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crown, with some seed carried by the wind and water. Dissemination occurs mostly in spring and summer, while natural flooding occurs during winter and spring. As the tree is inextricably linked with waterways, seed dispersion would logically be facilitated by floodwater. There is some contention in this theory, however, where the CSIRO describes an experiment that demonstrated seeds were found to sink after only 36 hours. It would also seem that as the seeding and flooding do not entirely coincide, it could be inferred that the conditions for germination, such as damp soil and plenty of sunlight, are more important in the continuation of the species than seed dispersal by means of floodwater. Seeding during the flooding season would prevent desiccation of the seed, which is the main cause of a seed's failure to reproduce. Despite this apparent evolutionary advantage of the species living near watercourses to avoid seed desiccation, many seeds will be produced within an
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856:. Unfortunately most snags have been removed from these rivers, beginning in the 1850s, due to river-improvement strategies designed to prevent hazards to navigation, reduce damage to in-stream structures, rejuvenate or scour channels, and increase hydraulic capacity to reduce flooding. However, the Murray–Darling Basin Commission has recognised the importance of snags as aquatic habitat, and a moratorium on their removal from the Murray River has been recommended.
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and sleepers, more recently it has been recognised in craft furniture for its spectacular deep red colour and typical fiddleback figure. It needs careful selection, as it tends to be quite reactive to changes in humidity (moves about a lot in service). It is quite hard, dense (about 900 kg/m (1,500 lb/cu yd)), can take a fine polish and carves well. It is a popular timber for wood turners, particularly if old and well-seasoned.
307:. The bark is smooth white or cream-coloured with patches of yellow, pink or brown. There are often loose, rough slabs of bark near the base. The juvenile leaves are lance-shaped, 80–180 mm (3.1–7.1 in) long and 13–25 mm (0.51–0.98 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same dull green or greyish green colour on both sides, 50–300 mm (2.0–11.8 in) long and 7–32 mm (0.28–1.26 in) wide on a
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that depend on the tree for their own survival. These changes include grazing, and water regulation for irrigation purposes. For example, grazing reduces the ability of the species to regenerate, as stock eat or trample the seedlings. However, grazing may aid regeneration by removing thick ground cover.
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Regulation causes flooding to be decreased during the winter and spring months, and water more consistently flows during the summer and autumn months. Since the river red gum disperses its seed during spring, regulating the water may affect the species' ability to disperse using water as a dispersing
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The primary result of the Cadell Fault however is that the west-flowing water of the Murray River strikes the north-south running fault and diverts both north and south around the fault in the two main channels (Edwards and ancestral
Goulburn) as well as a fan of small streams, and regularly floods a
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River red gums contribute to the provision of nutrients and energy for other species through leaf and insect fall. This is especially important to the ecology in areas of low nutrients. The tree's preferred habitat of floodplains and watercourses also gives it the role of flood mitigator, which slows
1021:
River red gum seeds germinate readily after floods and require regular spring floods throughout their life to survive. In the Murray-Darling Basin, such floods are now rare due to river regulation for irrigation, and as a result, 75% of River red gums in the lower Murray are stressed, dead or dying.
