738:
29:
755:
549:
Because the transition zone between the Earth's upper and lower mantle helps govern the scale of mass and heat transport throughout the Earth, the presence of water within this region, whether global or localized, may have a significant effect on mantle rheology and therefore mantle circulation. In
442:
Ringwoodite is thought to be the most abundant mineral phase in the lower part of Earth's transition zone. The physical and chemical property of this mineral partly determine properties of the mantle at those depths. The pressure range for stability of ringwoodite lies in the approximate range from
817:
A closer look at coloured aggregates shows that the colour is not homogeneous, but seems to originate from something with a size similar to the ringwoodite crystallites. In synthetic samples, pure Mg ringwoodite is colourless, whereas samples containing more than one mole percent
534:
Ringwoodite in the lower half of the transition zone is inferred to play a pivotal role in mantle dynamics, and the plastic properties of ringwoodite are thought to be critical in determining flow of material in this part of the mantle. The ability of ringwoodite to incorporate
435:. Spinel group minerals crystallize in the isometric system with an octahedral habit. Olivine is most abundant in the upper mantle, above about 410 km (250 mi); the olivine polymorphs wadsleyite and ringwoodite are thought to dominate the
813:
The colour of ringwoodite varies between the meteorites, between different ringwoodite bearing aggregates, and even in one single aggregate. The ringwoodite aggregates can show every shade of blue, purple, grey and green, or have no colour at all.
681:). On an atomic scale, magnesium and silicon are in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination with oxygen, respectively. The Si-O and Mg-O bonds have mixed ionic and covalent character. The cubic unit cell parameter is 8.063 Å for pure Mg
773:
The physical properties of ringwoodite are affected by pressure and temperature. At the pressure and temperature condition of the Mantle
Transition Zone, the calculated density value of ringwoodite is 3.90 g/cm for pure
572:
The mantle reservoir could contain about three times more water, in the form of hydroxide contained within the wadsleyite and ringwoodite crystal structure, than the Earth's oceans combined.
561:
in western Brazil contained an inclusion of ringwoodite — at the time the only known sample of natural terrestrial origin — thus providing evidence of significant amounts of water as
1107:
Chen. M, El Goresy A., and Gillet P. (2004). "Ringwoodite lamellae in olivine: Clues to olivine–ringwoodite phase transition mechanisms in shocked meteorites and subducting slabs".
931:
1440:
D. G. Pearson; F. E. Brenker; F. Nestola; J. McNeill; L. Nasdala; M. T. Hutchison; S. Matveev; K. Mather; G. Silversmit; S. Schmitz; B. Vekemans; L. Vincze (13 March 2014).
1292:
J. R. Smyth; C. M. Holl; D. J. Frost; S. D. Jacobsen; F. Langenhorst; C. A. McCammon (2003). "Structural systematics of hydrous ringwoodite and water in Earth's interior".
1876:
1813:
1748:
1017:
Schmandt, Brandon; Jacobsen, Steven D.; Becker, Thorsten W.; Liu, Zhenxian; Dueker, Kenneth G. (13 June 2014). "Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle".
1705:
Katsura, T., Yokoshi, S., Song, M., Kawabe, K., Tsujimura, T., Kubo, A., Ito, E., Tange, Y., Tomioka, N., Saito, K. and Nozawa, A. (2004). "Thermal expansion of Mg
1641:
Price, Geoffrey D.; Parker, Stephen C. (April 1984). "Computer simulations of the structural and physical properties of the olivine and spinel polymorphs of Mg
641:
of pressure at 1,523 K (1,250 °C; 2,282 °F) for three or four hours turns this into ringwoodite, which can then be cooled and depressurized.
1959:
930:
Ye, Y.; Brown, D.A.; Smyth, J. R.; Panero, W.R.; Jacobsen, S.D.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Townsend, J.P.; Thomas, S.M.; Hauri, E.; Dera, P.; Frost, D.J. (2012).
986:
500:
In Earth's interior, olivine occurs in the upper mantle at depths less than about 410 km, and ringwoodite is inferred to be present within the
1120:
Chi Ma, Oliver
Tschauner, John R. Beckett, Yang Liu, George R. Rossman, Stanislav V. Sinogeikin, Jesse S. Smith, Lawrence A. Taylor (July 2016).
