69:
45:
158:
382:
will show characteristic small comma hairs. Histopathology of scalp biopsy shows fungi sparsely distributed in the stratum corneum and hyphae extending down the hair follicle, placed on the surface of the hair shaft. These findings are occasionally associated with inflammatory tissue reaction in the
514:
children between 6 and 10 years, it is more common in males than females; rarely does the disease persist past age sixteen. Because spread is thought to occur through direct contact with affected individuals, large outbreaks have been known to occur in schools and other places where children are in
128:
species are mainly in South
America, Southern and Central Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The disease is infectious and can be transmitted by humans, animals, or objects that harbor the fungus. The fungus can also exist in a carrier state on the scalp, without clinical symptomatology. Treatment
112:
that invade the hair shaft. The clinical presentation is typically single or multiple patches of hair loss, sometimes with a 'black dot' pattern (often with broken-off hairs), that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, and itching. Uncommon in adults, tinea capitis is predominantly
423:
therapies like creams applied directly to the affected area, griseofulvin must be taken orally to be effective; this allows the drug to penetrate the hair shaft where the fungus lives. The effective therapy rate of this treatment is generally high, in the range of 88–100%. Other oral antifungal
436:; these drugs have the advantage of shorter treatment durations than griseofulvin. A 2016 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole were at least equally effective as griseofulvin for children infected with
521:) may also be a factor in the spread of infection. In the US, tinea capitis is thought to occur in 3-8% of the pediatric population; up to one-third of households with contact with an infected person may harbor the disease without showing any symptoms.
262:, where it invades keratin. Dermatophytes are unique in that they produce keratinase, which enables them to use keratin as a nutrient source. Infected hairs become brittle, and after three weeks, the clinical presentation of broken hairs is evident.
309:
Similar to ectothrix, but characterized by arthroconidia restricted to the hair shaft, and restricted to anthropophilic bacteria. The cuticle of the hair remains intact and clinically this type does not have fluorescence. Associated with
250:) grouped in patches like a piece of honeycomb, each about the size of a split pea, with a hair projecting in the center. These increase in size and become crusted over, so that the characteristic lesion can only be seen around the edge of the scab.
1197:
1177:
1297:
219:
is more frequently the causative fungus. The source of this fungus is typically sick cats and kittens; it may be spread through person to person contact, or by sharing contaminated brushes and combs. In the United States,
832:
Slowinska M, Rudnicka L, Schwartz RA, Kowalska-Oledzka E, Rakowska A, Sicinska J, Lukomska M, Olszewska M, Szymanska E (November 2008). "Comma hairs: a dermatoscopic marker for tinea capitis: a rapid diagnostic method".
185:
patches where the fungus has rooted itself in the skin. It often presents identically to dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis. The highest incidence in the United States of
America is in American boys of school age.
1290:
1283:
540:
is more common in the US, and becoming more common in Europe and the United
Kingdom. This shift is thought to be due to the widespread use of griseofulvin, which is more effective against
234:
is more common in
Eastern Europe, Africa, and India. This fungus causes dry, non-inflammatory patches that tend to be angular in shape. When the hairs break off at the opening of the
3543:
1790:
209:
around a hair shaft that later becomes scaly; eventually the hairs break off 1–3 mm above the scalp. This disease used to be caused primarily by
415:. The recommended pediatric dosage is 10 mg/kg/day for 6–8 weeks, although this may be increased to 20 mg/kg/d for those infected by
3157:
2841:
62:
524:
The fungal species responsible for causing tinea capitis vary according to the geographical region, and may also change over time. For example,
2097:
877:
608:
81:(also known as "herpes tonsurans", "ringworm of the hair", "ringworm of the scalp", "scalp ringworm", and "tinea tonsurans") is a cutaneous
3072:
2812:
2808:
486:
can be sprinkled on a child's food to treat the infection. Lamisil carries hepatotoxic risk, and can cause a metallic taste in the mouth.
