2413:
lifetime have no hope of ever getting free unless outsiders intervene on their behalf. In some shrines, in some areas, and for some alleged crimes, the service is limited to a specific number of years. In other cases, a substantial fee is exacted from the shrine slave or her family. The girls work to try to earn that fee, but in reality the fee is so high and their means of paying it so low that there is virtually no hope of ever paying off the debt that has been laid on them. Some shrines have taken so many slaves that they cannot contain them all. Some slaves become unattractive or unuseful to the priest. In these cases trokosia may be given what is called "temporary" release. This is actually a misnomer, since it is a permanent condition. The temporary part only gives the slave permission to live outside the shrine temporarily. All the important decisions of her life are still controlled by the shrine, she is still at the beck and call of the priest, and she has to serve at the annual festival of the god every year, for which she is required to bring gifts that may take her all year to accumulate. One child of a trokosi on "temporary release" said, "whenever my mother goes fishing or does any work, she must divide it into three, with two parts going to the priest."
2431:
the origin and meaning of the term "wives of the gods." Many trokosi and vudusi have described beatings and other severe punishments imposed on them for refusing sex with the priest. In Ghana, human rights organizations monitoring the practice of "trokosi" claim that shrine slaves often end up with an average of four children while in servitude, many of them by the priest or elders of the shrines. Proponents of ritual servitude deny that this is a part of the practice. There seem to be wide differences between practices in different districts, but
Rouster claims that the problem of forced sex in many of the shrines is too well documented to be disputed. Stephen Awudi Gadri, founder of Trokosi Abolition Fellowship, speaks of "ritual violation after menarche" (first menses) as the beginning of a life of coerced sex. He refers to the trokosi as "vestal virgins."
2218:) was under colonial rule, a few citizens complained about the practice, but the colonial masters turned their heads. They derided them as "the blind men who wanted to help others see". The colonial government did investigate the practice at Atigo shrine near Battor from 1919 to 1924. The investigating District Commissioner, W. Price Jones, called it "a pernicious habit of handing girls over to the fetish", but for economic reasons, decided not to interfere. As a result of that inquiry, shrine slaves held at the Atigo shrine were told they could return home if they wished. Soon after, the colonial government ignored another complaint that the shrine was still keeping trokosi. After that, the practice slid back into secrecy and was not brought to the public consciousness again until 1980.
2230:, a Baptist pastor, responded to what he claims was a vision from God, and challenged the system in the national media. Wisdom claimed that as he prayed, he saw a vision of women in bonds, crying out for help. Wisdom claimed to have later discovered these same women on one of his evangelistic missions, held in bondage in a shrine just across the Volta River from his home, but previously unknown to him. He began publicly denouncing the practice, so much so that headlines in Ghana screamed that he was not afraid of the shrine priests. Wisdom wrote a book on the subject, founded FESLIM (Fetish Slaves Liberation Movement), and was instrumental in some of the earliest liberations, but it was his bold public statements reported in the news that pricked the national consciousness.
2463:
November 2001. Every Child
Ministries cooperated with International Needs Network to liberate 465 trokosi from three shrines of the Agave area in January 2003 and with Fetish Slaves Liberation Movement to liberate 94 shrine slaves from Aklidokpo shrine near Adidome in January 2004. They continued the effort, liberating 120 from Sovigbenor shrine in Aflao in December 2005, and 52 "yevesi" or servants of the thunder god from the Kadza Yevesi Shrine at Aflao in March 2010. Shrines of the Anlo clan in Ghana also hold trokosi, but have resisted liberation and defended the practice, defending their practice of trokosi as being more humane than the practices of other districts. Human rights organizations insist that the practice must be totally eradicated.
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speak up against the practice. Organizations that have been most active in liberating ritual slaves are FESLIM (Fetish Slaves
Liberation Movement), founded by Mark Wisdom, International Needs, and Every Child Ministries. Christian NGOs and human rights organizations have been fighting it—working to end the practice and to win liberation for the shrine slaves. They have carried out their activities with strong support from CHRAJ—the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice—and the Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs. A Court of Women was organized in Accra in 2003 to continue the fight against the practice.
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2201:"replacement" also began in Ghana at that time. Under this practice, if a shrine slave died or ran away, the family was required to replace her with another girl. At the beginning of the 19th century, Nyigbla became the chief Anlo deity, and its shrines also began to demand slaves for its services. Involuntary slavery, however, was not at that time and in that place common, since Nyigbla also instituted a practice called foasi, whereby two servants were recruited annually on a more-or-less voluntary basis. At that time, the slaves were often married to members of powerful priestly families.
2021:
without any form of remuneration whatsoever", and "it is a form of slavery". Ababio claims, "The servile status of the trokosi is seen in the duties they perform in the shrines, for which no payment is made...unfortunately for most trokosi, when they are freed they are still bound by rituals which keep them connected or attached to a shrine for life. Practically it means that these victims of ritual servitude always have the rights of ownership exercised over them." She then goes on to quote
Article 7 of
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years in the shrine, the
Trokosi returns to her family, but her life is still controlled by the shrine for the rest of her life. Supporters of the practice claim that in the vast majority of cases, there is no particular stigma attached to one's status as a former Trokosi shrine participant. NGOs working to rehabilitate former trokosi say that the social stigma is immense and that it is the most enduring and difficult aspect of the practice.
