488:
55:
669:
655:
781:
795:
683:
599:
903:
823:
697:
585:
753:
725:
641:
351:
United States' ultimately interventionist nature, Latin
American diplomats cited the Monroe Doctrine and United States-led Pan-Americanism in support of a grand bargain that would extend and institutionalize U.S. engagement while restricting unilateralism." However, the United States' often considered adherence to the Treaty's principles of nonintervention as secondary to its Cold War concerns.
875:
861:
809:
889:
739:
711:
627:
842:
767:
613:
347:
the Treaty sought "to insulate the hemisphere from rather than involve it in world conflict", though the United States pushed the smaller countries towards confrontation with its ideological adversaries. Latin
American governments then began to view inter-American collaboration as bending to the will of the United States, forfeiting their sovereignty.
346:
As revolutionary and nationalist governments spread through Latin
America through the 1950s and 1960s, the fear of a shared enemy that was experienced during WWII dissipated and the idea of defensive cooperation became strained. According to Slater, many Latin American governments participating in
1288:
U.S. and Allied
Wartime and Postwar Relations and Negotiations with Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey on Looted Gold and German External Assets and U.S. Concerns about the Fate of the Wartime Ustasha Treasury: Supplement to Preliminary Study on U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and
350:
Though the Cold War overtones of the Rio Treaty became increasingly evident, during the immediate post-war years, Long argues that it was more closely tied to pre-WWII regional antecedents and, even, Latin
American diplomatic pressure. Long states, "Despite many Latin American concerns about the
257:
from August to
October 1944. The Brazilian Ambassador to Washington, Carlos Martins Pereira e Souza, "protested the violation of inter-American norms of consultation in the preparation of postwar plans." These protests led to a series of consultations as well as to a Mexican proposal for an
271:
of 6 March 1945. The Act included a framework for the negotiation of a regional security treaty. It also shaped Latin
American pressure during the United Nations conference in San Francisco for clauses in the UN Charter to facilitate regional collective defense, under Article 51.
182:
The central principle contained in its articles is that an attack against one is to be considered an attack against them all; this was known as the "hemispheric defense" doctrine. Despite this, several members have breached the treaty on multiple occasions.
543:
313:
The Inter-American Treaty of
Reciprocal Assistance was the first of many so-called "mutual security agreements", and the formalization of the Act of Chapultepec. The treaty was adopted by the original signatories on 2 September 1947 in
266:
during
February and March 1945, discussions of the post-war world order were held by the U.S. secretary of state and by the foreign secretaries of all the Latin American countries except El Salvador and Argentina, resulting in the
472:
requesting that
Venezuela be reinstated. On 29 May 2019, the National Assembly approved its return to the Treaty in a preliminary discussion. The National Assembly reiterated its approval to return to the treaty in July 2019.
5073:
1822:
291:
raised the possibility of including collective intervention to preserve democracy in the security conference. During the delay, global tensions between the United States and Soviet Union grew. In light of the developing
528:
1388:, March 3, 1945, Pillars of Peace, Documents Pertaining To American Interest In Establishing A Lasting World Peace: January 1941-February 1946, Book Department, Army Information School, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., May 1946
527:
3362:
5063:
1591:
Additionally, the deep weakening of hemispheric relations occurred due to the American support, without mediation, to the United Kingdom in the Falklands war in 1982, which definitively turned TIAR in dead
541:
542:
1329:
382:
arguing that Argentina had been the aggressor and because Argentina had not been attacked, as did Chile and Colombia. This was seen by most Latin American countries as the final failure of the treaty.
426:
described as "unfortunate" but respected. The treaty was officially denounced by Nicaragua on 20 September 2012, Bolivia on 17 October 2012, Venezuela on 14 May 2013, and Ecuador on 19 February 2014.
539:
4697:
1799:
531:
1273:
No Latin American country had followed a more consistently pro-Allied or anti-Axis policy between 1939 and 1942 than Uruguay. Uruguay, on 22 February 1945, declared war on Germany and Japan
5325:
540:
4849:
537:
5215:
5058:
1902:
962:
3548:
1640:
El episodio dejĂł un mal sabor de boca en muchas de las cancillerĂas latinoamericanas, que pensaban que el TIAR era un mero papel mojado o una herramienta sĂłlo al servicio de EEUU.
547:
1774:
5124:
4866:
2979:
521:
5205:
942:
1847:
1692:
530:
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3027:
544:
1505:
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2959:
545:
4682:
4209:
529:
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5195:
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4768:
2277:
5114:
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in October 1945 but it was postponed to March 1946. The March 1946 date was also postponed indefinitely. Disputes between the United States and Argentina's
5320:
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3619:
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223:
4722:
1807:
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on 12 March 1947, the United States wished to make those new anti-communist commitments permanent, as did many anti-communist leaders in Latin America.
5083:
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434:
The treaty was invoked numerous times during the 1950s and 1960s, in particular the unanimous support of the United States' naval blockade during the
4763:
5305:
5165:
5160:
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246:(which had difficult relations with the Allied powers from 1944 to 1945 but declared war on the Axis on 27 March 1945 Some countries had signed the
2843:
1980:
5190:
4199:
1374:
922:
5310:
4692:
2964:
556:
519:
5180:
4687:
2622:
2287:
3710:
3454:
2714:
1954:
5093:
3114:
3529:
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was organized, caused many members to believe that the United States did not respect the ideals of multilateralism. Conversely during the
1254:. Bloomsbury Academic Collections: History and Politics in the 20th Century: Conflict. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 120, 125.