1879:
986:
Chen, Xiaomei; Jiang, Xia; Yang, Ming; González, Urbà ; Lin, Xiufang; Hua, Xia; Xue, Siliang; Zhang, Min; Bennett, Cathy (2016-05-12).
3022:
2378:
1780:
1145:
658:
633:
3057:
2836:
2831:
2538:
1889:
419:, or those who fail to respond to the initial 6 weeks of treatment. Unlike other fungal skin infections that may be treated with
246:, and is endemic in South Africa and the Middle East. It is characterized by a number of yellowish, circular, cup-shaped crusts (
3538:
3162:
2803:
2528:
2533:
1848:
1474:
787:"[Fluorescence with Wood's light. Current applications in dermatologic diagnosis, therapy follow-up and prevention]"
2877:
2041:
1732:
1569:
1584:
3425:
2208:
1963:
1654:
987:
567:
456:
3497:
1958:
1489:
1444:
452:
or interactions with other drugs; furthermore, the newer drug treatments tend to be more expensive than griseofulvin.
2603:
2545:
2311:
2031:
3333:
2233:
786:
124:
infection predominate from
Central America to the United States and in parts of Western Europe. Infections from
3340:
2902:
2582:
2076:
1722:
1659:
1554:
1212:
330:
1079:
3421:
3384:
3326:
3251:
3226:
3220:
3017:
2709:
2631:
2341:
2036:
1755:
1727:
1357:
299:
350:; the basis for the diagnosis is positive microscopic examination and microbial culture of epilated hairs.
3548:
3449:
3380:
3119:
3108:
3037:
3027:
3012:
2918:
2883:
2855:
2820:
2792:
2610:
2316:
2228:
1544:
554:
536:
347:
318:
312:
226:
738:
3192:
2940:
2596:
2371:
2218:
2145:
1833:
1367:
1347:
526:
480:
211:
130:
2970:
3366:
3356:
3170:
3067:
3062:
2926:
2849:
2788:
1564:
1362:
1337:
1080:"US FDA approves oral granules for scalp ringworm | Deals | Regulatory News | Reuters"
293:
1275:
275:) on the exterior of the hair shaft. Infected hairs usually fluoresce greenish-yellow under a
169:
It may appear as thickened, scaly, and sometimes boggy swellings, or as expanding raised red rings (
3478:
3206:
3198:
3032:
2624:
2286:
2223:
2198:
2172:
2026:
2004:
1599:
1559:
1479:
1469:
1201:
342:
Tinea capitis may be difficult to distinguish from other skin diseases that cause scaling, such as
287:
68:
750:
Ali S, Graham TA, Forgie SE (2007). "The assessment and management of tinea capitis in children".
3390:
3372:
3188:
3184:
3101:
3094:
3052:
2798:
2135:
1999:
1884:
1843:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1534:
1133:
927:
814:
721:
548:; also, changes in immigration patterns and increases in international travel have likely spread
3517:
3502:
2653:
2589:
2518:
2193:
1899:
1775:
1770:
1649:
1623:
1549:
1539:
1377:
1352:
1252:
1223:
1141:
1060:
1025:
1007:
968:
919:
873:
850:
806:
767:
713:
654:
629:
604:
281:
57:
3455:
3411:
3351:
3270:
3087:
3007:
2996:
2768:
2704:
2364:
2291:
2140:
2046:
1994:
1864:
1639:
1574:
1052:
1015:
999:
958:
911:
842:
798:
759:
705:
328:
Causes crusting on the surface of the skin, combined with hair loss. Associated with
3312:
2667:
2560:
2555:
2496:
2459:
2276:
2203:
1874:
1589:
1434:
1372:
679:
572:
408:
259:
89:
3553:
3440:
3257:
3114:
2964:
2953:
2932:
2826:
2491:
2409:
2391:
2336:
2326:
2243:
1785:
1613:
1020:
449:
354:
examination will reveal bright green to yellow-green fluorescence of hairs infected by
