520:, perhaps due to a collision that caused a chain of debris to orbit it. The rings were discovered when astronomers observed Chariklo passing in front of the star UCAC4 248-108672 on June 3, 2013 from seven locations in South America. While watching, they saw two dips in the star's apparent brightness just before and after the occultation. Because this event was observed at multiple locations, the conclusion that the dip in brightness was in fact due to rings is unanimously the leading hypothesis. The observations revealed what is likely a 19-kilometer (12-mile)-wide ring system that is about 1,000 times closer than the Moon is to Earth. In addition, astronomers suspect there could be a moon orbiting amidst the ring debris. If these rings are the leftovers of a collision as astronomers suspect, this would give fodder to the idea that moons (such as the Moon) form through collisions of smaller bits of material. Chariklo's rings have not been officially named, but the discoverers have nicknamed them Oiapoque and Chuí, after two rivers near the northern and southern ends of Brazil.
239:
5336:
625:
562:
804:
783:
847:
829:
230:
from the parent body's icy mantle. After forming, the ring would spread laterally, leading to satellite formation from whatever portion of it spreads beyond the centaur's Roche Limit. Satellites could also form directly from the disrupted icy mantle. This formation mechanism predicts that roughly 10% of centaurs will have experienced potentially ring-forming encounters with giant planets.
5488:
5512:
5312:
5464:
5324:
34:
5500:
5476:
675:
229:
approaching a giant planet at an initial relative velocity of 3−6 km/s with an initial rotational period of 8 hours, a ring mass of 0.1%−10% of the centaur's mass is predicted. Ring formation from an undifferentiated body is less likely. The rings would be composed mostly or entirely of material
262:
of the material it is made of, its density, and the tidal force at its altitude. The tidal force is proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring, or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed. It is also inversely proportional to the square of the orbital
546:
in radius, though their evolution does change the radius somewhat. Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can explain the long-term variation in Chiron's brightness over time. Chiron's rings are suspected to be maintained by orbiting material ejected during seasonal outbursts, as a
404:
The system around
Neptune consists of five principal rings that, at their densest, are comparable to the low-density regions of Saturn's rings. However, they are faint and dusty, much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter. The very dark material that makes up the rings is likely organics
729:
was found to be large and unclearly defined when detected in 2008. This was hypothesized to either be due to a cloud of dust attracted from the dust disc of the star, or a possible ring system, though in 2020 Fomalhaut b itself was determined to very likely be an expanding debris cloud from a
438:
period (around 466 million years ago). This ring system may have originated from a large asteroid that passed by Earth at this time and had a significant amount of debris stripped by Earth's gravitational pull, forming a ring system. Evidence for this ring comes from impact craters from the
202:
when it passed within the planet's Roche limit. Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System.
40:
39:
36:
35:
41:
3753:
1342:
Smith, Bradford A.; Soderblom, Laurence A.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Collins, Stewart A.; Shoemaker, Eugene M.; Hunt, G. E.; Masursky, Harold; Carr, Michael H. (1979-06-01). "The
Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1".
38:
774:(90,000,000 km; 56,000,000 mi) in radius. J1407b's transit of V1400 Centauri revealed gaps and density variations within its disk or ring system, which has been interpreted as hints of exomoons or exoplanets forming around J1407b.
280:
of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring, ejected from the system, or accreted onto the moon itself.
679:
683:
681:
677:
676:
682:
2158:
Ortiz, J.L.; Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Licandro, J.; Campo
Bagatin, A.; Thirouin, A. (2015). "Possible ring material around centaur (2060) Chiron".
2777:
Kalas, Paul; Graham, James R; Chiang, Eugene; Fitzgerald, Michael P; Clampin, Mark; Kite, Edwin S; Stapelfeldt, Karl; Marois, Christian; Krist, John (2008). "Optical Images of an
Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth".
680:
538:, has a constantly evolving disk of rings. Based on stellar-occultation data that were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron's comet-like activity, the rings are proposed to be
666:, approximately 4.6 times the radius of Quaoar and also beyond its Roche limit. The outer ring appears to be inhomogeneous, containing a thin, dense section as well as a broader, more diffuse section.
316:
orbiter in the 1990s. Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the "halo"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint "gossamer rings". The system consists mostly of dust.
5239:
4813:
443:
appearing to cluster in a distinctive band around the Earth. The presence of this ring would have led to significant shielding of Earth from sun's rays and a severe cooling event, thus causing the
5209:
5010:
2108:
2453:
374:
led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified, most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation-processed
288:, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years. Its low orbit, with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day, is decaying due to
715:
by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of 2024, two candidate extrasolar ring systems have been found by this method, around
470:
was inconsistent with the predicted properties of the rings, suggesting that some other mechanism is responsible for the magnetic effects that had led to the ring hypothesis.
338:
did so in 1655. The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think, but are more of a disk with varying density. They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of
37:
2212:
Sickafoose, Amanda A.; Levine, Stephen E.; Bosh, Amanda S.; Person, Michael J.; Zuluaga, Carlos A.; Knieling, Bastian; Lewis, Mark C.; Schindler, Karsten (1 November 2023).
2134:
5246:
356:
Uranus's ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn's vast system and the simpler systems around
Jupiter and Neptune. They were discovered in 1977 by
487:
might have a circumbinary ring system created from dust ejected off of Pluto's small outer moons in impacts. A dust ring would have posed a considerable risk to the
1494:
Showalter, Mark R.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Pollack, James B. (1987-03-01). "Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties".
3408:
4798:
678:
3413:
4943:
810:
258:
effects from eight moonlets only a few hundred meters across were detected within Saturn's rings. The maximum size of a ring particle is determined by the
206:
Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or, in the case of Saturn's E-ring, the ejecta of
1145:
3031:
Kenworthy, M. A.; Klaassen, P. D.; et al. (January 2020). "ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)".
4709:
3567:
3129:
1973:
1000:
803:
2918:
Gratton, R.; et al. (June 2020). "Searching for the near-infrared counterpart of
Proxima c using multi-epoch high-contrast SPHERE data at VLT".
1402:
Ockert-Bell, Maureen E.; Burns, Joseph A.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Veverka, Joseph; Belton, M. J. S.; Klaasen, Kenneth P. (1999-04-01).
711:, within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the
254:
The composition of planetary ring particles varies, ranging from silicates to icy dust. Larger rocks and boulders may also be present, and in 2007
2978:
Matthew A. Kenworthy, Eric E. Mamajek (2015). "Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?".
1066:
2263:
Ortiz, J. L.; Pereira, C. L.; Sicardy, P. (7 August 2023). "The changing material around (2060) Chiron from an occultation on 2022 December 15".
2100:
2443:
1816:
Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Banfield, D.; Barnet, C; Basilevsky, A. T.; Beebe, R. F.; Bollinger, K.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A. (1989-12-15).