523:(beta-phase) to ringwoodite (gamma-phase), while the 660-km depth discontinuity by the phase transformation of ringwoodite (gamma-phase) to a
1974:
1762:
Nishihara, Y., Takahashi, E., Matsukage, K. N., Iguchi, T., Nakayama, K., & Funakoshi, K. I. (2004). "Thermal equation of state of (Mg
1145:
A. Deuss; J. Woodhouse (12 October 2001). "Seismic
Observations of Splitting of the Mid-Transition Zone Discontinuity in Earth's Mantle".
461:
Natural ringwoodite generally contains much more magnesium than iron and can form a gapless solid solution series from the pure magnesium
1889:
Lingemann C. M. and D. Stöffler 1994. "New
Evidence for the Colouration and Formation of Ringwoodite in Severely Shocked Chondrites".
1122:"Ahrensite, γ-Fe2SiO4, a new shock-metamorphic mineral from the Tissint meteorite: Implications for the Tissint shock event on Mars"
966:
358:
bound together) within its structure. In this case two hydroxide ions usually take the place of a magnesium ion and two oxide ions.
1533:
90:
513:
319:
1370:
Y. Xu; D.J. Weider; J.Chen; M.T. Vaughan; Y. Wang; T. Uchida (2003). "Flow-law for ringwoodite at subduction zone conditions".
1406:
1068:
Binns, R A.; Davis, R. J.; Reed, No S. J. B (1969). "Ringwoodite, natural (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Spinel group in the Tenham meteorite".
546:
Ringwoodite has been synthesized at conditions appropriate to the transition zone, containing up to 2.6 weight percent water.
1979:
1560:
1241:
David L. Kohlstedt; Hans
Keppler; David C. Rubie (1996). "Solubility of water in the alpha, beta, and gamma phases of (Mg,Fe)
361:
Combined with evidence of its occurrence deep in the Earth's mantle, this suggests that there is from one to three times the
195:
1944:
1506:
569:
eruption. The ringwoodite inclusion is too small to see with the naked eye. A second such diamond was later found.
366:
33:
Crystal (~150 micrometers across) of Fo90 composition blue ringwoodite synthesized at 20 GPa and 1200 °C.
394:
of the earth. At depths greater than about 660 kilometres (410 mi), other minerals, including some with the
654:
519:
The 520-km depth discontinuity is generally believed to be caused by the transition of the olivine polymorph
508:
activity discontinuities at about 410 km, 520 km, and at 660 km depth have been attributed to
1969:
501:
436:
370:
80:
1954:
1949:
1964:
1870:
1807:
1742:
1441:
1121:
1848:
1787:
1722:
1658:
1599:
1458:
1379:
1344:
1301:
1258:
1154:
1026:
856:
395:
391:
105:
1691:
Smyth, J.R. and T.C. McCormick (1995). "Crystallographic data for minerals". in (T.J. Ahrens, ed.)
991:
807:
524:
455:
1920:
1903:
Keppler, H.; Smyth, J.R. (2005). "Optical and near infrared spectra of ringwoodite to 21.5 GPa".
1674:
1623:
1615:
1482:
1422:
1317:
1274:
1223:
1178:
1087:
1050:
958:
874:
494:
411:(1930–1993), who studied polymorphic phase transitions in the common mantle minerals olivine and
398:, are stable. The properties of these minerals determine many of the properties of the mantle.
1474:
1215:
1170:
1042:
337:
307:
151:
1912:
1856:
1795:
1730:
1666:
1607:
1466:
1449:
1414:
1387:
1352:
1348:
1309:
1266:
1207:
1198:
1162:
1129:
1079:
1070:
1034:
950:
864:
509:
478:
377:
257:
205:
58:
932:"Compressibility and thermal expansion study of hydrous Fo100 ringwoodite with 2.5(3) wt% H
891:
493:
of quenched shock-melt cutting the matrix and replacing olivine probably produced during
1852:
1791:
1726:
1662:
1603:
1592:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
1537:
1462:
1383:
1305:
1262:
1158:
1030:
860:
528:
490:
100:
1391:
1356:
1938:
1486:
1426:
1335:
A. Kavner (2003). "Elasticity and strength of hydrous ringwoodite at high pressure".
1054:
878:
444:
405:
267:
185:
112:
47:
1924:
1678:
1627:
1321:
1278:
1182:
962:
1511:
1227:
1091:
913:
826:
are deep blue in colour. The colour is thought to be due to Fe–Fe charge transfer.