351:
276:
194:
44:
2356:
1206:
515:
close quarters; however, indirect spread through contamination with infected objects (
3532:
3512:
3473:
3406:
3319:
3242:
3147:
3131:
3080:
2946:
2913:
2908:
2689:
2523:
2501:
2321:
2296:
2251:
2081:
1948:
1808:
1760:
1692:
1664:
1056:
391:
The treatment of choice by dermatologists is a safe and inexpensive oral medication,
272:
235:
201:; these are based on the causative microorganism, and the nature of the symptoms. In
190:
162:
97:
931:
818:
725:
120:
At least eight species of dermatophytes are associated with tinea capitis. Cases of
17:
3302:
3263:
3212:
3152:
2723:
2717:
2673:
2617:
2550:
2513:
2508:
2475:
2454:
2266:
1838:
1818:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1459:
1263:
1003:
502:
448:
However, concerns have been raised about the possibility of rare side effects like
429:
412:
404:
392:
142:
134:
102:
1217:
763:
3287:
3141:
3002:
2958:
2869:
2659:
2301:
2126:
1828:
1494:
1247:
531:
496:
468:
464:
433:
425:
424:
treatments for tinea capitis also frequently reported in the literature include
379:
157:
146:
138:
108:
1228:
902:
Gupta AK, Cooper EA (2008). "Update in antifungal therapy of dermatophytosis".
846:
3507:
3490:
3282:
3176:
3042:
2779:
2759:
2698:
2445:
2418:
2261:
2102:
1979:
1697:
1669:
1439:
1186:
915:
791:
Der
Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fĂĽr Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete
709:
1043:
Blumer JL. (1999). "Pharmacologic basis for the treatment of tinea capitis".
1011:
696:
Degreef H. (2008). "Clinical forms of dermatophytosis (ringworm infection)".
3297:
2432:
2306:
2256:
2020:
1607:
1579:
1484:
1319:
1258:
684:
403:(inhibiting the growth or reproduction of fungi) and works by affecting the
343:
1064:
1029:
972:
923:
854:
771:
717:
137:
is the most commonly used drug, but other newer antimycotic drugs, such as
810:
802:
483:
3484:
3047:
2427:
2331:
1953:
1933:
1869:
1823:
1765:
1702:
1644:
1464:
1413:
1342:
552:
to new areas. Another fungal species that has increased in prevalence is
507:
476:
178:
170:
440:, and terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin for children with
2863:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2404:
2399:
2387:
2130:
1984:
1894:
1813:
1800:
1750:
1679:
1403:
1398:
1393:
517:
511:
472:
460:
420:
247:
174:
114:
85:
1169:
963:
946:
739:
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Mycoses/Cutaneous/Dermatophytosis/
2484:
2423:
1742:
1687:
1454:
1449:
1423:
1332:
1181:
206:
82:
558:, especially in urban populations of the United Kingdom and Europe.
2986:
2565:
2414:
1408:
198:
156:
93:
599:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
2436:
1989:
1508:
1327:
1190:
182:
2360:
1279:
653:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p. 645.
258:
From the site of inoculation, the fungus grows down into the
988:"Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children"
534:
agent in North
America and Europe until the 1950s, but now
370:
and a dull green or blue-white color of hairs infected by
868:
Xu X, Elder DA, Elenitsa R, Johnson BL, Murphy GE (2008).
872:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1159:
3466:
3439:
3405:
3350:
3296:
3281:
3241:
3130:
2985:
2894:
2778:
2767:
2758:
2738:
2688:
2645:
2574:
2468:
2453:
2444:
2398:
2275:
2242:
2186:
2171:
2162:
2119:
2090:
2069:
2060:
2013:
1972:
1941:
1930:
1923:
1912:
1857:
1799:
1741:
1678:
1598:
1527:
1516:
1507:
1422:
1386:
1318:
1311:
1238:
1163:
626:
56:
35:
674:
672:
670:
1306:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
1115:
1113:
835:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
271:Characterized by the growth of fungal spores (
2372:
1791:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1291:
651:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine
8:
1445:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
510:in many countries. Affecting primarily pre-
3293:
2775:
2764:
2755:
2465:
2450:
2441:
2379:
2365:
2357:
2168:
2066:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1524:
1513:
1315:
1298:
1284:
1276:
1160:
1138:Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management
594:
592:
590:
588:
67:
43:
32:
2604:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
1019:
962:
1045:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
3158:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2842:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
1140:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
992:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
584:
395:, a secondary metabolite of the fungus
189:There are three type of tinea capitis,
27:Cutaneous fungal infection of the scalp
2098:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
407:system of fungi, interfering with the
117:children, more often boys than girls.
649:Freedberg IM, Fitzpatrick TB (2003).
624:James WD, Berger TG, Odom RB (2006).
96:. The disease is primarily caused by
7:
3544:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions
3073:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
2813:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
2809:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
265:There are three types of infection:
785:Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P (1997).
494:Tinea capitis caused by species of
1880:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
870:Lever's Histopathology of the Skin
628:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 645.
603:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1135.
129:of tinea capitis requires an oral
25:
1781:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
149:have started to gain acceptance.
3058:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
2837:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
2832:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
2539:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
1890:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1057:10.1097/00006454-199902000-00027
945:Gupta AK, Summerbell RC (2000).
506:is a contagious disease that is
455:On September 28, 2007, the U.S.
3163:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
2804:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
2529:White superficial onychomycosis
1900:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
2534:Distal subungual onychomycosis
2141:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
1849:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
1475:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1078:Baertlein, Lisa (2007-09-28).
1004:10.1002/14651858.CD004685.pub3
279:(blacklight). Associated with
173:). Common symptoms are severe
1:
2878:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1733:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1570:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
161:Extensive tinea capitis in a
3426:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
2919:South American blastomycosis
2914:North American blastomycosis
2519:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
2209:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1964:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1655:Systemic lupus erythematosus
764:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31814efe06
568:List of cutaneous conditions
479:aged 4 years and older. The
457:Food and Drug Administration
322:, which are anthropophilic.
205:, the lesion is a small red
3498:Granuloma gluteale infantum
2524:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
1490:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
3570:
2546:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
2312:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
847:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.009
3334:Syncephalastrum racemosum
916:10.1007/s11046-008-9109-0
758:(9): 662–65, quiz 666–8.
710:10.1007/s11046-008-9101-8
601:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
51:
42:
3341:Apophysomyces variabilis
2903:Blastomyces dermatitidis
2618:Trichophyton schoenleini
2583:Epidermophyton floccosum
2077:Thrombocytopenic purpura
1723:Dermatitis herpetiformis
1708:Acute contact dermatitis
1660:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
1585:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1555:Lichen simplex chronicus
1435:Epidermal inclusion cyst
752:Pediatric Emergency Care
397:Penicillium griseofulvin
331:Trichophyton schoenleini
3422:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
3385:Conidiobolus incongruus
3327:Lichtheimia corymbifera
3252:Cryptococcus neoformans
3221:Pseudallescheria boydii
2710:Malassezia folliculitis
2632:Trichophyton verrucosum
2342:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2337:Systemic histoplasmosis
1728:Porphyria cutanea tarda
1358:Squamous-cell carcinoma
300:Trichophyton verrucosum
3539:Animal fungal diseases
3450:Rhinosporidium seeberi
3381:Conidiobolus coronatus
3120:Pneumocystis pneumonia
3109:Pneumocystis jirovecii
3038:Candidal onychomycosis
3028:Antibiotic candidiasis
2884:Paracoccidioidomycosis
2856:African histoplasmosis
2821:Histoplasma capsulatum
2793:Coccidioides posadasii
2611:Trichophyton tonsurans
2317:Cicatricial pemphigoid
2234:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2229:Folliculitis decalvans
1107:Richardson, pp. 83–84.
