495:, and other distinct locations do not have the distinctive neck band. Additionally, individuals may have reduced or partially colored neck bands that are hard to distinguish; coloration may also be more of a cream color rather than bright orange or red. Head coloration tends to be slightly darker than the rest of the body, with tendencies to be blacker than grey or olive. Ventrally, the snakes exhibit a yellow-orange to red coloration broken by crescent-shaped black spots along the margins. Some individuals lack the distinct ventral coloration, but typically retain the black spotting. Rarely do individuals lack both the ventral and neck band coloration, so the use of those two characteristics is the simplest way to distinguish the species.
615:, which is fangless. The venom is produced in the Duvernoy's gland located directly behind the eye. It then drains out of an opening at the rear of the maxillary tooth. Ring-necked snakes first strike and then secure the prey using constriction. Next, they maneuver their mouths forward, ensuring the last maxillary tooth punctures the skin and allowing the venom to enter the prey's tissue. The secretion significantly affects the righting response of the prey. Ring-necked snakes are rarely aggressive to larger predators, suggesting their venom evolved as a feeding strategy rather than a defense strategy. Rather than trying to bite a predator, the snake winds up its tail into a corkscrew, exposing its brightly colored belly.
552:
subsurface crevasse or hole deep enough to prevent freezing temperatures. There is intraspecific variation in how den sites are chosen, with aggregate ring-necked snakes choosing dens that are on average 3 degrees
Celsius above their ideal body temperature, while solitary snakes will choose dens that maintain their ideal body temperature. Since it is a woodland reptile, it can also commonly be found under wood or scraps. Because of hot weather, they tend to make holes and burrows, or they hide under rocks or any suitable material. They are normally found in flatland forests. Though they prefer to remain away from human-made structures, ring-neck snakes are not afraid to utilize urbanized areas as refuge from predators.
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male bites the female around her neck ring, maneuvering to align their bodies so sperm can be inserted into the female's vent. Females lay their eggs in loose, aerated soils under a rock or in a rotted log. Three to ten eggs are deposited in early summer and hatch in August or
September. The egg is elongated with a white color contrasted by yellow ends. When hatched, juveniles are
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segments through most of the
Pacific Northwest. Populations extend from south-central Washington continuing along the extreme West Coast into Mexico. Population segments extend inland into western Idaho, through southern Nevada, into central Utah, and continuing south through Arizona and central Mexico.
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Ring-necked snakes usually mate in the spring. In some subspecies, though, mating occurs in the fall, and delayed implantation occurs. Females attract males by secreting pheromones from their skin. Once the male finds a female, he starts by moving his closed mouth along the female's body. Then, the
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activity has been observed. Individuals are sometimes found during the day, especially on cloudy days, sunning themselves to gain heat. Yet, most individuals lie directly under surface objects warmed in the sun and use conduction with that object to gain heat. Though ring-necked snakes are highly
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continuous through the Gulf Coast of Texas. Distribution moves inland into northern
Minnesota, continuing diagonally through the US to include all of Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and most of Kansas. In the western US, the distribution is significantly less continuous, with spotty, distinct population
551:
conditions the preferred substrate. Ring-necked snakes are also not found above an elevation of 2,200 m (7,200 ft). In northern regions, dens are also important in identifying suitable ring-necked snake habitat. Dens are usually shared communally, and are identifiable by an existent
384:
species, are rarely seen during the daytime. These snakes are believed to be fairly abundant throughout most of their range, though no scientific evaluation supports this hypothesis. Scientific research is lacking for the species, despite their apparently common status, and more in-depth
631:
secretive, they do display some social structure, but the exact social hierarchies have never been evaluated. Many populations have been identified to have large colonies of more than 100 individuals, and some reports indicate some smaller colonies occupy the same microhabitats.
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to secure their prey. In a study analyzing the dietary habits of this species, age, amount of food consumed, and temperature were conditions that highly affected digestion. The snakes do not have a true venom gland, but they do have an analogous structure called the
424:, a survival adaptation in which a non-venomous species (i.e., the ring-necked snake) has evolved brighter coloration, similar to truly venomous species, and used it to their advantage. Another example is seen in certain milksnakes and kingsnakes (
1220:
Cox, Christian L.; Logan, Michael L.; Bryan, Olivia; Kaur, Darshdeep; Leung, Evan; McCormack, John; McGinn, John; Miller, Lauren; Robinson, Caroline; Salem, Jena; Scheid, Jessica; Warzinski, Tatiana; Chung, Albert K. (January 2018).
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is reported at 52 cm (20.5 in). First-year juvenile snakes are typically about 20 cm (8 in) and grow about 2–5 cm (1–2 in) a year depending on the developmental stage or resource availability.
