736:
372:
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436:
29:
471:
451:
342:
323:
804:, largely based around colonial figures and milestones, were replaced by alternatives intended to be more inclusive: President's Day, Unity Day and Ancestors Day. The national anthem remained unchanged on 12 December 1979, when Zimbabwe Rhodesia came under the UK's control for an interim period once again as
618:
in favour of a republican form of government. The royal anthem officially remained in place until the formal declaration of a republic in March 1970, when it was abandoned along with numerous other overt references to the Crown. Republican
Rhodesia was without an anthem for over four years before the
859:, had considerable difficulty securing official permission to give the first Zimbabwean performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. He was eventually able to do so, but only after prolonged negotiations with the authorities. When "Ode to Joy" was included in a fundraising organ recital held by a
643:
government, whose leaders now had to respect a melody associated with
Rhodesia when attending official European functions. With a tune now in place, the Rhodesian government organised a nationwide competition to write matching lyrics, the winner of which would receive a cash prize of
689:, wrote that he was "stupefied" by the government's choice, which he said was not only unoriginal, but also so associated with supranational brotherhood that it risked making internationally isolated Rhodesia the subject of ridicule. Phinias Sithole, who headed the
153:
154:
693:(a black Rhodesian trade union federation), commented that he did not believe most of the country's blacks would identify with a song chosen while people of their ethnicity remained largely absent from the government's top levels.
835:
In 1978, The St George's Boys Home Choir performed the anthem with the Pipers of the Light Horse
Regiment and Paul Greeff. That version of the anthem is all around the internet but they never mention the people who made it.
659:, though less than pleased with Rhodesia's selection, did not object to it, reasoning that so long as Rhodesia was using "Ode to Joy" in its original form, it could not be subject to reproach as the music was long out of
577:" remained the Rhodesian national anthem. Though this was intended to demonstrate Rhodesia's enduring loyalty to the Queen, the retention of a song so associated with the UK in the midst of the Anglo-Rhodesian
3144:
796:, a black-ruled version of the same country, which also failed to achieve legitimacy in the eyes of the United Kingdom and the United Nations. Though the anthem remained in place during these six months, a
2226:
1564:
274:, leaving it without a national anthem until it adopted "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" in 1974. The national anthem lost its legal status in December 1979, when the United Kingdom retook
509:
685:
that "it's just like 'God Save Our
Gracious Queen'"—but many others were disappointed that the government had not commissioned an original tune. Rhys Lewis, music critic for the
639:" in January 1972 apparently did not perturb the Rhodesian government; John Sutherland and Stephen Fender comment that Rhodesia's choice proved deeply embarrassing for the UK's
2238:
2140:
1447:
1258:
542:
243:
2104:
792:"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" remained in official usage for the rest of Rhodesia's history, as well as between June and December 1979, when Rhodesia was reconstituted as
152:
3236:
712:
in 1947. Bloom titled her work "Voices of
Rhodesia", but the full first line, "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia", ultimately entered common parlance as the song's title.
671:, would have grounds for a plagiarism lawsuit. Such an incident was averted when Rhodesia adopted an original sixteen-bar arrangement by Captain Ken MacDonald, the
2903:
1896:
3231:
828:" ("God Bless Africa" in English), was made Zimbabwe's first national anthem, and remained in place until 1994, when it was replaced by the present anthem, "
289:
five months later. Rhodesia's use of the well-known
Beethoven tune has since caused the playing of "Ode to Joy" to be controversial in modern-day Zimbabwe.