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Red gum is so named for its brilliant red wood, which can range from a light pink through to almost black, depending on the age and weathering. It is somewhat brittle and is often cross-grained, making hand working difficult. Traditionally used in rot resistant applications like stumps, fence posts
1059:
which exists today and through which much of the Murray River's waters still flow. Then the natural dam on the
Goulburn River failed, the lake drained, and the Murray River abruptly deviated to the south and started to flow through the smaller Goulburn River channel, creating "The Barmah Choke" and
1157:
The predilection of the river red gum for waterways has been a successful evolutionary niche. This has resulted in a large population and range for the species, and so it is not considered endangered. Changes in its habitat, however, could be detrimental not just for the tree, but also for species
847:
The association of the river red gum with water makes the tree a natural habitat choice, indeed sometimes the only choice in drier areas, for other species. The trees provide a breeding habitat for fish during the flooding season, which also benefits aquatic bird life that depend on fish as a food
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Infrequent flooding due to water regulation provides inadequate water to recharge the floodplain subsoils that river red gums depend on. This will result in stunted tree growth, death of existing trees, and poor conditions for seed germination. Lack of flooding in floodplain areas will change the
1137:
is important in supporting the ecology of its habitat through providing food, and shelter for breeding. Culturally, the species is an iconic part of
Australia. Its leaves have appeared on Australian stamps and is widely recognised due to its widespread range. The use of the waterways for seasonal
995:
After flowering, the stamens will detach. The fruit is the part of the flower that remains after fertilisation, which enlarges, dries, and becomes woody. Triangular valves in the fruit will open, dispersing yellow, cuboid seeds. When seeds are shed from a tree, most fall onto the ground below the
1121:
5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) planted) (NAS, 1980a). Plantations occur in
Argentina, Arizona, Brazil, Burkina Faso, California, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Uruguay, and Zimbabwe. The areas of significance to
259:
to
Australia. It is a tree with smooth white or cream-coloured bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and hemispherical fruit with the valves extending beyond the rim. A familiar and iconic tree, it is seen along many watercourses across
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The species can be found along the banks of watercourses, as well as the floodplains of those watercourses. Due to the proximity to these watercourses, river red gum is subject to regular flooding in its natural habitat. River red gum prefers soils with clay content. The trees not only rely on
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During flowering, pollen from the anthers can fall onto the stigma. This can occasionally lead to self-pollination, although the stigma does not become receptive until a few days after the operculum has been detached by the expanding stamens, and the flower's pollen has already been released.
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It has been recognised since around the early 1980s that managing water more effectively would ensure the maintenance of river red gum habitat. Water management would include the removal of subsidies for irrigation, issuing water licenses, and the flooding of forests in suitable seasons.
1043:. (Though these species are currently not under threat.) The increasing scale of logging machinery is creating large areas of intensive soil disturbance and bare earth, which is likely to increase weed invasion and increase the likelihood of the extinction of rare understorey plants.
862:
start to form at around 120–180 years of age, creating habitat for many wildlife species, including a range of breeding and roosting animals such as bats, carpet pythons, and birds. The dense foliage of the tree also provides shade and shelter from the sun in drier areas.
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The largest remaining stand of river red gum is the 65,000 ha (160,000 acres) Barmah-Millewa forest straddling the border of
Victoria and New South Wales, due north of Melbourne. It retains enormous cultural significance to the Indigenous traditional owners, the
930:
plant; they are the subject of weed management programs. Its ability to tolerate drought and soil salinity, together with its prolific seed production, and capacity to reproduce when very young, mean that it is highly adaptable, and it has been declared invasive in
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large amount of low-lying country in the area. These conditions are perfect for river red gums, which rapidly formed forests in the area. Thus the displacement of the Cadell Fault 25,000 years BP led directly to the formation of the Barmah river red gum forests.
1165:
agent, especially in floodplain red gum forests. Natural water run-off can also be affected, leaving some trees permanently flooded due to the build-up of water behind dams, or the permanent water flow. Neither can seeds germinate in constantly flooded areas.
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About 25,000 years ago, displacement occurred along the Cadell fault, raising the eastern edge of the fault (which runs north-south) 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) above the floodplain. This created a complex series of events. A section of the original
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Nation. Like many stands of river red gum, the Barmah-Millewa has been drastically altered by over 100 years of timber harvesting. There is a paucity of old hollow-bearing trees which provide habitat for rare and threatened fauna such as the
988:, are contained in ovary chambers. These chambers are separated from the receptacle containing the male parts by a disc. From the top of the ovaries a structure called the style extends into the receptacle, to form the stigma.
323:
2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. Mature buds are oval to more or less spherical, green to creamy yellow, 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a prominently beaked
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source during their own breeding season. Wilson, who examined the management of river red gums in NSW, suggests shelter is provided for fish in rivers and streams by fallen branches from the river red gum. The "
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suitability of river red gum habitat as a breeding ground and food source for other species. Indeed, extinctions of some species have already occurred in river red gum habitats in the Murray-Darling catchment.