721:
in synthesis experiments. Ringwoodite can incorporate up to 2.6 percent by weight H
650:
550:
subduction zones, the ringwoodite stability field hosts high levels of seismicity.
432:
408:
51:
1590:
N. W. Grimes; et al. (Apr 8, 1983). "New
Symmetry and Structure for Spinel".
380:
in 1969, and is inferred to be present in large quantities in the Earth's mantle.
1442:"Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond"
658:
362:
277:
135:
1799:
637:) so as to give the desired final elemental composition. Putting this under 20
580:
For experiments, hydrous ringwoodite has been synthesized by mixing powders of
1418:
1133:
638:
581:
520:
387:
327:
123:
28:
310:
between 525 and 660 km (326 and 410 mi) depth. It may also contain
1166:
1038:
737:
562:
536:
462:
451:
402:
344:
331:
1611:
1478:
1219:
1174:
1046:
987:"Rare Diamond confirms that Earth's mantle holds an ocean's worth of water"
1270:
754:
1916:
1861:
1828:
1734:
1313:
954:
566:
565:
in the Earth's mantle. The gemstone, about 5mm long, was brought up by a
558:
540:
412:
315:
250:
1470:
869:
844:
1670:
1619:
606:
554:
505:
465:
to the pure iron endmember. The latter, the iron-rich endmember of the
383:
323:
902:
306:(magnesium silicate) formed at high temperatures and pressures of the
1693:
Mineral
Physics and Crystallography: A Handbook of Physical Constants
1211:
1083:
622:
351:
439:
of the mantle, a zone present from about 410 to 660 km depth.
1577:
The structure of spinel structure is more accurately described as
741:
Molar volume vs. pressure at room temperature for ringwoodite γ-Mg
736:
454:, in which the ringwoodite occurs as fine-grained polycrystalline
415:
at pressures equivalent to depths as great as about 600 km.
758:
Molar volume vs. pressure at room temperature for ahrensite γ-Fe
355:
334:
311:
1507:"Rough diamond hints at vast quantities of water inside Earth"
347:
1837:
ringwoodite and implications for the Earth's transition zone"
1407:"Tiny diamond impurity reveals water riches of deep Earth"
1196:
G. R. Helffrich; B. J. Wood (2001). "The Earth's mantle".
1829:"High pressure, high temperature equation of state for Fe
477:, was named ahrensite in honor of US mineral physicist
450:Natural ringwoodite has been found in many shocked
286:
276:
266:
256:
246:
204:
194:
184:
172:
Deep blue, also red, violet, or colourless (pure Mg
168:
163:
150:
134:
111:
99:
89:
79:
57:
43:
38:
21:
1561:"Massive 'ocean' discovered towards Earth's core"
1103:
1101:
557:(one that has risen from a great depth) found in
343:Ringwoodite is notable for being able to contain
1500:
1498:
1496:
925:
923:
921:
423:Ringwoodite is polymorphous with forsterite, Mg
390:, and ringwoodite are polymorphs found in the
1012:
1010:
981:
979:
8:
1875:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1812:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1780:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
1747:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1715:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1372:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
705:Ringwoodite compositions range from pure Mg
27:
1860:
1827:Armentrout, M., & Kavner, A. (2011).
1251:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
868:
798:of pyrolitic mantle; and 4.85 g/cm for Fe
489:In meteorites, ringwoodite occurs in the
376:This mineral was first identified in the
16:High-pressure phase of magnesium silicate
753:
835:
1868:
1805:
1740:
539:is important because of its effect on
18:
806:. It is an isotropic mineral with an
504:from about 520 to 660 km depth.
7:
845:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1405:Richard A. Lovett (12 March 2014).
1337:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
14:
1651:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
1534:"sample of the week: ringwoodite"
1960:Polymorphism (materials science)
1891:Lunar and Planetary Science XXIX
1713:ringwoodite at high pressures".
1536:. super/collider. Archived from
401:Ringwoodite was named after the
1126:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
159:= 8.113 Å; Z = 8
1505:Sample, Ian (March 12, 2014).
373:from 410 to 660 km deep.
298:is a high-pressure phase of Mg
1:
1559:Andy Coghlan (Jun 21, 2014).