238:
4864:
4509:
4494:
4474:
3733:
1883:
4808:
4541:
4504:
4499:
2608:
Hilke E. Schlichting, Philip Chang (2011). "Warm
Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets that Reside Inside the Ice Line".
1994:
Tiscareno, Matthew S.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Hedman, Matthew M. (2010). "Cassini imaging search rules out rings around Rhea".
658:, approximately 7.5 times the radius of Quaoar and more than double the distance of its Roche limit. The inner ring orbits at a distance of
330:
Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time.
5234:
4825:
4546:
4484:
4479:
734:
has been observed to be far brighter than expected for its low mass of 7 Earth masses, which may be attributed to a ring system of about 5
1685:
Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, R.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (1986-07-04).
147:
with these planets. Evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects, including moons and
5388:
4489:
3764:
2479:
463:, which would make it the only moon known to have a ring system. A later study published in 2010 revealed that imaging of Rhea by the
4610:
174:
have also been discovered via occultations. Some studies even theorize that the Earth may have had a ring system during the mid-late
4637:
3430:
3359:
1585:
1327:
1621:
5025:
3425:
624:
3786:
578:
3782:
3767:
434:
A 2024 study suggests that Earth may have had a ring system for a period of 40 million years, starting from the middle of the
5204:
4620:
4454:
3776:
2126:
1165:; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006).
3775:
4729:
4625:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3560:
3286:
3228:
3122:
890:
5454:
5542:
5229:
4784:
4764:
4659:
3780:
3772:
186:
There are three ways that thicker planetary rings have been proposed to have formed: from material originating from the
100:
20:
3769:
3086:
643:
In 2023, astronomers announced the discovery of a widely separated ring around the dwarf planet and Kuiper belt object
5304:
4830:
4759:
4724:
3787:
3783:
2367:
3778:
3446:
3033:
2920:
2665:
2551:
2265:
1537:
5219:
5020:
4903:
4852:
3788:
3726:
3451:
3291:
2663:
Akinsanmi, B.; et al. (March 2020). "Can planetary rings explain the extremely low density of HIP 41378 f?".
1558:
Tiscareno, Matthew S. (2013-01-01). "Planetary Rings". In Oswalt, Terry D.; French, Linda M.; Kalas, Paul (eds.).
5062:
5037:
4847:
3162:
1229:
708:
444:
226:
5537:
5353:
4958:
4553:
3553:
3461:
3243:
3223:
3115:
1088:
593:
and an opacity of 0.5. The ring plane coincides with Haumea's equator and the orbit of its larger, outer moon
5042:
4869:
4516:
4420:
4333:
4033:
3883:
3471:
3344:
3339:
3152:
440:
27:
1957:
5047:
4985:
4933:
4923:
4908:
4859:
4744:
4719:
4649:
4071:
3785:
3456:
3296:
1111:
582:
513:
371:
246:
consists mostly of chunks of ice and dust. The small dark spot on Saturn is the shadow from Saturn's moon
214:
3763:
3757:
2720:"A Circumplanetary Dust Ring May Explain the Extreme Spectral Slope of the 10 Myr Young Exoplanet K2-33b"
547:
third partial ring detected in 2018 had become a full ring by 2022, with an outburst in between in 2021.
5532:
5413:
5340:
5214:
5067:
5030:
4918:
4913:
3719:
3266:
2610:
144:
3784:
1062:
782:
4975:
4928:
4886:
4585:
4043:
4008:
4003:
3897:
3848:
3821:
3700:
3612:
3301:
3052:
2997:
2939:
2864:
2797:
2741:
2684:
2629:
2566:
2494:
2392:
2315:
2235:
2178:
2066:
2013:
1914:
1829:
1761:
1698:
1651:
1503:
1452:
1415:
1352:
1293:
1248:
1181:
1103:
963:
911:
875:
112:
3781:
1879:
1116:
464:
5516:
5427:
5316:
5154:
5127:
5077:
4881:
4345:
4038:
3890:
846:
561:
187:
132:
77:
334:
first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until
5504:
5492:
5407:
5277:
5224:
5142:
5102:
5072:
4980:
4793:
3930:
3774:
3765:
3695:
3354:
3042:
3013:
2987:
2955:
2929:
2900:
2854:
2821:
2787:
2731:
2700:
2674:
2645:
2619:
2556:
2528:
2424:
2382:
2339:
2288:
2270:
2225:
2194:
2168:
2082:
2056:
2029:
2003:
1938:
1861:
1795:
1730:
1667:
1591:
1563:
1476:
1384:
1266:
1238:
1225:"Formation of Centaurs' Rings Through Their Partial Tidal Disruption During Planetary Encounters"
1205:
1137:
1022:
981:
953:
880:
815:
788:
755:
731:
335:
289:
120:
770:
several times the mass of
Jupiter. The circumstellar disk or ring system of J1407b is about 0.6
3759:
828:
5267:
5147:
4837:
4779:
4570:
4459:
4385:
4326:
4297:
4055:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3665:
3640:
3386:
3369:
3330:
3276:
3193:
2892:
2813:
2759:
2582:
2520:
2416:
2331:
2130:
1969:
1930:
1853:
1845:
1787:
1779:
1722:
1714:
1581:
1468:
1376:
1368:
1323:
1197:
1166:
1129:
1044:
771:
751:
602:
517:
504:
273:
259:
195:
49:
46:
1284:
Holsapple, K. A. (December 2001). "Equilibrium
Configurations of Solid Cohesionless Bodies".
581:, was revealed by a stellar occultation observed on 21 January 2017. This makes it the first
5468:
5328:
5132:
5122:
5015:
4990:
4400:
4370:
4241:
4221:
4120:
4095:
3935:
3800:
3607:
3592:
3532:
3517:
3380:
3060:
3056:
3005:
2947:
2943:
2882:
2872:
2805:
2749:
2692:
2688:
2637:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2510:
2502:
2408:
2400:
2323:
2280:
2243:
2214:"Material around the Centaur (2060) Chiron from the 2018 November 28 UT Stellar Occultation"
2186:
2122:
2074:
2047:
Steffl, Andrew J.; Stern, S. Alan (2007). "First
Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System".
2021:
1922:
1905:
Jones, G. H.; et al. (2008-03-07). "The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea".