365:. The most variable character is the shape and size of the operculum, followed by the arrangement of the stamens in the mature buds and the density of veins visible in the leaves. The subspecies are:
335:
The limbs of river red gums, sometimes whole trees, often fall without warning so that camping or picnicking near them is dangerous, especially if a tree has dead limbs or the tree is under stress.
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has the widest natural distribution of any eucalyptus species. It is commonly found along waterways and there are only a few locations where the species is found away from a watercourse.
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Fertilisation will therefore occur with other flowers on the same tree or other flowers on a different tree. Insects, birds, and small mammals help in the pollination of other flowers.
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has the widest distribution of the subspecies and is found in all mainland states except
Victoria. It grows in arid regions but only where there is sufficient subsoil moisture.
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1342:
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has mature flower buds that are small with a conical operculum 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and broad juvenile leaves that are usually covered with a powdery bloom;
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2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long with the valves raised above the rim.
2453:
Gippel, C. J.; O'Neill, I.; Finlayson, B. L; Schnatz, I. (1996). "Hydraulic guidelines for the re-introduction and management of large woody debris in lowland rivers".
1386:
852:" formed when river red gums fall into rivers such as the Glenelg, are an important part of river ecosystems, and vital habitat and breeding sites for native fish like
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was dammed by the southern end of the fault to create a natural lake. The Murray River flowed to the north around the Cadell Fault, creating the channel of the
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has mature flower buds with a pointed operculum 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and erect stamens and broadly lance-shaped or egg-shaped juvenile leaves;
516:
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forest before one will grow to its own reproducing stage. A gap in the forest must be available for the germinated seed to receive adequate sunlight.
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In regards to water regulation, there are two problems. One is the timing of the water flow, and the other is the minimisation of natural flooding.
1080:
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has bluish green adult leaves with only a few veins and mature flowers buds with a curved to rounded operculum 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long;
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3367:
3337:
3074:
2999:
2890:
1747:
2426:
Dexter, B. D.; Rose, H. J.; Davies, N. (1986). "River regulation and associated forest management problems in the River Murray red gum forests".
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The formation of the noted Barmah red gum forests is due to a relatively recent geological event in the Murray-Darling Basin involving the
303:
is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 metres (66 ft) but sometimes to 45 metres (148 ft) and often does not develop a
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809:
485:
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3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs in summer and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical
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The wood makes fine charcoal, and is successfully used in Brazil for iron and steel production. In addition, this plant is used for
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has white, powdery bark in some months and mature flower buds with a curved, conical operculum 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long;
1274:
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recreation also occurs within the habitat of the river red gum, again due their fundamental link to watercourses and floodplains.
805:
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in Brazil and
Australia. Recently, it has been used to produce decks (Patagonian cherry) and wooden floors (Andean cherry).
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8–33 mm (0.31–1.30 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or sometimes eleven, in leaf
1060:"The Narrows" (where the river channel is unusually narrow), before entering into the proper Murray River channel again.
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It is also popular for use as firewood. Significant amounts of
Victoria and NSW's firewood comes from red gums in the
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channel immediately behind the fault was abandoned, and exists today as an empty channel known as Green Gully. The
528:
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973:, two pollen sacs located at the top of the stamen. The anther sacs open into longitudinal slits to release their
271:
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500:, and was grown there for about one hundred years before being removed in the 1920s. Herbarium specimen of the
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has a strongly beaked operculum, incurved or irregularly bent stamens and narrow lance-shaped juvenile leaves;
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1997:
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is mainly restricted to some rivers on Cape York
Peninsula, but with some populations further south.
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The dry river beds of central Australia have sufficient underground water flow to sustain the trees.
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488:) near the Camaldoli monastery in Naples, where Frederick Dehnhardt was the chief gardener. The
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region, along rivers flowing westwards, including along some of the tributaries of the upper
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248:
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rainfall but also on regular flooding, since flooding recharges the sub-soil with water.
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1826:
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A view down the Murray River – every tree pictured is a river red gum.