534:
523:
5220:
5129:
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2376:
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491:
450:
3264:
1778:
5078:
4816:
4169:
2242:
2127:
2081:
2076:
2022:
1292:. Vol. Department of State publication 10557. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian. p. L.
504:
3901:
3464:
2734:
2675:
1429:
Tillapaugh, J. (January 1978). "Closed Hemisphere and Open World? The Dispute Over Regional Security at the U.N. Conference, 1945".
1297:
1259:
1211:
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formally withdrew from the treaty; after the requisite two years, in September 2004, Mexico ceased to be a signatory. In 2008, the
355:
1696:
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5013:
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3094:
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532:
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4858:
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3705:
3634:
3534:
3412:
3184:
3174:
2761:
2148:
1874:
465:
399:
3755:
3524:
3099:
2986:
2974:
2183:
535:
5275:
5235:
3104:
2796:
2739:
2178:
1124:
986:
3424:
3154:
3006:
2665:
2437:
5295:
5285:
5255:
4702:
3717:
3670:
3434:
3357:
3149:
3089:
2858:
2781:
2452:
990:
947:
458:
253:
However, Latin American countries were largely sidelined from the Allied discussions of a postwar security order, held at
247:
3735:
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4707:
4179:
4174:
3891:
3569:
3297:
3042:
3001:
2848:
2729:
2592:
2117:
2071:
2682:
1466:"The Promise of Precommitment in Democracy and Human Rights: The Hopeful, Forgotten Failure of the Larreta Doctrine"
524:
5280:
5250:
5210:
4544:
3765:
3750:
3740:
3594:
3194:
2485:
2252:
927:
482:
423:
371:
186:
The treaty was initially created in 1947 and came into force in 1948, in accordance with Article 22 of the treaty.
4773:
2670:
2282:
218:
overtures suggesting military cooperation with Latin American governments; apparent strategic threats against the
5300:
5265:
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3402:
3109:
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227:
520:
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raised questions among Latin American governments, the unilateral approach of the United States invading the
5185:
5134:
3629:
3574:
3559:
3499:
3047:
2724:
2532:
2329:
1652:
422:, under the leadership of leftist governments, initiated the retirement from the TIAR, a decision which the
318:(hence the colloquial name "Rio Treaty"). It came into force on 3 December 1948 and was registered with the
3317:
526:
515:
508:
402:(UNASUR) created a new regional security council to manage their own defensive objectives. On 5 June 2012,
5139:
4629:
4419:
3923:
2991:
2467:
2309:
2227:
2222:
2015:
1620:
492:
235:
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2319:
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4654:
3938:
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3700:
3589:
3544:
3504:
3439:
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3084:
2898:
2776:
2694:
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2567:
2477:
2422:
2160:
1540:
522:
511:
503:
500:
494:
391:
3961:
1680:
He cited the 1982 conflict over the Falkland Islands as a classic demonstration of the Treaty's failure
517:
54:
533:
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3816:
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3214:
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1677:
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359:
165:
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3649:
3644:
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3519:
3514:
3494:
3419:
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3352:
3342:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3139:
3079:
3052:
2945:
2878:
2863:
2833:
2811:
2597:
2587:
2314:
2237:
2207:
2191:
952:
786:
367:
323:
211:
168:
516:
509:
497:
495:
4938:
4793:
4589:
4574:
4499:
4479:
4474:
4459:
4306:
4054:
3806:
3690:
3444:
3347:
3332:
3244:
3234:
3209:
3204:
2969:
2923:
2838:
2823:
2766:
2582:
2505:
2381:
2272:
2262:
1357:
1184:
674:
363:
259:
4489:
4318:
3484:
513:
1755:(in Mexican Spanish). No. Mundo. DEMOS S.A. de C.V. Afp, Dpa, Xinhua y Reuters. p. 31
510:
498:
4806:
4659:
4604:
4579:
4534:
4464:
4454:
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4404:
4394:
4363:
4250:
4134:
4104:
3841:
3831:
3745:
3639:
3199:
2996:
2853:
2806:
2704:
2655:
2629:
2607:
2447:
2427:
2371:
2359:
2173:
2008:
1928:
1624:
1582:
1487:
1446:
1349:
1293:
1255:
1207:
1176:
937:
454:
258:
inter-American meeting. At the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace, at
1506:"Alliances, Coalitions, and Ententes - The american alliance system: an unamerican tradition"
1061:
499:
4569:
4494:
4424:
4409:
4389:
4336:
4119:
4114:
4094:
4044:
4034:
3861:
3826:
3811:
3760:
3489:
3429:
3269:
2928:
2908:
2617:
2559:
2553:
2520:
2500:
2490:
2339:
2140:
2132:
1572:
1477:
1438:
1341:
1229:
1168:
518:
151:
4269:
4788:
4644:
4634:
4619:
4599:
4584:
4559:
4504:
4237:
4139:
4129:
4089:
3851:
3846:
3786:
3727:
3459:
3337:
3164:
3129:
3037:
3032:
2756:
2650:
2324:
2257:
2247:
2212:
2168:
2155:
2107:
1848:"Qué es TIAR, el tratado de defensa que Guaidó ve como opción para rescatar la democracia"
1385:
1245:
985:
Venezuela denounced the treaty in 2013. However, the denunciation was disputed during the
536:
502:
297:
203:
2751:
4827:
4614:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4384:
4124:
3913:
3836:
3564:
3469:
3219:
3159:
2791:
2709:
2612:
2572:
2542:
2442:
2397:
1748:
1442:
461:
379:
319:
315:
276:
172:
1002:
Uruguay denounced the treaty in 2019. However, the denunciation was withdrawn in 2020.
