31:
512:. What today's decision says is that the jury must find the existence of the fact that an aggravating factor existed. Those States that leave the ultimate life-or-death decision to the judge may continue to do so—by requiring a prior jury finding of aggravating factor in the sentencing phase or, more simply, by placing the aggravating-factor determination (where it logically belongs anyway) in the guilt phase.
340:
481: (1999), the relevant inquiry was "one not of form, but of effect." If a particular fact, whether it was called an "element" or a "sentencing factor," exposed the defendant to a greater punishment, then the Court said that the Sixth Amendment required a jury to find it. The Court found no principled basis for exempting capital cases from
323:
factors applied: that Ring had committed the murder in expectation of pecuniary gain and that he had committed the murder in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner. Although he found that Ring had a "minimal" criminal record, the judge concluded that it did not outweigh the aggravating factors and sentenced Ring to death.
315:, where they made off with $ 562,000 in cash and $ 271,000 in personal checks. An informant tipped the police off to Timothy Ring and two of his friends, who had recently made expensive purchases such as a new truck. Police eventually discovered that Ring was the ringleader of the operation. Ring was later charged with capital
114:
A sentencing judge, sitting without a jury, cannot find an aggravating circumstance necessary for imposition of the death penalty. Because
Arizona's enumerated aggravating factors operate as "the functional equivalent of an element of a greater offense," the Sixth Amendment requires that they be
440:
began with an important characterization of
Arizona's capital sentencing scheme. Based solely on the jury's verdict that Ring was guilty of first-degree murder, the greatest sentence for which Ring was eligible was life in prison. To satisfy the jury-trial requirement of the Sixth Amendment as
322:
The jury eventually convicted Ring of felony murder, but Ring could not be sentenced to death without further findings, and
Arizona law provided that the judge alone would make the findings. After a sentencing hearing, at which Ring's accomplices testified, the judge found that two aggravating
2055:
520:
argued that the Court's decision would have serious consequences, opening up a flood of litigation from death-row inmates and creating uncertainty in the laws of nine other states that employed either total or partial judicial factfinding in death sentences.
2075:
2065:
456:, had distinguished between the "elements" of a crime and "sentencing factors." The Sixth Amendment required a jury to find elements but allowed a judge to determine sentencing factors. Under
2070:
460:, the aggravating factors were "sentencing factors" because they were the modern vehicle by which judges expressed their traditional sentencing discretion in capital cases. However, after
311:, was robbed. The driver, John Magoch, was shot in the head as he opened the door to smoke, and died almost instantly. One of the robbers then drove the van to a church in nearby
636:
608:
583:
560:
530:
471:
72:
731:
282:
241:
1982:
2060:
2016:
535:
722:
2085:
2080:
508:
While I am, as always, pleased to travel in
Justice Breyer's company, the unfortunate fact is that today's judgment has nothing to do with
1823:
1115:
1596:
1027:
877:
272:
35:
2095:
1782:
423:
357:
1743:
1644:
404:
1457:
361:
376:
1294:
1259:
1035:
466:
1625:
715:
383:
1481:
1174:
1051:
960:
1687:
1000:
992:
86:
4651; 70 U.S.L.W. 4666; 2002 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5594; 2002 Daily
Journal DAR 7047; 15 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 464
350:
1576:
1369:
1147:
984:
896:
757:
390:
2090:
1962:
1791:
1770:
1473:
1377:
1139:
1123:
1099:
904:
773:
449:, the Court had expressly held that Arizona's capital sentencing scheme was not subject to such a requirement.
1831:
1551:
1393:
1278:
1251:
1243:
1083:
928:
708:
372:
304:
683:
1735:
1505:
1425:
1091:
1043:
861:
555:
517:
277:
146:
1992:
1847:
1807:
1711:
1067:
936:
640:
612:
587:
564:
475:
64:
944:
1871:
1815:
1703:
1695:
1497:
1350:
1075:
781:
509:
665:
2000:
1903:
1719:
1588:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1182:
920:
869:
745:
437:
174:
2024:
1970:
1895:
1863:
1751:
1604:
1465:
1329:
1214:
1206:
976:
968:
823:
1887:
1879:
1727:
1671:
1663:
1532:
1409:
1286:
1222:
1198:
1190:
1019:
603:
312:
308:
291:
256:
138:
130:
397:
2008:
1927:
1855:
1799:
1513:
1385:
1131:
656:
1417:
1401:
1234:
765:
285:
requires a jury to find the aggravating factors necessary for imposing the death penalty.