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inland Australia, providing shade in the extreme temperatures of central Australia.
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2343:
The Flooded Gum Trees: Land Use and Management of River Red Gums in New South Wales
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is endemic to tropical northern Australia, including parts of the Kimberley, the
3100:
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1027:
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377:
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was engraved for a stamp in 1936 to commemorate the centenary of foundation of
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1111:
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specimen was grown in the gardens from seed presumably collected in 1817 near
304:
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17:
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2467:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199603)12:2/3<223::AID-RRR391>3.0.CO;2-#
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include agricultural, ecological, cultural, and recreational significance.
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published a description of von Mueller's specimens, formalising the name
501:
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472:. has a horn-shaped operculum 9–16 mm (0.35–0.63 in) long.
312:
926:, has become naturalised via garden escapees and introduction as a
515:, his book was largely unknown to the botanical community. In 1847
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2616:
2287:. Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre. 2017.
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108:
2285:
Miriwoong Woorlang Yawoorronga-woor - a Miriwoong Lexicon for all
456:
has very glossy green adult leaves with a dense network of veins;
319:
5–28 mm (0.20–1.10 in) long, the individual flowers on
2903:
2754:
2181:
1701:. Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research
1133:. Apiarists also use the tree’s flowers for honey production.
874:, is amongst the bird species that nest in the river red gum.
762:
is endemic to South Australia, where it grows in the northern
2646:
Chippendale, G. M.; Johnston, R. D. (1969). Kelly, S. (ed.).
1117:
It is one of the most widely planted eucalypts in the world (
2738:
Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University
2580:. Vol. 1 South-eastern Australia. Sydney: Inkata Press.
922:
and other countries. The species, while native to parts of
564:
Northern Territory Aboriginal names for this species are:
2345:. Sydney: Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales.
1456:
A river red gum in a bend of the Murrumbidgee River near
751:
in New South Wales. It is the only subspecies in coastal
2375:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
1791:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
731:
river system and its tributaries. It also occurs on the
958:
The flower begins as an "invaginated receptacle". The
511:
Although Dehnhardt was the first to formally describe
1185:
Placard for "The Queen's Tree", Kings Park, Perth, WA
713:
but is absent from coastal areas and the arid inland.
1571:
Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019).
2763:
2520:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685072A130018368.en
1129:The speed of growth of the tree makes it a useful
1596:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61909812A61909824.en
1541:Mackay, Norman and David Eastburn (eds) 1990.
1408:River red gums; the Murrumbidgee River in flood.
1380:A 700-year-old tree at the Wonga Wetlands, NSW.
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2571:
2569:
1545:. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
977:. These filaments will extend to encircle the
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2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
557:recognised Dehnhardt's priority and the name
484:) is a reference to a private estate garden (
8:
2484:. Canberra: Murray–Darling Basin Commission.
965:The male parts of the flower consist of the
541:labelled some specimens of river red gum as
1771:
1769:
1197:- one of the largest river red gums in the
2751:
2576:Brooker, M. I. H.; Kleinig, D. A. (1990).
1444:"The Queen's Tree", Kings Park, Perth, WA.
70:
40:
31:
2518:
2455:Regulated Rivers: Research and Management
2123:
2121:
1594:
527:) because it had already been applied by
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1392:Many river red gums on the banks of the
1081:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
361:have been described and accepted by the
346:was first formally described in 1832 by
286:
278:
262:
1855:Catalogus Plantarum Horti Camaldulensis
1563:
1335:
1270:
1004:Formation of the Barmah red gum forests
352:Catalogus Plantarum Horti Camaldulensis
2598:Penfold, A. R.; Willis, J. L. (1961).
2539:
2537:
1641:
1639:
1201:, with a circumference of 11.6 metres;
3318:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1246:, Perth Western Australia in 1954 by
697:is common along rivers from south of
531:to a different species (now known as
7:
3272:b81ef7c6-89a0-45d7-9b2b-cebb16c7033a
3155:58c8a790-11ce-4af2-8a16-7f3b780255f8
1754:. State Herbarium of South Australia
1221:- Where celebrations were held when
1189:Examples of river red gums include:
984:The female parts of the flower, the
2680:Australian Plants on Postage Stamps
2650:(1st ed.). Melbourne: Nelson.