5154:
5028:
4778:
4624:
4519:
4484:
4469:
4429:
3971:
3801:
3539:
3449:
3312:
3292:
3179:
2940:
2918:
2883:
2462:
2457:
2412:
2334:
2294:
2043:
1903:"Venezuela rejoins regional defense treaty but Guaido warns it's no 'magic' solution"
1361:
1098:
800:
554:
showing the relationships between various multinational organizations in the Americas
551:
439:
375:
284:
280:
199:
1577:
1560:
4783:
4564:
4514:
4444:
4434:
4288:
4276:
4263:
4069:
3896:
3397:
2645:
2495:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2050:
469:
231:
219:
1718:
1402:
1386:
Act of Chapultepec: Declarations on Reciprocal Assistance and American Solidarity
1286:
1249:
202:
maintained a hemispheric defense policy relative to European influence under the
5008:
4948:
4888:
4609:
4214:
4184:
4039:
4029:
3928:
3791:
3584:
3119:
3073:
2903:
2888:
2699:
2547:
2515:
2402:
2217:
2122:
2061:
688:
604:
464:, the latter opened talks on rejoining TIAR. On 11 May, GuaidĂł sent a letter to
330:(1982), no countries that became independent after 1947 have joined the treaty;
327:
263:
222:
were of particular concern. These were discussed in a series of meetings of the
215:
187:
4928:
4368:
4079:
4049:
4003:
3918:
3886:
3878:
3821:
3509:
3224:
3022:
2913:
2801:
2407:
1744:
1482:
1465:
1345:
660:
1800:"EEUU lamenta que Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Venezuela se retiren de TIAR"
1628:
1586:
1491:
1450:
1353:
1289:
Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II
1180:
5038:
4958:
4883:
4664:
4509:
4358:
4331:
4144:
4099:
4008:
3976:
3956:
3948:
3277:
3067:
1749:"Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Venezuela dejan el mecanismo de defensa TIAR"
908:
828:
702:
590:
419:
415:
243:
60:
1955:"Gobierno anunciĂł el retiro de Uruguay de la Unasur y el reingreso al TIAR"
1330:"Historical Antecedents and Post-World War II Regionalism in the Americas"
17:
5018:
4993:
4973:
4933:
4923:
4893:
4243:
4084:
3981:
3856:
3675:
3579:
2719:
2577:
2031:
1062:
Historical Antecedents and Post-World War II Regionalism in the Americas.
1011:
Cuba was suspended from the rights and obligations of the treaty in 1962.
758:
730:
646:
293:
288:
176:
5033:
4978:
4953:
4943:
4903:
4189:
4074:
4064:
4013:
3554:
2299:
1606:"MĂ©xico abandona el TIAR. Implicaciones continentales de la iniciativa"
1188:
1156:
880:
866:
814:
411:
407:
239:
4988:
4983:
4963:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4257:
4059:
3998:
2933:
894:
744:
618:
395:
390:
In September 2002, citing the Falklands example and anticipating the
331:
287:
concern, alongside that of some countries in South America regarding
1172:
1099:"B-29: INTER-AMERICAN TREATY OF RECIPROCAL ASSISTANCE (RIO TREATY)"
4968:
4918:
4742:
4204:
3987:
3363:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2066:
1559:
Sennes, Ricardo; Onuki, Janina; de Oliveira, Amacio Jorge (2006).
716:
632:
486:
4998:
4282:
4164:
2056:
1875:"Asamblea Nacional aprobĂł en primera discusiĂłn adhesiĂłn al TIAR"
1123:
n.d. (2013). "Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance.".
932:
847:
772:
403:
335:
4831:
2004:
1659:(in Spanish). Servicio Mundial de la BBC. BBC. 6 September 2002
4737:
4717:
4712:
4698:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
1929:"Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty)"
1407:. Vol. 5. United States Department of State. p. 422
1251:
Latin America and the Second World War: Volume 2: 1942 - 1945
275:
Initially, the security conference was planned to be held in
2000:
1561:"The Brazilian foreign policy and the hemispheric security"
190:
was the most recent country to sign and ratify it in 1982.
214:. During the 1930s the United States had been alarmed by
1723:
BLOG DE FILATINA (FundaciĂłn Integradora Latinoamericana)
1538:
Slater, Jerome (Summer 1969). "The Decline of the OAS".
989:. As of July 2019, reincorporation was approved by the
568:
354:
Though the action of the United States during the 1954
238:
from all individual governments in the Americas except
963:
Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace
250:
in early 1942 and more had signed by the end of 1945.
228:
Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace
5125:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
1157:"The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance"
283:(President from 4 June 1946) led to the delays. The
242:(which remained neutral until 22 February 1945) and
5107:
5051:
4865:
4751:
4673:
4377:
4349:
4298:
4230:
4223:
4157:
4022:
3947:
3877:
3870:
3779:
3726:
3658:
3371:
3015:
2638:
2390:
2100:
1981:"Cuba sanctions, imposed in 1964, lifted by O.A.S."
1775:"ALBA countries renounced the TIAR in OAS Assembly"
234:Washington had been able to secure support for the
124:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
76:
68:
35:
1311:March 27, 1945 Argentina declared war on the Axis
96:Ratification by two-thirds of the signatory states
5326:International organizations based in the Americas
1725:. FundaciĂłn Integradora Latinoamericana Ambiental
334:is yet to become a member, though it already has
4683:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3120:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
2527:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
490:
43:Tratado Interamericano de AssistĂȘncia RecĂproca
5216:Military alliances involving the United States
5120:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
1821:Faiola, Anthony; DeYoung, Karen (7 May 2019).