2437:
1949:
502:
1406:
615:
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2517:
1921:
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officials who, according to historian
Josephine Fisher, had not previously been aware of the song's use by the Council of Europe. During the 1980s,
263:
151:
2361:
2059:
1574:
558:
3127:
235:. A national competition was organised by the government to find an appropriate set of lyrics to match the chosen tune, and won by Mary Bloom of
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1987:
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675:' bandmaster. The anthem's inaugural instrumental performance in Salisbury provoked mixed reactions: some were enthusiastic—including a
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3221:
3031:
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2632:
2413:
1130:
839:
Because of its use by "Rise, O Voices of
Rhodesia", the "Ode to Joy" melody is controversial in Zimbabwe, where its annual playing at
231:'s anthem today). The music used in Rhodesia was an original sixteen-bar arrangement by Captain Ken MacDonald, the bandmaster of the
2492:
2443:
2221:
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667:. It did announce, however, that should Rhodesia use the same arrangement as the Council of Europe, then the author of that score,
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flag in
November 1968, but continued to use "God Save the Queen" until June 1969, when the mostly white electorate
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216:
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1992:
1974:
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1969:
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742:. Historian J. L. Fisher writes that a major theme of the lyrics is the country's "magnificent landscape".
672:
232:
1684:
3050:
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2670:
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1403:
808:, before internationally recognized independence came in April 1980, with the country now called Zimbabwe. "
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2015:
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1502:
1263:
809:
709:
681:
578:
523:
456:
126:
610:
The
Rhodesian government initiated a search for a new anthem around the time of its adoption of a new
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2393:
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2295:
1916:
1901:
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75:
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531:
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1855:
840:
574:
566:
259:
116:
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1381:. Salisbury: National Federation of Business and Professional Women of Rhodesia. January 1976.
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2128:
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1979:
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ends at night with the Rhodesian national anthem to the tune of Beethoven's Choral Symphony?"
696:
The winning lyricist was confirmed on 24 September 1974 to be Mary Bloom, a company director,
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275:
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soon gave Rhodesian state occasions "a faintly ironic tone", in the words of the London
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Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles: the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe
619:
chosen music was announced on 28 August 1974: the Fourth Movement, commonly called "
2680:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2010:
2005:
1944:
1934:
1728:
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852:
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282:
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150:
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270:, however, the royal anthem was dropped along with many other references to the
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Italics denotes unrecognized, partially-recognized, or non-sovereign entities.
1509:
1485:
1420:
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continued to be "Queen of Rhodesia" in the eyes of Smith's government, hence "
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207:(renamed Zimbabwe in April 1980) between 1974 and 1979. The tune was that of "
172:
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church at Christmas 1994, it provoked angry protests from some who attended.
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583:
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1183:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Postmedia News. 30 August 1974. p. 12
676:
527:
309:
286:
267:
200:
42:
1343:
Unpopular Sovereignty: Rhodesian Independence and African Decolonization
1283:
Love, Sex, Death & Words: Surprising Tales from a Year in Literature
2310:
1814:
1644:
148:
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860:
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Foreign observers were less than impressed; the British journalist
522:
A dispute over the terms for the granting of full statehood to the
1363:
Africa research bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series.
734:
723:", asked "how could one not... squirm with embarrassment when the
705:
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236:
701:
3046:
2885:
2086:
1429:
1157:
3145:
Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9
250:
on 11 November 1965, the country still claimed loyalty to
1024:
1325:. Private Eye Productions in association with Deutsch.
1131:"Smith regime doing away with last British influences"
1259:
The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith
3137:
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719:, remarking that white Rhodesians were "renownedly
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71:
63:
53:
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244:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
980:
942:
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938:
746:The lyrics officially adopted were as follows:
3058:
2897:
2098:
1441:
1209:. Trans. Miller, Richard. Chicago, Illinois:
946:
599:The Rhodesian anthem used a tune composed by
503:
8:
21:
2438:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
2001:Transvaal (1875–1877, 1881–1902, 1914–1915)
1281:Sutherland, John; Fender, Stephen (2011) .
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
886:
884:
882:
880:
162:"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" (instrumental)
33:A page from Beethoven's original manuscript
3065:
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1828:People's Republic of the Congo (1970–1990)
1448:
1434:
1426:
1005:
1003:
1001:
510:
496:
301:
262:" as its national anthem. With Rhodesia's
27:
1090:
219:, which had been adopted as the official
78:, 1824 (arranged by Ken MacDonald, 1974)
1129:Nyoka, Justin V J (18 July 1970).