555:Trichophyton violaceum
537:Trichophyton tonsurans
348:seborrhoeic dermatitis
319:Trichophyton violaceum
313:Trichophyton tonsurans
227:Trichophyton tonsurans
166:
3193:Phialophora verrucosa
3023:Chronic mucocutaneous
2941:Talaromyces marneffei
2597:Microsporum audouinii
2219:Loose anagen syndrome
2146:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2082:Actinic/solar purpura
1756:Insect bite reactions
1545:Seborrheic dermatitis
1368:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1348:Molluscum contagiosum
803:10.1007/s001050050622
527:Microsporum audouinii
238:, black dots remain.
224:is usually caused by
212:Microsporum audouinii
160:
3367:Basidiobolus ranarum
3357:Entomophthoramycosis
3171:Exophiala jeanselmei
3068:Systemic candidiasis
3063:Perianal candidiasis
2927:Sporothrix schenckii
2850:Histoplasma duboisii
2789:Coccidioides immitis
2042:Annulare centrifugum
1565:Glucagonoma syndrome
1363:Basal-cell carcinoma
1338:Seborrheic keratosis
530:was the predominant
475:approved for use by
294:Trichophyton equinum
18:Ringworm of the hair
3479:Fungal folliculitis
3207:Geotrichum candidum
3199:Chromoblastomycosis
3043:Candidal paronychia
3033:Candidal intertrigo
2625:Trichophyton rubrum
2287:Aphthous stomatitis
2224:Lichen planopilaris
2199:Androgenic alopecia
2005:Fixed drug eruption
1580:Pemphigus foliaceus
1480:Granular cell tumor
399:. This compound is
374:. Individuals with
288:Microsporum gypseum
63:Infectious diseases
3391:Conidiobolomycosis
3373:Basidiobolomycosis
3189:Fonsecaea compacta
3185:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
3053:Diaper candidiasis
2799:Coccidioidomycosis
2307:Pemphigus vulgaris
2136:Granuloma annulare
2000:Carcinoid syndrome
1885:Tuberous sclerosis
1844:Coccidioidomycosis
1718:Bullous pemphigoid
1713:Pemphigus vulgaris
1645:Secondary syphilis
1535:Contact dermatitis
1239:External resources
1119:Richardson, p. 84.
1098:Richardson, p. 83.
892:Richardson, p. 88.
841:(5 Suppl): S77–9.
467:hydrochloride, by
167:
37:Tinea of the scalp
3526:
3525:
3518:Phaeohyphomycosis
3503:Hyalohyphomycosis
3435:
3434:
3401:
3400:
3237:
3236:
2981:
2980:
2734:
2733:
2699:Malassezia furfur
2684:
2683:
2654:Hortaea werneckii
2641:
2640:
2590:Microsporum canis
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2194:Telogen effluvium
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2056:
2055:
1908:
1907:
1776:Lichen spinulosus
1771:Keratosis pilaris
1650:Mycosis fungoides
1550:Stasis dermatitis
1540:Atopic dermatitis
1503:
1502:
1378:Trichoepithelioma
1353:Actinic keratosis
1273:
1272:
964:10.1080/714030949
879:978-0-7817-7363-8
610:978-1-4160-2999-1
282:Microsporum canis
215:, but in Europe,
76:
75:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3561:
3456:Rhinosporidiosis
3412:Microsporidiosis
3352:Entomophthorales
3294:
3271:Trichosporonosis
2997:Candida albicans
2971:Adiaspiromycosis
2776:
2765:
2756:
2705:Tinea versicolor
2466:
2451:
2442:
2388:Fungal infection
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2292:Oral candidiasis
2169:
2067:
1995:Erythema nodosum
1939:
1928:
1921:
1865:Tinea versicolor
1703:Bullous impetigo
1640:Pityriasis rosea
1575:Lichen sclerosus
1560:Darier's disease
1525:
1514:
1470:Kaposi's sarcoma
1316:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1161:
1151:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
983:
977:
976:
966:
951:Medical Mycology
942:
936:
935:
899:
893:
890:
884:
883:
865:
859:
858:
829:
823:
822:
782:
776:
775:
747:
741:
736:
730:
729:
693:
687:
676:
665:
664:
646:
640:
639:
621:
615:
614:
596:
411:and cytoplasmic
131:antifungal agent
72:
71:
47:
33:
21:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3462:
3431:
3409:
3397:
3354:
3346:
3313:Rhizopus oryzae
3300:
3285:
3277:
3233:
3126:
2977:
2890:
2771:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2680:
2668:Piedraia hortae
2637:
2570:
2561:Tinea incognito
2556:Tinea imbricata
2460:Dermatophytosis
2457:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2355:
2346:
2278:
2271:
2238:
2204:Alopecia areata
2182:
2164:
2150:
2107:
2086:
2062:
2052:
2009:
1968:
1954:Viral exanthems
1932:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1875:Pityriasis alba
1853:
1795:
1737:
1674:
1594:
1590:Zinc deficiency
1520:
1518:
1499:
1427:
1418:
1382:
1373:Nevus sebaceous
1307:
1304:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1234:
1233:
1172:
1158:
1148:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1042:
1041:
1037:
998:(5): CD004685.
985:
984:
980:
947:"Tinea capitis"
944:
943:
939:
910:(5–6): 353–67.
901:
900:
896:
891:
887:
880:
867:
866:
862:
831:
830:
826:
784:
783:
779:
749:
748:
744:
737:
733:
704:(5–6): 257–65.
695:
694:
690:
677:
668:
661:
648:
647:
643:
636:
623:
622:
618:
611:
598:
597:
586:
581:
573:Ringworm affair
564:
492:
409:mitotic spindle
389:
372:T. schoenleinii
340:
260:stratum corneum
256:
254:Pathophysiology
244:T. schoenleinii
155:
90:dermatophytosis
66:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3445:
3443:
3441:Mesomycetozoea
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3362:
3360:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3258:Cryptococcosis
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:Allescheriasis
3217:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3115:Pneumocystosis
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2965:Emmonsia parva
2961:
2956:
2954:Scedosporiosis
2951:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2933:Sporotrichosis
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Histoplasmosis
2817:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2762:
2753:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:Dermatophytids
2499:
2492:Tinea corporis
2489:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2439:
2410:dermatomycosis
2396:
2395:
2392:mesomycetozoea
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Coxsackievirus
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2037:Gyratum repens
2034:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:Toxic erythema
1956:
1951:
1949:Drug eruptions
1945:
1943:
1936:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1786:Lichen nitidus
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Herpes simplex
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1194:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:Classification
1157:
1156:External links
1154:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1070:
1035:
978:
937:
904:Mycopathologia
894:
885:
878:
860:
824:
777:
742:
731:
698:Mycopathologia
688:
666:
659:
641:
634:
616:
609:
583:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
570:
563:
560:
491:
488:
450:liver toxicity
388:
385:
383:local tissue.
368:M. ferrugineum
339:
336:
255:
252:
222:Trichophytosis
195:trichophytosis
177:of the scalp,
154:
151:
100:in the genera
74:
73:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3566:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Hair diseases
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Keratomycosis
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Alternariosis
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3407:Microsporidia
3404:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:Mucor indicus
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:Basidiomycota
3240:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Aspergillosis
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:C. tropicalis
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:C. lusitaniae
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:Talaromycosis
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Blastomycosis
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:Lacazia loboi
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:opportunistic
2746:
2741:
2737:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:Basidiomycota
2687:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:tinea capitis
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Lichen planus
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Onychomycosis
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Tinea capitis
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:Miscellaneous
2161:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:Nonblanchable
2059:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:Hypopigmented
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Acne vulgaris
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Lichen planus
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Herpes zoster
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Parapsoriasis
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
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1199:
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1147:1-4051-1578-5
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Richardson M.