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liberated and the practice of slavery or ritual servitude will be permanently ended in that place. When such an agreement is reached, a public ceremony is held for the signing of the documents and often, liberation certificates for the former slaves. The shrine is compensated for its loss and the former trokosi begin a process of rehabilitation which usually includes learning vocational skills.
25:
80:
2299:"Vudusi", pronounced "vudushi", means female adherent of voodoo religion. The "tro" deity is not, according to African traditional religion, the Creator or what might be called the "High" or Ultimate God. "Tro" refers to what African Traditional Religion calls the "small gods" or "lesser deities"—spirits of nature, etc. which are venerated in traditional religion. The term
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told that the king's wives "volunteered", on his death, to be buried alive with him in order to accompany him and serve him in the world to come. One researcher pointed out, "Of course, one should not make the mistake of ascribing modern democratic meaning to the word "volunteered" as if the wives wanted to die or had any choice in the matter".
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During a process of divination he calls on the gods of the shrine to reveal this information. Girls given to atone for such crimes in a sense are considered a kind of savior, for as long as she remains in the shrine or under its control, the anger of the god is believed to be averted from the rest of the family.
2075:, and various forms of it were part of ancient religious traditions of devotion to various gods and goddesses. It is distinguished from the Christian monastic tradition at a basic level since ritual servitude is involuntary on the part of the participant, in contrast to Christian monasticism, which is voluntary.
2168:” (poor females). He said they cared for the shrines of the gods, but their main business was religious prostitution. According to Ellis, most of the gods of the Ewe-speaking people at that time had such women who were similarly consecrated to their service and were commonly considered "wives" of the gods.
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The first liberation ceremonies were held at Lomo and Me shrines in Volo in
October 1996, at three shrines in Dorfor in December 1996, and at Atigo shrine in Battor in January 1997. International Needs Network liberated 400 trokosi from a group of small shrines in November 2000, and 126 at Adidome in
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Treatment of girls in the shrine varies as to feeding practices, reasons for and severity of punishments, sleeping and living conditions. Severe and widespread problems have been documented in all these areas by human rights organizations. Many of the shrine slaves are required to do heavy physical
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The period of servitude varies from a few months to life In some cases it involves payment of a heavy fine to the shrine, which can require many years of hard labor or even a lifetime of service to pay. In shrines where the period of servitude is limited, after a ritual and sometimes after months or
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Although the practice was outlawed in Ghana in 1998, it continued due to fear and the reluctance of the government to interfere with traditional practices. Some NGOs had already worked to liberate shrines, but after the law did not solve the problem, NGOs began to get even more seriously involved in
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were wives of the king and lived in the palace, not wives of the gods living in the shrines. But that distinction is not as clearcut as it might first seem, for the palace was the center of
Dahomean religious life, and the place where sacrifices were made and rituals to the ancestors were performed.
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In most shrines it is considered a duty of the shrine slaves to have obligatory sex with the priest and sometimes the elders. The priest's genital organs have been dedicated to the gods of the shrine, so having sex with him is considered a sacred act - in a sense, copulating with the gods. This is
2083:
There are two major reasons for the practice of ritual servitude. Most common is the concept of atonement. A girl is given to the shrine or to the gods as a kind of "living sacrifice" to atone for the real or alleged crimes of a family member or ancestor, as discerned by the priest of the shrine.