1392:10.1016/s0031-9201(03)00026-8
1357:10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00402-3
1841:Geophysical Research Letters
689:and 8.234 Å for pure Fe
1975:Minerals in space group 227
469:solid solution series, γ-Fe
190:Microcrystalline aggregates
1996:
1800:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.02.001
1695:, AGU Washington DC, 1–17.
512:involving olivine and its
1419:10.1038/nature.2014.14862
1134:10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.042
914:Ringwoodite on Webmineral
903:Ringwoodite on Mindat.org
26:
655:isometric crystal system
1349:2003E&PSL.214..645K
1167:10.1126/science.1063524
1039:10.1126/science.1253358
1612:10.1098/rspa.1983.0039
892:Handbook of Mineralogy
849:Mineralogical Magazine
766:
749:
485:Geological occurrences
371:mantle transition zone
67:Magnesium silicate (Mg
1980:High pressure science
1905:American Mineralogist
1294:American Mineralogist
1271:10.1007/s004100050161
943:American Mineralogist
757:
740:
452:chondritic meteorites
91:Strunz classification
1917:10.2138/am.2005.1908
1862:10.1029/2011GL046949
1735:10.1029/2004JB003094
1540:on December 28, 2014
1314:10.2138/am-2003-1001
955:10.2138/am.2012.4010
701:Chemical composition
649:Ringwoodite has the
396:perovskite structure
1853:2011GeoRL..38.8309A
1792:2004PEPI..143...33N
1727:2004JGRB..10912209K
1663:1984PCM....10..209P
1604:1983RSPSA.386..333G
1471:10.1038/nature13080
1463:2014Natur.507..221P
1384:2003PEPI..136....3X
1306:2003AmMin..88.1402S
1263:1996CoMP..123..345K
1159:2001Sci...294..354D
1031:2014Sci...344.1265S
1025:(6189): 1265–1268.
992:Scientific American
870:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
861:2021MinM...85..291W
843:Warr, L.N. (2021).
808:index of refraction
782:; 4.13 g/cm for (Mg
729:Physical properties
525:silicate perovskite
1945:Magnesium minerals
1671:10.1007/BF00309313
767:
750:
495:shock metamorphism
247:Optical properties
1598:(1791): 333–345.
1457:(7491): 221–224.
1300:(10): 1402–1407.
1206:(6846): 501–507.
1153:(5541): 354–357.
771:
770:
645:Crystal structure
365:'s equivalent of
293:
292:
1987:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1343:(3–4): 645–654.
1332:
1326:
1325:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1212:10.1038/35087500
1193:
1187:
1186:
1142:
1136:
1128:. 184: 240-256.
1118:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1084:10.1038/221943a0
1065:
1059:
1058:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:. March 12, 2014
983:
974:
973:
971:
965:. Archived from
940:
927:
916:
911:
905:
900:
894:
889:
883:
882:
872:
840:
733:
732:
676:
666:
651:spinel structure
636:
635:
634:
620:
619:
618:
604:
603:
602:
594:
593:
479:Thomas J. Ahrens
433:spinel structure
378:Tenham meteorite
258:Refractive index
206:Specific gravity
145:
129:
120:
117:Hexoctahedral (m
64:
63:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1804:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1589:
1588:, according to
1581:
1576:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1016:
1015:
1008:
998:
996:
985:
984:
977:
969:
938:
935:
929:
928:
919:
912:
908:
901:
897:
890:
886:
842:
841:
837:
832:
825:
821:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
765:
761:
748:
744:
731:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
664:
647:
633:
630:
629:
628:
626:
617:
614:
613:
612:
610:
601:
598:
597:
596:
592:
589:
588:
587:
585:
578:
553:An "ultradeep"
529:magnesiowüstite
502:transition zone
487:
476:
472:
437:transition zone
430:
426:
421:
419:Characteristics
406:earth scientist
305:
301:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
200:Semitransparent
179:
175:
143:
127:
122:
118:
74:
70:
62:
61:
50:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Cubic minerals
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1895:
1882:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1778:ringwoodite".
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1684:
1657:(5): 209–216.
1646:
1642:
1633:
1570:
1551:
1525:
1492:
1432:
1397:
1362:
1327:
1284:
1257:(4): 345–357.
1246:
1242:
1233:
1188:
1149:. New Series.