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The ring-necked snake is perhaps best-known for its unique defensive posture: when threatened, it curls its tail into a tight coil, partially rolls onto its back, and shows its bright red-orange underside and
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Ring-necked snakes are fairly common throughout much of the United States extending into southeastern Canada and central Mexico. Eastern populations cover the entire
Eastern Seaboard from the
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Ring-necked snakes have smooth scales with 15–17 scale rows at midbody. Males typically have small tubercles on their scales just anterior to the vent, which are usually absent in females.
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O’Donnell, Ryan P.; Staniland, Kevin; Mason, Robert T. (November 2007). "Experimental evidence that oral secretions of northwestern ring-necked snakes (
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coloration is solid olive, brown, bluish-gray to smoky black, broken only by a distinct yellow, red, or yellow-orange neck band. A few populations in
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535:. Preference seems to be determined by areas with abundant cover and denning locations. Northern and western subspecies are found within open
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surface. In nature, vivid coloration on an animal generally serves as a warning to others that it is not afraid of delivering a dose of
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sp.) which have red, yellow, white or black stripes, an adaptation meant to confuse predators by visually mimicking the venomous
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species are chosen is dependent on their availability within the habitat. Michigan populations of the
Eastern Ring-necked Snake (
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Size also varies across the species' distribution. Typically, adults measure 25–38 cm (10–15 in) in length, except for
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near rocky hillsides, or in wetter environments with abundant cover or woody debris. Southern subspecies exist primarily within
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Richards, T.E. (2017). "Effect of urbanization on predatory defense mechanisms of southern ringneck snake (
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Ring-necked snakes are fairly similar in morphology throughout much of their distribution.
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habitats. Stebbins (2003) identified the species as a snake of moist habitats, with moist
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1096:. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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on both sides of the upper jaw being longer and channeled; the notable exception is
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1223:"Do ring-necked snakes choose retreat sites based upon thermal preferences?"
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1199:"DIADOPHIS PUNCTATUS PUNCTATUS (Southern Ring-necked Snake). MAXIMUM SIZE"
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Zeiner DC, Laudenslayer WF, Mayer KE, White M (eds.) (1988–1990).
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1055:. Sacramento, California: California Department of Fish and Game.
502:, which measures 38–46 cm (15–18 in). Maximum size for
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Species account from the Iowa
Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide.
1322:(1970). "Feeding Behavior, Digestion, and Water Requirements of
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The diet of the ring-necked snake consists primarily of smaller
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found throughout much of the United States, as well as south in
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A Field Guide to
Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition
961:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (
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Mohr, Jeffrey; Stegenga, Benjamin; Stegenga, Scott (2011).
594:. Ring-necked snakes use a combination of constriction and
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The defensive display of a San
Bernardino ring-necked snake
1276:; Gilreath, M. Ruth; Blanchard, Frieda Cobb (1979-11-15).
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California's
Wildlife, Volume I, Amphibians and Reptiles
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in Northern Michigan (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae)"
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if eaten; this "false warning" coloration is a form of
959:
A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles
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question the morphologically-based classifications.
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Recently hatched ring-necked snake, Missouri Ozarks
603:derived from the same tissue. Most subspecies are
663:and fend for themselves without parental care.
531:Ring-necked snakes occur in a wide variety of
385:investigations are greatly needed. It is the
380:and somewhat secretive, by nature, and, as a
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930:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63769A12714288.en
671:The following 14 subspecies are recognized.
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1365:"Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology
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724:— Todos Santos Island ring-necked snake
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1108:, pp. 345–346 + Plate 46 + Map 133).
1646:IUCN Red List least concern species
1367:– University of Florida fact sheet.
916:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
438:) which share much of their range.
376:. Ring-necked snakes are generally
1676:Fauna of the Eastern United States
788:— San Bernardino ring-necked snake
25:
1012:Diadophis punctatus occidentalis)
618:Ring-necked snakes are primarily
803:— northwestern ring-necked snake
92:
869:— Mississippi ring-necked snake
1280:Diadophis punctatus edwardsii)
1278:"The Eastern Ring-Neck Snake (
1261:Diadophis punctatus punctatus)
1239:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.020
815:— coralbelly ring-necked snake
649:, coralbelly ring-necked snake
572:, but they also sometimes eat
357:, is a rather small, harmless
1:
1671:Reptiles of the United States
1263:populations in south Florida.
1028:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.024
854:— San Diego ring-necked snake
590:) feed almost exclusively on
587:Diadophis punctatus edwardsii
51:Sacramento County, California
881:— Monterey ring-necked snake
830:— southern ring-necked snake
773:— northern ring-necked snake
458:Southern ring-necked snake,
400:are identified, though many
1686:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
739:— prairie ring-necked snake
705:— Pacific ring-necked snake
1702:
1681:Reptiles described in 1766
1227:Journal of Thermal Biology
1175:Diadophis punctatus arnyi
1014:are toxic to their prey".
1324:Diadophis punctatus arnyi
987:www.reptile-database.org.