170:
158:
700:
647:
1943:
1919:
1911:
1679:
1166:
952:
674:
615:
590:
567:
501:
489:
478:
182:
150:
2049:
1935:
1489:
1107:
912:
316:
1839:
815:
802:
162:
2056:
United States
Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
67:
339:
452:
That characterization all but dictated the result. Prior decisions, including
83:
79:
692:
364: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1623:
1574:
1348:
1317:
842:
800:
743:
704:
30:
2076:
Cruel and
Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law
333:
199:
Ginsburg, joined by
Stevens, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas
2066:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
531:
List of United States
Supreme Court cases, volume 536
1981:
1954:
1781:
1762:
1655:
1636:
1543:
1524:
1361:
1270:
1233:
1158:
1011:
888:
853:
445:, additional factfinding was required. However, in
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
190:
119:
108:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
2071:United States Sixth Amendment sentencing case law
249:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
281:to capital sentencing schemes, holding that the
271:, 536 U.S. 584 (2002), was a case in which the
100:On writ of cert. to the Sup. Court of Arizona.
716:
8:
1633:
1620:
1571:
1358:
1345:
1314:
850:
839:
797:
740:
723:
709:
701:
20:
2017:Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California
536:List of United States Supreme Court cases
424:Learn how and when to remove this message
547:
295:, which had rejected that contention.
488:Noting the disparity between Justice
330:applies to capital sentencing schemes
307:parked in front of Arrowhead Mall in
18:2002 United States Supreme Court case
7:
362:adding citations to reliable sources
1116:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1597:United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal
1028:Almendarez-Torres v. United States
878:Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2061:United States Supreme Court cases
1544:Restrictions on cross-examination
643:584 (2002) is available from:
338:
29:
1645:United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez
349:needs additional citations for
2086:2002 in United States case law
1458:Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
961:Rosales-Lopez v. United States
54:Timothy Stuart Ring v. Arizona
1:
2081:Capital punishment in Arizona
732:United States Sixth Amendment
231:O'Connor, joined by Rehnquist
1626:Assistance of Counsel Clause
1175:Rassmussen v. United States
273:United States Supreme Court
2112:
1525:Face-to-face confrontation
1295:Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado
993:McDonnell v. United States
693:Oyez (oral argument audio)
492:'s continued rejection of
436:Writing for the majority,
1632:
1619:
1583:
1577:Compulsory Process Clause
1570:
1370:Reynolds v. United States
1357:
1344:
1324:
1313:
1148:Erlinger v. United States
1001:United States v. Tsarnaev
985:Skilling v. United States
897:Reynolds v. United States
849:
838:
810:
796:
758:Klopfer v. North Carolina
752:
739:
303:On November 28, 1994, an
254:
247:
240:
124:
115:found by a jury. 597-609.
113:
28:
2096:Legal history of Arizona
1963:Massiah v. United States
1792:Strickland v. Washington
1771:Glasser v. United States
1744:Nichols v. United States
1474:Bullcoming v. New Mexico
1378:Dowdell v. United States
1140:United States v. Haymond
1124:Alleyne v. United States
1100:Cunningham v. California
905:Glasser v. United States
774:Doggett v. United States
207:Scalia, joined by Thomas
1832:Glover v. United States
1552:Chambers v. Mississippi
1394:Bruton v. United States
1362:Out-of-court statements
1279:Tanner v. United States
1271:Impeachment of verdicts
1252:Burton v. United States
1244:United States v. Dawson
1084:United States v. Booker
1052:Harris v. United States
929:Witherspoon v. Illinois
289:overruled a portion of
1955:Uncounseled statements
1783:Ineffective assistance
1736:Pennsylvania v. Finley
1506:Samia v. United States
1426:Crawford v. Washington
1260:Smith v. United States
1092:Washington v. Recuenco
1044:Apprendi v. New Jersey
1036:Jones v. United States
862:Cheff v. Schnackenberg
556:Apprendi v. New Jersey
467:Jones v. United States
278:Apprendi v. New Jersey
1993:Faretta v. California
1848:Woodford v. Visciotti
1808:Kimmelman v. Morrison
1712:Argersinger v. Hamlin
1068:Blakely v. Washington
937:Ham v. South Carolina
844:Impartial Jury Clause
242:U.S. Const. amend. VI
78:122 S. Ct. 2428; 153
45:Decided June 24, 2002
43:Argued April 22, 2002
1872:Wright v. Van Patten
1816:Lockhart v. Fretwell
1704:Anders v. California
1696:Gideon v. Wainwright
1498:Hemphill v. New York
1482:Williams v. Illinois
1351:Confrontation Clause
1076:Schriro v. Summerlin
782:Betterman v. Montana
358:improve this article
275:applied the rule of
223:Breyer (in judgment)
2001:McKaskle v. Wiggins
1904:Padilla v. Kentucky
1720:Gagnon v. Scarpelli
1688:Hamilton v. Alabama
1589:Washington v. Texas
1450:Giles v. California
1442:Whorton v. Bockting
1434:Davis v. Washington
1183:Williams v. Florida
921:Sheppard v. Maxwell
870:Duncan v. Louisiana
746:Speedy Trial Clause
684:Library of Congress
518:Sandra Day O'Connor
496:and concurrence in
319:under Arizona law.
175:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
147:Sandra Day O'Connor
2025:Indiana v. Edwards
1971:Brewer v. Williams
1896:Porter v. McCollum
1864:Holland v. Jackson
1824:Williams v. Taylor
1752:Alabama v. Shelton
1605:Taylor v. Illinois
1466:Michigan v. Bryant
1330:Rabe v. Washington
1319:Information Clause
1215:Ramos v. Louisiana
1207:Burch v. Louisiana
1159:Size and unanimity
977:Morgan v. Illinois
969:Wainwright v. Witt
824:Presley v. Georgia
135:Associate Justices
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
1888:Wong v. Belmontes
1880:Bobby v. Van Hook
1728:Scott v. Illinois
1672:Johnson v. Zerbst
1664:Powell v. Alabama
1615:
1614:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1533:Maryland v. Craig
1410:Illinois v. Allen
1340:
1339:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1287:Warger v. Shauers
1223:Edwards v. Vannoy
1199:Ballew v. Georgia
1191:Apodaca v. Oregon
1020:Walton v. Arizona
834:
833:
792:
791:
604:Walton v. Arizona
464:, which built on
434:
433:
426:
408:
373:"Ring v. Arizona"
309:Glendale, Arizona
299:Facts of the case
292:Walton v. Arizona
264:
263:
257:Walton v. Arizona
131:William Rehnquist
2103:
2009:Rock v. Arkansas
1928:Lafler v. Cooper
1856:Wiggins v. Smith
1800:Nix v. Whiteside
1634:
1621:
1572:
1514:Smith v. Arizona
1386:Pointer v. Texas
1359:
1346:
1315:
1132:Hurst v. Florida
945:Ristaino v. Ross
851:
840:
798:
741:
725:
718:
711:
702:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
655:
652:
646:
619:
600:
594:
577:
571:
552:
485:s general rule.
438:Justice Ginsburg
429:
422:
418:
415:
409:
407:
366:
342:
334:
120:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2091:2002 in Arizona
2046:
2045:
2044:
2031:
1977:
1950:
1777:
1758:
1651:
1628:
1611:
1579:
1558:
1539:
1520:
1418:Ohio v. Roberts
1402:Frazier v. Cupp
1353:
1336:
1320:
1301:
1266:
1235:Vicinage Clause
1229:
1154:
1060:Ring v. Arizona
1007:
884:
845:
830:
806:
788:
766:Barker v. Wingo
748:
735:
729:
695:
689:
686:
680:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
653:
650:
644:
633:Ring v. Arizona
628:
623:
622:
601:
597:
580:Ring v. Arizona
578:
574:
553:
549:
544:
527:
510:jury sentencing
441:interpreted by
430:
419:
413:
410:
367:
365:
355:
343:
332:
301:
283:Sixth Amendment
268:Ring v. Arizona
250:
173:
171:Clarence Thomas
161:
159:Anthony Kennedy
149:
139:John P. Stevens
104:, 200 Ariz. 267
87:
44:
38:
24:Ring v. Arizona
19:
12:
11:
5:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1985:representation
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:Garza v. Idaho
1940:
1932:
1924:
1920:Premo v. Moore
1916:
1912:Sears v. Upton
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:Betts v. Brady
1676:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1167:Maxwell v. Dow
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
953:Adams v. Texas
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
874:
866:
857:
855:
847:
846:
843:
836:
835:
832:
831:
829:
828:
820:
811:
808:
807:
801:
794:
793:
790:
789:
787:
786:
778:
770:
762:
753:
750:
749:
744:
737:
736:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
699:
698:
666:Google Scholar
627:
626:External links
624:
621:
620:
595:
572:
546:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
533:
526:
523:
514:
513:
502:Antonin Scalia
432:
431:
346:
344:
337:
331:
325:
300:
297:
262:
261:
252:
251:
248:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
183:Stephen Breyer
151:Antonin Scalia
136:
133:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
110:
106:
105:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:Buck v. Davis
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:Conflict-free
1761:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:Ohio v. Clark
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:Oregon v. Ice
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:Irvin v. Dowd
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
893:
891:
887:
880:
879:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
856:
852:
848:
841:
837:
826:
825:
821:
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
804:
799:
795:
784:
783:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
706:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:
617:
614:
610:
606:
605:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
557:
551:
548:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
511:
507:
506:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
439:
428:
425:
417:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375: –
374:
370:
369:Find sources:
363:
359:
353:
352:
347:This section
345:
341:
336:
335:
329:
326:
324:
320:
318:
317:felony murder
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
259:
258:
253:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:Case opinions
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:Chief Justice
126:
125:
123:
118:
112:
107:
103:
102:State v. Ring
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1969:
1961:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1840:Bell v. Cone
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1769:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1643:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1550:
1531:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1328:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1258:
1255:(1905, 1906)
1250:
1242:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
889:Impartiality
876:
868:
860:
854:Availability
822:
816:In re Oliver
814:
803:Public Trial
780:
772:
764:
756:
632:
618: (1990).
