685:. They rely on primary sources for their material, making analytic or evaluative claims about them. For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research. Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but where it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source about those experiences. A book review too can be an opinion, summary, or scholarly review.
746:, especially when primary or secondary sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others. Within any given tertiary source, some entries may be more reliable than others. Knowledge (XXG) articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Knowledge (XXG) articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Knowledge (XXG) itself (see
1508:; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; medieval and ancient works, even if they cite earlier known or lost writings; tomb plaques and gravestones; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
1595:; book reviews should be considered as supporting sources in articles about books. Avoid using book reviews as reliable sources for the topics covered in the book. A book review is intended to be an independent review of the book, the author, and related writing issues, not a secondary source for the topics covered within the book. For definitions of book reviews:
58:
520:. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and avoid novel interpretations of primary sources. All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge (XXG) editors.
868:
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528:, and should be discussed on article talk pages. A source may be considered primary for one statement but secondary for a different one. Even a given source can contain both primary and secondary source material for one particular statement. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:
121:
331:, determines the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the
569:. An account of a traffic incident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the event; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment conducted by the author is a primary source for the outcome of that experiment. For Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes, breaking news stories are also
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Source information does not need to be in prose form: any form of information, such as maps, charts, graphs, and tables may be used to provide source information. Any straightforward reading of such media is not original research provided that there is consensus among editors that the techniques used
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must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show that your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you
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The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its
1602:
Virginia Tech
University Libraries provides the following definition: "A book review is an article that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or scholarly work that describes and evaluates a book.... Reviews differ from literary critiques of books. Critiques explore the style and themes used by an
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By "exist", the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still existâsomewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable onlineâeven if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully
300:
exist even for material that is never challenged. For example, the statement "the capital of France is Paris" does not require a source to be cited, nor is it original research, because it's not something you thought up and it is easily verifiable; therefore, no one is likely to object to it and we
1535:
offers this definition: "Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs). They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the
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Further examples of primary sources include: archeological artifacts; census results; video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, etc.; investigative reports; trial/litigation in any country (including material â which relates to either the trial or to any of the parties involved in the
1177:
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy
1581:
The Ithaca
College Library's page on primary and secondary sources compares research articles to review articles. Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary
860:
Here are two paragraphs showing more complex examples of editorial synthesis. They are based on an actual
Knowledge (XXG) article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. This first paragraph is fine because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that
795:
Do not combine material from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable
461:
in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages or on passing comments. Any passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source.
615:
to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge. For example, an article about a musician may cite discographies and track listings published by the record label, and an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary
1632:
Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: "Some who completely understand why
Knowledge (XXG) ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to
564:
are original materials that are close to an event, and are often accounts written by people who are directly involved. They offer an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. Primary sources may or may not be
906:
The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. Making the second paragraph policy-compliant would require a reliable source
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has published the same argument concerning the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article.
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reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any individual editor to research
1200:
If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, thenâwhether it's true or not, whether you can prove it, or notâit doesn't belong in
Knowledge (XXG), except perhaps in some ancillary article. Knowledge (XXG) is not the place for original
731:
that summarize, and often quote, primary and secondary sources. Knowledge (XXG) is considered to be a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources.
449:
As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable. See
899:
manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The
Harvard manual does not call violating this rule "plagiarism". Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing
599:
of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. While a primary source is generally the best source for its own contents, even over a summary of the primary source elsewhere, do not put
1542:
offers this definition: "A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of
1016:
Faithfully translating sourced material into
English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see
523:
Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary, or tertiary sources are appropriate in any given instance is a matter of good editorial judgment and
141:. Articles must not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that reaches or implies a conclusion not clearly stated by the sources themselves. Simple calculations are not original research, see
2048:
959:
Because of copyright laws in several countries, there are relatively few images available for use on
Knowledge (XXG). Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under appropriate
816:
Here are two sentences showing simple examples of improper editorial synthesis. Both halves of the first sentence may be reliably sourced but are combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace.
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points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, editors must provide context for this point of view by indicating how prevalent the position is and whether it is held by a majority or minority.
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to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to
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trial â published/authored by any involved party, before, during or after the trial); editorials, op-eds, columns, blogs, and other opinion pieces, including (depending on context) reviews and interviews
875:
Smith stated that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.
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be verifiable before you can add it. The policy says that all challenged or likely to be challenged material and all quotations need a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described at
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Mathematical literacy may be necessary to follow a "routine" calculation, particularly for articles on mathematics or in the hard sciences. In some cases, editors may show their work in a footnote.
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Book reviews may be found listed under separate sections within a news source or might be embedded within larger news reports. Having multiple coverages in book reviews is considered one of the
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1237:
1409:
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2542:
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in the source so that using this source to support the material is not a violation of this policy against original research. For questions about where and how to place citations, see
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Outside
Knowledge (XXG), original research is a key part of scholarly work. However, Knowledge (XXG) editors must base their contributions on reliable, published sources, not their
1335:
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can be found on a topic, Knowledge (XXG) should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Knowledge (XXG) is not the place to announce such a discovery.