2627:. CSIRO-Water for a Healthy Country
2506:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1582:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
727:is the dominant eucalypt along the
1858:(2nd ed.). Naples. p. 20
25:
2161:: CSIRO Publishing. p. 320.
1348:A river red gum near Bolin Bolin
886:The global weed compendium lists
523:but the name was illegitimate (a
504:is deposited in the herbarium of
350:who published the description in
3220:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592777-1
2544:The Global Compendium of Weeds:
2400:. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
2373:. Western Australian Government
1789:. Western Australian Government
1654:. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
1472:
1449:
1437:
1413:
1401:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1341:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1250:on her first visit to Australia.
766:and the northern Eyre Peninsula.
747:and in some locations along the
662:is the name of this tree in the
561:for river red gum was accepted.
506:Natural History Museum of Vienna
486:L'Hortus Camaldulensis di Napoli
441:) Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
95:
3363:Flora of the Northern Territory
2495:BirdLife International (2018).
2302:Flooded Forest and Desert Creek
2265:. Northern Territory Government
2263:Northern Territory Flora Online
1646:Brooker, M. Ian; Slee, Andrew.
1261:Features of the river red gum (
3373:Trees of Mediterranean climate
3368:Trees of mild maritime climate
3338:Eucalypts of Western Australia
2440:10.1080/00049158.1986.10674459
2388:Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val.
1699:River red gum, Murray red gum"
1248:Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
1242:The Queen's Tree - Planted in
969:, a slender filament, and the
781:hinterland as far east as the
454:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
424:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
396:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
1:
2743:Invasive species compendium:
2684:Australian National Herbarium
1852:Dehnhardt, Friedrich (1832).
1728:. Royal Botanic Garden Sydney
1430:Flinders Ranges National Park
1118:
1225:became a separate colony to
707:north west slopes and plains
2730:Atlas of Living Australia:
954:Reproduction and dispersion
517:Diederich von Schlechtendal
3404:
3378:Garden plants of Australia
2482:Draft Fish Management Plan
1337:Examples of river red gums
1007:
519:gave the species the name
3348:Flora of Victoria (state)
2513:: e.T22685072A130018368.
2298:Colloff, Matthew (2014).
2154:Forest Trees of Australia
2068:. Australian Plant Census
2038:. Australian Plant Census
2008:. Australian Plant Census
1978:. Australian Plant Census
1948:. Australian Plant Census
1918:. Australian Plant Census
1888:. Australian Plant Census
1624:. Australian Plant Census
1079:occurrence data from the
783:Gilbert River, Queensland
219:
212:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
48:
39:
34:
3353:Flora of New South Wales
3343:Flora of South Australia
3132:Eucalyptus~camaldulensis
2956:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2891:Eucalyptus_camaldulensis
2852:eucalyptus-camaldulensis
2795:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2765:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2745:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2732:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2674:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2672:"Proclamation Tree, SA,
2623:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2578:Field Guide to Eucalypts
2560:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2546:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2480:Lawrence, B. W. (1991).
2392:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2359:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2253:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2108:The Victorian Naturalist
2094:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2060:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2030:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2000:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1970:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1940:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1910:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1880:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1829:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1779:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1750:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1724:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1693:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1650:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1620:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1589:: e.T61909812A61909824.
1575:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1534:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1396:, south-west Queensland.
1263:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1124:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1077:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
833:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
687:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
674:Distribution and habitat
460:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
447:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
430:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
417:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
402:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
389:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
370:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
344:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
301:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
243:, commonly known as the
240:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
223:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
50:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2707:. River Country Tourism
2602:. London: Leonard Hill.
2227:Eucalyptus longirostris
2151:; Turner, J.D. (2006).
1037:brush-tailed phascogale
543:Eucalyptus longirostris
363:Australian Plant Census
52:in the Wonga Wetlands,
3383:Drought-tolerant trees
1536:Dehnh. River Red Gum.