1131:
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1031:
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1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
965:
960:
957:(4): 255–87.
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
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836:
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796:
793:(in German).
792:
788:
781:
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773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
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746:
743:
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732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
680:Tinea Capitis
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:0-07-138076-0
656:
652:
645:
642:
637:
635:0-7216-2921-0
631:
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296:
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274:
273:arthroconidia
270:
266:
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253:
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245:
242:is caused by
241:
237:
233:
229:
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203:microsporosis
200:
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191:microsporosis
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105:
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99:
98:dermatophytes
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
79:Tinea capitis
70:
64:
61:
59:
55:
52:Tinea capitis
50:
46:
41:
38:
34:
19:
3483:
3448:
3420:
3379:
3365:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:Mucormycosis
3264:Trichosporon
3262:
3250:
3219:
3213:Geotrichosis
3205:
3183:
3169:
3153:Aspergilloma
3140:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3018:Vulvovaginal
2995:
2963:
2939:
2925:
2901:
2876:
2862:
2848:
2819:
2787:
2772:(yeast+mold)
2740:Subcutaneous
2724:White piedra
2718:Trichosporon
2716:
2697:
2674:Black piedra
2666:
2652:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2551:Tinea faciei
2514:Tinea manuum
2509:Tinea cruris
2479:
2476:Tinea barbae
2455:Dermatophyte
2267:Ingrown nail
2213:
1839:Dermatophyte
1834:Gonococcemia
1819:Folliculitis
1460:Neurofibroma
1428:subcutaneous
1257:
1246:
1222:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1137:
1103:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1073:
1051:(2): 191–9.
1048:
1044:
1038:
995:
991:
981:
954:
950:
940:
907:
903:
897:
888:
869:
863:
838:
834:
827:
797:(8): 523–7.
794:
790:
780:
755:
751:
745:
734:
701:
697:
691:
678:
650:
644:
625:
619:
600:
553:
550:T. tonsurans
549:
546:T. tonsurans
545:
541:
535:
525:
523:
516:
503:Trichophyton
501:
495:
493:
490:Epidemiology
459:stated that
454:
445:
442:T. tonsurans
441:
438:Trichophyton
437:
430:itraconazole
417:T. tonsurans
416:
413:microtubules
405:microtubular
400:
396:
393:griseofulvin
390:
375:
371:
367:
364:M. rivalieri
363:
360:M. audouinii
359:
355:
341:
329:
325:
324:
317:
311:
306:
305:
298:
292:
286:
280:
268:
267:
264:
257:
243:
239:
232:T. violaceum
231:
225:
221:
216:
210:
202:
188:
168:
143:itraconazole
135:griseofulvin
125:
122:Trichophyton
121:
119:
113:seen in pre-
107:
103:Trichophyton
101:
78:
77:
36:
3288:Zygomycosis
3142:Aspergillus
3088:C. glabrata
3003:Candidiasis
2959:Emmonsiosis
2870:Lobomycosis
2660:Tinea nigra
2575:By organism
2469:By location
2400:Superficial
2322:Herpesvirus
2302:Leukoplakia
2127:Scleroderma
2014:Specialized
