619:
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595:
591:Aedes vexans
589:
583:
577:
568:Transmission
558:nucleocapsid
542:
528:
524:alphaviruses
520:flaviviruses
513:
496:Bunyavirales
494:
492:
483:
482:
470:
458:
447:Bunyavirales
446:
434:
422:
410:
398:
391:
381:(unranked):
343:
326:
298:muscle pains
291:
264:
256:
233:
213:muscle pains
200:
196:
195:
135:
127:Up to a week
116:, bleeding,
97:muscle pains
29:
3459:Filoviridae
3281:Lassa fever
3177:Adria virus
2875:Chikungunya
2832:Togaviridae
2762:Usutu virus
2684:Ngari virus
2608:Batai virus
2345:13 December
2315:13 December
2239:24 February
2125:ProMED-mail
1807:www.cdc.gov
544:Phlebovirus
533:tripartite
471:Phlebovirus
360:Phlebovirus
278:Rift Valley
242:, drinking
137:Phlebovirus
3926:Categories
3771:Poxviridae
3701:Poxviridae
3621:SARS-CoV-2
3123:Reoviridae
3001:Tete virus
2932:Reoviridae
2814:Zika fever
2663:Tete virus
2561:(A80–B34,
2484:DiseasesDB
2299:Kieny MP.
1817:2016-12-01
1604:(2): 139.
1539:2016-09-14
1404:BioFactors
1048:2016-09-14
843:References
737:See also:
703:Prevention
660:reservoirs
650:) and the
572:See also:
548:it has an
308:syndrome,
252:antibodies
248:mosquitoes
162:Prevention
155:antibodies
56:micrograph
3869:Q14276794
3828:Q24809101
3780:Monkeypox
2572:Arthropod
1923:: 29–37.
1088:0022-538X
675:Diagnosis
550:ambisense
505:cytoplasm
478:Species:
406:Kingdom:
399:Riboviria
322:epizootic
266:Outbreaks
240:butchered
225:confusion
217:headaches
180:Frequency
170:Treatment
114:confusion
101:headaches
64:Specialty
3942:Zoonoses
3883:11460687
3863:Wikidata
3822:Wikidata
3728:Multiple
3616:SARS-CoV
3606:MERS-CoV
2795:DENV-1-4
2583:Mosquito
2556:Zoonotic
2508:Orphanet
2405:. 11588.
2385:21 March
2309:Archived
2128:Archived
2112:Archived
2094:Archived
2072:16239209
2064:19335238
2029:31753926
2021:20080480
1955:46918400
1947:29857007
1938:10316118
1898:41617078
1890:20478084
1811:Archived
1789:Archived
1785:26234531
1728:21976656
1679:25948740
1630:30736362
1533:Archived
1490:21666766
1432:27209861
1424:19319841
1389:21450816
1226:36591701
1218:18240513
1147:12243225
1106:17192303
1042:Archived
1020:23319635
954:Archived
935:Archived
902:21 March
896:Archived
815:See also
799:Research
771:(2000),
713:vaccines
454:Family:
418:Phylum:
336:Virology
294:headache
244:raw milk
153:Finding
142:mosquito
124:Duration
88:Symptoms
3730:vectors
3710:Tanapox
3659:B virus
3637:Primate
3156:Sandfly
2982:(CCHFV)
2563:042–079
2478:D012295
1776:4522434
1755:Bibcode
1719:3233145
1670:4473576
1621:6410127
1598:Viruses
1481:3111045
1458:Viruses
1380:3126526
1327:3607999
1275:9621201
1266:2640145
1182:8619436
1097:1865992
1011:3562824
988:Bibcode
962:WikiVet
777:Mayotte
687:(NAT),
580:vectors
541:. As a
466:Genus:
442:Order:
430:Class:
260:vaccine
203:) is a
3748:Rabies
3690:HTLV-2
3685:HTLV-1
3639:-borne
3527:Rabies
3449:-borne
3258:-borne
3256:Rodent
3247:-borne
3245:Mammal
3179:(ADRV)
3158:-borne
2957:-borne
2585:-borne
2574:-borne
2513:319251
2213:15 May
2187:1 July
2070:
2062:
2027:
2019:
1986:561445
1984:
1953:
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691:, and
535:genome
300:, and
274:Arabia
270:Africa
215:, and
189:Arabia
185:Africa
132:Causes
75:
3909:11588
3896:66184
3878:IRMNG
3842:4T35D
3488:ZEBOV
3392:THAIV
2880:CHIKV
2489:31094
2467:066.3
2452:A92.4
2286:(PDF)
2279:(PDF)
2068:S2CID
2025:S2CID
1951:S2CID
1894:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1222:S2CID
769:Yemen
761:Kenya
757:Egypt
681:ELISA
392:Realm
385:Virus
331:Cause
318:abort
302:liver
282:Kenya
236:virus
221:brain
209:fever
93:Fever
3904:NCBI
3753:RABV
3554:CHPV
3542:DUVV
3537:MOKV
3532:ABLV
3505:RAVV
3500:MARV
3483:TAFV
3478:SUDV
3473:BDBV
3404:ANDV
3387:AMRV
3382:SEOV
3377:PUUV
3372:HTNV
3367:DOBV
3342:CHPV
3337:LUJV
3331:MACV
3320:SABV
3308:JUNV
3297:GTOV
3286:LASV
3136:CTFV
3091:LGTV
3080:AHFV
3076:KFDV
3066:OHFV
3051:POWV
3039:TBEV
2955:Tick
2891:ONNV
2869:VEEV
2859:WEEV
2849:EEEV
2819:ZIKV
2766:USUV
2756:SLEV
2745:KUNV
2740:MVEV
2698:RVFV
2688:NRIV
2678:BUNV
2657:TAHV
2647:LACV
2622:BWAV
2612:BATV
2473:MeSH
2462:9-CM
2437:1D44
2387:2014
2347:2016
2317:2016
2241:2021
2215:2019
2189:2018
2060:PMID
2017:PMID
1982:PMID
1943:PMID
1886:PMID
1781:PMID
1724:PMID
1675:PMID
1626:PMID
1569:2018
1509:ISBN
1486:PMID
1420:PMID
1385:PMID
1323:PMID
1294:ISBN
1271:PMID
1214:PMID
1178:PMID
1143:PMID
1102:PMID
1084:ISSN
1016:PMID
925:ISBN
904:2014
767:and
636:and
588:and
522:and
272:and
187:and
3891:ISC
3837:CoL
3584:NiV
3579:HeV
3547:LBV
3447:Bat
3409:SNV
2914:RRV
2807:YFV
2777:WNV
2728:JEV
2632:CEV
2458:ICD
2443:ICD
2428:ICD
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2052:doi
2048:234
2009:doi
1933:PMC
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1076:doi
1006:PMC
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733:RVF
711:No
539:RNA
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