1235:- Where the colony of
1186:
1096:
1095:Polished red gum table
1083:
840:
683:
292:
284:
276:
268:
3333:Myrtales of Australia
1184:
1153:Population management
1094:
1075:
831:
681:
539:Ferdinand von Mueller
290:
282:
274:
266:
205:E. camaldulensis
2499:Polytelis swainsonii
2307:. CSIRO Publishing.
1521:Barmah National Park
1041:inland carpet python
357:Seven subspecies of
3358:Flora of Queensland
2428:Australian Forestry
2341:Wilson, N. (1995).
2201:Eucalyptus rostrata
1213:Spirit of Endurance
779:Gulf of Carpentaria
699:Cape York Peninsula
553:. Finally in 1934,
521:Eucalyptus rostrata
348:Friedrich Dehnhardt
339:Taxonomy and naming
62:Conservation status
3328:Trees of Australia
2143:; Johnston, R.D.;
1207:- Photographed by
1193:The Big Tree near
1187:
1177:In popular culture
1097:
1084:
981:during flowering.
872:threatened species
841:
796:is endemic to the
684:
664:Miriwoong language
534:Eucalyptus robusta
467:Ian Brooker &
293:
285:
277:
269:
247:, is a species of
3305:
3304:
3176:Open Tree of Life
2757:Taxon identifiers
2137:Chippendale, G.M.
1131:plantation timber
924:Western Australia
537:). In the 1850s,
525:nomen illegitimum
471:
455:
442:
425:
408:
397:
384:
236:
235:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3395:
3388:Ornamental trees
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2752:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2319:
2318:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2229:F.Muell. ex Miq"
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2159:Collingwood, VIC
2157:(5th ed.).
2125:
2116:
2115:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:. Parks Victoria
1801:
1795:
1794:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1687:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1568:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1453:
1441:
1417:
1405:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1345:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1233:The Old Gum Tree
1143:The Old Gum Tree
1135:E. camaldulensis
1120:
998:E. camaldulensis
888:E. camaldulensis
737:Yorke Peninsulas
653:Western Arrernte
585:Eastern Arrernte
559:E. camaldulensis
547:Friedrich Miquel
513:E. camaldulensis
498:Allan Cunningham
478:specific epithet
466:
453:
436:
423:
404:
395:
376:
359:E. camaldulensis
225:
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
44:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3163:Observation.org
3161:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3130:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2759:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2461:(2–3): 223–36.
2452:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2322:
2315:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2186:mirror in JSTOR
2180:
2176:
2169:
2133:Brooker, M.I.H.
2127:
2126:
2119:
2098:E. longirostris
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1529:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1239:was proclaimed;
1237:South Australia
1227:New South Wales
1219:Separation Tree
1209:Harold Cazneaux
1179:
1155:
1147:South Australia
1089:
1070:
1012:
1006:
956:
884:
854:river blackfish
826:
810:Murchison River
764:Flinders Ranges
745:South Australia
741:Kangaroo Island
711:New South Wales
676:
635:, (Waramangu),
601:Pintupi Luritja
555:William Blakely
551:E. longirostris
341:
298:
249:flowering plant
232:
227:
221:
208:
94:
86:
77:Near Threatened
75:
71:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:wfo-0000954597
3286:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3149:
3136:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2800:
2785:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2724:External links
2722:
2719:
2718:
2705:"The Big Tree"
2696:
2663:
2656:
2638:
2605:
2583:
2565:
2550:
2533:
2487:
2472:
2445:
2411:
2380:
2348:
2320:
2313:
2290:
2276:
2242:
2216:
2190:
2174:
2167:
2149:McDonald, M.W.
2141:Hyland, B.P.M.
2117:
2088:Cleland, J. B.