602:
598:
593: (2002).
579:
575:
570: (2000).
554:
550:
515:
497:
493:
487:
482:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
446:
442:
435:
420:
411:
401:
394:
387:
380:
368:
356:Please help
351:verification
348:
327:
321:
302:
290:
286:
276:
267:
266:
265:
255:
236:Laws applied
178:
166:
163:David Souter
154:
142:
101:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
1656:Appointment
1012:Facts found
305:armored car
220:Concurrence
212:Concurrence
204:Concurrence
2050:Categories
542:References
500:, Justice
414:March 2017
384:newspapers
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:556; 2002
483:Apprendi'
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
734:case law
631:Text of
525:See also
516:Justice
494:Apprendi
462:Apprendi
443:Apprendi
328:Apprendi
313:Sun City
196:Majority
657:Findlaw
648:Cornell
504:added:
398:scholar
228:Dissent
215:Kennedy
109:Holding
2028:(2008)
2020:(2000)
2012:(1987)
2004:(1984)
1996:(1975)
1983:Pro se
1974:(1977)
1966:(1963)
1947:(2019)
1939:(2017)
1931:(2012)
1923:(2011)
1915:(2010)
1907:(2010)
1899:(2009)
1891:(2009)
1883:(2009)
1875:(2008)
1867:(2004)
1859:(2003)
1851:(2002)
1843:(2002)
1835:(2001)
1827:(2000)
1819:(1993)
1811:(1986)
1803:(1986)
1795:(1984)
1774:(1942)
1755:(2002)
1747:(1994)
1739:(1987)
1731:(1979)
1723:(1973)
1715:(1972)
1707:(1967)
1699:(1963)
1691:(1961)
1683:(1942)
1675:(1938)
1667:(1932)
1648:(2006)
1637:Choice
1608:(1988)
1600:(1982)
1592:(1967)
1555:(1973)
1536:(1990)
1517:(2024)
1509:(2023)
1501:(2022)
1493:(2015)
1485:(2012)
1477:(2011)
1469:(2011)
1461:(2009)
1453:(2008)
1445:(2007)
1437:(2006)
1429:(2004)
1421:(1980)
1413:(1970)
1405:(1969)
1397:(1968)
1389:(1965)
1381:(1911)
1373:(1878)
1333:(1972)
1298:(2017)
1290:(2014)
1282:(1987)
1263:(2023)
1247:(1853)
1226:(2021)
1218:(2020)
1210:(1979)
1202:(1978)
1194:(1972)
1186:(1970)
1178:(1905)
1170:(1900)
1151:(2024)
1143:(2019)
1135:(2016)
1127:(2013)
1119:(2012)
1111:(2009)
1103:(2007)
1095:(2006)
1087:(2005)
1079:(2004)
1071:(2004)
1063:(2002)
1055:(2002)
1047:(2000)
1039:(1999)
1031:(1998)
1023:(1990)
1004:(2022)
996:(2016)
988:(2010)
980:(1992)
972:(1985)
964:(1981)
956:(1980)
948:(1976)
940:(1973)
932:(1968)
924:(1966)
916:(1961)
908:(1942)
900:(1878)
881:(1989)
873:(1968)
865:(1966)
827:(2010)
819:(1948)
805:Clause
785:(2016)
777:(1992)
769:(1972)
761:(1967)
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
675:Justia
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
607:,
582:,
559:,
490:Breyer
458:Walton
454:Walton
447:Walton
400:
393:
386:
379:
371:
260:(1990)
181:
179:·
177:
169:
167:·
165:
157:
155:·
153:
145:
143:·
141:
639:
611:
586:
563:
474:
405:JSTOR
391:books
97:Prior
641:U.S.
613:U.S.
588:U.S.
565:U.S.
498:Ring
476:U.S.
377:news
287:Ring
73:more
65:U.S.
63:536
637:536
616:639
609:497
591:584
584:536
568:466
561:530
479:227
472:526
360:by
68:584
2052::
635:,
470:,
724:e
717:t
710:v
427:)
421:(
416:)
412:(
402:·
395:·
388:·
381:·
354:.
76:)
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