2200:
As people migrated within West Africa, the practice spread. Sandra Greene has noted that in Ghana, the practice dates to at least the late 18th century. At the time the Amlade clan Sui became very powerful, and began to demand female slaves from those who sought its services. The practice called
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In the past, the traditions of the shrines were veiled in secrecy, and people dared not discuss them, fearing the wrath of the gods if they dared to do so. For this reason, the practice was neither widely known nor well understood. In more recent times, since the 1990s at least, abolitionists and
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There are two basic lengths of service—perpetual or lifetime service and limited service. One traditional priest expressed the view that once a crime had been committed, it had to be atoned for until the end of time. This is the view of lifetime or perpetual service. Shrine slaves serving for a
2238:
In the early 1990s, Ghanaian journalist
Vincent Azumah found courage to write publicly about the practice and sparked a nationwide debate. Then the International Federation of Women Lawyers in Ghana (FIDA) organized an investigation into shrine practices and issued a report in 1992. These events
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were charged with controlling the women. After sunset no men at all were allowed in the palace except the king, and he was guarded by women guards called
Amazons. The king controlled every aspect of the lives and even the deaths of the ahosi. Visitors to old Abomey today are shown a mass grave and
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The second most frequent reason for the practice of ritual servitude is that the girl is given for the continuous repayment of the gods for services believed to have been obtained or favors believed to have been rendered from the shrine. Thus a girl may be given into ritual servitude when someone
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is a form of slavery and whether sexual abuse is involved the answers are polarized into two camps. Some traditionalists defend the system saying that it is simply a cultural practice of certain shrines and as such should be protected. These defenders claim that while instances of sexual abuse may
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still held the presidency of Ghana with an iron fist. Rawlings and his administration were defenders of
African Traditional Religion, calling it the "African Heritage" and a cause for national pride. One example of this was his granting of free air time to the founder of the Afrikania movement,
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The giving of virgin girls to the gods was part of many ancient religions. In West Africa, the practice has gone on for at least several hundred years. Similar practices using similar terminology were found in the royal court of the Kingdom of Dahomey (in what is now Benin) in the 18th and 19th
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are "slaves of the deities of the shrines". "Though euphemistically, they are called the 'deity's wives', yet they serve the priests and elders of the shrine and do all the hard chores, as well as becoming sexual partners of the priest", Gadri says. He also says, "the trokosi works for the priest
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organizations are fighting the practice. Since the 1990s, these groups have actively sought to liberate girls held in ritual servitude. Liberation has been done on a shrine-by-shrine basis, with NGO's seeking to reach community-wide agreements that all the slaves of a particular shrine will be
2394:
Ritual slavery shows a high degree of cohesiveness, but there are many significant differences as it is practiced in various shrines and in various areas. Every Child Ministries, a Christian NGO that has done much research on the topic, lists these as variations that they have observed in their
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Some of the organizations that have joined the effort are UNICEF, International Needs Network Ghana, the Swiss "Sentry Movement", the Trokosi Abolition Fellowship, the Anti-Slavery Society, and Every Child Ministries. Survivors for Change is a group of former trokosi who have banded together to
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recommendations from this research later became a Law Reform Commission report to the Ghana government in 1995. According to Emmanuel Kweku Akeampong, a Ghanaian professor of history at Harvard University, the practice of trokosi received significant national attention in Ghana in 1996 and 1997.
1904:
These shrine slaves serve the priests, elders, and owners of a traditional religious shrine without remuneration and without their consent, although the consent of the family or clan may be involved. Those who practice ritual servitude usually feel that the girl is serving the god or gods of the
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Where perpetual or lifetime servitude is practiced, the shrines often, but not always, practice what they call "replacement." when a trokosi or vudusi dies or runs away, she has to be replaced by another virgin from the same family or clan. Some human rights interviewers report that they have
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started as group of wives of departed kings in the kingdom of Dahomey. The death of the monarch usually leaves behind his wives and concubines who the new king may not take fancy to as they may be too old for him to fancy. By one estimate there were 5,000 to 7,000 ahosi living in the palace at
1945:
Human rights organizations and other NGO's commonly use the words "servitude", "slaves", and "slavery" as non-technical, popularly understood terms that describe the reality of this practice. They point out that the practice meets all the commonly accepted definitions of slavery. Shrine slaves
2247:
The Ghana National Commission on Children brought attention to the issue during the celebration of the Organization of African Unity Day of the African Child on June 16, 1993. In 1994 and 1995 Ghanaian lawyer Anita Heymann Ababio researched the practice in the light of Ghanaian law, and
2068:
Simon Abaxe has researched the practice in Ghana. He says that ritual servitude is part of African traditional religion in some places, but not a universal practice of that religion. A form of ritual servitude is also practiced in India and Nepal as part of Hindu religion called
2369:
who are sent by families, often against the will of the girl involved, out of fear that if they do not do so, further calamities may afflict them through the anger of the shrine deities. This last group consists of those virgins who are sent into servitude at the shrines of the
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to traditional queen mothers, implying a sense of respect for them, but one representative of an NGO who claims to have interviewed hundreds of participants reports that the participants themselves are offended at being called queens and insist they are/were simply slaves.
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who became too powerful or too independently minded were simply sacrificed (literally and physically) in the annual office ceremony lasting several days in which the power of the king was renewed by hundreds of human sacrifices, usually performed by public beheadings.
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This form of slavery is still practiced in the Volta Region in Ghana, despite being outlawed in 1998, and despite carrying a minimum three-year prison sentence for conviction. Among the Ewes who practice the ritual in Ghana, variations of the practice are also called
1908:
If a girl runs away or dies, she must be replaced by another girl from the family. Some girls in ritual servitude are the third or fourth girl in their family suffering for the same crime, sometimes for something as minor as the loss of trivial property.
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labor like cultivating fields with a hand hoe. Other common duties are weaving mats, making and selling firewood (with all profits going to the priest or the shrine), fetching wood and water, sweeping the compound and attending the images of the gods.
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In 1998, the Law Reform Commission of Ghana, drawing on the recommendations of Ababio and others, drafted a law specifying "ritual or customary servitude" as a crime. The law passed, requiring a mandatory three-year prison term for those found guilty.
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2025:, which defines a slave as "a person over whom any or all powers attaching to the rights of ownership are exercised". Angela Dwamena-Aboagye, a Ghanaian lawyer, says ritual servitude is "slavery, pure and simple. It violates every human right."
