532:, perhaps due to a collision that caused a chain of debris to orbit it. The rings were discovered when astronomers observed Chariklo passing in front of the star UCAC4 248-108672 on June 3, 2013 from seven locations in South America. While watching, they saw two dips in the star's apparent brightness just before and after the occultation. Because this event was observed at multiple locations, the conclusion that the dip in brightness was in fact due to rings is unanimously the leading hypothesis. The observations revealed what is likely a 19-kilometer (12-mile)-wide ring system that is about 1,000 times closer than the Moon is to Earth. In addition, astronomers suspect there could be a moon orbiting amidst the ring debris. If these rings are the leftovers of a collision as astronomers suspect, this would give fodder to the idea that moons (such as the Moon) form through collisions of smaller bits of material. Chariklo's rings have not been officially named, but the discoverers have nicknamed them Oiapoque and Chuí, after two rivers near the northern and southern ends of Brazil.
250:
5348:
637:
574:
816:
795:
859:
841:
241:
from the parent body's icy mantle. After forming, the ring would spread laterally, leading to satellite formation from whatever portion of it spreads beyond the centaur's Roche Limit. Satellites could also form directly from the disrupted icy mantle. This formation mechanism predicts that roughly 10% of centaurs will have experienced potentially ring-forming encounters with giant planets.
5500:
5524:
5324:
5476:
5336:
45:
5512:
5488:
687:
240:
approaching a giant planet at an initial relative velocity of 3−6 km/s with an initial rotational period of 8 hours, a ring mass of 0.1%−10% of the centaur's mass is predicted. Ring formation from an undifferentiated body is less likely. The rings would be composed mostly or entirely of material
273:
of the material it is made of, its density, and the tidal force at its altitude. The tidal force is proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring, or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed. It is also inversely proportional to the square of the orbital
558:
in radius, though their evolution does change the radius somewhat. Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can explain the long-term variation in Chiron's brightness over time. Chiron's rings are suspected to be maintained by orbiting material ejected during seasonal outbursts, as a
415:
The system around
Neptune consists of five principal rings that, at their densest, are comparable to the low-density regions of Saturn's rings. However, they are faint and dusty, much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter. The very dark material that makes up the rings is likely organics
741:
was found to be large and unclearly defined when detected in 2008. This was hypothesized to either be due to a cloud of dust attracted from the dust disc of the star, or a possible ring system, though in 2020 Fomalhaut b itself was determined to very likely be an expanding debris cloud from a
449:
period (around 466 million years ago). This ring system may have originated from a large asteroid that passed by Earth at this time and had a significant amount of debris stripped by Earth's gravitational pull, forming a ring system. Evidence for this ring comes from impact craters from the
213:
when it passed within the planet's Roche limit. Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System.
51:
50:
47:
46:
52:
3765:
1354:
Smith, Bradford A.; Soderblom, Laurence A.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Collins, Stewart A.; Shoemaker, Eugene M.; Hunt, G. E.; Masursky, Harold; Carr, Michael H. (1979-06-01). "The
Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1".
49:
786:(90,000,000 km; 56,000,000 mi) in radius. J1407b's transit of V1400 Centauri revealed gaps and density variations within its disk or ring system, which has been interpreted as hints of exomoons or exoplanets forming around J1407b.
291:
of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring, ejected from the system, or accreted onto the moon itself.
691:
695:
693:
689:
688:
694:
2170:
Ortiz, J.L.; Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Licandro, J.; Campo
Bagatin, A.; Thirouin, A. (2015). "Possible ring material around centaur (2060) Chiron".
2789:
Kalas, Paul; Graham, James R; Chiang, Eugene; Fitzgerald, Michael P; Clampin, Mark; Kite, Edwin S; Stapelfeldt, Karl; Marois, Christian; Krist, John (2008). "Optical Images of an
Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth".
454:
appearing to cluster in a distinctive band around the Earth's equator at that time. The presence of this ring may have led to significant shielding of Earth from sun's rays and a severe cooling event, thus causing the
692:
550:, has a constantly evolving disk of rings. Based on stellar-occultation data that were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron's comet-like activity, the rings are proposed to be
678:, approximately 4.6 times the radius of Quaoar and also beyond its Roche limit. The outer ring appears to be inhomogeneous, containing a thin, dense section as well as a broader, more diffuse section.
327:
orbiter in the 1990s. Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the "halo"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint "gossamer rings". The system consists mostly of dust.
5251:
4825:
5221:
5022:
2120:
2465:
385:
led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified, most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation-processed
299:, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years. Its low orbit, with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day, is decaying due to
727:
by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of 2024, two candidate extrasolar ring systems have been found by this method, around
482:
was inconsistent with the predicted properties of the rings, suggesting that some other mechanism is responsible for the magnetic effects that had led to the ring hypothesis.
349:
did so in 1655. The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think, but are more of a disk with varying density. They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of
48:
2224:
Sickafoose, Amanda A.; Levine, Stephen E.; Bosh, Amanda S.; Person, Michael J.; Zuluaga, Carlos A.; Knieling, Bastian; Lewis, Mark C.; Schindler, Karsten (1 November 2023).
2146:
5258:
367:
Uranus's ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn's vast system and the simpler systems around
Jupiter and Neptune. They were discovered in 1977 by
499:
might have a circumbinary ring system created from dust ejected off of Pluto's small outer moons in impacts. A dust ring would have posed a considerable risk to the
1506:
Showalter, Mark R.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Pollack, James B. (1987-03-01). "Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties".
3420:
4810:
690:
3425:
4955:
822:
269:
effects from eight moonlets only a few hundred meters across were detected within Saturn's rings. The maximum size of a ring particle is determined by the
217:
Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or, in the case of Saturn's E-ring, the ejecta of
1157:
3043:
Kenworthy, M. A.; Klaassen, P. D.; et al. (January 2020). "ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen)".
4721:
3579:
3141:
1985:
1012:
815:
2930:
Gratton, R.; et al. (June 2020). "Searching for the near-infrared counterpart of
Proxima c using multi-epoch high-contrast SPHERE data at VLT".
1414:
Ockert-Bell, Maureen E.; Burns, Joseph A.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Veverka, Joseph; Belton, M. J. S.; Klaasen, Kenneth P. (1999-04-01).
723:, within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the
265:
The composition of planetary ring particles varies, ranging from silicates to icy dust. Larger rocks and boulders may also be present, and in 2007
2990:
Matthew A. Kenworthy, Eric E. Mamajek (2015). "Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?".
1078:
2275:
Ortiz, J. L.; Pereira, C. L.; Sicardy, P. (7 August 2023). "The changing material around (2060) Chiron from an occultation on 2022 December 15".
2112:
2455:
1828:
Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Banfield, D.; Barnet, C; Basilevsky, A. T.; Beebe, R. F.; Bollinger, K.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A. (1989-12-15).