1837:
1769:
1706:
1659:
1573:
1511:
1460:
1423:
1360:
1301:
1256:
1189:
1121:
1034:
971:
414:
399:
379:
375:
301:
167:
159:
136:
3777:
3756:
5199:
5097:
5005:
4896:
4874:
4671:
4615:
4605:
4395:
4375:
4350:
4338:
4292:
4280:
4214:
4184:
4177:
4167:
4127:
4105:
4100:
3760:
3758:
3650:
3602:
3597:
3527:
3522:
3466:
820:
704:
638:
594:
556:
529:
357:
351:
331:
325:
163:
108:
57:
3087:
Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter
2368:"The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation"
198:
that was disrupted by a large impact, or from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by
3001:
2868:
2801:
2745:
2633:
2498:
2396:
2319:
2239:
2182:
2070:
2017:
1918:
1833:
1765:
1702:
1655:
1507:
1456:
1419:
1356:
1297:
1252:
1185:
1107:
967:
306:
Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered, when it was first observed by the
5183:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4754:
4681:
4642:
4563:
4536:
4260:
4231:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4142:
3761:
3261:
2887:
2840:
1613:
885:
747:
735:
712:
509:
339:
276:
that orbit near the inner or outer edges of a ringlet or within gaps in the rings. The
53:
3009:
2641:
1464:
1404:"The Structure of Jupiter's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment"
1089:"Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring"
5526:
5282:
5262:
4842:
4575:
4558:
4379:
4302:
4265:
4236:
4226:
4194:
4172:
4152:
4115:
4088:
4083:
4078:
3673:
3311:
3306:
3218:
3213:
3138:
2959:
2904:
2704:
2532:
2428:
2292:
1942:
1609:
1595:
1515:
1480:
1270:
1261:
1224:
1162:
985:
870:
484:
460:
285:
267:
124:
65:
3017:
2841:"New HST data and modeling reveal a massive planetesimal collision around Fomalhaut"
2825:
2649:
2198:
2086:
2033:
1865:
1799:
1388:
1141:
5480:
5360:
5346:
5137:
5092:
4749:
4632:
4526:
4466:
4449:
4275:
4253:
4204:
4162:
4147:
4132:
3998:
3957:
3922:
3742:
3632:
3616:
3507:
3238:
3233:
3208:
2718:
Ohno, Kazumasa; Thao, Pa Chia; Mann, Andrew W.; Fortney, Jonathan J. (2022-11-25).
2448:
2343:
1734:
1671:
1209:
767:
692:
647:. Further analysis of the occultation data uncovered a second inner, fainter ring.
644:
574:
475:
361:
199:
171:
155:
104:
3081:
3064:
2951:
2696:
2578:
2284:
2190:
1841:
1364:
5401:
5395:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5112:
5087:
5082:
5057:
5052:
5000:
4995:
4820:
4734:
4693:
4654:
4531:
4390:
4285:
4248:
4137:
3645:
3418:
3281:
3271:
1710:
1577:
919:
763:
726:
716:
614:
535:
456:
410:
222:
218:
207:
191:
148:
128:
116:
81:
2754:
2719:
2506:
1039:
976:
941:
5420:
5367:
5107:
4686:
4270:
3253:
3203:
3177:
3172:
650:
Both rings display unusual properties. The outer ring orbits at a distance of
435:
194:
of the planet and thus could not coalesce to form moons, from the debris of a
175:
2763:
2586:
1849:
1783:
1718:
1529:
1472:
1372:
1048:
5381:
5374:
4803:
4769:
4600:
4521:
4444:
4439:
4157:
4110:
3979:
3962:
3690:
3622:
3502:
3497:
3198:
3167:
2877:
2809:
2594:
2306:
Sickafoose, A. A. (2017). "Astronomy: Ring detected around a dwarf planet".
1926:
1774:
1749:
1193:
1125:
852:
834:
696:
621:
if Haumea were spherical (being nonspherical pushes the limit out farther).
406:
383:
366:
308:
247:
89:
85:
2896:
2817:
2524:
2480:"A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit"
2420:
2335:
1934:
1857:
1791:
1726:
1428:
1403:
1380:
1305:
1201:
1133:
3095:
5434:
5272:
4891:
4739:
4595:
4580:
4321:
4028:
3876:
2248:
2213:
2061:
2025:
1642:
Elliot, J. L.; Dunham, E.; Mink, D. (1977-05-26). "The rings of Uranus".
2404:
1001:"Weird dust ring orbits the sun alongside Mercury and we don't know why"
4676:
4664:
4590:
3989:
3967:
3842:
3827:
3481:
3349:
2515:
2412:
857:
793:
277:
93:
2549:
C. L. Pereira; et al. (2023). "The two rings of (50000) Quaoar".
912:"What scientists found after sifting through dust in the solar system"
758:
or massive rings transiting the star. This substellar object, dubbed "
5117:
4410:
4405:
4314:
4309:
4023:
4018:
3984:
3972:
3917:
3869:
3862:
3837:
3832:
3655:
3584:
3476:
3403:
3375:
3157:
1663:
839:
759:
720:
570:
387:
243:
99:
Ring systems are best known as planetary rings, common components of
61:
2327:
1817:
1686:
1021:
Tomkins, Andrew G.; Martin, Erin L.; Cawood, Peter A. (2024-11-15).
5475:
3047:
2992:
2934:
2859:
2736:
2679:
2561:
2387:
2275:
2230:
2173:
2078:
1243:
958:
4434:
4013:
3945:
3940:
3855:
3810:
3805:
3107:
3102:
Thermodynamics and Macrokinetics of Natural Hierarchical Processes
2792:
2624:
2008:
1568:
942:"Co-orbital Asteroids as the Source of Venus's Zodiacal Dust Ring"
827:
781:
673:
623:
560:
480:
237:
140:
32:
3090:
409:, like in the rings of Uranus. 20 to 70 percent of the rings are
4066:
3950:
3815:
2845:
2366:
Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; et al. (2017).
255:
3715:
3711:
3549:
3545:
3111:
2444:"Ring discovered around dwarf planet Quaoar confounds theories"
1750:"The Second Ring-Moon System of Uranus: Discovery and Dynamics"
3795:
2127:"A second ringed centaur? Centaurs with rings could be common"
2101:"Surprise! Asteroid Hosts A Two-Ring Circus Above Its Surface"
700:
516:, was the first minor planet discovered to have rings. It has
342:, and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters.
1223:
Hyodo, R.; Charnoz, S.; Genda, H.; Ohtsuki, K. (2016-08-29).
1023:"Evidence suggesting that earth had a ring in the Ordovician"
413:, a relatively high proportion. Hints of the rings were seen
3751:
585:
found to have a ring system. The ring has a radius of about
1687:"Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results"
447:, the coldest known period of the last 450 million years.
491:
spacecraft. However, this possibility was ruled out when
730:
collision of asteroids rather than a planet. Similarly,
605:
with Haumea's rotation, which is located at a radius of
56:(left) orbit just inside and outside, respectively, the
312:
probe in 1979, and was observed more thoroughly by the
5452:
1167:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus"
746:
A 56-day-long sequence of dimming events in the star
364:. In the time between then and 2005, observations by
3096:
Physical Chemistry of Evolution of Planetary Systems
1748:
Showalter, Mark R.; Lissauer, Jack J. (2006-02-17).