2079:
2049:
2019:
1989:
1959:
1929:
1899:
1869:
1844:
1818:
1796:
1765:
1739:
1712:
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1556:
1555:
1554:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:List of named
1494:
1484:
1483:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1434:
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1216:
1202:
1178:
1175:
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1151:
1088:
1085:
1069:
1066:
1053:Goulburn River
1008:Main article:
1005:
1002:
955:
952:
896:Canary Islands
883:
880:
825:
822:
821:
820:
813:
790:
767:
756:
729:Murray-Darling
721:
714:
675:
672:
657:
656:
621:Pitjantjatjara
474:
473:
457:
444:
427:
414:
399:
386:
340:
337:
297:
294:
267:Trunk and bark
251:in the family
234:
233:
228:
217:
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210:
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202:
200:
196:
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101:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:River red gum
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
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3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3268:
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3260:
3255:
3251:
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3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
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2734:
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2728:
2727:
2723:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2657:0-17-006221-X
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:The Eucalypts
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2397:
2396:camaldulensis
2393:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:9780643109193
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2258:
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2246:
2243:
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2228:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2168:0-643-06969-0
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:Kleinig, D.A.
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1944:camaldulensis
1941:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1870:
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1698:
1697:camaldulensis
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1033:superb parrot
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912:United States
909:
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901:
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245:river red gum
242:
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214:Binomial name
211:
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67:
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18:River Red Gum
2764:
2744:
2731:
2709:. Retrieved
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2679:
2673:
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2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2622:
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2524:. Retrieved
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2267:. Retrieved
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2233:. Retrieved
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2207:. Retrieved
2200:
2193:
2177:
2153:
2139:; Hall, N.;
2129:Boland, D.J.
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2063:
2059:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2033:
2029:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2003:
1999:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1973:
1969:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1943:
1939:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1913:
1909:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1883:
1879:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1854:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
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1778:
1756:. Retrieved
1749:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1723:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:
1692:
1656:. Retrieved
1649:
1626:. Retrieved
1619:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1586:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1542:
1533:
1506:Mountain ash
1498:
1489:
1480:Trees portal
1394:Barcoo River
1280:Adult leaves
1262:
1212:
1188:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1141:An image of
1140:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1076:
1062:
1057:Edward River
1049:Murray River
1045:
1024:
1020:
1016:Cadell Fault
1013:
1010:Cadell Fault
997:
994:
990:
983:
964:
957:
933:South Africa
900:South Africa
887:
885:
876:
865:
858:
846:
842:
837:Edward River
832:
816:
793:
770:
759:
749:Hunter River
724:
717:
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686:
685:
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644:
636:
632:
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624:
616:
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588:
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545:and in 1856
542:
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420:
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382:M.W.McDonald
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343:
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334:
300:
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244:
239:
238:
237:
222:
220:
204:
203:
191:
154:
141:
128:
115:
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29:
3101:NatureServe
3013:iNaturalist
2789:Wikispecies
2689:10 December
2526:11 November
1805:"Tree risk"
1720:Hill, Ken.
1602:11 November
1354:Yarra River
1028:Yorta Yorta
928:restoration
815:Subspecies
792:Subspecies
769:Subspecies
758:Subspecies
723:Subspecies
716:Subspecies
693:Subspecies
579:), aper or
378:Ian Brooker
296:Description
275:Flower buds
135:Angiosperms
3323:Eucalyptus
3312:Categories
3189:Plant List
2839:Calflora:
2251:"NT Flora
1558:References
1543:The Murray
1527:References
1511:Alpine ash
1499:Eucalyptus
1490:Eucalyptus
1328:Trunk bark
1244:Kings Park
1122:humans of
1112:beekeeping
979:receptacle
937:California
908:Bangladesh
787:Queensland
703:Queensland
645:kunjumarra
637:kunjumarra
529:Cavanilles
494:Condobolin
305:lignotuber
192:Eucalyptus
3194:kew-72616
2969:200014774
2938:FloraBase
2849:Cal-IPC:
2648:Eucalypts
2631:26 August
2562:(red gum)
2370:FloraBase
2182:W 0003122
2034:refulgens
1786:FloraBase
1350:Billabong
1255:Galleries
1195:Moulamein
960:operculum
920:Galapagos
806:Carnarvon
794:refulgens
668:Kimberley
577:Anmatyerr
451:refulgens
326:operculum
255:, and is
253:Myrtaceae
199:Species:
181:Myrtaceae
105:Kingdom:
3267:VicFlora
3259:22101716
3254:Tropicos
3127:NSWFlora
3106:2.143883
3093:61909812
3054:10583009
3041:592777-1
2886:eFloraSA
2774:Wikidata
2711:18 April
2619:(2005).