249:
4876:
4521:
4506:
4486:
3745:
1895:
4820:
4553:
4516:
4511:
2620:
Hilke E. Schlichting, Philip Chang (2011). "Warm
Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets that Reside Inside the Ice Line".
2006:
Tiscareno, Matthew S.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Hedman, Matthew M. (2010). "Cassini imaging search rules out rings around Rhea".
670:, approximately 7.5 times the radius of Quaoar and more than double the distance of its Roche limit. The inner ring orbits at a distance of
341:
Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time.
5246:
4837:
4558:
4496:
4491:
746:
has been observed to be far brighter than expected for its low mass of 7 Earth masses, which may be attributed to a ring system of about 5
1697:
Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, R.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (1986-07-04).
158:
with these planets. Evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects, including moons and
5400:
4501:
3776:
2491:
475:, which would make it the only moon known to have a ring system. A later study published in 2010 revealed that imaging of Rhea by the
4622:
185:
have also been discovered via occultations. Some studies even theorize that the Earth may have had a ring system during the mid-late
4649:
3442:
3371:
1597:
1339:
1633:
5037:
3437:
636:
3798:
590:
3794:
3779:
445:
A 2024 study suggests that Earth may have had a ring system for a period of 40 million years, starting from the middle of the
5216:
4632:
4466:
3788:
2138:
1177:; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006).
3787:
4741:
4637:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3572:
3298:
3240:
3134:
902:
5466:
5554:
5241:
4796:
4776:
4671:
3792:
3784:
197:
There are three ways that thicker planetary rings have been proposed to have formed: from material originating from the
111:
31:
3781:
3098:
655:
In 2023, astronomers announced the discovery of a widely separated ring around the dwarf planet and Kuiper belt object
5316:
4842:
4771:
4736:
3799:
3795:
2379:
3790:
3458:
3045:
2932:
2677:
2563:
2277:
1549:
5231:
5032:
4915:
4864:
3800:
3738:
3463:
3303:
2675:
Akinsanmi, B.; et al. (March 2020). "Can planetary rings explain the extremely low density of HIP 41378 f?".
1570:
Tiscareno, Matthew S. (2013-01-01). "Planetary Rings". In Oswalt, Terry D.; French, Linda M.; Kalas, Paul (eds.).
5074:
5049:
4859:
3174:
1241:
720:
456:
237:
5549:
5365:
4970:
4565:
3565:
3473:
3255:
3235:
3127:
1100:
605:
and an opacity of 0.5. The ring plane coincides with Haumea's equator and the orbit of its larger, outer moon
5054:
4881:
4528:
4432:
4345:
4045:
3895:
3483:
3356:
3351:
3164:
451:
38:
1969:
5059:
4997:
4945:
4935:
4920:
4871:
4756:
4731:
4661:
4083:
3797:
3468:
3308:
1123:
594:
525:
382:
257:
consists mostly of chunks of ice and dust. The small dark spot on Saturn is the shadow from Saturn's moon
225:
3775:
3769:
2732:"A Circumplanetary Dust Ring May Explain the Extreme Spectral Slope of the 10 Myr Young Exoplanet K2-33b"
559:
third partial ring detected in 2018 had become a full ring by 2022, with an outburst in between in 2021.
5544:
5425:
5352:
5226:
5079:
5042:
4930:
4925:
3731:
3278:
2622:
155:
3796:
1074:
794:
4987:
4940:
4898:
4597:
4055:
4020:
4015:
3909:
3860:
3833:
3712:
3624:
3313:
3064:
3009:
2951:
2876:
2809:
2753:
2696:
2641:
2578:
2506:
2404:
2327:
2247:
2190:
2078:
2025:
1926:
1841:
1773:
1710:
1663:
1515:
1464:
1427:
1364:
1305:
1260:
1193:
1115:
975:
923:
887:
123:
3793:
1891:
1128:
476:
5528:
5439:
5328:
5166:
5139:
5089:
4893:
4357:
4050:
3902:
858:
573:
198:
143:
88:
345:
first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until
5516:
5504:
5419:
5289:
5236:
5154:
5114:
5084:
4992:
4805:
3942:
3786:
3777:
3707:
3366:
3054:
3025:
2999:
2967:
2941:
2912:
2866:
2833:
2799:
2743:
2712:
2686:
2657:
2631:
2568:
2540:
2436:
2394:
2351:
2300:
2282:
2237:
2206:
2180:
2094:
2068:
2041:
2015:
1950:
1873:
1807:
1742:
1679:
1603:
1575:
1488:
1396:
1278:
1250:
1237:"Formation of Centaurs' Rings Through Their Partial Tidal Disruption During Planetary Encounters"
1217:
1149:
993:
965:
892:
827:
800:
767:
743:
346:
300:
131:
782:
several times the mass of
Jupiter. The circumstellar disk or ring system of J1407b is about 0.6
3771:
840:
5279:
5159:
4849:
4791:
4582:
4471:
4397:
4338:
4309:
4067:
3791:
3783:
3780:
3677:
3652:
3398:
3381:
3342:
3288:
3205:
2904:
2825:
2771:
2594:
2532:
2428:
2343:
2142:
1981:
1942:
1865:
1857:
1799:
1791:
1734:
1726:
1593:
1480:
1388:
1380:
1335:
1209:
1178:
1141:
1056:
783:
763:
614:
529:
516:
284:
270:
206:
60:
57:
1296:
Holsapple, K. A. (December 2001). "Equilibrium
Configurations of Solid Cohesionless Bodies".
593:, was revealed by a stellar occultation observed on 21 January 2017. This makes it the first
5480:
5340:
5144:
5134:
5027:
5002:
4412:
4382:
4253:
4233:
4132:
4107:
3947:
3812:
3619:
3604:
3544:
3529:
3392:
3072:
3068:
3017:
2959:
2955:
2894:
2884:
2817:
2761:
2704:
2700:
2649:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2522:
2514:
2420:
2412:
2335:
2292:
2255:
2226:"Material around the Centaur (2060) Chiron from the 2018 November 28 UT Stellar Occultation"
2198:
2134:
2086:
2059:
Steffl, Andrew J.; Stern, S. Alan (2007). "First
Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System".
2033:
1934:
1917:
Jones, G. H.; et al. (2008-03-07). "The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea".