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due to crimes allegedly committed by their senior or elder family members, almost always males like fathers, grandfathers, and uncles. The trokosi is sort of a "living sacrifice," who by her suffering is thought to save the family from
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Proponents of the practice claim that some participants choose a life of ritual servitude of their own volition, but human rights organizations claim that while this may be theoretically possible, they haven't found one yet.
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Although virtually everyone recognizes that the victims themselves have no choice or say in their lot, Stephen Awudi Gadri says that "both the parents (of the victims) and the girls (that is, the victims) have no choice".
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Anita Mamusina Heymann Ababio, "Trokosi, Woryokwe, Cultural and Individual Rights: A Case Study of Women's Empowerment and Community Rights in Ghana, St. Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 22, 2000, p.
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Most frequently those in ritual servitude are young virgin girls at the time of entry into the shrine. Of course, the girls grow up, so where their servitude is long or lifetime, the participants are of all ages.
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The most active groups in liberating shrine slaves through negotiated community agreements have been FESLIM, Fetish Slaves Liberation Movement, International Needs Network, and Every Child Ministries.
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Okomfo Damuah, at a time when Christian churches were virtually denied access to both radio and TV. Azumah and FIDA's actions were very bold in the light of the political climate of the day.
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1992:" is used at different times to mean either "slave", "virgin", or "wife". Anita Ababio, a Ghanaian lawyer who has extensively researched the issue, explains that the Adangbe and Ga word, "
2032:
are slaves. For example, Togbe Adzimashi Adukpo, a shrine priest, admitted in an interview with BBC in February 2001, "Yes, the girls are my slaves. They are the property of my shrine."
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who say that sexual abuse was a regular part of their time at the shrine, claiming the number of children born to them by the priest and shrine elders as evidence and witnesses.
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NGO's point out that practices in traditional shrines vary, but trokosi are usually denied education, suffer a life of hardship, and are a lonely lot, stigmatized by society.
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living lives totally controlled by a priest in a shrine where sacrifices were offered and rituals were performed. Even in the time of the Kingdom of Dahomey, one reads of the
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as an institution of slavery. Likewise, Stephen Awudi Gadri, President of the Trokosi Abolition Fellowship of Ghana, and also himself from a shrine family, claims that
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occur, there is no evidence that sexual or physical abuse is an ingrained or systematic part of the practice. According to them, the practice explicitly forbids a
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National Archives of Ghana, Accra, ADM 11/1/768 Acting District Commissioner of Ada, W. Price Jones to Commissioner for the Eastern Province (CEP), 10 March 1920.
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Warrior Women, The Amazons of Dahomey & the Nature of War", Robert B. Edgerton, University of California at Los Angeles, Westview Press, 2000, p. 15 & 52.
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2894:, Report on the Abolition of Ritual Slavery, Forced Labour and Other Related Practices, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, April 1995.
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Cudjoe Adzumah, "The Trokosi Practice in N Tongu: Its Impact on the Rights of Women and Children, BA Thesis, Sociology Department, University of Ghana, 1996.
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human rights advocates have penetrated the veil of secrecy. The issue has been widely discussed, for instance, in the newspapers and on the radio in Ghana.
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perform services which are not voluntary and are not paid. Their lives are totally controlled by the shrines, who in a sense become their owners.
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Opponents of the practice claim that all except those who joined of their own volition are virtually slaves in every normal sense of the word.
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In 1999, Juliana Dogbadzi, a former trokosi, won the Reebok Human Rights Award for her efforts in speaking up on behalf of her fellow trokosi.
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interviewed numerous girls who were the third or fourth replacements for their families for a crime that was allegedly committed long ago.
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Wives of the Leopard-- Gender, Politics & Culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey, Edna G. Bay, University of Virginia Press, 1998, p. 8.
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1977:, says she was "slave to a fetish priest". Cudjoe Adzumah made a study of the practice in the Tongu Districts of Ghana and defined "
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Sandra E. Greene, Gender, Ethnicity and Social Change on the Upper Slave Coast: A History of the Anlo-Ewe, Portsmouth, 1996, p. 64.
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Rouster, Lorella. (2007). "Fighting Child Slavery in West Africa," SST/GH, Fall 2007, Union Gospel Press, Cleveland, OH. See also
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Incomplete references; some references that do not even discuss the subject but with long text about the editor's own opinions or
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living lives totally controlled by the king in the palace where sacrifices were offered and rituals were performed, to being
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2543:"Field Findings on the System of Slavery Commonly Known as Trokosi", L W Rouster, M.R.E., ECMAfrica Publications, 2005, p.1.
2296:-Gbe words "tro", meaning deity or fetish, and "kosi", meaning female slave. "Ko" denotes poverty and "si" denotes female.
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Proponents of the system of ritual servitude by any of its names object to this term, but except for the technical terms "
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advocating against the practice and in working for agreements to reduce the practice by liberating individual shrines.
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who have been liberated. These opponents of the practice have recorded testimony of hundreds of former (now liberated)
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believes a child has been conceived or a person has been healed, for example, through the intervention of the shrine.