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meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what the sources express or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material
840:
In this second sentence, the opposite is implied using the same material, illustrating how easily such material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:
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695:: Knowledge (XXG) articles usually rely on material from reliable secondary sources. Articles may make an analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic claim
854:
The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.
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defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event".
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1532:
1520:, such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches;
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The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.
968:, the core reason behind the "No original research" policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.
911:. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source concerning the topic before it can be published on Knowledge (XXG).
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Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. References must be cited in context and on topic.
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analyze, evaluate, interpret, or synthesize material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so.
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Comparisons of statistics present particular difficulties. Editors should not compare statistics from sources that use different methodologies.
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source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be improper editorial
742:: Reliable tertiary sources can help provide broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources and may help evaluate
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If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with references to commonly accepted reference texts;
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add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Knowledge (XXG) a primary source of that material.
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265:. To demonstrate that you are not adding original research, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are
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provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains
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specifically commenting on the Smith and Jones dispute and making the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism
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While it is a tertiary source, Knowledge (XXG) is not considered a reliable source for Knowledge (XXG) articles; see
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Princeton's Wordnet 2011 defines book review as "a critical review of a book (usually, a recently published book)".
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1100:, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, is almost always permissible. See also
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320:. Rewriting source material in your own words while retaining the substance is not considered original research.
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If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard
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and other pages which evaluate article content and sources, such as deletion discussions or policy noticeboards.
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Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event". They offer as examples:
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researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period".
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If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
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says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything
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or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research,
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Do not base an entire article on primary sources, and be cautious about basing large passages on them.
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rather than by the personal beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is
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among editors that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the
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The inclusion of a view that is held by only a tiny minority may constitute original research.
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Knowledge (XXG) is fundamentally built on research that has been collected and organized from
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The prohibition against original research means that all material added to articles must be
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A primary source may be used on Knowledge (XXG) only to make straightforward, descriptive
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may be used in Knowledge (XXG), but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them.
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A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is present
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If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.
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323:"No original research" (NOR) is one of three core content policies that, along with
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know that sources exist for it even if they are not cited. The statement is verifi
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so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments
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exists. This includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that
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Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is
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to be primary sources. Historical documents such as diaries are as well.
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that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.
681:
of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources.
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Magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses
1490:
provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.
1617:
WP:Verifiability § Knowledge (XXG) and sources that mirror or use it
1528:, such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, and pottery.
415:
supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see
372:, as described in content policies such as this one. If no reliable
551:"WP:PRIMARY" redirects here. For the article naming guideline, see
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are correctly applied and a meaningful reflection of the sources.
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WP:Biographies of living persons § Avoid misuse of primary sources
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means materialâsuch as facts, allegations, and ideasâfor which no
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This second paragraph demonstrates improper editorial synthesis:
73:
It describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should
1870:
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However, note that higher standards than this are required for
1696:. University of California, Berkeley Libraries. Archived from
1234:âdiscussions of specific article content suspected of being OR
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must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.
951:
WP:Manual of Style/Images § Pertinence and encyclopedic nature
115:
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use it out of context, or to state or imply a conclusion not
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YouTube video demonstrating the dangers of original research
1524:, such as art, drama, films, music, novels, and poetry; and
247:
Knowledge (XXG) articles must not contain original research.
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1400:
Using maps and similar sources in Knowledge (XXG) articles
1356:
When to cite § When a source or citation may not be needed
1317:âlists other warning templates related to OR, among others
800:
of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is
683:
Secondary sources are not necessarily independent sources
263:
reaches or implies a conclusion not stated by the sources
30:"WP:NOR" redirects here. For the Norway WikiProject, see
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Lead section § Citations
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1843:, mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
1675:. University of Nevada, Reno Libraries. Archived from
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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Textâsource integrity
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Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources § News organizations
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it has been published by a reliable secondary source.
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Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using primary sources
280:
in a reliable, published source, even if not already
2211:
Do not disrupt Knowledge (XXG) to illustrate a point
1768:. Virginia Tech University Libraries. Archived from
416:
312:
Despite the need for reliable sources, you must not
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37:"WP:OR" redirects here. For WikiProject Oregon, see
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1271:âto warn of original research in an article section
1657:. University of Maryland Libraries. Archived from
679:analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis
1452:compliant with this policyâso long as there is a
1238:Knowledge (XXG) is not for things made up one day
955:WP:Image use policy § Image titles and file names
727:are publications such as encyclopedias and other
2049:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources
1309:analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic
46:Knowledge (XXG):No original research/Noticeboard
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864:
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65:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG)
44:For raising issues with specific articles, see
1424:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request
1882:
1283:âinline tag used to warn of original research
752:Category:WikiProject Knowledge (XXG) articles
215:
8:
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1621:WP:Reliable sources § User-generated content
1570:University of California, Berkeley Libraries
1533:University of California, Berkeley Libraries
1395:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields
504:Knowledge (XXG) articles should be based on
2543:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
1714:. Duke University Libraries. Archived from
1410:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue
1147:Knowledge (XXG)'s content is determined by
613:verified by any educated person with access
422:In general, the most reliable sources are:
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1307:âused in talk/noticeboards to remind that
971:It is not acceptable for an editor to use
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208:
150:
133:. All material in Knowledge (XXG) must be
77:follow. Changes made to it should reflect
1655:"Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources"
1336:Identifying and using independent sources
142:
1732:. Ithaca College Library. Archived from
1447:
1445:
804:. "A and B, therefore, C" is acceptable
1646:
1441:
583:: Unless restricted by another policy,
466:Primary, secondary and tertiary sources
153:
1385:Identifying and using tertiary sources
1295:âused to warn of unpublished synthesis
1222:Conflict of interest § Citing yourself
1019:WP:Verifiability § Non-English sources
1341:Identifying and using primary sources
1173:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view
429:Books published by university presses
294:challenged or likely to be challenged
7:
1694:"Finding Historical Primary Sources"
1555:Any exceptional claim would require
978:Knowledge (XXG):Files for discussion
638:when handling primary sources about
2702:List of all policies and guidelines
1836:, mailing list, September 26, 2003.