1849:
1781:
1718:
1671:
1585:
1523:
1472:
1435:
1372:
1313:
1268:
1201:
1133:
1046:
983:
425:
410:
390:
386:
312:
178:
170:
147:
3789:
3768:
5211:
5109:
5017:
4908:
4886:
4683:
4627:
4617:
4407:
4387:
4362:
4350:
4304:
4292:
4226:
4196:
4189:
4179:
4139:
4117:
4112:
3772:
3770:
3662:
3614:
3609:
3539:
3534:
3478:
832:
716:
650:
606:
568:
541:
368:
362:
342:
336:
174:
119:
68:
3099:
Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter
2380:"The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation"
209:
that was disrupted by a large impact, or from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by
3013:
2880:
2813:
2757:
2645:
2510:
2408:
2331:
2251:
2194:
2082:
2029:
1930:
1845:
1777:
1714:
1667:
1519:
1468:
1431:
1368:
1309:
1264:
1197:
1119:
979:
317:
Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered, when it was first observed by the
5195:
4980:
4975:
4965:
4766:
4693:
4654:
4575:
4548:
4272:
4243:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4154:
3773:
3273:
2899:
2852:
1625:
897:
759:
747:
724:
521:
350:
287:
that orbit near the inner or outer edges of a ringlet or within gaps in the rings. The
64:
3021:
2653:
1476:
1416:"The Structure of Jupiter's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment"
1101:"Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring"
5538:
5294:
5274:
4854:
4587:
4570:
4391:
4314:
4277:
4248:
4238:
4206:
4184:
4164:
4127:
4100:
4095:
4090:
3685:
3323:
3318:
3230:
3225:
3150:
2971:
2916:
2716:
2544:
2440:
2304:
1954:
1621:
1607:
1527:
1492:
1282:
1273:
1236:
1174:
997:
882:
496:
472:
296:
278:
135:
76:
3029:
2853:"New HST data and modeling reveal a massive planetesimal collision around Fomalhaut"
2837:
2661:
2210:
2098:
2045:
1877:
1811:
1400:
1153:
5492:
5372:
5358:
5149:
5104:
4761:
4644:
4538:
4478:
4461:
4287:
4265:
4216:
4174:
4159:
4144:
4010:
3969:
3934:
3754:
3644:
3628:
3519:
3250:
3245:
3220:
2730:
Ohno, Kazumasa; Thao, Pa Chia; Mann, Andrew W.; Fortney, Jonathan J. (2022-11-25).
2460:
2355:
1746:
1683:
1221:
779:
704:
659:. Further analysis of the occultation data uncovered a second inner, fainter ring.
656:
586:
487:
372:
210:
182:
166:
115:
3093:
3076:
2963:
2708:
2590:
2296:
2202:
1853:
1376:
5413:
5407:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5124:
5099:
5094:
5069:
5064:
5012:
5007:
4832:
4746:
4705:
4666:
4543:
4402:
4297:
4260:
4149:
3657:
3430:
3293:
3283:
1722:
1589:
931:
775:
738:
728:
626:
547:
468:
421:
233:
229:
218:
202:
159:
139:
127:
92:
2766:
2731:
2518:
1051:
1034:
988:
953:
5432:
5379:
5119:
4698:
4282:
3265:
3215:
3189:
3184:
662:
Both rings display unusual properties. The outer ring orbits at a distance of
446:
205:
of the planet and thus could not coalesce to form moons, from the debris of a
186:
2775:
2598:
1861:
1795:
1730:
1541:
1484:
1384:
1060:
17:
5393:
5386:
4815:
4781:
4612:
4533:
4456:
4451:
4169:
4122:
3991:
3974:
3702:
3634:
3514:
3509:
3210:
3179:
2889:
2821:
2606:
2318:
Sickafoose, A. A. (2017). "Astronomy: Ring detected around a dwarf planet".
1938:
1786:
1761:
1205:
1137:
864:
846:
708:
633:
if Haumea were spherical (being nonspherical pushes the limit out farther).
417:
394:
377:
319:
258:
100:
96:
2908:
2829:
2536:
2492:"A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit"
2432:
2347:
1946:
1869:
1803:
1738:
1440:
1415:
1392:
1317:
1213:
1145:
3107:
5446:
5284:
4903:
4751:
4607:
4592:
4333:
4040:
3888:
2260:
2225:
2073:
2037:
1654:
Elliot, J. L.; Dunham, E.; Mink, D. (1977-05-26). "The rings of Uranus".
2416:
1013:"Weird dust ring orbits the sun alongside Mercury and we don't know why"
4688:
4676:
4602:
4001:
3979:
3854:
3839:
3493:
3361:
2527:
2424:
869:
805:
288:
104:
2561:
C. L. Pereira; et al. (2023). "The two rings of (50000) Quaoar".
924:"What scientists found after sifting through dust in the solar system"
770:
or massive rings transiting the star. This substellar object, dubbed "
5129:
4422:
4417:
4326:
4321:
4035:
4030:
3996:
3984:
3929:
3881:
3874:
3849:
3844:
3667:
3596:
3488:
3415:
3387:
3169:
1675:
851:
771:
732:
582:
398:
254:
110:
Ring systems are best known as planetary rings, common components of
72:
2339:
1829:
1698:
1033:
Tomkins, Andrew G.; Martin, Erin L.; Cawood, Peter A. (2024-11-15).
5487:
3059:
3004:
2946:
2871:
2748:
2691:
2573:
2399:
2287:
2242:
2185:
2090:
1255:
970:
4446:
4025:
3957:
3952:
3867:
3822:
3817:
3119:
3114:
Thermodynamics and Macrokinetics of Natural Hierarchical Processes
2804:
2636:
2020:
1580:
954:"Co-orbital Asteroids as the Source of Venus's Zodiacal Dust Ring"
839:
793:
685:
635:
572:
492:
248:
151:
43:
3102:
420:, like in the rings of Uranus. 20 to 70 percent of the rings are
4078:
3962:
3827:
2857:
2378:
Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; et al. (2017).
266:
3727:
3723:
3561:
3557:
3123:
2456:"Ring discovered around dwarf planet Quaoar confounds theories"
1762:"The Second Ring-Moon System of Uranus: Discovery and Dynamics"
3807:
2139:"A second ringed centaur? Centaurs with rings could be common"
2113:"Surprise! Asteroid Hosts A Two-Ring Circus Above Its Surface"
712:
528:, was the first minor planet discovered to have rings. It has
353:, and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters.
1235:
Hyodo, R.; Charnoz, S.; Genda, H.; Ohtsuki, K. (2016-08-29).
1035:"Evidence suggesting that earth had a ring in the Ordovician"
424:, a relatively high proportion. Hints of the rings were seen
3763:
597:
found to have a ring system. The ring has a radius of about
1699:"Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results"
459:, the coldest known period of the last 450 million years.
503:
spacecraft. However, this possibility was ruled out when
742:
collision of asteroids rather than a planet. Similarly,
617:
with Haumea's rotation, which is located at a radius of
67:(left) orbit just inside and outside, respectively, the
323:
probe in 1979, and was observed more thoroughly by the
5464:
1179:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus"
758:
A 56-day-long sequence of dimming events in the star
375:. In the time between then and 2005, observations by
3108:
Physical Chemistry of Evolution of Planetary Systems
1760:
Showalter, Mark R.; Lissauer, Jack J. (2006-02-17).