1942:Generalized
1917:involvement
1829:Candidiasis
1521:involvement
1495:Myxoid cyst
1343:Acrochordon
1248:MedlinePlus
542:M. audounii
532:etiological
497:Microsporum
471:) is a new
469:Novartis AG
465:Terbinafine
434:fluconazole
426:terbinafine
401:fungistatic
380:trichoscopy
352:Wood's lamp
277:Wood's lamp
147:fluconazole
139:terbinafine
126:Microsporum
109:Microsporum
3533:Categories
3508:Otomycosis
3491:Fusariosis
3283:Zygomycota
3177:Eumycetoma
3013:Esophageal
2780:Onygenales
2760:Ascomycota
2446:Ascomycota
2262:Paronychia
2103:Vasculitis
2027:Multiforme
2025:Erythema (
1980:Cellulitis
1931:Blanchable
1680:Blistering
1670:Ichthyosis
1528:Eczematous
1440:Hemangioma
1224:DiseasesDB
1127:References
1085:2009-04-19
481:antifungal
378:infection
307:Endothrix:
269:Ectothrix:
3467:Ungrouped
3298:Mucorales
2769:Dimorphic
2433:endothrix
2405:cutaneous
2257:Psoriasis
2165:disorders
2120:Indurated
2021:Urticaria
1973:Localized
1915:epidermal
1698:Varicella
1608:Psoriasis
1519:epidermal
1485:Leiomyoma
1387:Pigmented
1320:Epidermal
1259:eMedicine
1012:1465-1858
685:eMedicine
579:Footnotes
473:treatment
444:infection
387:Treatment
344:psoriasis
338:Diagnosis
92:) of the
86:infection
58:Specialty
3485:Fusarium
3081:C. auris
3048:Candidid
2745:systemic
2497:Ringworm
2428:exothrix
2332:Syphilis
2279:membrane
1934:Erythema
1870:Vitiligo
1824:Impetigo
1801:Pustular
1766:Miliaria
1614:Corporis
1465:Xanthoma
1414:Melanoma
1394:Freckles
1264:derm/420
1193:B35.006)
1136:(2003).
1065:10048701
1030:27169520
973:10975696
932:24116721
924:18478357
855:19119131
819:42240323
772:17876261
726:20730312
718:18478364
562:See also
512:pubertal
484:granules
477:children
376:M. canis
356:M. canis
236:follicle
230:, while
217:M. canis
179:dandruff
171:ringworm
153:Symptoms
115:pubertal
2131:morphea
2091:Papular
2070:Macular
2063:Purpura
2047:Ab igne
2032:Migrans
1985:Abscess
1913:Without
1895:Leprosy
1814:Rosacea
1751:Scabies
1743:Papular
1612:Tinea (
1600:Scaling
1404:Melasma
1399:Lentigo
1312:Growths
1218:D014006
1021:8691867
811:9378631
518:fomites
508:endemic
461:Lamisil
421:topical
248:scutula
175:itching
2485:Kerion
2424:Piedra
2277:Mucous
2173:Ulcers
1634:Faciei
1629:Manuum
1619:Cruris
1509:Rashes
1455:Lipoma
1450:Keloid
1424:Dermal
1333:Callus
1253:000878
1144:
1063:
1028:
1018:
1010:
971:
930:
922:
876:
853:
817:
809:
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724:
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657:
632:
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432:, and
366:, and
326:Favus:
297:, and
207:papule
197:, and
181:, and
163:Polish
145:, and
83:fungal
65:
3554:Scalp
3134:-like
2989:-like
2987:Yeast
2895:Other
2646:Other
2566:Favus
2415:Tinea
1624:Pedis
1409:Nevus
1229:13117
1207:110.0
1187:B35.0
928:S2CID
815:S2CID
722:S2CID
544:than
240:Favus
199:favus
94:scalp
3132:Mold
3008:Oral
2749:and
2437:hair
2435:) =
2419:skin
2390:and
2244:Nail
2187:Hair
1990:Boil
1517:With
1328:Wart
1213:MeSH
1202:9-CM
1191:ILDS
1142:ISBN
1061:PMID
1026:PMID
1008:ISSN
996:2016
969:PMID
920:PMID
874:ISBN
851:PMID
807:PMID
768:PMID
714:PMID
655:ISBN
630:ISBN
605:ISBN
500:and
346:and
316:and
183:bald
106:and
3267:spp
2402:and
1924:Red
1426:and
1198:ICD
1178:ICD
1053:doi
1016:PMC
1000:doi
959:doi
912:doi
908:166
843:doi
799:doi
760:doi
706:doi
702:166
683:at
165:boy
3535::
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669:^
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