1161:WP:Verifiability § Reliable sources
2741:Summaries of values and principles
2582:
2420:
2183:
2009:
1804:": --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--"
1802:Wales, Jimmy (29 September 2003).
1380:Identifying and using style guides
1259:âused to warn of original research
457:Information in an article must be
39:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Oregon
32:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Norway
25:
787:Knowledge (XXG):What SYNTH is not
131:does not publish original thought
2768:Knowledge (XXG) content policies
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2226:Please do not bite the newcomers
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1945:
1850:, mailing list, December 3, 2004
1783:Wales, Jimmy (6 December 2004).
1488:University of Maryland Libraries
1311:claims require secondary sources
1232:No original research noticeboard
1149:previously published information
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402:Knowledge (XXG):Reliable sources
333:No original research noticeboard
269:to the topic of the article and
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1730:"Primary and secondary sources"
1346:These are not original research
1330:Core content policies § History
988:Translations and transcriptions
761:Synthesis of published material
586:Primary sources that have been
1829:, mailing list, July 12, 2003.
1471:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources
338:This policy does not apply to
273:the material being presented.
1:
2773:Knowledge (XXG) verifiability
2236:Responding to threats of harm
1978:Biographies of living persons
1712:"How to Find Primary Sources"
1593:notability criteria for books
1227:No original research examples
1125:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability
1102:Category:Conversion templates
915:What is not original research
512:, and to a lesser extent, on
398:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability
186:Biographies of living persons
2303:Criteria for speedy deletion
2172:Paid-contribution disclosure
861:refers to the same dispute:
1973:What Knowledge (XXG) is not
1673:"What is a Primary Source?"
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1429:The Knowledge (XXG) Library
406:Any material challenged or
196:What Knowledge (XXG) is not
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1514:University of Nevada, Reno
1315:Template messages/Disputes
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1540:Duke University Libraries
1266:Original research section
962:Creative Commons licenses
500:Knowledge (XXG):Published
2763:Knowledge (XXG) policies
1841:"NPOV and 'new physics'"
1834:"NPOV and 'new physics'"
982:Images of living persons
748:Category:Knowledge (XXG)
318:violate their copyrights
127:This page in a nutshell:
2679:Licensing and copyright
1899:policies and guidelines
1810:. Wikimedia Foundation.
1791:. Wikimedia Foundation.
1754:. Princeton University.
1375:Dictionaries as sources
413:directly and explicitly
408:likely to be challenged
1454:reasonable expectation
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452:self-published sources
426:Peer-reviewed journals
243:
143:§ Routine calculations
2674:Friendly space policy
2464:Broad-concept article
1968:Neutral point of view
1808:WikiEN-l Mailing List
1789:WikiEN-l Mailing List
1167:Neutral point of view
490:Further information:
438:Mainstream newspapers
396:Further information:
325:Neutral point of view
237:
166:Neutral point of view
27:Wikimedia policy page
2241:Talk page guidelines
2201:Conflict of interest
2142:Ownership of content
1987:Copyright violations
1963:No original research
1897:Knowledge (XXG) key
1052:Routine calculations
897:Writing with Sources
386:stick to the sources
305:, even if not verifi
290:verifiability policy
171:No original research
2137:No personal attacks
2059:Don't create hoaxes
1848:"Original research"
1785:"Original research"
1679:on 9 February 2007.
1661:on 1 February 2013.
1557:exceptional sources
1526:relics or artifacts
609:statements of facts
589:reputably published
567:independent sources
374:independent sources
360:WP:STICKTOTHESOURCE
2732:List of guidelines
2553:Template namespace
2231:Courtesy vanishing
2206:Disruptive editing
2152:Dispute resolution
1772:on 5 January 2013.
1752:WordNet Search 3.1
1736:on 6 October 2013.
1518:original documents
1323:Supplemental pages
1190:has said of this:
973:photo manipulation
646:, which is policy.
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2196:Assume good faith
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1827:Crackpot articles
1718:on 13 March 2012.
1603:author or genre."
1351:What SYNTH is not
1254:Original research
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