1719:"La defensa regional en manos propias: UNASUR"
1323:
1321:
1319:
1248:(2016) . "The States of the RĂo de la Plata".
161:Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia RecĂproca
136:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
47:Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia RecĂproca
36:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
4843:
2016:
1417:Act of Chapultepec , approved Mar. 6 , 1945 .
563:
39:Traité interaméricain d'assistance réciproque
8:
4759:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2310:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1823:"Venezuela's Opposition Debates New Tactics"
322:on 20 December 1948. With the exceptions of
30:
5089:Inter-American Telecommunication Commission
3620:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
224:International Conference of American States
206:from 1823 onwards, and became increasingly
4871:
4850:
4836:
4828:
4723:United States involvement in regime change
4227:
3874:
2278:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
2023:
2009:
2001:
569:
557:
29:
5246:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
5084:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
5074:Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
1806:(in Spanish). 6 June 2012. Archived from
1693:"Nace UNASUR y alianza militar sin EE.UU"
1576:
1481:
1225:
1223:
1161:The American Journal of International Law
5231:Organization of American States treaties
5176:Cold War alliances and military strategy
1401:(1963). "Nonintervention (Section 19)".
128:English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish
2849:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
1510:Encyclopedia of the New American Nation
1235:, 2001, I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot
1206:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 163.
1077:
1047:Nicaragua denounced the treaty in 2012.
975:
923:Collective Security Treaty Organization
378:in 1982, the United States favored the
210:following the 1904 promulgation of the
5331:September 1947 events in South America
5206:United StatesâSouth American relations
5196:September 1947 events in North America
4693:Russian espionage in the United States
2965:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1464:Long, Tom; Friedman, Max Paul (n.d.).
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
981:
979:
4859:Organization of American States (OAS)
4688:Soviet espionage in the United States
2844:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
2623:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2288:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1897:
1895:
1604:Malamud, Carlos (30 September 2002).
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1126:The Columbia Electronic EncyclopediaÂź
1029:Ecuador denounced the treaty in 2014.
1020:Bolivia denounced the treaty in 2012.
958:Latin AmericaâUnited States relations
7:
5094:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
5069:Secretariat for Integral Development
4764:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
3115:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
1233:The Oxford Companion to World War II
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1038:Mexico denounced the treaty in 2002.
457:and president of the opposition-led
404:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas
5226:Treaties entered into force in 1948
5130:American Convention on Human Rights
4728:Soviet involvement in regime change
296:and following the statement of the
5321:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
5079:Inter-American Commission of Women
4769:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
2243:1947 Polish parliamentary election
2128:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1565:Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad
1443:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00420.x
933:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25:
5064:Secretariat for Political Affairs
3530:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3465:United States invasion of Grenada
2735:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
2676:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
442:invoked the Rio Treaty after the
5014:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3605:United States invasion of Panama
3455:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
3095:1971 Turkish military memorandum
3058:Communist insurgency in Thailand
3028:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
2960:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
2787:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
2715:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
2233:Restatement of Policy on Germany
1873:Alvarado, Yudith (29 May 2019).
901:
887:
873:
859:
840:
821:
807:
793:
779:
765:
751:
737:
723:
709:
695:
681:
667:
653:
639:
625:
611:
597:
583:
451:presidential crisis in Venezuela
53:
5306:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
5166:21st-century military alliances
5161:20th-century military alliances
4325:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3706:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3635:Fall of the inner German border
3535:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
3185:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3175:Spanish transition to democracy
3135:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
2762:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2268:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
2149:Occupation of the Baltic states
1933:Organization of American States
1578:10.1590/S0717-14982006000100001
1103:Organization of American States
466:Organization of American States
400:Union of South American Nations
148:Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
5191:20th century in Rio de Janeiro
3105:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
2740:Mozambican War of Independence
2179:Indonesian National Revolution
1653:"OEA: MĂ©xico abandona el TIAR"
987:Venezuelan presidential crisis
459:National Assembly of Venezuela
430:Invocations and considerations
27:1947 collective defense treaty
1:
5311:Treaties of the United States
4703:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
3718:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3671:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
3393:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
3358:Seven Days to the River Rhine
3090:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
2377:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2305:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
1375:Mexico City Conference (1945)
948:Mutual Defense Assistance Act
248:Declaration by United Nations
5201:CubaâUnited States relations
5181:Anti-communist organizations
3696:Fall of communism in Albania
3666:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
3615:Polish Round Table Agreement
2955:1968 Polish political crisis
2772:Eritrean War of Independence
2538:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2433:East German uprising of 1953
2365:Chinese Communist Revolution
453:between incumbent President
336:separate defense commitments
175:among many countries of the
171:agreement signed in 1947 in
59:Member states in green with
5099:Pan American Union Building
3570:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
3298:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
3043:Corrective Movement (Syria)
3007:New People's Army rebellion
3002:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2730:Angolan War of Independence
2593:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2473:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
2118:Jamaican political conflict
1961:(in Spanish). 10 March 2020
1717:FILATINA (April 14, 2009).
1404:Digest of International Law
1129:. Columbia University Press
5347:
5221:Treaties concluded in 1947
3766:Sino-Indian border dispute
3595:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3525:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
3283:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
3195:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3145:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
2829:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
2797:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
2486:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2253:Asian Relations Conference
1399:Whiteman, Marjorie Millace
1285:Slany, William Z. (1998).