842:— regal ring-necked snake
840:Baird & Girard, 1853)
813:Baird & Girard, 1853)
337:Southern ringneck snake,
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89:Scientific classification
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349:, commonly known as the
1656:Snakes of North America
686:— Key ring-necked snake
472:Ring-necked snake from
49:A ring-necked snake in
1286:Journal of Herpetology
1179:. Animal Diversity Web
650:
639:
592:red-backed salamanders
520:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
480:
462:
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341:
339:Diadophis p. punctatus
1554:Paleobiology Database
1203:Herpetological Review
923:: e.T63769A12714288.
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637:
471:
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336:
1320:Henderson, Robert W.
1171:Yung, James (2000).
985:The Reptile Database
909:Diadophis punctatus
613:D. p. edwardsii
504:D. p. punctatus
460:D. p. punctatus
372:and as far north as
1415:Diadophis punctatus
1385:Diadophis punctatus
1358:Diadophis punctatus
1274:Blanchard, Frank N.
1106:Diadophis punctatus
980:Diadophis punctatus
963:Diadophis punctatus
396:and, currently, 14
346:Diadophis punctatus
316:Diadophis punctatus
219:Diadophis punctatus
59:Conservation status
1666:Reptiles of Mexico
1661:Reptiles of Canada
874:D. p. vandenburgii
793:D. p. occidentalis
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500:D. p. regalis
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303:Coronella punctata
270:Diadophis amabilis
257:Calamaria punctata
35:Ring-necked snake
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1594:Coluber punctatus
1377:Taxon identifiers
1356:Ringneck snake –
1102:978-0-395-98272-3
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370:Central Mexico
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744:D. p. dugesii
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1326:Kennicott".
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1181:. Retrieved
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559:
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514:Distribution
509:
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474:Mount Diablo
464:
459:
432:coral snakes
427:Lampropeltis
426:
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387:only species
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176:
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29:
1515:NatureServe
1463:iNaturalist
1409:Wikispecies
1233:: 232–236.
1090:Stebbins RC
951:Stejneger L
936:19 November
903:Frost, D.R.
729:D. p. arnyi
624:crepuscular
605:rear-fanged
562:salamanders
442:Description
389:within the
1651:Dipsadinae
1640:Categories
1609:Q109520310
1292:(4): 377.
1183:2009-10-01
886:References
667:Subspecies
622:or highly
566:earthworms
489:New Mexico
478:California
398:subspecies
166:Colubridae
152:Suborder:
1572:punctatus
1247:0306-4565
965:, p. 76).
955:Barbour T
799:Blanchard
735:Kennicott
661:precocial
620:nocturnal
537:woodlands
418:poisonous
394:Diadophis
382:nocturnal
378:fossorial
309:Boulenger
195:Species:
177:Diadophis
156:Serpentes
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
1603:Wikidata
1520:2.100405
1481:11313406
1400:Q2704229
1394:Wikidata
1092:(2003).
1036:17689581
977:Species
957:(1917).
905:(2007).
826:Linnaeus
541:riparian
533:habitats
436:Elapidae
363:colubrid
263:Schlegel
250:Linnaeus
236:Synonyms
227:Linnaeus
162:Family:
146:Squamata
136:Reptilia
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
1623:1083591
1455:2459509
1340:3890775
1306:1563473
1016:Toxicon
867:, 1860)
828:, 1766)
801:, 1923)
786:, 1866)
784:Bocourt
771:, 1820)
750:Villada
737:, 1859)
722:, 1942)
703:, 1853)
682:Paulson
628:diurnal
574:lizards
527:Habitat
422:mimicry
410:ventral
359:species
229:, 1766)
172:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
1582:210759
1579:uBio:
1533:158804
1494:174158
1442:815710
1338:
1304:
1245:
1100:
1034:
769:Merrem
756:Dugès'
752:, 1875
720:Slevin
718:&
701:Girard
699:&
684:, 1966
568:, and
485:dorsal
324:, 1898
311:, 1894
298:, 1854
296:Bibron
294:&
281:, 1853
279:Girard
277:&
265:, 1837
252:, 1766
189:, 1853
187:Girard
185:&
1559:53098
1546:98915
1507:63769
1476:IRMNG
1468:26575
1429:3589D
1336:JSTOR
1302:JSTOR
697:Baird
578:frogs
570:slugs
414:venom
391:genus
366:snake
275:Baird
183:Baird
1618:ITIS
1528:NCBI
1502:IUCN
1489:ITIS
1450:GBIF
1243:ISSN
1098:ISBN
1032:PMID
938:2021
921:2007
865:Cope
754:) —
582:prey
556:Diet
549:soil
545:arid
493:Utah
483:Its
322:Cope
1437:EoL
1424:CoL
1294:doi
1235:doi
1104:. (
1024:doi
983:at
925:doi
361:of
353:or
1642::
1620::
1605::
1569::
1567:RD
1556::
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1452::
1439::
1426::
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1396::
1332:26
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1288:.
1284:.
1241:.
1231:71
1229:.
1225:.
1207:42
1205:.
1201:.
1113:^
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