1137:
1113:
1097:
1060:
1006:
975:
972:on 2014-06-29.
933:
917:
906:
895:
884:
855:(3): 291–320.
834:
833:
831:
828:
823:
819:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:
759:
751:
746:
742:
730:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
646:
643:
631:
615:
599:
590:
577:
574:
486:
483:
474:
470:
443:18 to 23
428:
424:
420:
417:
308:Earth's mantle
303:
299:
291:
290:
288:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
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227:
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211:
208:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
165:
164:Identification
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
138:
132:
131:
115:
109:
108:
103:
101:Crystal system
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
72:
68:
65:
55:
54:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Nesosilicates
1953:
1951:
1950:Iron minerals
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:: 1209–1214.
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1637:
1634:
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511:
510:phase changes
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
484:
482:
481:(1936–2010).
480:
468:
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354:and hydrogen
353:
349:
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341:
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329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
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289:
285:
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268:Birefringence
265:
261:
259:
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252:
249:
245:
209:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
187:
186:Crystal habit
183:
171:
167:
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149:
142:
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137:
133:
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114:
113:Crystal class
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
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48:Nesosilicates
46:
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1965:Spinel group
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1538:the original
1528:
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1512:The Guardian
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422:
409:Ted Ringwood
400:
392:upper mantle
382:
375:
360:
342:
320:polymorphous
295:
294:
218:); 4.13 ((Mg
156:
140:
52:Spinel group
1544:December 6,
1518:December 6,
1078:: 943–944.
949:: 573–582.
810:n = 1.768.
659:space group
639:gigapascals
363:world ocean
296:Ringwoodite
278:Pleochroism
234:); 4.85 (Fe
196:Diaphaneity
136:Space group
22:Ringwoodite
1939:Categories
1893:, p. 1308.
1847:(8): n/a.
830:References
582:forsterite
521:wadsleyite
514:polymorphs
456:aggregates
403:Australian
388:wadsleyite
328:forsterite
287:References
124:H-M symbol
81:IMA symbol
1786:: 33–46.
1487:205237822
1427:138212710
1055:206556921
999:March 13,
879:235729616
653:, in the
576:Synthetic
563:hydroxide
537:hydroxide
467:γ-olivine
463:endmember
345:hydroxide
332:magnesium
322:with the
251:Isotropic
152:Unit cell
1925:32069655
1679:96165079
1628:96560029
1479:24622201
1322:41414643
1279:96574743
1220:11484043
1183:28563140
1175:11598296
1047:24926016
963:29350628
567:diatreme
541:rheology
491:veinlets
413:pyroxene
367:water in
338:silicate
318:. It is
316:hydrogen
210:3.90 (Mg
44:Category
1849:Bibcode
1788:Bibcode
1723:Bibcode
1659:Bibcode
1620:2397417
1600:Bibcode
1459:Bibcode
1380:Bibcode
1345:Bibcode
1302:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1228:4304379
1155:Bibcode
1147:Science
1092:4207095
1027:Bibcode
1019:Science
857:Bibcode
621:), and
607:brucite
555:diamond
506:Seismic
384:Olivine
324:olivine
262:n = 1.8
126:: (4/m
95:9.AC.15
59:Formula
39:General
1923:
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1450:Nature
1425:
1411:Nature
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1199:Nature
1181:
1173:
1090:
1071:Nature
1053:
1045:
961:
877:
623:silica
611:Mg(OH)
352:oxygen
326:phase
169:Colour
1921:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1616:JSTOR
1483:S2CID
1445:(PDF)
1423:S2CID
1318:S2CID
1275:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1088:S2CID
1051:S2CID
970:(PDF)
959:S2CID
939:(PDF)
875:S2CID
713:to Fe
657:with
559:Juína
527:plus
356:atoms
106:Cubic
1877:link
1814:link
1768:0.09
1764:0.91
1749:link
1546:2014
1520:2014
1475:PMID
1216:PMID
1171:PMID
1109:PNAS
1043:PMID
1001:2014
788:0.09
784:0.91
670:(or
369:the
348:ions
335:iron
314:and
312:iron
282:none
272:none
224:0.09
220:0.91
130:2/m)
1913:doi
1857:doi
1833:SiO
1796:doi
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445:GPa
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330:(a
302:SiO
238:SiO
230:SiO
222:,Fe
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