1443:
Esposito, Larry W. (2002-01-01). "Planetary rings".
5255:
5192:
4942:
4778:
4708:
4419:
4361:
4054:
3916:
3683:
3664:
3631:
3583:
3490:
3439:
3396:
3320:
3252:
3186:
3145:
2839:Gáspár, András; Rieke, George H. (April 20, 2020).
1065:. NASA (News Release 2007-149). December 12, 2007.
455:Reports in March 2008 suggested that Saturn's moon
16:
Ring of cosmic dust orbiting an astronomical object
1895:NASA – Saturn's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings
221:in a close encounter (within 0.4 to 0.8 times the
64:, but only Prometheus is thought to function as a
19:"Planet ring" redirects here. For other uses, see
695:of the Solar System have rings, the existence of
2973:
2971:
2969:
80:that is composed of solid material such as gas,
3755:
1880:"NASA - Saturn's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings"
1818:"Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results"
699:with rings is plausible. Although particles of
2544:
2542:
2473:
2471:
495:failed to detect any dust rings around Pluto.
3727:
3561:
3123:
3091:Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds
8:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2153:
2151:
1811:
1809:
1337:
1335:
3104:, p. 217. Nauka, Moscow, 1988 (in Russian).
940:Petr Pokorný; Marc Kuchner (Mar 12, 2019).
707:, can only exist around planets beyond the
4705:
3913:
3909:
3734:
3720:
3712:
3568:
3554:
3546:
3130:
3116:
3108:
1562:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 309–375.
703:, the material that is predominant in the
565:Artist's depiction of Haumea's ring system
3046:
2991:
2933:
2886:
2876:
2858:
2791:
2753:
2735:
2678:
2623:
2560:
2514:
2386:
2274:
2247:
2229:
2172:
2060:
2007:
1773:
1567:
1530:"Historical Background of Saturn's Rings"
1427:
1260:
1242:
1115:
1038:
975:
957:
170:) have ring systems. Ring systems around
135:, such as around the Sun at distances of
5247:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
845:
628:Artist impression of Quaoar and its ring
451:Rings systems of minor planets and moons
5459:
5443:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
4471:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
3082:USGS/IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature
902:
687:Ring formation around extrasolar planet
617:, which would lie at a radius of about
417:prior to their conclusive discovery by
266:Some planetary rings are influenced by
750:observed in 2007 was interpreted as a
378:. The relative lack of dust is due to
479:, some astronomers hypothesized that
7:
2478:Morgado, B. E.; et al. (2023).
2456:from the original on 8 February 2023
1016:
1014:
1069:from the original on April 15, 2008
1027:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
123:, belts of planetoids, such as the
26:For ring systems in chemistry, see
2442:Devlin, Hannah (8 February 2023).
1560:Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems
1063:"Saturn's Rings May Be Old Timers"
762:", is most likely a free-floating
14:
3431:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
2724:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1962:Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea"
1318:Gürtler, J. & Dorschner, J: "
946:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
5510:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5334:
5322:
5310:
2111:from the original on 2014-03-30.
1614:"Questions about Saturn's rings"
1151:from the original on 2017-08-09.
802:
601:). The ring is close to the 3:1
597:(which has a semimajor axis of ≈
5210:Gravitationally rounded objects
2137:from the original on 2015-01-31
1976:from the original on 2008-06-26
1886:from the original on 2012-10-22
1624:from the original on 2012-10-03
1540:from the original on 2012-05-10
1087:Spahn, F.; et al. (2006).
76:is a disc or torus orbiting an
1966:The Planetary Society web site
1445:Reports on Progress in Physics
1:
3287:Interplanetary magnetic field
3229:Magnetosphere particle motion
2218:The Planetary Science Journal
1956:Lakdawalla, E. (2008-03-06).
1842:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422
891:Lists of astronomical objects
613:. It is well within Haumea's
225:) with a giant planet. For a
213:Ring systems may form around
3034:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2921:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2666:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2552:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2266:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2161:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1996:Geophysical Research Letters
1516:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2
1365:10.1126/science.204.4396.951
5305:Outline of the Solar System
5068:Interplanetary medium/space
3065:10.1051/0004-6361/201936141
3010:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/126
2952:10.1051/0004-6361/202037594
2697:10.1051/0004-6361/202037618
2642:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/117
2579:10.1051/0004-6361/202346365
2285:10.1051/0004-6361/202347025
2191:10.1051/0004-6361/201424461
1711:10.1126/science.233.4759.43
1578:10.1007/978-94-007-5606-9_7
1465:10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201
999:Leah Crane (Feb 18, 2023).
579:resonant Kuiper belt member
461:its own tenuous ring system
5559:
5021:Extraterrestrial materials
3292:Heliospheric current sheet
2507:10.1038/s41586-022-05629-6
1958:"A Ringed Moon of Saturn?
1262:10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L8
1040:10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118991
636:
554:
527:
502:
397:
349:
323:
299:
284:It is also predicted that
158:, all four giant planets (
25:
18:
5341:Earth sciences portal
5300:
5063:Interplanetary dust cloud
3907:
3749:
2980:The Astrophysical Journal
1230:The Astrophysical Journal
5354:Local Interstellar Cloud
4072:other near-Earth objects
3244:Van Allen radiation belt
3224:Magnetosphere chronology
2755:10.3847/2041-8213/ac9f3f
2049:The Astronomical Journal
977:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0827
473:Prior to the arrival of
425:Prehistoric ring systems
360:, Edward W. Dunham, and
5317:Solar System portal
5043:Giant-impact hypothesis
4650:Trans-Neptunian objects
3153:Atmospheric circulation
3057:2020A&A...633A.115K
2944:2020A&A...638A.120G
2878:10.1073/pnas.1912506117
2810:10.1126/science.1166609
2689:2020A&A...635L...8A
2571:2023A&A...673L...4P
1927:10.1126/science.1151524
1775:10.1126/science.1122882
1194:10.1126/science.1123013
1126:10.1126/science.1121375
670:Rings around exoplanets
441:Ordovician meteor event
234:Ring systems of planets
115:. But they can also be
28:Ring system (chemistry)
5205:Possible dwarf planets
5048:Gravitational collapse
4986:Circumstellar envelope
3791:
3163:Earth's magnetic field
1429:10.1006/icar.1998.6072
1306:10.1006/icar.2001.6683
910:NASA (12 March 2019).
861:
843:
797:
688:
629:
583:trans-Neptunian object
566:
372:Hubble Space Telescope
251:
69:
5414:Laniakea Supercluster
5031:Sample-return mission
3790:
3267:Coronal mass ejection
3187:Earth's magnetosphere
2611:Astrophysical Journal
849:
831:
785:
686:
627:
564:
445:Hirnantian glaciation
241:
145:mean motion resonance
113:circumplanetary disks
96:and stellar objects.