928:Inter-American Peace Force
483:List of military alliances
480:
372:Inter-American Peace Force
4874:
4802:
4650:William Appleman Williams
4595:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
3110:Bangladesh Liberation War
3100:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
2987:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
2975:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
2413:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
2038:
1854:(in Spanish). 14 May 2019
1483:10.1017/S1537592719002676
1346:10.1017/S0043887119000194
831:(1948â2015, 2019âpresent)
817:(1948â2019, 2020âpresent)
52:
3425:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
3260:CambodianâVietnamese War
3230:1978 Somali coup attempt
3190:Second IraqiâKurdish War
3155:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
2980:Revolutionary Government
2874:South African Border War
2666:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
2583:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
2438:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2418:1952 Egyptian revolution
1470:Perspectives on Politics
1328:Long, Tom (April 2020).
1204:A Dictionary of Aviation
1202:Wragg, David W. (1973).
993:and ratified by the OAS.
338:with the United States.
5271:Treaties of El Salvador
5241:Treaties of the Bahamas
5135:Pan-American Conference
3630:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3575:People Power Revolution
3560:Central American crisis
3500:1986 Black Sea incident
3150:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
3048:Western Sahara conflict
2859:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2782:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2725:Portuguese Colonial War
2688:First IraqiâKurdish War
2453:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2330:Annexation of Hyderabad
2273:1947â1949 Palestine war
1678:OAS official document:
1155:Kunz, Josef L. (1948).
138:(commonly known as the
5261:Treaties of Costa Rica
5171:Cold War organizations
5140:Summit of the Americas
3924:Neoclassical economics
3435:Gulf of Sidra incident
2992:1969 Libyan revolution
2683:IraqiâKurdish conflict
2468:1954 Geneva Conference
2228:Turkish straits crisis
2223:Corfu Channel incident
574:
356:Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
5276:Treaties of Guatemala
5236:Treaties of Argentina
5004:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4774:RussiaâNATO relations
4655:Jonathan Reed Winkler
3939:Democratic capitalism
3934:Supply-side economics
3902:American conservatism
3701:Breakup of Yugoslavia
3590:Bougainville conflict
3505:South Yemen civil war
3440:Martial law in Poland
3303:Nicaraguan Revolution
3278:Dirty War (Argentina)
3085:1971 JVP insurrection
2899:Years of Lead (Italy)
2777:North Yemen civil war
2695:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2671:AlbanianâSoviet split
2603:1959 Tibetan uprising
2568:Syrian Crisis of 1957
2423:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
2283:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1621:Real Instituto Elcano
1541:International Journal
549:
5296:Treaties of Paraguay
5286:Treaties of Honduras
5256:Treaties of Colombia
4195:Non-Aligned Movement
3817:Peaceful coexistence
3771:North Borneo dispute
3686:German reunification
3681:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
3379:Salvadoran Civil War
3328:Grand Mosque seizure
3323:Yemenite War of 1979
3215:Mozambican Civil War
3170:Carnation Revolution
3125:Yemenite War of 1972
3063:1970 Polish protests
2894:1967 Hong Kong riots
2869:Argentine Revolution
2819:Guatemalan Civil War
2747:Cuban Missile Crisis
2661:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2533:1956 PoznaĆ protests
2511:Geneva Summit (1955)
2113:Hukbalahap Rebellion
2092:Non-Aligned Movement
1810:on 20 December 2013.
1745:PeriĂłdico La Jornada
1512:. Advameg, Inc. 2018
444:September 11 attacks
436:Cuban Missile Crisis
424:Obama administration
360:Bay of Pigs Invasion
5316:Treaties of Uruguay
5024:Trinidad and Tobago
4879:Antigua and Barbuda
4640:Alex von Tunzelmann
4630:Vladimir TismÄneanu
4555:Thomas J. McCormick
4550:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
4450:Robert Hugh Ferrell
4313:Crusade for Freedom
4110:Illiberal democracy
3994:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3797:Eisenhower Doctrine
3650:Peaceful Revolution
3645:Romanian Revolution
3625:Revolutions of 1989
3610:1988 Polish strikes
3520:Operation INFEKTION
3515:1987 Lieyu massacre
3420:Eritrean Civil Wars
3403:Peruvian Revolution
3353:1979 Herat uprising
3343:Sino-Vietnamese War
3308:UgandaâTanzania War
3288:EgyptianâLibyan War
3255:Third Indochina War
3250:Sino-Albanian split
3240:Ethiopian Civil War
3140:Eritrean Civil Wars
3080:Ping-pong diplomacy
3053:Cambodian Civil War
2879:Korean DMZ Conflict
2864:Cultural Revolution
2834:Dominican Civil War
2812:Tlatelolco massacre
2598:1959 Mosul uprising
2588:1958 Lebanon crisis
2315:Al-Wathbah uprising