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who was an eyewitness of the practice in the Dahomey Empire (now Benin) in 1879. According to Ellis, one god called "
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Between the Sea and the Lagoon, an Eco-Social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana c. 1850 to Recent Times,
2534:"The Revealed Myths about Trokosi Slavery/Human Rights Violations" by Stephen Awudi Gadri, Authorhouse, UK, 2010
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The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
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centuries. Wives, slaves, and in fact all persons connected with the royal palace of Dahomey were called
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Dorfleviwo’’(those used to buy the womb) and thus incur a lifetime obligation of servitude to the tro;
2793:"Lorella Rouster, Report on Visit to the Ancient Kingdom of Dahomey, May 2006, ECM Publications, p.2.
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2164:" (Heviosso, God of thunder and lightning) had 1500 wives in Dahomey alone, the women being called "
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Simon Abaxer, "Trokosi Situation on the Ground in Volta Region", ECMAfrica Publications, 2007, p. 1
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Nirit Ben-Ari, "Liberating Girls from Trokosi" from Africa Recovery, Vol 15, #4, Dec. 2001, p. 26.
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in Ghana) take human beings, usually young virgin girls, in payment for services or in religious
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Krasniewski, Mariusz. (2009). Tradition in the Shade of Globalization: Ritual Bondage in Ghana.
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to engage in sexual activity or contact. The other camp is represented by NGOs working with the
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Progressive Utilization. (1994). Trokosi: Virgins of the Gods or Concubines of Fetish Priests.
2675:, 1956, ECOSOC, Res. 608, XXI, 1956. This convention has been ratified and acceded to by Ghana.
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National Archives of Ghana, CEP, to Secretary of Native Affairs, Koforidua, 10 September 1924.
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Interview with Lorella Rouster, International Director of Every Child Ministries, June 2006.
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of their own volition (extremely rare) and those who were born to women associated with the
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The Impact of the Constitutional Provisions on the Customary Disabilities of Women in Ghana
1965:", the problem is coming up with a suitable alternative. Sometimes they have compared the
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Interview with Mark Wisdom granted to the VR staff of Every Child Ministries, June 2006.
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are popularly referred to as fetishes and the priests who serve them as fetish priests.
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for alleged misdeeds of a family member. In Ghana and in Togo, it is practiced by the
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Those allegedly called by the tro to serve as priest and priestesses of the shrine (
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Emmanuel Kwaku Akeampong, a native Ghanaian of Harvard University, says that "
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42:; link that does not even say anything about this but about a Swedish game..
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Juliana Dogbadzi, PARADE magazine, "One Voice," September 24, 2000, p. 7.
2513:
FAQ About the Form of Slavery Called Trokosi, ECM Publications, 2002, p.1
2306:
2071:
1586:
1144:
1088:
1040:
700:
545:
400:
306:
3052:, 1(1), 2–6. PO Box C267 Cantonments Communication Centre, Accra, Ghana.
2684:
Humphrey Hawksley, "Ghana's Trapped Slaves", BBC News, February 8, 2001.
2472:
1569:
651:
331:
148:
2599:
Ohio University Press, Athens, OH, James Currey, Oxford, 2001, p. 221.
2226:
The practice was drawn into the national spotlight at that time when
2144:
1271:
1093:
673:
656:
518:
353:
321:
2958:
2956:
2954:
1933:. Victims are commonly known in Ghana as fetish slaves because the
2815:, Bahamas, 1890, republished by Benin Press, Chicago, 1965, p. 38.
2480:
2476:
1878:
1870:
528:
514:
489:
2523:
Field Findings on the System of Slavery Commonly Known as Trokosi
2337:
Those thought to have been born through the intervention of the
2188:
or gods successfully demanding that someone become a devotee or
1874:
395:
225:
2732:
2730:
2023:
The Convention on Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
2448:
73:
18:
3007:"African Jewels", a 2nd Quarter 2010, Every Child Ministries
3025:
System in Ghana: Discrimination Against Women and Children
2813:
The Ewe-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa
2525:, L W Rouster, M.R.E., ECMAfrica Publications, 2005, p. 1.
2811:
A. B. Ellis, Major, First Battalion West India Regiment,
2143:
Abomey, and no men lived there except for a few hundred
2122:
meaning "dependent" or "subordinate". In Gbe languages,
34:
needs attention from an expert in Africa or religion
2426:
Practice of rape by the priest and elders of the shrine
1881:
where traditional religious shrines (popularly called
100:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1526:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2620:
Trokosi (Child Slavery) in Ghana, a Policy Approach
1941:
Use of the terms "servitude", "slave" and "slavery"
2980:"The Revealed Myths about Trokosi Slavery", p. 51.
2921:James Aidoo, "Ghana, Liberating the Trokosi" p. 1.
2362:because their family supposedly benefited from it.
3055:Progressive Utilization. (1995). Trokosi Part 2.
2702:The Revealed Myths about Trokosi Slavery", p. 24.