1455:
Esposito, Larry W. (2002-01-01). "Planetary rings".
5267:
5204:
4954:
4790:
4720:
4431:
4373:
4066:
3928:
3695:
3676:
3643:
3595:
3502:
3451:
3408:
3332:
3264:
3198:
3157:
2851:Gáspár, András; Rieke, George H. (April 20, 2020).
1077:. NASA (News Release 2007-149). December 12, 2007.
467:Reports in March 2008 suggested that Saturn's moon
27:
Ring of cosmic dust orbiting an astronomical object
1907:NASA – Saturn's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings
232:in a close encounter (within 0.4 to 0.8 times the
75:, but only Prometheus is thought to function as a
30:"Planet ring" redirects here. For other uses, see
707:of the Solar System have rings, the existence of
2985:
2983:
2981:
91:that is composed of solid material such as gas,
3767:
1892:"NASA - Saturn's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings"
1830:"Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results"
711:with rings is plausible. Although particles of
2556:
2554:
2485:
2483:
507:failed to detect any dust rings around Pluto.
3739:
3573:
3135:
3103:Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds
8:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2165:
2163:
1823:
1821:
1349:
1347:
3116:, p. 217. Nauka, Moscow, 1988 (in Russian).
952:Petr Pokorný; Marc Kuchner (Mar 12, 2019).
719:, can only exist around planets beyond the
4717:
3925:
3921:
3746:
3732:
3724:
3580:
3566:
3558:
3142:
3128:
3120:
1574:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 309–375.
715:, the material that is predominant in the
577:Artist's depiction of Haumea's ring system
3058:
3003:
2945:
2898:
2888:
2870:
2803:
2765:
2747:
2690:
2635:
2572:
2526:
2398:
2286:
2259:
2241:
2184:
2072:
2019:
1785:
1579:
1542:"Historical Background of Saturn's Rings"
1439:
1272:
1254:
1127:
1050:
987:
969:
181:) have ring systems. Ring systems around
146:, such as around the Sun at distances of
5259:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
857:
640:Artist impression of Quaoar and its ring
463:Rings systems of minor planets and moons
5471:
5455:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
4483:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
3094:USGS/IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature
914:
699:Ring formation around extrasolar planet
629:, which would lie at a radius of about
428:prior to their conclusive discovery by
277:Some planetary rings are influenced by
762:observed in 2007 was interpreted as a
389:. The relative lack of dust is due to
491:, some astronomers hypothesized that
7:
2490:Morgado, B. E.; et al. (2023).
2468:from the original on 8 February 2023
1028:
1026:
1081:from the original on April 15, 2008
1039:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
134:, belts of planetoids, such as the
37:For ring systems in chemistry, see
2454:Devlin, Hannah (8 February 2023).
1572:Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems
1075:"Saturn's Rings May Be Old Timers"
774:", is most likely a free-floating
25:
3443:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
2736:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1974:Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea"
1330:Gürtler, J. & Dorschner, J: "
958:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5346:
5334:
5322:
2123:from the original on 2014-03-30.
1626:"Questions about Saturn's rings"
1163:from the original on 2017-08-09.
814:
613:). The ring is close to the 3:1
609:(which has a semimajor axis of ≈
5222:Gravitationally rounded objects
2149:from the original on 2015-01-31
1988:from the original on 2008-06-26
1898:from the original on 2012-10-22
1636:from the original on 2012-10-03
1552:from the original on 2012-05-10
1099:Spahn, F.; et al. (2006).
87:is a disc or torus orbiting an
1978:The Planetary Society web site
1457:Reports on Progress in Physics
1:
3299:Interplanetary magnetic field
3241:Magnetosphere particle motion
2230:The Planetary Science Journal
1968:Lakdawalla, E. (2008-03-06).
1854:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422
903:Lists of astronomical objects
625:. It is well within Haumea's
236:) with a giant planet. For a
224:Ring systems may form around
3046:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2933:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2678:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2564:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2278:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2173:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2008:Geophysical Research Letters
1528:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2
1377:10.1126/science.204.4396.951
5317:Outline of the Solar System
5080:Interplanetary medium/space
3077:10.1051/0004-6361/201936141
3022:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/126
2964:10.1051/0004-6361/202037594
2709:10.1051/0004-6361/202037618
2654:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/117
2591:10.1051/0004-6361/202346365
2297:10.1051/0004-6361/202347025
2203:10.1051/0004-6361/201424461
1723:10.1126/science.233.4759.43
1590:10.1007/978-94-007-5606-9_7
1477:10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201
1011:Leah Crane (Feb 18, 2023).
591:resonant Kuiper belt member
473:its own tenuous ring system
5571:
5033:Extraterrestrial materials
3304:Heliospheric current sheet
2519:10.1038/s41586-022-05629-6
1970:"A Ringed Moon of Saturn?
1274:10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L8
1052:10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118991
648:
566:
539:
514:
408:
360:
334:
310:
295:It is also predicted that
169:, all four giant planets (
36:
29:
5353:Earth sciences portal
5312:
5075:Interplanetary dust cloud
3919:
3761:
2992:The Astrophysical Journal
1242:The Astrophysical Journal
5366:Local Interstellar Cloud
4084:other near-Earth objects
3256:Van Allen radiation belt
3236:Magnetosphere chronology
2767:10.3847/2041-8213/ac9f3f
2061:The Astronomical Journal
989:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0827
485:Prior to the arrival of
436:Prehistoric ring systems
371:, Edward W. Dunham, and
5329:Solar System portal
5055:Giant-impact hypothesis
4662:Trans-Neptunian objects
3165:Atmospheric circulation
3069:2020A&A...633A.115K
2956:2020A&A...638A.120G
2890:10.1073/pnas.1912506117
2822:10.1126/science.1166609
2701:2020A&A...635L...8A
2583:2023A&A...673L...4P
1939:10.1126/science.1151524
1787:10.1126/science.1122882
1206:10.1126/science.1123013
1138:10.1126/science.1121375
682:Rings around exoplanets
452:Ordovician meteor event
245:Ring systems of planets
126:. But they can also be
39:Ring system (chemistry)
5217:Possible dwarf planets
5060:Gravitational collapse
4998:Circumstellar envelope
3803:
3175:Earth's magnetic field
1441:10.1006/icar.1998.6072
1318:10.1006/icar.2001.6683
922:NASA (12 March 2019).
873:
855:
809:
700:
641:
595:trans-Neptunian object
578:
383:Hubble Space Telescope
262:
80:
5426:Laniakea Supercluster
5043:Sample-return mission
3802:
3279:Coronal mass ejection
3199:Earth's magnetosphere
2623:Astrophysical Journal
861:
843:
797:
698:
639:
576:
457:Hirnantian glaciation
252:
156:mean motion resonance
124:circumplanetary disks
107:and stellar objects.