2238:First Indochina War
2208:Iran crisis of 1946
1827:The Washington Post
953:Mutual Security Act
835:Suspended members:
787:Trinidad and Tobago
370:, before the OAS's
368:Dominican Civil War
366:in 1965 during the
324:Trinidad and Tobago
212:Roosevelt Corollary
169:collective security
32:
5291:Treaties of Panama
4939:Dominican Republic
4794:Russian Revolution
4590:Mary Elise Sarotte
4575:William B. Pickett
4500:Patrick J. Hearden
4480:Gabriel Gorodetsky
4475:Timothy Garton Ash
4460:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
4055:Ethnic nationalism
3807:Hallstein Doctrine
3691:Yemeni unification
3480:1985 Geneva Summit
3445:Casamance conflict
3348:New Jewel Movement
3333:Iranian Revolution
3318:ChadianâLibyan War
3265:Cambodian conflict
3245:Lebanese Civil War
3235:Western Sahara War
3210:June 1976 protests
3205:Cambodian genocide
2970:17 July Revolution
2924:Nigerian Civil War
2839:Rhodesian Bush War
2824:Colombian conflict
2767:Ramadan Revolution
2506:Bandung Conference
2382:Operation Valuable
2263:Partition of India
1984:The New York Times
1431:Diplomatic History
1230:Act of Chapultepec
1060:Long, T. (2020). "
675:Dominican Republic
575:
449:In 2019, during a
364:Dominican Republic
269:Act of Chapultepec
260:Chapultepec Castle
120:Pan American Union
5281:Treaties of Haiti
5251:Treaties of Chile
5211:Cold War treaties
5148:
5147:
5047:
5046:
4825:
4824:
4812:List of conflicts
4660:Rudolph Winnacker
4605:Giles Scott-Smith
4580:Ronald E. Powaski
4535:Melvyn P. Leffler
4465:John Lewis Gaddis
4440:Robert D. English
4405:Warren H. Carroll
4395:Michael Beschloss
4364:Nuclear arms race
4345:
4344:
4251:Neues Deutschland
4153:
4152:
4135:White nationalism
4105:Liberal democracy
3842:Ulbricht Doctrine
3832:Brezhnev Doctrine
3640:Velvet Revolution
3384:SovietâAfghan War
3200:Angolan Civil War
2997:Goulash Communism
2854:ASEAN Declaration
2807:Mexican Dirty War
2705:Annexation of Goa
2656:1960 U-2 incident
2630:Sino-Soviet split
2608:Laotian Civil War
2448:Bricker Amendment
2428:Mau Mau rebellion
2372:Malayan Emergency
2360:Chinese Civil War
2320:TitoâStalin split
2174:Division of Korea
991:National Assembly
938:Military alliance
577:Current members:
406:(ALBA) countries
166:intergovernmental
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
5338:
5301:Treaties of Peru
5266:Treaties of Cuba
5059:General Assembly
4872:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4570:David S. Painter
4495:John Earl Haynes
4425:Nicholas J. Cull
4410:Adrian Cioroianu
4390:Thomas A. Bailey
4337:Voice of America
4228:
4140:White separatism
4120:Social democracy
4115:Guided democracy
4095:Authoritarianism
4045:Ultranationalism
4035:Anti-imperialism
3962:MarxismâLeninism
3875:
3862:Kinmen Agreement
3827:Johnson Doctrine
3812:Kennedy Doctrine
3728:Frozen conflicts
3711:1991 August Coup
3600:Afghan Civil War
3495:ReykjavĂk Summit
3490:Somali Rebellion
3430:Ugandan Bush War
3408:GdaĆsk Agreement
2929:Protests of 1968
2909:War of Attrition
2618:Cuban Revolution
2554:We will bury you
2521:Cyprus Emergency
2501:Kashmir Princess
2491:Jebel Akhdar War
2340:Western betrayal
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1580:
1571:(SE). Santiago.
1556:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1476:(4): 1088â1103.
1461:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1246:Humphreys, R. A.
1242:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
983:
907:
905:
904:
893:
891:
890:
879:
877:
876:
865:
863:
862:
854:Former members:
846:
844:
843:
827:
825:
824:
813:
811:
810:
799:
797:
796:
785:
783:
782:
771:
769:
768:
757:
755:
754:
743:
741:
740:
729:
727:
726:
715:
713:
712:
701:
699:
698:
687:
685:
684:
673:
671:
670:
659:
657:
656:
645:
643:
642:
631:
629:
628:
617:
615:
614:
603:
601:
600:
589:
587:
586:
573:
571:
565:
559:
489:
468:(OAS) secretary
392:invasion of Iraq
226:and at the 1936
152:Spanish-language
72:2 September 1947
57:
33:
21:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5103:
5043:
4861:
4856:
4826:
4821:
4798:
4789:Second Cold War
4747:
4675:
4669:
4645:Odd Arne Westad
4635:Patrick Vaughan
4620:Athan Theoharis
4600:Ellen Schrecker
4585:Yakov M. Rabkin
4560:Timothy Naftali
4505:Tvrtko Jakovina
4490:Jussi HanhimÀki
4373:
4351:
4341:
4319:Paix et Liberté
4294:
4238:Active measures
4219:
4149:
4130:White supremacy
4090:Totalitarianism
4018:
3943:
3866:
3852:Reagan Doctrine
3847:Carter Doctrine
3787:Truman Doctrine
3775:
3722:
3654:
3549:Soviet reaction
3460:Ndogboyosoi War
3367:
3338:Saur Revolution
3165:1973 oil crisis
3130:Munich massacre
3038:Alcora Exercise
3033:Black September
3011:
2757:Sino-Indian War
2651:Simba rebellion
2634:
2478:Capture of the
2386:
2325:Berlin Blockade
2258:May 1947 crises
2248:Truman Doctrine
2213:Greek Civil War
2202:Blacklist Forty
2169:Gouzenko Affair
2156:Cursed soldiers
2108:Morgenthau Plan
2096:
2034:
2029:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1935:. 8 August 2019
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1747:(6 June 2012).