1905:shrine and is married to the gods of the shrine.
2877:
2875:
2176:Over time, then, it was an easy jump from being
1641:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3029:African Women and Children: Crisis and Response
2912:The Criminal Code of Ghana, Act. 1998 Act. 554.
2028:Some of the traditional priests also admit the
2008:" is a "slave of a cult". Robert Kwame Amen in
2971:"Revealed Myths about Trokosi Slavery", p. 29
1847:
8:
2930:Dictionary of Trokosi Terms, www.trokosi.com
1646:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3031:, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 91–103.
2989:Revealed Myths about Trokosi Slavery, p. 25
1973:Juliana Dogbadzi, who served 17 years as a
2305:is commonly used in English in Ghana as a
1854:
1840:
131:
2004:", meaning "slave". Thus, she claims, a "
1897:region; in Benin, it is practiced by the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1651:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1516:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1496:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
96:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2506:
143:
2633:History of the Trokosi System in Ghana
57:may be able to help recruit an expert.
2205:History of opposition to the practice
1935:gods of traditional African religions
1538:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1215:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2467:Similar practices in other countries
1730:Slave marriages in the United States
1334:Human trafficking in the Middle East
16:Tradition of human beings as payment
1069:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2962:Interview with Rouster, ECM, 2006.
2622:, Ghana Studies I, 1998, p. 35-62.
1723:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2282:Meaning of "Trokosi" and "Vudusi"
684:Field slaves in the United States
551:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3125:Groups practising sexual slavery
3057:Progressive Utilization Magazine
3050:Progressive Utilization Magazine
2354:Those who were forced to become
561:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
556:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
385:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
155:
78:
23:
2802:Edgerton, Warrior Women, p. 53.
2390:Main variations in the practice
2192:(wife or follower of the god).
2156:The practice was documented by
1511:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1062:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2693:Rouster, Field Findings, p. 6.
1210:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
3038:, University of Ghana, Legon.
3036:Report on Trokosi Institution
2939:Rouster, Field Findings, p. 5
2399:Entry age of the participants
2824:Wives of the Leopard, p. 22.
2764:The Three Pillars of Trokosi
1501:Temporary Slavery Commission
1162:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
3027:. In Apollo Rwomire (ed.),
2444:Liberation of shrine slaves
2330:and initiated as children (
2171:One might argue that those
2126:means widow and the suffix
2035:On the question of whether
1981:" as "slaves of the gods".
1521:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
566:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
36:. The specific problem is:
3141:
3019:Boaten, Abayie B. (2001).
2595:Emmanuel Kwaku Akeampong,
2553:Rouster, Wives of the gods
2435:Treatment of shrine slaves
1706:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1543:Anti-Slavery International
1308:North Africa and West Asia
1802:Emancipation Proclamation
1474:Opposition and resistance
1232:Sex trafficking in Europe
1220:Blackbirding in Polynesia
783:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2762:Every Child Ministries,
2261:International award 1999
1582:Compensated emancipation
793:Indian Ocean slave trade
2417:Practice of replacement
2138:literally means widow.
1506:1926 Slavery Convention
1262:Germany in World War II
879:North and South America
401:Contract of manumission
3064:Every Child Ministries
2903:Akeampong, p. 221-226.
987:British Virgin Islands
539:Circassian slave trade
505:Safavid imperial harem
500:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3034:Dovlo, Elom. (1995).
2631:Stephen Awudi Gadri,
2105:In the Dahomey Empire
2064:Religious connections
2000:" meaning cult, and "
1988:" means a "god" and "
1226:Europe and North Asia
1186:Australia and Oceania
886:Pre-Columbian America
458:Slave raid of Suðuroy
390:Slavery in al-Andalus
312:Black Sea slave trade
241:21st-century jihadism
2890:Heymann, Ababio A.,
2118:meaning "king", and
1681:Indentured servitude
1609:Underground Railroad
1409:United Arab Emirates
798:Zanzibar slave trade
765:By country or region
578:Atlantic slave trade
480:Ma malakat aymanukum
364:Venetian slave trade
89:factual accuracy is
55:WikiProject Religion
2618:Robert Kwame Amen,
2491:Sacred prostitution
2322:Those who join the
1767:Slave Route Project
898:Americas indigenous
788:Red Sea slave trade
778:Contemporary Africa
641:Topics and practice
411:Crimean slave trade
406:Bukhara slave trade
359:Genoese slave trade
236:Contemporary Africa
216:Forced prostitution
3105:Women and religion
3090:Child sexual abuse
2842:Akeampong, p. 225.