44:
5329:Astronomy portal
5230:Solar System objects
4976:Circumplanetary disk
3701:Circumplanetary disc
3440:Other magnetospheres
3302:Solar particle event
2026:10.1029/2010GL043663
876:Circumplanetary disk
263:period of the ring.
190:that was within the
5543:Celestial mechanics
5428:Observable universe
5225:Solar System models
5155:Protoplanetary disk
5078:Interstellar medium
5038:Frost/Ice/Snow line
3623:Rings of exoplanets
3002:2015ApJ...800..126K
2869:2020PNAS..117.9712G
2802:2008Sci...322.1345K
2746:2022ApJ...940L..30O
2634:2011ApJ...734..117S
2499:2023Natur.614..239M
2405:10.1038/nature24051
2397:2017Natur.550..219O
2320:2017Natur.550..197S
2240:2023PSJ.....4..221S
2183:2015yCat..35760018O
2071:2007AJ....133.1485S
2018:2010GeoRL..3714205T
1919:2008Sci...319.1380J
1913:(5868): 1380–1384.
1834:1989Sci...246.1422S
1828:(4936): 1422–1449.
1766:2006Sci...311..973S
1703:1986Sci...233...43S
1656:1977Natur.267..328E
1508:1987Icar...69..458S
1457:2002RPPh...65.1741E
1420:1999Icar..138..188O
1357:1979Sci...204..951S
1298:2001Icar..154..432H
1253:2016ApJ...828L...8H
1186:2006Sci...311.1393P
1180:(5766): 1393–1401.
1108:2006Sci...311.1416S
968:2019ApJ...873L..16P
227:differentiated body
188:protoplanetary disk
133:interplanetary dust
121:circumstellar discs
78:astronomical object
5408:Virgo Supercluster
5389:Milky Way subgroup
5220:Natural satellites
5103:Nebular hypothesis
5083:Interstellar space
5073:Interstellar cloud
4981:Circumstellar disc
4571:Near-Earth objects
4455:names and meanings
3792:
3696:Circumstellar disc
2249:10.3847/PSJ/ad0632
1534:www.solarviews.com
916:www.eurekalert.org
881:Circumstellar disc
862:
844:
798:
772:astronomical units
756:circumstellar disk
732:Proxima Centauri c
689:
630:
567:
534:A second centaur,
382:from the extended
336:Christiaan Huygens
290:tidal deceleration
252:
242:The ring orbiting
70:
5450:
5449:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5268:Lagrangian points
5240:by discovery date
4838:Human spaceflight
4809:historical models
4702:
4701:
4327:S/2015 (136472) 1
3709:
3708:
3641:Rings of Chariklo
3543:
3542:
3397:Research projects
3365:
3336:
3277:Geomagnetic storm
3194:Birkeland current
2853:(18): 9712–9722.
2493:(7947): 239–243.
2381:(7675): 219–223.
2314:(7675): 197–198.
2131:Planetary Society
1970:Planetary Society
1760:(5763): 973–977.
1650:(5609): 328–330.
1451:(12): 1741–1783.
1351:(4396): 951–972.
1322:", Barth (1993),
778:Visual comparison
752:substellar object
684:
505:Rings of Chariklo
260:specific strength
219:tidally disrupted
101:satellite systems
42:
5550:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5016:Exozodiacal dust
4706:
4672:Detached objects
3914:
3910:
3754:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3608:Rings of Neptune
3593:Rings of Jupiter
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3381:Van Allen Probes
3363:
3334:
3146:Submagnetosphere
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3100:Gladyshev G. P.
3069:
3068:
3050:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2995:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2937:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2890:
2880:
2862:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2795:
2786:(5906): 1345–8.
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2739:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2682:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2627:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2564:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2390:
2372:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2176:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2064:
2062:astro-ph/0608036
2055:(4): 1485–1489.
2044:
2038:
2037:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1664:10.1038/267328a0
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1618:CICLOPS web site
1606:
1600:
1599:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1339:
1330:
1320:Das Sonnensystem
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1246:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1119:
1102:(5766): 1416–8.
1093:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1018:
1009:
1008:
996:
990:
989:
979:
961:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
907:
806:
685:
665:
663:
657:
655:
620:
612:
610:
600:
592:
588:
545:
543:
400:Rings of Neptune
380:aerodynamic drag
302:Rings of Jupiter
143:, and Earth, in
43:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5538:Planetary rings
5523:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5335:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5296:
5287:
5251:
5188:
5172:vs. Hill sphere
5098:Molecular cloud
5026:Sample curation
5006:Detached object
4945:
4938:
4782:
4774:
4711:
4698:
4643:Neptune trojans
4426:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4357:
4050:
3921:
3903:
3789:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3710:
3705:
3679:
3660:
3656:Rings of Quaoar
3646:Rings of Chiron
3627:
3603:Rings of Uranus
3598:Rings of Saturn
3579:
3574:
3544:
3539:
3486:
3435:
3392:
3316:
3248:
3182:
3141:
3139:Magnetospherics
3136:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2351:
2328:10.1038/550197a
2305:
2304:
2300:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2046:
2045:
2041:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1697:(4759): 43–64.
1684:
1683:
1679:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1588:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1117:10.1.1.466.6748
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1020:
1019:
1012:
998:
997:
993:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
909:
908:
904:
899:
867:
826:
825:
824:
812:
807:
780:
741:
738:
705:rings of Saturn
674:
672:
661:
659:
653:
651:
641:
639:Rings of Quaoar
635:
618:
608:
606:
598:
590:
586:
559:
557:Rings of Haumea
553:
541:
539:
532:
530:Rings of Chiron
526:
507:
501:
453:
432:
427:
402:
396:
358:James L. Elliot
354:
352:Rings of Uranus
348:
332:Galileo Galilei
328:
326:Rings of Saturn
322:
304:
298:
236:
184:
33:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5483:
5471:
5448:
5447:
5344:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5184:Scattered disc
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4969:Excretion disk
4964:Accretion disk
4961:
4956:
4954:Star formation
4950:
4948:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:space stations
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4682:Scattered disc
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3927:
3925:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3684:Related topics
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:Ring of Haumea
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3613:Rings of Earth
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3491:Related topics
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Magnetic cloud
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3077:
3076:External links
3074:
3071:
3070:
3023:
2965:
2910:
2831:
2769:
2710:
2655:
2600:
2538:
2467:
2434:
2349:
2298:
2255:
2204:
2147:
2125:(2015-01-27).
2123:Lakdawalla, E.
2114:
2107:. March 2014.
2105:Universe Today
2092:
2079:10.1086/511770
2039:
2002:(14): L14205.
1986:
1948:
1897:
1871:
1805:
1740:
1677:
1634:
1610:Porco, Carolyn
1601:
1586:
1550:
1521:
1502:(3): 458–498.