55:
5341:Astronomy portal
5242:Solar System objects
4988:Circumplanetary disk
3713:Circumplanetary disc
3452:Other magnetospheres
3314:Solar particle event
2038:10.1029/2010GL043663
888:Circumplanetary disk
274:period of the ring.
201:that was within the
5555:Celestial mechanics
5440:Observable universe
5237:Solar System models
5167:Protoplanetary disk
5090:Interstellar medium
5050:Frost/Ice/Snow line
3635:Rings of exoplanets
3014:2015ApJ...800..126K
2881:2020PNAS..117.9712G
2814:2008Sci...322.1345K
2758:2022ApJ...940L..30O
2646:2011ApJ...734..117S
2511:2023Natur.614..239M
2417:10.1038/nature24051
2409:2017Natur.550..219O
2332:2017Natur.550..197S
2252:2023PSJ.....4..221S
2195:2015yCat..35760018O
2083:2007AJ....133.1485S
2030:2010GeoRL..3714205T
1931:2008Sci...319.1380J
1925:(5868): 1380–1384.
1846:1989Sci...246.1422S
1840:(4936): 1422–1449.
1778:2006Sci...311..973S
1715:1986Sci...233...43S
1668:1977Natur.267..328E
1520:1987Icar...69..458S
1469:2002RPPh...65.1741E
1432:1999Icar..138..188O
1369:1979Sci...204..951S
1310:2001Icar..154..432H
1265:2016ApJ...828L...8H
1198:2006Sci...311.1393P
1192:(5766): 1393–1401.
1120:2006Sci...311.1416S
980:2019ApJ...873L..16P
238:differentiated body
199:protoplanetary disk
144:interplanetary dust
132:circumstellar discs
89:astronomical object
5420:Virgo Supercluster
5401:Milky Way subgroup
5232:Natural satellites
5115:Nebular hypothesis
5095:Interstellar space
5085:Interstellar cloud
4993:Circumstellar disc
4583:Near-Earth objects
4467:names and meanings
3804:
3708:Circumstellar disc
2261:10.3847/PSJ/ad0632
1546:www.solarviews.com
928:www.eurekalert.org
893:Circumstellar disc
874:
856:
810:
784:astronomical units
768:circumstellar disk
744:Proxima Centauri c
701:
642:
579:
546:A second centaur,
393:from the extended
347:Christiaan Huygens
301:tidal deceleration
263:
253:The ring orbiting
81:
5462:
5461:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5280:Lagrangian points
5252:by discovery date
4850:Human spaceflight
4821:historical models
4714:
4713:
4339:S/2015 (136472) 1
3721:
3720:
3653:Rings of Chariklo
3555:
3554:
3409:Research projects
3377:
3348:
3289:Geomagnetic storm
3206:Birkeland current
2865:(18): 9712–9722.
2505:(7947): 239–243.
2393:(7675): 219–223.
2326:(7675): 197–198.
2143:Planetary Society
1982:Planetary Society
1772:(5763): 973–977.
1662:(5609): 328–330.
1463:(12): 1741–1783.
1363:(4396): 951–972.
1334:", Barth (1993),
790:Visual comparison
764:substellar object
696:
517:Rings of Chariklo
271:specific strength
230:tidally disrupted
112:satellite systems
53:
16:(Redirected from
5562:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5028:Exozodiacal dust
4718:
4684:Detached objects
3926:
3922:
3766:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3620:Rings of Neptune
3605:Rings of Jupiter
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3393:Van Allen Probes
3375:
3346:
3158:Submagnetosphere
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3112:Gladyshev G. P.
3081:
3080:
3062:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3007:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2892:
2874:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2807:
2798:(5906): 1345–8.
2786:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2751:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2694:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2639:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2576:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2402:
2384:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2245:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2188:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2074:astro-ph/0608036
2067:(4): 1485–1489.
2056:
2050:
2049:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1676:10.1038/267328a0
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1630:CICLOPS web site
1618:
1612:
1611:
1583:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1351:
1342:
1332:Das Sonnensystem
1328:
1322:
1321:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1258:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1183:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1131:
1114:(5766): 1416–8.
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
973:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
919:
818:
697:
677:
675:
669:
667:
632:
624:
622:
612:
604:
600:
557:
555:
411:Rings of Neptune
391:aerodynamic drag
313:Rings of Jupiter
154:, and Earth, in
54:
21:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5550:Planetary rings
5535:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5347:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5308:
5299:
5263:
5200:
5184:vs. Hill sphere
5110:Molecular cloud
5038:Sample curation
5018:Detached object
4957:
4950:
4794:
4786:
4723:
4710:
4655:Neptune trojans
4438:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4369:
4062:
3933:
3915:
3801:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3722:
3717:
3691:
3672:
3668:Rings of Quaoar
3658:Rings of Chiron
3639:
3615:Rings of Uranus
3610:Rings of Saturn
3591:
3586:
3556:
3551:
3498:
3447:
3404:
3328:
3260:
3194:
3153:
3151:Magnetospherics
3148:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3042:
3041:
3037:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2340:10.1038/550197a
2317:
2316:
2312:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1709:(4759): 43–64.
1696:
1695:
1691:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1129:10.1.1.466.6748
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1005:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
921:
920:
916:
911:
879:
838:
837:
836:
824:
819:
792:
753:
750:
717:rings of Saturn
686:
684:
673:
671:
665:
663:
653:
651:Rings of Quaoar
647:
630:
620:
618:
610:
602:
598:
571:
569:Rings of Haumea
565:
553:
551:
544:
542:Rings of Chiron
538:
519:
513:
465:
443:
438:
413:
407:
369:James L. Elliot
365:
363:Rings of Uranus
359:
343:Galileo Galilei
339:
337:Rings of Saturn
333:
315:
309:
247:
195:
44:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5568:
5566:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5483:
5460:
5459:
5356:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5196:Scattered disc
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4981:Excretion disk
4976:Accretion disk
4973:
4968:
4966:Star formation
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:space stations
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4694:Scattered disc
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3939:
3937:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3696:Related topics
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3663:Ring of Haumea
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3625:Rings of Earth
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:Related topics
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Magnetic cloud
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3088:External links
3086:
3083:
3082:
3035:
2977:
2922:
2843:
2781:
2722:
2667:
2612:
2550:
2479:
2446:
2361:
2310:
2267:
2216:
2159:
2137:(2015-01-27).
2135:Lakdawalla, E.
2126:
2119:. March 2014.
2117:Universe Today
2104:
2091:10.1086/511770
2051:
2014:(14): L14205.
1998:
1960:
1909:
1883:
1817:
1752:
1689:
1646:
1622:Porco, Carolyn
1613:
1598:
1562:
1533:
1514:(3): 458–498.
1498:
1447:
1426:(2): 188–213.
1406:
1343:
1323:
1304:(2): 432–448.