2269:Opposition by NGOs
2252:Outlawing in Ghana
2100:Origin and history
1548:Blockade of Africa
855:Somali slave trade
771:Sub-Saharan Africa
463:Turkish Abductions
421:Khivan slave trade
416:Khazar slave trade
369:Balkan slave trade
327:Prague slave trade
51:WikiProject Africa
3120:Religion in Benin
3110:Religion in Ghana
3043:Archiv Orientální
2566:Wives of the gods
2408:Length of service
2239:took place while
2214:When Ghana (then
2210:In colonial times
1869:is a practice in
1864:
1863:
1814:Freedmen's Bureau
1636:Third Servile War
1631:International law
1198:Human trafficking
960:Human trafficking
635:Thirteen colonies
453:Sack of Baltimore
221:Human trafficking
130:
129:
122:
72:
71:
40:original research
3132:
3115:Religion in Togo
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2671:Ababio, quoting
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2134:means female so
1867:Ritual servitude
1856:
1849:
1842:
1826:Emancipation Day
1659:
1626:Slave Trade Acts
317:Byzantine Empire
159:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
102:reliably sourced
82:
81:
74:
67:
64:
58:
27:
26:
19:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3085:Slavery by type
3070:
3069:
3016:
3014:Further reading
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
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2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2889:
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2873:
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2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2469:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2319:
2292:comes from the
2284:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2207:
2198:
2107:
2102:
2081:
2066:
2012:also refers to
1943:
1860:
1831:
1830:
1735:Slave narrative
1691:Fugitive slaves
1671:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1621:Slave rebellion
1476:
1466:
1465:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1236:United Kingdom
1172:Yankee princess
766:
758:
757:
485:Avret Pazarları
431:Avret Pazarları
300:Medieval Europe
266:
256:
255:
194:Forced marriage
169:
126:
115:
109:
106:
95:
87:This article's
83:
79:
68:
62:
59:
49:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3045:, 77, 123–142.
3039:
3032:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2883:
2881:Ababio, p. 21.
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2755:
2751:Field Findings
2742:
2738:Field Findings
2726:
2722:Field Findings
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2664:
2662:Ababio, p. 71.
2655:
2653:Gadri, p. 8-9.
2646:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2601:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2557:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Sexual slavery
2483:
2468:
2465:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2318:
2313:Categories of
2311:
2283:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2241:Jerry Rawlings
2235:
2232:
2223:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2080:
2077:
2065:
2062:
2048:and by former
1996:" comes from "
1942:
1939:
1883:fetish shrines
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1823:
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1789:
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1759:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1713:List of slaves
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
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1471:
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1467:
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1441:
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1420:
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1411:
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1401:
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1371:
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1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:Dutch Republic
1254:
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1247:
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1234:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
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1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1103:
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1101:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
974:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
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906:
905:
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894:
893:
882:
881:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
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790:
785:
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774:
773:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
728:
724:
723:
718:
716:Child soldiers
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
692:
691:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
627:
625:Spanish Empire
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Middle Passage
602:
597:
592:
587:
581:
580:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
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543:
542:
541:
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492:
487:
482:
477:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
435:
434:
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426:Ottoman Empire
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
381:
380:
374:
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372:
371:
361:
356:
351:
350:
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344:
339:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
302:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
246:Sexual slavery
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
212:
211:
206:
204:Child marriage
201:
191:
186:
181:
179:Child soldiers
176:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
141:
140:
128:
127:
86:
84:
77:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:Child slavery
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:'s and other
2450:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:to repay the
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
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2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2279:
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2268:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:Ghana Studies
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
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1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
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1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Slave catcher
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
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1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Forced labour
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
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1600:
1597:
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1580:
1576:
1573:
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1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:Abolitionists
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
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1479:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
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1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
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1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
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1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:comfort women
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:Chukri System
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Latin America
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
955:interregional
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:prison labour
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:United States
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
853:
852:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:White slavery
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Slave raiding
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
679:Corvée labour
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
576:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Abbasid harem
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:Barbary Coast
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
260:
259:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:Forced labour
142:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
103:
99:
93:
92:
85:
76:
75:
66:
56:
52:
47:
43:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3100:Human rights
3095:Child labour
3059:, 2(1), 1–6.
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2644:Gadri, p. 7.
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2461:
2458:
2453:human rights
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2234:In the 1990s
2225:
2222:In the 1980s
2213:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1866:
1865:
1762:Slave patrol
1599:Freedom suit
1575:Sierra Leone
1565:Colonization
1481:Abolitionism
1461:Baháʼí Faith
1434:Christianity
1384:Saudi Arabia
1240:Penal Labour
1205:Blackbirding
1111:Debt bondage
1099:penal system
925:Contemporary
915:Field slaves
903:U.S. Natives
862:South Africa
733:Galley slave
706:Slave market
696:House slaves
669:Blackbirding
647:Conscription
571:21st century
534:Umm al-walad
378:Muslim world
347:Emancipation
251:Wage slavery
231:Penal labour
209:Wife selling
199:Bride buying
184:Conscription
174:Child Labour
167:Contemporary
116:
107:
88:
60:
48:for details.