1486:
1435:
1414:(2): 188–213.
1394:
1331:
1311:
1292:(2): 432–448.
1276:
1215:
1154:
1079:
1054:
1010:
991:
932:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
888:
886:Accretion disk
883:
878:
873:
866:
863:
821:Saturn's rings
809:
808:
801:
800:
799:
779:
776:
748:V1400 Centauri
739:
736:
713:transit method
671:
668:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
599:25,657 km
589:, a width of ≈
569:A ring around
555:Main article:
552:
549:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
510:10199 Chariklo
503:Main article:
500:
497:
452:
449:
431:
428:
426:
423:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
324:Main article:
321:
318:
300:Main article:
297:
294:
269:shepherd moons
235:
232:
217:when they are
200:tidal stresses
183:
180:
131:, or rings of
117:galactic rings
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5460:
5456:
5445:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5284:
5283:Tidal locking
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Double planet
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Minor planets
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5148:Merging stars
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Subsatellites
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4710:Hypothetical
4707:
4704:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Asteroid belt
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:Minor planets
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:(unconfirmed)
3675:
3674:Rings of Rhea
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3633:Minor planets
3630:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3312:Space weather
3310:
3308:
3307:Space climate
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Magnetosphere
3217:
3215:
3214:Magnetosheath
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:9789400756052
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:3-335-00281-4
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:New Scientist
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Shepherd moon
869:
868:
864:
859:
855:
854:
848:
841:
837:
836:
830:
822:
818:
817:
811:
805:
796:'s main ring.
795:
791:
790:
784:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:giant planets
669:
667:
648:
646:
640:
632:
626:
622:
619:4,400 km
616:
604:
596:
587:2,287 km
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
558:
550:
548:
537:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:
471:
469:
467:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
437:
429:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:processed by
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
310:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
279:
275:
271:
270:
264:
261:
257:
249:
245:
240:
233:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
172:minor planets
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:asteroid belt
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:giant planets
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
66:shepherd moon
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
29:
22:
5533:Solar System
5517:Solar system
5439:Each arrow (
5361:Local Bubble
5347:Solar System
5345:
5161:
5138:Planetesimal
5093:Kuiper cliff
4821:Space probes
4794:Colonization
4633:Kirkwood gap
4554:Saturn Moons
4467:Planetesimal
4362:
3931:Terrestrials
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3820:
3743:Solar System
3617:space debris
3577:Ring systems
3576:
3513:Ring systems
3512:
3508:Lunar swirls
3385:
3368:
3239:Ring current
3234:Plasmasphere
3209:Magnetopause
3101:
3038:
3032:
3026:
2983:
2979:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2850:
2844:
2834:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2550:
2490:
2486:
2458:. Retrieved
2449:The Guardian
2447:
2437:
2378:
2374:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2264:
2258:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2164:
2160:
2139:. Retrieved
2117:
2104:
2095:
2052:
2048:
2042:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1965:
1959:
1951:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1874:
1825:
1821:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:
1604:
1559:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1348:
1344:
1319:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1177:
1173:
1163:Porco, C. C.
1157:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1057:
1030:
1026:
1004:
994:
949:
945:
935:
923:. Retrieved
915:
905:
851:
833:
814:
787:
768:rogue planet
745:
725:
691:Because all
690:
649:
642:
575:dwarf planet
568:
533:
508:
493:New Horizons
492:
489:New Horizons
488:
476:New Horizons
474:
472:
465:
454:
433:
418:
403:
365:
362:Jessica Mink
355:
329:
313:
307:
305:
283:
268:
265:
253:
212:
208:cryovolcanic
205:
185:
156:Solar System
153:
149:brown dwarfs
98:
73:
71:
52:(right) and
5505:Outer space
5493:Spaceflight
5402:Local Sheet
5396:Local Group
5179:Rubble pile
5167:Roche limit
5162:Ring system
5113:Outer space
5088:Kuiper belt
5058:Hill sphere
5053:Hills cloud
5001:Debris disk
4996:Cosmic dust
4780:Exploration
4735:Planet Nine
4720:Fifth giant
4694:Hills cloud
4655:Kuiper belt
4626:exceptional
4542:Trojan camp
3419:Unwin Radar
3345:Double Star
3282:Heliosphere
3272:Solar flare
2516:10023/27188
2413:10045/70230
2224:(11): 221.
920:EurekAlert!
764:brown dwarf
727:Fomalhaut b
717:HIP 41378 f
615:Roche limit
536:2060 Chiron
415:for decades
390:of Uranus.
223:Roche limit
192:Roche limit
129:Kuiper belt
74:ring system
21:Planet Ring
5527:Categories
5421:Local Hole
5368:Gould Belt
5108:Oort cloud
4944:Formation,
4934:Deep space
4770:Vulcanoids
4687:Oort cloud
4611:first 1000
4547:Greek camp
4445:Meteoroids
4440:Damocloids
4386:Charikloan
3467:Ganymedian
3340:Cluster II
3321:Satellites
3297:Heliopause
3254:Solar wind
3204:Ionosphere
3178:Polar wind
3173:Jet stream
3048:1912.03314
2993:1501.05652
2986:(2): 126.
2935:2004.06685
2860:2004.08736
2737:2211.07706
2730:(2): L30.
2680:2002.11422
2618:(2): 117.
2595:Q117802048
2562:2304.09237
2460:8 February
2388:2006.03113
2276:2308.03458
2231:2310.16205
2174:1501.05911
2141:2015-01-31
1980:2008-03-09
1890:2010-09-16
1628:2012-10-05
1544:2016-06-15
1244:1608.03509
1073:2008-04-11
1033:: 118991.
959:1904.12404
952:(2): L16.
897:References
856:images of
850:A pair of
819:mosaic of
709:frost line
697:exoplanets
664:20 km
591:70 km
544:10 km
468:spacecraft
436:Ordovician
210:material.
176:Ordovician
162:, Saturn,
90:planetoids
86:meteoroids
50:Prometheus
5469:Astronomy
5382:Milky Way
5375:Orion Arm
5143:Formation
5128:Migration
5123:Disrupted
4991:Coatlicue
4959:Accretion
4946:evolution
4892:Asteroids
4804:astronomy
4799:Discovery
4660:Cubewanos
4581:Asteroids
4411:Quaoarian
4401:Neptunian
4391:Chironean
4376:Saturnian
4158:Enceladus
3691:Gas torus
3503:Gas torus
3498:Flux tube
3482:Neptunian
3472:Saturnian
3426:SuperDARN
3327:Full list
3199:Bow shock
3168:Geosphere
2960:215754278
2905:215827666
2793:0811.1994
2764:2041-8205
2705:211506047
2625:1104.3863
2587:0004-6361
2533:256667345
2429:205260767
2293:260680405
2009:1008.1764
1943:206509814
1850:0036-8075
1784:0036-8075
1719:0036-8075
1596:118494597
1569:1112.3305
1481:250909885
1473:0034-4885
1373:0036-8075
1271:119247768
1237:(1): L8.