1288:
1227:
1166:
1091:
1066:
1022:
1003:
944:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
898:Accretion disk
895:
890:
885:
878:
875:
833:Saturn's rings
821:
820:
813:
812:
811:
791:
788:
760:V1400 Centauri
751:
748:
725:transit method
683:
680:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
611:25,657 km
601:, a width of ≈
581:A ring around
567:Main article:
564:
561:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
522:10199 Chariklo
515:Main article:
512:
509:
464:
461:
442:
439:
437:
434:
409:Main article:
406:
403:
361:Main article:
358:
355:
335:Main article:
332:
329:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
280:shepherd moons
246:
243:
228:when they are
211:tidal stresses
194:
191:
142:, or rings of
128:galactic rings
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5567:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5472:
5468:
5457:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5296:
5295:Tidal locking
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Double planet
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Minor planets
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5160:Merging stars
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Subsatellites
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4722:Hypothetical
4719:
4716:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Asteroid belt
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:Minor planets
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:(unconfirmed)
3687:
3686:Rings of Rhea
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3645:Minor planets
3642:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:Space weather
3322:
3320:
3319:Space climate
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Magnetosphere
3229:
3227:
3226:Magnetosheath
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:9789400756052
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:3-335-00281-4
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:New Scientist
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
933:
929:
925:
918:
915:
908:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Shepherd moon
881:
880:
876:
871:
867:
866:
860:
853:
849:
848:
842:
834:
830:
829:
823:
817:
808:'s main ring.
807:
803:
802:
796:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
745:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:giant planets
681:
679:
660:
658:
652:
644:
638:
634:
631:4,400 km
628:
616:
608:
599:2,287 km
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
570:
562:
560:
549:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
510:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
483:
481:
479:
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
453:
448:
440:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:processed by
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
321:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
293:
290:
286:
282:
281:
275:
272:
268:
260:
256:
251:
244:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
183:minor planets
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:asteroid belt
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:giant planets
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
77:shepherd moon
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
40:
33:
19:
18:Ringed planet
5545:Solar System
5529:Solar system
5451:Each arrow (
5373:Local Bubble
5359:Solar System
5357:
5173:
5150:Planetesimal
5105:Kuiper cliff
4833:Space probes
4806:Colonization
4645:Kirkwood gap
4566:Saturn Moons
4479:Planetesimal
4374:
3943:Terrestrials
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3832:
3755:Solar System
3629:space debris
3589:Ring systems
3588:
3525:Ring systems
3524:
3520:Lunar swirls
3397:
3380:
3251:Ring current
3246:Plasmasphere
3221:Magnetopause
3113:
3050:
3044:
3038:
2995:
2991:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2562:
2502:
2498:
2470:. Retrieved
2461:The Guardian
2459:
2449:
2390:
2386:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2276:
2270:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2176:
2172:
2151:. Retrieved
2129:
2116:
2107:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1977:
1971:
1963:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1886:
1837:
1833:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1616:
1571:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1360:
1356:
1331:
1326:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1246:
1240:
1230:
1189:
1185:
1175:Porco, C. C.
1169:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1069:
1042:
1038:
1016:
1006:
961:
957:
947:
935:. Retrieved
927:
917:
863:
845:
826:
799:
780:rogue planet
757:
737:
703:Because all
702:
661:
654:
587:dwarf planet
580:
545:
520:
505:New Horizons
504:
501:New Horizons
500:
488:New Horizons
486:
484:
477:
466:
444:
429:
414:
376:
373:Jessica Mink
366:
340:
324:
318:
316:
294:
279:
276:
264:
223:
219:cryovolcanic
216:
196:
167:Solar System
164:
160:brown dwarfs
109:
84:
82:
63:(right) and
5517:Outer space
5505:Spaceflight
5414:Local Sheet
5408:Local Group
5191:Rubble pile
5179:Roche limit
5174:Ring system
5125:Outer space
5100:Kuiper belt
5070:Hill sphere
5065:Hills cloud
5013:Debris disk
5008:Cosmic dust
4792:Exploration
4747:Planet Nine
4732:Fifth giant
4706:Hills cloud
4667:Kuiper belt
4638:exceptional
4554:Trojan camp
3431:Unwin Radar
3357:Double Star
3294:Heliosphere
3284:Solar flare
2528:10023/27188
2425:10045/70230
2236:(11): 221.
932:EurekAlert!
776:brown dwarf
739:Fomalhaut b
729:HIP 41378 f
627:Roche limit
548:2060 Chiron
426:for decades
401:of Uranus.
234:Roche limit
203:Roche limit
140:Kuiper belt
85:ring system
32:Planet Ring
5539:Categories
5433:Local Hole
5380:Gould Belt
5120:Oort cloud
4956:Formation,
4946:Deep space
4782:Vulcanoids
4699:Oort cloud
4623:first 1000
4559:Greek camp
4457:Meteoroids
4452:Damocloids
4398:Charikloan
3479:Ganymedian
3352:Cluster II
3333:Satellites
3309:Heliopause
3266:Solar wind
3216:Ionosphere
3190:Polar wind
3185:Jet stream
3060:1912.03314
3005:1501.05652
2998:(2): 126.
2947:2004.06685
2872:2004.08736
2749:2211.07706
2742:(2): L30.
2692:2002.11422
2630:(2): 117.
2607:Q117802048
2574:2304.09237
2472:8 February
2400:2006.03113
2288:2308.03458
2243:2310.16205
2186:1501.05911
2153:2015-01-31
1992:2008-03-09
1902:2010-09-16
1640:2012-10-05
1556:2016-06-15
1256:1608.03509
1085:2008-04-11
1045:: 118991.
971:1904.12404
964:(2): L16.
909:References
868:images of
862:A pair of
831:mosaic of
721:frost line
709:exoplanets
676:20 km
603:70 km
556:10 km
480:spacecraft
447:Ordovician
221:material.
187:Ordovician
173:, Saturn,
101:planetoids
97:meteoroids
61:Prometheus
5481:Astronomy
5394:Milky Way
5387:Orion Arm
5155:Formation
5140:Migration
5135:Disrupted
5003:Coatlicue
4971:Accretion
4958:evolution
4904:Asteroids
4816:astronomy
4811:Discovery
4672:Cubewanos
4593:Asteroids
4423:Quaoarian
4413:Neptunian
4403:Chironean
4388:Saturnian
4170:Enceladus
3703:Gas torus
3515:Gas torus
3510:Flux tube
3494:Neptunian
3484:Saturnian
3438:SuperDARN
3339:Full list
3211:Bow shock
3180:Geosphere
2972:215754278
2917:215827666
2805:0811.1994
2776:2041-8205
2717:211506047
2637:1104.3863
2599:0004-6361
2545:256667345
2441:205260767
2305:260680405
2021:1008.1764
1955:206509814
1862:0036-8075
1796:0036-8075
1731:0036-8075
1608:118494597
1581:1112.3305
1493:250909885
1485:0034-4885
1385:0036-8075
1283:119247768
1249:(1): L8.