1106:Bullivant, Michael (12 December 2007).
1067:
901:
899:
876:
832:" ("Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe").
679:sergeant musician who proudly told the
304:
16:National anthem of Rhodesia (1974-1979)
3237:Popular songs based on classical music
2518:Chemical weapons and biological agents
2239:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
1304:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1207:Beethoven's Ninth: A Political History
1055:
890:
772:Grandly echoing through the mountains,
763:Oh, let our hearts beat bravely always
346: "God Save the King" (Unofficial)
20:
1469:Current national and regional anthems
1416:Anthem on Rhodesian Television, 1970s
969:
957:
917:
7:
3128:Visan om solen, månen och planeterna
1792:Former national and regional anthems
1036:
1009:
992:
929:
905:
755:Give us strength to face all danger,
545:from the UK on 11 November 1965. As
3232:Race-related controversies in music
1153:"Zimbabwe athlete sings own anthem"
1079:
2414:Responsible Government Association
1302:P K van der Byl: African Statesman
1108:"Zimbabwe music lovers in harmony"
425: "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia"
14:
3157:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony CD-ROM
2444:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
1139:. Baltimore, Maryland. p. 22
855:, the long-time conductor of the
774:Rolling o'er the far flung plain.
759:Guide us, Lord, to wise decision,
708:, who had moved to Rhodesia from
543:unilaterally declare independence
145:
2016:United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
1698:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1545:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1421:Children's Choral Version - 1978
780:Ascending to the sunlit heavens,
770:Bringing her your proud acclaim,
757:And where challenge is, to dare.
469:
449:
434:
419:
400:
385:
370:
355:
340:
321:
2450:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
1346:. University of Chicago Press.
857:Bulawayo Philharmonic Orchestra
830:Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe
2249:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
1099:Newspaper and journal articles
782:Telling of her honoured name.
765:For this land within Thy care.
635:had adopted this tune as the "
1:
2462:United National Federal Party
2227:Malayan Emergency involvement
1922:Orange Free State (1854–1902)
1300:Wessels, Hannes (July 2010).
1025:Africa research bulletin 1974
778:Joining in one grand refrain,
776:Roaring in the mighty rivers,
3217:National symbols of Rhodesia
2362:Ministry of External Affairs
2114:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
1841:Egypt (1871–1922, 1936–1958)
1379:Profiles of Rhodesia's women
981:Sutherland & Fender 2011
753:God may we Thy bounty share.
691:African Trade Union Congress
211:", the Fourth Movement from
22:"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia"
3202:Historical national anthems
1211:University of Chicago Press
1205:Buch, Esteban (May 2004) .
1175:"Rhodesia picks Ode to Joy"
800:was adopted and Rhodesia's
768:Rise, O voices of Rhodesia,
751:Rise, O voices of Rhodesia,
477:National Anthem of Zimbabwe
278:of the country pending its
221:European continental anthem
131:national anthem of Zimbabwe
3253:
3227:Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
3121:Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia
1322:The White Tribes Revisited
847:initially caused shock to
561:and caused the UK and the
555:condition for independence
440: "God Save the Queen"
408:Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia
391: "God Save the Queen"
376: "God Save the Queen"
280:internationally recognised
189:Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia
40:Former national anthem of
3222:Rhodesian patriotic songs
2866:
2601:
2539:
2332:
2291:
2269:Lancaster House Agreement
2147:under UDI; 1980–present:
2121:
2073:
361: "God Save the King"
181:
146:
137:
38:
26:
2503:Leader of the Opposition
1975:South Africa (1994–1997)
1970:South Africa (1938–1997)
1965:South Africa (1910–1957)
1530:Central African Republic
788:Fall from use and legacy
761:Ever of Thy grace aware,
673:Rhodesian African Rifles
557:, this declaration went
233:Rhodesian African Rifles
227:in 1972 (it remains the
2021:Upper Volta (1960–1984)
579:constitutional struggle
2420:Rhodesian Action Party
2254:1976 Geneva Conference
2065:East African Community
1945:Seychelles (1978–1996)
1940:Seychelles (1976–1978)
1902:Mozambique (1975–2002)
1897:Mauritania (1960–2017)
1892:Mali Federation (1960)
1409:8 October 2020 at the
1319:West, Richard (1978).