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1633:
1631:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
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1326:
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1304:
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1284:
1283:
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1266:
1264:
1262:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1173:10.2307/2193568
1154:
1153:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1079:
1075:
1057:
1055:Further reading
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
984:
977:
972:
919:
914:
902:
900:
888:
886:
874:
872:
860:
858:
841:
839:
822:
820:
808:
806:
794:
792:
780:
778:
766:
764:
752:
750:
738:
736:
724:
722:
710:
708:
696:
694:
682:
680:
668:
666:
654:
652:
640:
638:
626:
624:
612:
610:
598:
596:
584:
582:
555:
548:
487:
485:
479:
438:. In 2001, the
432:
388:
344:
311:
306:
298:Truman Doctrine
208:interventionist
204:Monroe Doctrine
196:
88:3 December 1948
64:
63:in light green.
45:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5186:1947 in Brazil
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
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5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
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5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
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5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Timothy Snyder
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Vojtech Mastny
4542:
4540:Geir Lundestad
4537:
4532:
4530:Walter Laqueur
4527:
4525:Walter LaFeber
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:André Fontaine
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Gar Alperovitz
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Third-Worldism
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Libertarianism
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3892:Chicago school
3889:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Nixon Doctrine
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3780:Foreign policy
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Operation RYAN
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Able Archer 83
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Oromo conflict
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Yom Kippur War
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Aden Emergency
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Papua conflict
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2613:Kitchen Debate
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Sputnik crisis
2570:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:Polish October
2540:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Pact of Madrid
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Bamboo Curtain
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1986:. 30 July 1975
1972:
1946:
1920:
1909:. 23 July 2019
1891:
1865:
1839:
1813:
1791:
1766:
1736:
1709:
1684:
1670:
1644:
1615:(in Spanish).
1613:BoletĂn Elcano
1596:
1551:
1523:
1497:
1456:
1421:
1390:
1378:
1367:
1340:(2): 214â253.
1334:World Politics
1315:
1298:
1277:
1260:
1237:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1167:(1): 111â120.
1140:
1115:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:World Politics
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
918:
915:
913:
912:
898:
884:
870:
852:
851:
833:
832:
818:
804:
803:(1948âpresent)
790:
789:(1967âpresent)
776:
775:(1948âpresent)
762:
761:(1948âpresent)
748:
747:(1948âpresent)
734:
733:(1948âpresent)
720:
719:(1948âpresent)
706:
705:(1948âpresent)
692:
691:(1948âpresent)
678:
677:(1948âpresent)
664:
663:(1948âpresent)
650:
649:(1948âpresent)
636:
635:(1948âpresent)
622:
621:(1948âpresent)
608:
607:(1982âpresent)
594:
593:(1948âpresent)
579:
478:
475:
455:NicolĂĄs Maduro
431:
428:
387:
384:
380:United Kingdom
343:
340:
320:United Nations
316:Rio de Janeiro
310:
307:
305:
302:
277:Rio de Janeiro
255:Dumbarton Oaks
195:
192:
173:Rio de Janeiro
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
80:Rio de Janeiro
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5343:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:United States
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:War on terror
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:Espionage and
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Andrew Thorpe
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Gabriel Kolko
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Fred Halliday
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Lloyd Gardner
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Norman Davies
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:John Costello
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:Technological
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:Pro-communist
4229:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:Organizations
4156:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Eurocommunism
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Domino theory
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:South Ossetia
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:8888 Uprising
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:IranâIraq War
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Falklands War
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:NDF Rebellion
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:German Autumn
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Metapolitefsi
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
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2941:Prague Spring
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2919:Al-Wadiah War
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2463:Domino theory
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2458:Petrov Affair
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2335:Madiun Affair
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2044:United States
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2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1985:
1982:
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1781:on 2015-01-08
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1699:on 2011-07-24
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1548:(3): 497â506.
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801:United States
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552:Euler diagram
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440:United States
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397:
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385:
383:
381:
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376:Falklands War
373:
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358:and the 1961
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200:United States
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62:
56:
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44:
40:
34:
19:
5119:
5052:Organization
4784:Brinkmanship
4676:intelligence
4565:Marius Oprea
4515:Harvey Klehr
4445:Herbert Feis
4435:Willem Drees
4400:Archie Brown
4317:
4305:
4287:
4277:Trybuna Ludu
4275:
4268:
4264:Radio Moscow
4256:
4249:
4242:
4070:Anti-Zionism
3986:
3909:Keynesianism
3897:Conservatism
3761:Transnistria
3741:China-Taiwan
3398:Gera Demands
3271:
3072:
2947:
2752:El Porteñazo
2646:Congo Crisis
2561:
2496:Algerian War
2479:
2355:Western Bloc
2350:Eastern Bloc
2345:Iron Curtain
2201:
2193:
2185:
2162:
2142:
2134:
2086:
2051:Soviet Union
2049:
2042:
1988:. Retrieved
1983:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1882:. Retrieved
1879:El Universal
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1808:the original
1804:El Universal
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1687:
1679:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
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1639:
1632:. Retrieved
1616:
1612:
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1590:
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1554:
1545:
1539:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
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1469:
1459:
1437:(1): 25â42.