1124:CiteSeerX
1061:0012-821X
998:127456764
872:'s rings.
865:Voyager 2
854:'s rings.
850:image of
847:Voyager 2
804:image of
668:6 km
623:8 km
615:resonance
530:two rings
471:may have
432:in 1989.
430:Voyager 2
418:radiation
395:exosphere
378:Voyager 2
320:Voyager 1
259:Enceladus
193:Formation
120:of Saturn
5447:Universe
5285:Moonlets
4865:programs
4838:timeline
4826:timeline
4757:Planet X
4752:Planet V
4689:Sednoids
4677:Plutinos
4650:Centaurs
4628:families
4363:Dysnomia
4351:Xiangliu
4346:Gonggong
4334:Makemake
4293:Kerberos
4180:Hyperion
4118:Callisto
4113:Ganymede
4046:Gonggong
4041:Makemake
3896:Gonggong
3889:Makemake
3053:: A115.
3030:56118870
2940:: A120.
2909:32312810
2838:10054103
2830:19008414
2662:42698264
2603:Wikidata
2537:36755175
2466:Archived
2433:29022593
2348:29022595
2211:38950384
2147:Archived
2121:Archived
2099:18360476
2046:59458559
1986:Archived
1947:18323452
1896:Archived
1878:45403579
1870:17755997
1812:13240973
1804:16373533
1739:17812889
1634:Archived
1550:Archived
1401:33147728
1393:17800430
1214:16527964
1158:Archived
1154:33554377
1146:16527969
1079:Archived
937:12 March
877:See also
511:Chariklo
387:organics
381:and the
283:, small
226:centaurs
189:period.
118:such as
105:moonlets
5467:Portals
5268:Related
5247:by size
4936:Neptune
4921:Jupiter
4872:Mercury
4797:outline
4742:Phaeton
4737:Nemesis
4724:objects
4576:Neptune
4549:Jupiter
4529:Trojans
4522:Neptune
4507:Jupiter
4487:Mercury
4418:Haumean
4408:Uranian
4390: (
4310:Hiʻiaka
4244:Proteus
4234:Neptune
4222:Miranda
4212:Umbriel
4202:Titania
4190:all 146
4155:Iapetus
4108:Jupiter
4002:Neptune
3980:Jupiter
3948:Mercury
3930:Planets
3855:Neptune
3840:Jupiter
3813:Mercury
3597:Planets
3545:Neptune
3530:Jupiter
3489:Uranian
3469:Martian
3459:Hermian
3362:Geotail
3065:Bibcode
3010:Bibcode
2952:Bibcode
2900:7211925
2877:Bibcode
2810:Bibcode
2792:Science
2754:Bibcode
2697:Bibcode
2642:Bibcode
2579:Bibcode
2507:Bibcode
2405:Bibcode
2356:4472882
2328:Bibcode
2248:Bibcode
2191:Bibcode
2179:: A18.
2079:Bibcode
2026:Bibcode
1972:Cassini
1927:Bibcode
1919:Science
1842:Bibcode
1834:Science
1774:Bibcode
1766:Science
1747:5895824
1711:Bibcode
1703:Science
1684:4194104
1664:Bibcode
1516:Bibcode
1465:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1365:Bibcode
1357:Science
1306:Bibcode
1261:Bibcode
1222:6976648
1194:Bibcode
1186:Science
1116:Bibcode
1108:Science
976:Bibcode
870:Neptune
828:Cassini
806:Jupiter
801:Galileo
766:with a
607:Hi’iaka
526:centaur
478:Cassini
405:Neptune
325:Galileo
307:Jupiter
289:gravity
179:Neptune
171:Jupiter
165:In the
148:Mercury
114:around
65:Pandora
5442:
5435:
5428:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5290:Syzygy
5212:Comets
5145:System
5130:Planet
5023:EXCEDE
4931:Uranus
4926:Saturn
4916:Comets
4909:mining
4887:mining
4777:Vulcan
4618:active
4613:Hygiea
4608:Pallas
4571:Uranus
4517:Uranus
4512:Saturn
4447:Comets
4439:bodies
4437:System
4383:Jovian
4327:Weywot
4322:Quaoar
4315:Namaka
4305:Haumea
4278:Charon
4254:all 16
4249:Nereid
4239:Triton
4227:all 28
4207:Oberon
4197:Uranus
4185:Phoebe
4165:Tethys
4140:Saturn
4133:all 95
4128:Europa
4101:Deimos
4096:Phobos
4075:Earth
4036:Quaoar
4031:Haumea
4011:Dwarfs
3997:Uranus
3985:Saturn
3970:Giants
3935:dwarfs
3882:Quaoar
3875:Haumea
3850:Uranus
3845:Saturn
3540:Uranus
3535:Saturn
3474:Jovian
3416:EISCAT
3388:THEMIS
3376:(2015)
3374:
3347:(2016)
3345:
3170:Aurora
3028:
2970:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2836:
2828:
2774:
2715:
2685:: L8.