37:
33:
2228:Mark Wisdom
2158:A. B. Ellis
1777:court cases
1654: [
1604:Slave Power
1592:Manumission
1439:Catholicism
1314:Afghanistan
1055:Puerto Rico
967:The Bahamas
945:Slave codes
748:Shanghaiing
738:Impressment
630:Slave Coast
510:Qajar harem
470:Concubinage
443:slave trade
110:August 2020
63:August 2020
3074:Categories
2502:References
2216:Gold Coast
1891:Ewe people
1792:J.Q. Adams
1782:Washington
1752:Slave name
1701:convention
1676:Common law
1049:Encomienda
845:Seychelles
830:Mauritania
753:Slave ship
620:Panyarring
615:New France
264:Historical
2749:Rouster,
2736:Rouster,
2720:Rouster,
2564:Rouster,
2317:adherents
2286:The word
1887:atonement
1787:Jefferson
1444:Mormonism
1379:Palestine
1193:Australia
1123:Indonesia
1014:Lei Áurea
997:Code Noir
977:Caribbean
950:Treatment
689:Treatment
662:Devshirme
524:Odalisque
342:In Russia
283:Babylonia
271:Antiquity
98:talk page
53: or
46:talk page
2375:trouble.
2307:loanword
2196:In Ghana
2162:Khebioso
2072:Devadasi
2006:woryokwe
1994:woryokwe
1963:woryokoe
1959:fiashidi
1927:voodoosi
1923:woryokwe
1919:fiashidi
1819:Iron bit
1809:40 acres
1772:breeding
1587:Freedman
1422:Religion
1282:Portugal
1167:Thailand
1157:Maldives
1152:Malaysia
1145:Kwalliso
1089:Booi Aha
1041:Restavek
1021:Colombia
992:Trinidad
982:Barbados
872:Zanzibar
820:Ethiopia
701:Saqaliba
595:Database
546:Saqaliba
307:Ancillae
137:a series
135:Part of
91:disputed
44:See the
3080:Rituals
3023:Trokosi
2766:, p. 1.
2555:, p. 2.
2473:Devdasi
2372:Troxovi
2367:Trokosi
2356:Trokosi
2332:Trovivo
2302:trokosi
2289:trokosi
2190:vodunsi
2182:trokosi
2145:eunuchs
2114:, from
2079:Reasons
2054:trokosi
2050:trokosi
2046:trokosi
2042:trokosi
2037:trokosi
2030:trokosi
2018:trokosi
2014:trokosi
1979:trokosi
1975:trokosi
1967:trokosi
1951:trokosi
1915:trokosi
1893:in the
1797:Lincoln
1670:Related
1570:Liberia
1456:Judaism
1394:Tunisia
1369:Morocco
1359:Lebanon
1324:Bahrain
1319:Algeria
1287:Romania
1252:Denmark
1245:Slavery
1179:Vietnam
850:Somalia
840:Nigeria
815:Comoros
743:Pirates
652:Ghilman
585:Bristol
475:history
448:pirates
337:History
226:Peonage
149:slavery
2395:work:
2365:Those
2349:Tronua
2166:kosiwo
1955:vudusi
1931:vudusi
1921:, and
1877:, and
1718:owners
1354:Kuwait
1349:Jordan
1302:Sweden
1292:Russia
1277:Poland
1272:Norway
1094:Laogai
1079:Brunei
1074:Bhutan
1036:revolt
1009:Brazil
972:Canada
935:partus
920:female
805:Angola
674:Coolie
657:Mamluk
610:Nantes
590:Brazil
519:Cariye
354:Thrall
322:Kholop
288:Greece
2753:p. 6.
2740:p. 5.
2724:p. 4.
2568:p. 2.
2481:Nepal
2477:India
2186:vodun
2178:ahosi
2173:ahosi
2150:Ahosi
2140:Ahosi
2136:ahosi
2112:ahosi
2002:yokwe
1895:Volta
1879:Benin
1871:Ghana
1745:songs
1740:films
1658:]
1614:songs
1451:Islam
1429:Bible
1404:Yemen
1399:Qatar
1389:Syria
1364:Libya
1329:Egypt
1297:Spain
1267:Malta
1140:Korea
1128:Japan
1106:India
1084:China
1031:Haiti
891:Aztec
867:Sudan
835:Niger
727:Naval
600:Dutch
529:Qiyan
515:Jarya
490:Harem
332:Serfs
278:Egypt
3021:The
2479:and
1990:kosi
1961:", "
1957:", "
1953:", "
1875:Togo
1696:laws
1558:U.S.
1553:U.K.
1491:U.S.
1486:U.K.
1374:Oman
1344:Iraq
1339:Iran
1026:Cuba
930:maps
825:Mali
810:Chad
396:Baqt
293:Rome
189:Debt
147:and
2475:in
2449:NGO
2360:Tro
2339:Tro
2328:Tro
2324:Tro
2315:Tro
2294:Ewe
2132:shi
2130:or
2124:aho
2116:aho
1998:won
1986:tro
1929:or
1899:Fon
3076::
2953:^
2874:^
2729:^
2609:4.
2351:);
2334:);
2309:.
2128:si
2120:si
1917:,
1901:.
1873:,
1656:fa
139:on
3066:.
2341:(
1855:e
1848:t
1841:v
1051:)
1047:(
517:/
392:
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
104:.
94:.
65:)
61:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