1434:
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1424:
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1370:
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1160:
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1102:
1065:
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1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
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550:A clickable
470:Luis Almagro
448:
433:
389:
386:21st century
353:
349:
345:
312:
274:
268:
252:
232:World War II
220:Panama Canal
197:
185:
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160:
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155:
150:, or by the
147:
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133:
46:
42:
38:
5009:Saint Lucia
4949:El Salvador
4610:Shen Zhihua
4420:Michael Cox
4352:competition
4299:Pro-Western
4289:Soviet Life
4215:Safari Club
4185:Warsaw Pact
4040:Nationalism
4030:Imperialism
3929:Reaganomics
3792:Containment
3585:Perestroika
3074:Realpolitik
2904:Six-Day War
2889:Greek junta
2700:Berlin Wall
2548:Suez Crisis
2516:Vietnam War
2403:McCarthyism
2218:Baruch Plan
2163:Unthinkable
2123:Dekemvriana
2062:Warsaw Pact
1759:1 September
1729:1 September
1634:1 September
1411:25 February
1305:25 February
1267:25 February
911:(1948â2014)
897:(1948â2004)
883:(1948â2016)
869:(1948â2014)
850:(1948â1962)
689:El Salvador
605:The Bahamas
462:Juan GuaidĂł
328:the Bahamas
326:(1967) and
264:Mexico City
188:The Bahamas
101:Signatories
5155:Categories
4929:Costa Rica
4378:Historians
4369:Space Race
4270:Rudé pråvo
4224:Propaganda
4080:Neo-Nazism
4050:Chauvinism
4004:Trotskyism
3919:Monetarism
3887:Liberalism
3879:Capitalism
3871:Ideologies
3822:Ostpolitik
3545:Solidarity
3510:Toyota War
3413:Solidarity
3270:Operation
3225:Ogaden War
2914:Dhofar War
2802:Shifta War
2560:Operation
2408:Korean War
2200:Operation
2192:Operation
2184:Operation
2161:Operation
2141:Operation
2133:Operation
1785:2013-06-01
1753:La Jornada
1703:2009-06-19
1663:August 31,
1516:August 31,
1133:August 31,
1073:References
661:Costa Rica
481:See also:
281:Juan PerĂłn
194:Background
140:Rio Treaty
117:Depositary
31:Rio Treaty
18:Rio Treaty
5039:Venezuela
4959:Guatemala
4884:Argentina
4665:Ken Young
4510:Tony Judt
4359:Arms race
4332:Red Scare
4200:NN States
4145:Apartheid
4100:Autocracy
4009:Stalinism
3977:Guevarism
3967:Castroism
3957:Communism
3949:Socialism
3475:Star Wars
3068:Koza riot
2194:Beleaguer
2186:Masterdom
1939:23 August
1657:BBC Mundo
1629:1696-3326
1587:0717-1498
1492:1537-5927
1451:0145-2096
1362:213565127
1354:0043-8871
1181:0002-9300
970:Footnotes
909:Nicaragua
829:Venezuela
703:Guatemala
591:Argentina
420:Venezuela
416:Nicaragua
244:Argentina
230:. During
125:Languages
93:Condition
85:Effective
61:Venezuela
5108:Politics
5019:Suriname
4994:Paraguay
4974:Honduras
4934:Dominica
4924:Colombia
4894:Barbados
4817:Timeline
4807:Category
4752:See also
4244:Izvestia
4085:Islamism
3982:Hoxhaism
3857:Rollback
3736:Abkhazia
3676:Gulf War
3580:Glasnost
2950:incident
2720:Sand War
2578:Ifni War
2087:Rio Pact
2032:Cold War
1965:11 March
917:See also
759:Paraguay
731:Honduras
647:Colombia
342:Cold War
294:Cold War
289:Peronism
285:American
177:Americas
164:) is an
154:acronym
144:Rio Pact
77:Location
5115:Charter
5034:Uruguay
4979:Jamaica
4954:Grenada
4944:Ecuador
4904:Bolivia
4889:Bahamas
4867:Members
4307:Amerika
4190:Comecon
4075:Fascism
4065:Zionism
4014:Titoism
3555:Contras
3023:DĂ©tente
2300:Comecon
1990:6 April
1959:El PaĂs
1913:23 July
1907:Reuters
1852:TalCual
1623:: 1â5.
1592:letter.
1189:2193568
1108:1 March
965:of 1945
943:SICOFAA
881:Ecuador
867:Bolivia
815:Uruguay
477:Members
412:Ecuador
408:Bolivia
309:Signing
304:History
240:Uruguay
109:Parties
4989:Panama
4984:Mexico
4964:Guyana
4914:Canada
4909:Brazil
4899:Belize
4258:Pravda
4060:Racism
3999:Maoism
3751:Kosovo
3272:Condor
2948:Pueblo
2934:May 68
2562:Gladio
2480:Tuapse
2143:Jungle
2135:Priboi
1884:29 May
1858:19 May
1627:
1585:
1490:
1449:
1360:
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616:
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418:, and
396:Mexico
332:Canada
236:Allies
146:, the
142:, the
69:Signed
4969:Haiti
4919:Chile
4743:Stasi
4210:SAARC
4205:ASEAN
4170:SEATO
4023:Other
3988:Juche
3746:Korea
3659:1990s
3372:1980s
3016:1970s
2639:1960s
2391:1950s
2101:1940s
2082:NEATO
2077:SEATO
2067:ANZUS
1832:9 May
1609:(PDF)
1358:S2CID
1185:JSTOR
717:Haiti
633:Chile
158:from
4999:Peru
4283:TASS
4175:METO
4165:NATO
3391:and
3389:1980
2946:USS
2072:METO
2057:NATO
1992:2022
1967:2020
1941:2019
1915:2019
1886:2019
1860:2019
1834:2019
1761:2018
1731:2018
1665:2018
1636:2018
1625:ISSN
1583:ISSN
1518:2018
1488:ISSN
1447:ISSN
1413:2023
1350:ISSN
1307:2023
1294:ISBN
1269:2023
1256:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1177:ISSN
1135:2018
1110:2014
848:Cuba
773:Peru
216:Axis
198:The
156:TIAR
134:The
4738:KGB
4733:MVD
4718:MI6
4713:MI5
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