1285:. London: Icon Books.
1161:. London. 19 July 2004
826:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika
785:
743:
607:
549:had been insisting on
534:government, headed by
530:led its predominantly
264:reconstitution in 1970
158:
2493:Deputy Prime Minister
2468:United Rhodesia Party
2432:Rhodesia Labour Party
2296:Chimanimani Mountains
1704:São Tomé and Príncipe
1550:Republic of the Congo
1340:White, Luise (2015).
1264:John Blake Publishing
849:Zimbabwean government
810:Ishe Komborera Africa
748:
738:
598:
524:self-governing colony
457:Ishe Komborera Africa
157:
127:Ishe Komborera Africa
3074:Ludwig van Beethoven
2919:Ludwig van Beethoven
2546:(currency from 1970)
2456:United Federal Party
2394:Central Africa Party
2347:Legislative Assembly
2044:Zimbabwe (1980–1994)
1861:Ethiopia (1975–1992)
1856:Ethiopia (1930–1975)
1228:Fisher, J L (2010).
648:500 (equal to about
631:. The fact that the
625:Ludwig van Beethoven
601:Ludwig van Beethoven
242:In the fallout from
213:Ludwig van Beethoven
76:Ludwig van Beethoven
59:"Voices of Rhodesia"
3212:History of Rhodesia
2259:Internal Settlement
2195:Second Matabele War
2011:Tunisia (1957–1987)
2006:Tunisia (1846–1957)
1955:Somalia (2000–2012)
1950:Somalia (1960–2000)
1917:Nigeria (1978–2024)
1907:Namibia (1990–1991)
1815:Comoros (1975–1978)
1113:The Daily Telegraph
669:Herbert von Karajan
258:, and so retained "
23:
3032:No. 10 in E♭ major
2606:List of Rhodesians
2570:Telecommunications
2554:(currency to 1970)
2185:First Matabele War
2039:Zambia (1964–1973)
1935:Rwanda (1962–2002)
983:, Chpt. January 20
947:Vancouver Sun 1974
893:, pp. 142–143
744:
608:
575:God Save the Queen
571:Queen Elizabeth II
567:economic sanctions
329:God Save the Queen
260:God Save the Queen
252:Queen Elizabeth II
193:Voices of Rhodesia
159:
117:God Save the Queen
101:December 1979
3177:
3176:
3163:Copying Beethoven
3040:
3039:
3034:
2944:Middle symphonies
2879:
2878:
2862:
2861:
2805:
2804:
2765:
2764:
2588:
2587:
2528:
2527:
2399:Confederate Party
2389:Political parties
2367:Mission in Lisbon
2337:Political history
2319:
2318:
2264:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
2212:Southern Rhodesia
2145:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
2129:Southern Rhodesia
2080:
2079:
2034:Zaire (1971–1997)
1981:Southern Rhodesia
1912:Niger (1961–2023)
1887:Libya (1972–2011)
1882:Libya (1969–1972)
1851:Egypt (1971–1979)
1846:Egypt (1922–1936)
1565:Equatorial Guinea
1388:978-0-7974-0167-9
1311:978-1-920143-49-7
1292:978-1-84831-247-0
1245:978-1-921666-14-8
1220:978-0-226-07824-3
1180:The Vancouver Sun
1136:The Afro-American
841:foreign embassies
806:Southern Rhodesia
802:national holidays
794:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
657:Council of Europe
633:Council of Europe
520:
519:
487:
486:
254:as its professed
225:Council of Europe
205:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
185:
184:
155:
47:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
3244:
3197:National anthems
3114:Anthem of Europe
3085:Musical settings
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3029:
3019:No. 9 in D minor
3003:No. 8 in F major
2998:No. 7 in A major
2988:No. 6 in F major
2983:No. 5 in C minor
2977:
2976:
2961:
2960:
2951:No. 2 in D major
2935:No. 1 in C major
2928:Early symphonies
2922:
2921:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2787:
2644:
2629:
2599:
2555:
2547:
2537:
2372:Centre in Sydney
2330:
2301:Cities and towns
2289:
2222:Second World War
2217:colonial history
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
1988:Togo (1979–1992)
1821:Congo Free State
1461:regional anthems
1450:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1392:
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1336:
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894:
888:
637:Anthem of Europe
512:
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439:
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375:
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345:
344:
343:
326:
325:
324:
317:
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306:National anthems
302:
156:
108:
106:
93:
91:
86:August 1974
67:Mary Bloom, 1974
56:
31:
24:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3192:African anthems
3182:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3133:
3100:The Hymn of Joy
3080:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3012:Late symphonies
3007:
2974:
2973:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2858:
2801:
2786:(South African)
2785:
2761:
2735:
2695:
2635:
2620:
2611:Public holidays
2584:
2553:
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2524:
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2426:Rhodesian Front
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2190:Shangani Patrol
2170:Rudd Concession
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3072:
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3030:Hypothetical:
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2379:Municipalities
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2180:Pioneer Column
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2018:
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2053:Organisations
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1365:Volumes 11–12
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25:
19:
3179:
3161:
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3028:
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2991:
2965:
2827:Coat of arms
2821:
2625:Demographics
2560:Reserve Bank
2175:Company rule
2165:Pre-colonial
2125:Company rule
2026:
1993:
1980:
1927:
1926:
1874:
1866:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1799:
1743:South Africa
1737:Saint Helena
1736:
1729:
1719:Sierra Leone
1697:
1685:
1510:Burkina Faso
1503:
1486:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1342:
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1301:
1282:
1257:
1234:. Canberra:
1230:
1206:
1198:Bibliography
1185:. Retrieved
1178:
1163:. Retrieved
1156:
1141:. Retrieved
1134:
1118:. Retrieved
1111:
1086:
1075:
1068:Wessels 2010
1063:
1058:, p. 60
1039:, p. 44
1032:
988:
976:
965:
953:
925:
913:
853:Derek Hudson
838:
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791:
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717:Richard West
714:
710:South Africa
698:music critic
695:
686:
680:
654:
609:
603:
582:
559:unrecognised
521:
483:1994–present
407:
283:independence
241:
192:
188:
186:
142:Audio sample
123:Succeeded by
98:Relinquished
18:
3151:Road to Joy
2676:Rusape Jews
2135:; 1965–79:
2131:; 1953–63:
2127:; 1923–80:
2123:1890–1923:
2029:(1979–1994)
1996:(1976–1994)
1983:(1979–1980)
1930:(1974–1979)
1877:(1960–1963)
1869:(1973–1994)
1836:(1967–1970)
1823:(1885–1908)
1810:(1981–1994)
1802:(1977–1994)
1748:South Sudan
1610:Ivory Coast
1404:MP3 version