1112:CiteSeerX
1049:0012-821X
986:127456764
860:'s rings.
853:Voyager 2
842:'s rings.
838:image of
835:Voyager 2
792:image of
656:6 km
611:8 km
603:resonance
518:two rings
459:may have
421:in 1989.
419:Voyager 2
407:radiation
384:exosphere
367:Voyager 2
309:Voyager 1
248:Enceladus
182:Formation
109:of Saturn
5435:Universe
5273:Moonlets
4853:programs
4826:timeline
4814:timeline
4745:Planet X
4740:Planet V
4677:Sednoids
4665:Plutinos
4638:Centaurs
4616:families
4351:Dysnomia
4339:Xiangliu
4334:Gonggong
4322:Makemake
4281:Kerberos
4168:Hyperion
4106:Callisto
4101:Ganymede
4034:Gonggong
4029:Makemake
3884:Gonggong
3877:Makemake
3041:: A115.
3018:56118870
2928:: A120.
2897:32312810
2826:10054103
2818:19008414
2650:42698264
2591:Wikidata
2525:36755175
2454:Archived
2421:29022593
2336:29022595
2199:38950384
2135:Archived
2109:Archived
2087:18360476
2034:59458559
1974:Archived
1935:18323452
1884:Archived
1866:45403579
1858:17755997
1800:13240973
1792:16373533
1727:17812889
1622:Archived
1538:Archived
1389:33147728
1381:17800430
1202:16527964
1146:Archived
1142:33554377
1134:16527969
1067:Archived
925:12 March
865:See also
499:Chariklo
376:organics
370:and the
272:, small
215:centaurs
178:period.
107:such as
94:moonlets
5455:Portals
5256:Related
5235:by size
4924:Neptune
4909:Jupiter
4860:Mercury
4785:outline
4730:Phaeton
4725:Nemesis
4712:objects
4564:Neptune
4537:Jupiter
4517:Trojans
4510:Neptune
4495:Jupiter
4475:Mercury
4406:Haumean
4396:Uranian
4378: (
4298:Hiʻiaka
4232:Proteus
4222:Neptune
4210:Miranda
4200:Umbriel
4190:Titania
4178:all 146
4143:Iapetus
4096:Jupiter
3990:Neptune
3968:Jupiter
3936:Mercury
3918:Planets
3843:Neptune
3828:Jupiter
3801:Mercury
3585:Planets
3533:Neptune
3518:Jupiter
3477:Uranian
3457:Martian
3447:Hermian
3350:Geotail
3053:Bibcode
2998:Bibcode
2940:Bibcode
2888:7211925
2865:Bibcode
2798:Bibcode
2780:Science
2742:Bibcode
2685:Bibcode
2630:Bibcode
2567:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2393:Bibcode
2344:4472882
2316:Bibcode
2236:Bibcode
2179:Bibcode
2167:: A18.
2067:Bibcode
2014:Bibcode
1960:Cassini
1915:Bibcode
1907:Science
1830:Bibcode
1822:Science
1762:Bibcode
1754:Science
1735:5895824
1699:Bibcode
1691:Science
1672:4194104
1652:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1453:Bibcode
1416:Bibcode
1353:Bibcode
1345:Science
1294:Bibcode
1249:Bibcode
1210:6976648
1182:Bibcode
1174:Science
1104:Bibcode
1096:Science
964:Bibcode
858:Neptune
816:Cassini
794:Jupiter
789:Galileo
754:with a
595:Hi’iaka
514:centaur
466:Cassini
394:Neptune
314:Galileo
296:Jupiter
278:gravity
168:Neptune
160:Jupiter
154:In the
137:Mercury
103:around
54:Pandora
5430:
5423:
5416:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5278:Syzygy
5200:Comets
5133:System
5118:Planet
5011:EXCEDE
4919:Uranus
4914:Saturn
4904:Comets
4897:mining
4875:mining
4765:Vulcan
4606:active
4601:Hygiea
4596:Pallas
4559:Uranus
4505:Uranus
4500:Saturn
4435:Comets
4427:bodies
4425:System
4371:Jovian
4315:Weywot
4310:Quaoar
4303:Namaka
4293:Haumea
4266:Charon
4242:all 16
4237:Nereid
4227:Triton
4215:all 28
4195:Oberon
4185:Uranus
4173:Phoebe
4153:Tethys
4128:Saturn
4121:all 95
4116:Europa
4089:Deimos
4084:Phobos
4063:Earth
4024:Quaoar
4019:Haumea
3999:Dwarfs
3985:Uranus
3973:Saturn
3958:Giants
3923:dwarfs
3870:Quaoar
3863:Haumea
3838:Uranus
3833:Saturn
3528:Uranus
3523:Saturn
3462:Jovian
3404:EISCAT
3376:THEMIS
3364:(2015)
3362:
3335:(2016)
3333:
3158:Aurora
3016:
2958:
2903:
2895:
2885:
2824:
2816:
2762:
2703:
2673:: L8.