2660:
2605:
2597:
2543:
2535:
2499:Nature
2439:
2431:
2387:Nature
2354:
2346:
2320:Nature
2303:
2209:
2097:
2044:
1953:
1945:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1682:
1656:Nature
1606:
1596:
1508:Icarus
1491:
1483:
1420:Icarus
1399:
1391:
1383:
1338:
1298:Icarus
1281:
1220:
1212:
1152:
1144:
1126:
1059:
996:
852:Uranus
772:J1407b
733:K2-33b
657:Quaoar
645:Quaoar
583:Haumea
563:Haumea
536:Chiron
497:Charon
399:corona
357:Uranus
331:Saturn
297:Phobos
255:Saturn
177:, and
175:Uranus
73:Saturn
69:F ring
5493:Stars
5205:Lists
4941:Pluto
4899:Ceres
4877:Venus
4772:Tyche
4767:Theia
4603:Vesta
4598:Ceres
4539:Earth
4534:Venus
4497:Earth
4492:Venus
4472:moons
4435:Solar
4433:Small
4392:Rhean
4375:Rings
4288:Hydra
4273:Pluto
4266:Vanth
4261:Orcus
4217:Ariel
4175:Mimas
4160:Dione
4145:Titan
4068:Moons
4056:Sedna
4026:Pluto
4021:Orcus
4016:Ceres
3958:Earth
3953:Venus
3910:Sedna
3868:Pluto
3861:Orcus
3834:Ceres
3823:Earth
3818:Venus
3678:Moons
3464:Lunar
3426:SHARE
3421:HAARP
3382:Polar
3367:IMAGE
3343:Arase
3055:arXiv
3026:S2CID
3000:arXiv
2968:S2CID
2942:arXiv
2913:S2CID
2867:arXiv
2834:S2CID
2800:arXiv
2744:arXiv
2713:S2CID
2687:arXiv
2658:S2CID
2632:arXiv
2569:arXiv
2541:S2CID
2495:(PDF)
2437:S2CID
2395:arXiv
2383:(PDF)
2352:S2CID
2301:S2CID
2283:arXiv
2238:arXiv
2207:S2CID
2181:arXiv
2095:S2CID
2069:arXiv
2042:S2CID
2016:arXiv
1951:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1604:S2CID
1576:arXiv
1489:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1251:arXiv
1218:S2CID
1182:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
1150:S2CID
1104:(PDF)
994:S2CID
966:arXiv
672:2,520
664:4,057
619:2,285
493:Pluto
441:Earth
285:moons
267:tidal
152:Venus
122:, or
58:moons
4894:Mars
4882:Moon
4860:list
4843:list
4544:Mars
4502:Mars
4358:Eris
4298:Styx
4150:Rhea
4091:Mars
4079:Moon
4051:Eris
3963:Mars
3903:Eris
3828:Mars
3399:Wind
2905:PMID
2858:PNAS
2826:PMID
2772:ISSN
2595:ISSN
2533:PMID
2474:2023
2429:PMID
2344:PMID
1943:PMID
1866:PMID
1858:ISSN
1800:PMID
1792:ISSN
1735:PMID
1727:ISSN
1594:ISBN
1481:ISSN
1389:PMID
1381:ISSN
1336:ISBN
1210:PMID
1142:PMID
1057:ISSN
939:2019
731:and
589:and
585:, a
524:, a
495:and
469:Rhea
422:dust
351:rock
207:moon
130:and
93:dust
56:The
4633:PHA
4283:Nix
3992:Ice
3975:Gas
3808:Sun
3372:MMS
3073:doi
3051:633
3018:doi
2996:800
2960:doi
2938:638
2895:PMC
2885:doi
2863:117
2818:doi
2796:322
2762:doi
2740:940
2705:doi
2683:635
2650:doi
2628:734
2587:doi
2523:hdl
2515:doi
2503:614
2421:hdl
2413:doi
2391:550
2336:doi
2324:550
2293:doi
2256:doi
2199:doi
2177:576
2087:doi
2065:133
2034:doi
1935:doi
1923:319
1850:doi
1838:246
1782:doi
1770:311
1719:doi
1707:233
1672:doi
1660:267
1586:doi
1524:doi
1473:doi
1436:doi
1424:138
1373:doi
1361:204
1314:doi
1302:154
1269:doi
1247:828
1202:doi
1190:311
1134:doi
1112:311
1047:doi
1043:646
984:doi
962:873
778:or
713:ice
552:324
138:or
103:or
71:of
5541::
4394:?)
4123:Io
3101:,
3071:.
3063:.
3049:.
3024:.
3016:.
3008:.
2994:.
2980:^
2966:.
2958:.
2950:.
2936:.
2911:.
2903:.
2893:.
2883:.
2875:.
2861:.
2855:.
2832:.
2824:.
2816:.
2808:.
2794:.
2770:.
2760:.
2752:.
2738:.
2734:.
2711:.
2703:.
2695:.
2681:.
2656:.
2648:.
2640:.
2626:.
2601:.
2593:.
2585:.
2577:.
2567:.
2553:^
2539:.
2531:.
2521:.
2513:.
2501:.
2497:.
2482:^
2464:.
2458:.
2435:.
2427:.
2419:.
2411:.
2403:.
2389:.
2385:.
2364:^
2350:.
2342:.
2334:.
2322:.
2299:.
2291:.
2281:.
2254:.
2246:.
2232:.
2228:.
2205:.
2197:.
2189:.
2175:.
2162:^
2145:.
2141:.
2115:.
2093:.
2085:.
2077:.
2063:.
2040:.
2032:.
2024:.
2012:37
2010:.
1984:.
1980:.
1976:.
1949:.
1941:.
1933:.
1921:.
1894:.
1872:.
1864:.
1856:.
1848:.
1836:.
1832:.
1820:^
1806:.
1798:.
1790:.
1780:.
1768:.
1764:.
1741:.
1733:.
1725:.
1717:.
1705:.
1701:.
1678:.
1670:.
1658:.
1632:.
1628:.
1624:.
1602:.
1592:.
1584:.
1548:.
1544:.
1522:.
1512:69
1510:.
1487:.
1479:.
1471:.
1461:65
1459:.
1434:.
1422:.
1418:.
1395:.
1387:.
1379:.
1371:.
1359:.
1346:^
1312:.
1300:.
1277:.
1267:.
1259:.
1245:.
1239:.
1216:.
1208:.
1200:.
1188:.
1184:.
1156:.
1148:.
1140:.
1132:.
1122:.
1110:.
1106:.
1055:.
1041:.
1037:.
1025:^
1015:.
992:.
982:.
974:.
960:.
956:.
930:.
926:.
844:A
825:A
798:A
755:.
735:.
303:.
162:.
150:,
99:,
95:,
83:A
79:.
5469::
5453:→
5444:→
5437:→
5430:→
5423:→
5417:→
5411:→
5405:→
5398:→
5391:→
5384:→
5377:→
5370:→
5363:→
4799:)
4795:(
3932:,
3747:e
3740:t
3733:v
3631:)
3627:(
3581:e
3574:t
3567:v
3143:e
3136:t
3129:v
3079:.
3075::
3067::
3057::
3032:.
3020::
3012::
3002::
2974:.
2962::
2954::
2944::
2919:.
2887::
2879::
2869::
2840:.
2820::
2812::
2802::
2778:.
2764::
2756::
2746::
2719:.
2707::
2699::
2689::
2664:.
2652::
2644::
2634::
2609:.
2589::
2581::
2571::
2547:.
2525::
2517::
2509::
2476:.
2443:.
2423::
2415::
2407::
2397::
2358:.
2338::
2330::
2307:.
2295::
2285::
2264:.
2258::
2250::
2240::
2234:4
2213:.
2201::
2193::
2183::
2156:.
2101:.
2089::
2081::
2071::
2048:.
2036::
2028::
2018::
1995:.
1957:.
1937::
1929::
1905:.
1880:.
1852::
1844::
1814:.
1784::
1776::
1749:.
1721::
1713::
1686:.
1674::
1666::
1643:.
1610:.
1588::
1578::
1559:.
1530:.
1526::
1518::
1495:.
1475::
1467::
1444:.
1438::
1430::
1403:.
1375::
1367::
1320:.
1316::
1308::
1285:.
1271::
1263::
1253::
1224:.
1204::
1196::
1136::
1118::
1088:.
1063:.
1049::
1019:.
1000:.
986::
978::
968::
941:.
835:.
752:J
749:R
674:±
666:±
621:±
554:±
397:-
261:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.