1236:ANU E Press
1165:18 February
1120:18 February
1056:Fisher 2010
908:, p. 1
891:NFBPWR 1976
663:and in the
195:") was the
113:Preceded by
3207:1974 songs
3186:Categories
3093:Ode to Joy
2972:No. 4 in B
2956:No. 3 in E
2913:Symphonies
2709:Afrikaners
2616:Rhodesiana
2352:Parliament
2232:Federation
2133:Federation
1960:Somaliland
1730:Somaliland
1714:Seychelles
1665:Mozambique
1650:Mauritania
1635:Madagascar
1590:The Gambia
1525:Cape Verde
1369:. Oxford:
1262:. London:
1254:Smith, Ian
1187:25 January
1143:25 January
970:Nyoka 1970
958:Smith 1997
918:White 2015
867:References
845:Europe Day
721:philistine
621:Ode to Joy
604:(pictured)
565:to impose
298:Background
209:Ode to Joy
2779:Afrikaans
2771:Languages
2747:Coloureds
2508:Provinces
2483:President
2357:Elections
2342:Districts
2285:Geography
1867:Gazankulu
1655:Mauritius
1463:of Africa
1371:Blackwell
1037:West 1978
1010:Buch 2004
993:Buch 2004
930:Buch 2004
906:Buch 2004
661:copyright
547:Whitehall
539:Ian Smith
462:1980–1994
443:1979–1980
413:1974–1979
394:1965–1970
379:1952–1965
364:1923–1952
349:1901–1923
334:1890–1901
246:from the
2992:Pastoral
2975:♭
2959:♭
2871:Category
2849:Insignia
2842:national
2784:English
2686:Tokaleya
2638:diaspora
2478:Governor
2325:Politics
2276:Zimbabwe
2244:Bush War
2149:Zimbabwe
2143:; 1979:
2137:Rhodesia
1994:Transkei
1928:Rhodesia
1783:Zimbabwe
1758:Tanzania
1580:Ethiopia
1575:Eswatini
1555:Djibouti
1520:Cameroon
1498:Botswana
1457:National
1407:Archived
1116:. London
1080:BBC 2004
798:new flag
677:coloured
652:1,000).
623:", from
606:in 1824.
591:Adoption
528:Rhodesia
310:Zimbabwe
287:Zimbabwe
272:monarchy
268:republic
201:Rhodesia
43:Rhodesia
2810:Symbols
2797:Ndebele
2757:Indians
2751:Goffals
2730:Rhodies
2714:British
2671:Ndebele
2666:Manyika
2594:Society
2575:Tourism
2544:Dollar
2533:Economy
2498:Cabinet
2440:(SRANC)
2157:History
1875:Katanga
1768:Tunisia
1724:Somalia
1709:Senegal
1686:Réunion
1680:Nigeria
1670:Namibia
1660:Morocco
1625:Liberia
1620:Lesotho
1570:Eritrea
1540:Comoros
1515:Burundi
1504:Buganda
1476:Algeria
1373:. 1974.
475: "
455: "
406: "
327: "
293:History
223:by the
191:" (or "
105:1979-12
103: (
90:1974-08
88: (
83:Adopted
3023:Choral
2966:Eroica
2854:Flower
2832:Emblem
2822:Anthem
2817:Animal
2740:Others
2719:Greeks
2552:Pound
2464:(UNFP)
2452:(SRLP)
2446:(SRCP)
2384:Police
2139:under
1834:Biafra
1808:Ciskei
1778:Zambia
1773:Uganda
1692:Rwanda
1640:Malawi
1600:Guinea
1487:Ankole
1481:Angola
1385:
1350:
1329:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1242:
1217:
861:Harare
824:hymn "
731:Lyrics
687:Herald
641:Labour
64:Lyrics
3138:Other
2978:major
2962:major
2837:Flags
2792:Shona
2701:White
2691:Tonga
2681:Shona
2661:Lemba
2656:Kunda
2648:Black
2473:Queen
2458:(UFP)
2434:(RLP)
2422:(RAP)
2416:(RGA)
2027:Venda
1753:Sudan
1675:Niger
1630:Libya
1615:Kenya
1595:Ghana
1585:Gabon
1560:Egypt
1493:Benin
872:Notes
822:Xhosa
814:Shona
812:", a
706:Gwelo
704:from
616:voted
584:Times
553:as a
541:, to
266:as a
237:Gwelo
72:Music
2724:Jews
2428:(RF)
1763:Togo
1645:Mali
1535:Chad
1459:and
1383:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1189:2012
1167:2012
1145:2012
1122:2012
702:poet
700:and
655:The
650:US$
428:1979
203:and
173:help
168:file
129:(As
45:and
3076:'s
2915:by
2141:UDI
1158:BBC
843:on
820:'s
646:R$
627:'s
526:of
308:of
285:as
215:'s
199:of
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725:TV
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