2648:
2593:
2585:
2531:
2523:
2487:Nature
2427:
2419:
2375:Nature
2342:
2334:
2308:Nature
2291:
2197:
2085:
2032:
1941:
1933:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1670:
1644:Nature
1594:
1584:
1496:Icarus
1479:
1471:
1408:Icarus
1387:
1379:
1371:
1326:
1286:Icarus
1269:
1208:
1200:
1140:
1132:
1114:
1047:
984:
840:Uranus
760:J1407b
721:K2-33b
645:Quaoar
633:Quaoar
571:Haumea
551:Haumea
524:Chiron
485:Charon
388:corona
346:Uranus
320:Saturn
286:Phobos
244:Saturn
166:, and
164:Uranus
62:Saturn
58:F ring
5481:Stars
5193:Lists
4929:Pluto
4887:Ceres
4865:Venus
4760:Tyche
4755:Theia
4591:Vesta
4586:Ceres
4527:Earth
4522:Venus
4485:Earth
4480:Venus
4460:moons
4423:Solar
4421:Small
4380:Rhean
4363:Rings
4276:Hydra
4261:Pluto
4254:Vanth
4249:Orcus
4205:Ariel
4163:Mimas
4148:Dione
4133:Titan
4056:Moons
4044:Sedna
4014:Pluto
4009:Orcus
4004:Ceres
3946:Earth
3941:Venus
3898:Sedna
3856:Pluto
3849:Orcus
3822:Ceres
3811:Earth
3806:Venus
3666:Moons
3452:Lunar
3414:SHARE
3409:HAARP
3370:Polar
3355:IMAGE
3331:Arase
3043:arXiv
3014:S2CID
2988:arXiv
2956:S2CID
2930:arXiv
2901:S2CID
2855:arXiv
2822:S2CID
2788:arXiv
2732:arXiv
2701:S2CID
2675:arXiv
2646:S2CID
2620:arXiv
2557:arXiv
2529:S2CID
2483:(PDF)
2425:S2CID
2383:arXiv
2371:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
2289:S2CID
2271:arXiv
2226:arXiv
2195:S2CID
2169:arXiv
2083:S2CID
2057:arXiv
2030:S2CID
2004:arXiv
1939:S2CID
1862:S2CID
1796:S2CID
1731:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1592:S2CID
1564:arXiv
1477:S2CID
1385:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1239:arXiv
1206:S2CID
1170:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1138:S2CID
1092:(PDF)
982:S2CID
954:arXiv
660:2,520
652:4,057
607:2,285
481:Pluto
430:Earth
274:moons
256:tidal
141:Venus
111:, or
47:moons
4882:Mars
4870:Moon
4848:list
4831:list
4532:Mars
4490:Mars
4346:Eris
4286:Styx
4138:Rhea
4079:Mars
4067:Moon
4039:Eris
3951:Mars
3891:Eris
3816:Mars
3387:Wind
2893:PMID
2846:PNAS
2814:PMID
2760:ISSN
2583:ISSN
2521:PMID
2462:2023
2417:PMID
2332:PMID
1931:PMID
1854:PMID
1846:ISSN
1788:PMID
1780:ISSN
1723:PMID
1715:ISSN
1582:ISBN
1469:ISSN
1377:PMID
1369:ISSN
1324:ISBN
1198:PMID
1130:PMID
1045:ISSN
927:2019
719:and
577:and
573:, a
512:, a
483:and
457:Rhea
411:dust
340:rock
196:moon
119:and
82:dust
45:The
4621:PHA
4271:Nix
3980:Ice
3963:Gas
3796:Sun
3360:MMS
3061:doi
3039:633
3006:doi
2984:800
2948:doi
2926:638
2883:PMC
2873:doi
2851:117
2806:doi
2784:322
2750:doi
2728:940
2693:doi
2671:635
2638:doi
2616:734
2575:doi
2511:hdl
2503:doi
2491:614
2409:hdl
2401:doi
2379:550
2324:doi
2312:550
2281:doi
2244:doi
2187:doi
2165:576
2075:doi
2053:133
2022:doi
1923:doi
1911:319
1838:doi
1826:246
1770:doi
1758:311
1707:doi
1695:233
1660:doi
1648:267
1574:doi
1512:doi
1461:doi
1424:doi
1412:138
1361:doi
1349:204
1302:doi
1290:154
1257:doi
1235:828
1190:doi
1178:311
1122:doi
1100:311
1035:doi
1031:646
972:doi
950:873
766:or
701:ice
540:324
127:or
92:or
60:of
5529::
4382:?)
4111:Io
3089:,
3059:.
3051:.
3037:.
3012:.
3004:.
2996:.
2982:.
2968:^
2954:.
2946:.
2938:.
2924:.
2899:.
2891:.
2881:.
2871:.
2863:.
2849:.
2843:.
2820:.
2812:.
2804:.
2796:.
2782:.
2758:.
2748:.
2740:.
2726:.
2722:.
2699:.
2691:.
2683:.
2669:.
2644:.
2636:.
2628:.
2614:.
2589:.
2581:.
2573:.
2565:.
2555:.
2541:^
2527:.
2519:.
2509:.
2501:.
2489:.
2485:.
2470:^
2452:.
2446:.
2423:.
2415:.
2407:.
2399:.
2391:.
2377:.
2373:.
2352:^
2338:.
2330:.
2322:.
2310:.
2287:.
2279:.
2269:.
2242:.
2234:.
2220:.
2216:.
2193:.
2185:.
2177:.
2163:.
2150:^
2133:.
2129:.
2103:.
2081:.
2073:.
2065:.
2051:.
2028:.
2020:.
2012:.
2000:37
1998:.
1972:.
1968:.
1964:.
1937:.
1929:.
1921:.
1909:.
1882:.
1860:.
1852:.
1844:.
1836:.
1824:.
1820:.
1808:^
1794:.
1786:.
1778:.
1768:.
1756:.
1752:.
1729:.
1721:.
1713:.
1705:.
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1658:.
1646:.
1620:.
1616:.
1612:.
1590:.
1580:.
1572:.
1536:.
1532:.
1510:.
1500:69
1498:.
1475:.
1467:.
1459:.
1449:65
1447:.
1422:.
1410:.
1406:.
1383:.
1375:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1334:^
1300:.
1288:.
1265:.
1255:.
1247:.
1233:.
1227:.
1204:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:.
1172:.
1144:.
1136:.
1128:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1043:.
1029:.
1025:.
1013:^
1003:.
980:.
970:.
962:.
948:.
944:.
918:.
914:.
832:A
813:A
786:A
743:.
723:.
292:.
151:.
139:,
88:,
84:,
72:A
68:.
5457::
5441:→
5432:→
5425:→
5418:→
5411:→
5405:→
5399:→
5393:→
5386:→
5379:→
5372:→
5365:→
5358:→
5351:→
4787:)
4783:(
3920:,
3735:e
3728:t
3721:v
3619:)
3615:(
3569:e
3562:t
3555:v
3131:e
3124:t
3117:v
3067:.
3063::
3055::
3045::
3020:.
3008::
3000::
2990::
2962:.
2950::
2942::
2932::
2907:.
2875::
2867::
2857::
2828:.
2808::
2800::
2790::
2766:.
2752::
2744::
2734::
2707:.
2695::
2687::
2677::
2652:.
2640::
2632::
2622::
2597:.
2577::
2569::
2559::
2535:.
2513::
2505::
2497::
2464:.
2431:.
2411::
2403::
2395::
2385::
2346:.
2326::
2318::
2295:.
2283::
2273::
2252:.
2246::
2238::
2228::
2222:4
2201:.
2189::
2181::
2171::
2144:.
2089:.
2077::
2069::
2059::
2036:.
2024::
2016::
2006::
1983:.
1945:.
1925::
1917::
1893:.
1868:.
1840::
1832::
1802:.
1772::
1764::
1737:.
1709::
1701::
1674:.
1662::
1654::
1631:.
1598:.
1576::
1566::
1547:.
1518:.
1514::
1506::
1483:.
1463::
1455::
1432:.
1426::
1418::
1391:.
1363::
1355::
1308:.
1304::
1296::
1273:.
1259::
1251::
1241::
1212:.
1192::
1184::
1124::
1106::
1076:.
1051:.
1037::
1007:.
988:.
974::
966::
956::
929:.
823:.
740:J
737:R
662:±
654:±
609:±
542:±
386:-
250:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.