2203:Schltdl"
2114:: 10–14.
2102:rostrata
2090:(1956).
2064:simulata
1516:Snow gum
1488:List of
1466:See also
1223:Victoria
1199:Riverina
1107:forest.
892:Portugal
817:simulata
802:Gascoyne
777:and the
753:Victoria
641:Warlpiri
633:piipalya
593:Kaytetye
573:Alyawarr
502:holotype
464:simulata
321:pedicels
317:peduncle
177:Family:
171:Myrtales
148:Eudicots
82:IUCN 3.1
3140:NTFlora
2992:3176197
2873:Ecocrop
2780:Q162822
2404:5 April
2394:subsp.
2361:subsp.
2255:subsp.
2235:4 April
2209:4 April
2072:4 April
2062:subsp.
2042:4 April
2032:subsp.
2012:4 April
2002:subsp.
1982:4 April
1972:subsp.
1952:4 April
1942:subsp.
1922:4 April
1912:subsp.
1892:4 April
1882:subsp.
1862:4 April
1837:4 April
1811:4 April
1758:4 April
1732:4 April
1705:4 March
1695:subsp.
1658:4 April
1628:4 April
1492:species
1424:, near
1352:on the
1211:in the
986:ovaries
941:Jamaica
916:Ecuador
860:Hollows
824:Ecology
798:Pilbara
775:Top End
705:to the
666:of the
660:Dimilan
649:ngapiri
613:pipalya
609:ngapiri
597:aylpele
469:Kleinig
462:subsp.
449:subsp.
439:Blakely
432:subsp.
419:subsp.
409:subsp.
391:subsp.
372:subsp.
330:capsule
309:petiole
283:Flowers
257:endemic
187:Genus:
167:Order:
109:Plantae
80: (
3246:2950-1
3233:156637
3202:PLANTS
3181:505234
3168:117679
3152:NZOR:
3080:502465
2979:EUCCAM
2976:FoIO:
2930:175985
2904:301398
2832:254213
2803:APDB:
2654:
2625:Dehnh"
2311:
2269:7 July
2257:obtusa
2231:. APNI
2205:. APNI
2165:
2004:obtusa
1974:minima
1833:. APNI
1549:
1460:, NSW.
1105:Barmah
1087:Timber
975:pollen
971:anther
967:stamen
949:Hawaii
947:, and
918:, the
910:, the
771:obtusa
760:minima
617:yitara
434:obtusa
421:minima
406:Dehnh.
380:&
230:Dehnh.
161:Rosids
3279:WoI:
3241:SANBI
3207:EUCA2
3119:34316
3067:22596
3049:IRMNG
3028:13214
3025:IPA:
3018:64128
3005:15867
2951:FoAO2
2925:EUNIS
2917:EUCCM
2865:3BPQQ
2819:94050
2806:16466
2617:CSIRO
2558:CABI
2363:arida
2304:]
1914:arida
1884:acuta
1501:trees
1316:Seeds
1304:Fruit
945:Spain
904:Spain
850:snags
839:, NSW
718:arida
695:acuta
629:itara
625:apara
605:itara
589:apere
393:arida
374:acuta
315:on a
313:axils
291:Fruit
155:Clade
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
3282:1072
3215:POWO
3145:3791
3114:NCBI
3088:IUCN
3075:ITIS
3036:IPNI
3000:GRIN
2987:GBIF
2943:5580
2912:EPPO
2878:1017
2842:3531
2827:BOLD
2814:APNI
2713:2020
2691:2010
2652:ISBN
2633:2005
2528:2021
2511:2018
2406:2019
2309:ISBN
2271:2018
2237:2019
2211:2019
2163:ISBN
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2074:2019
2044:2019
2014:2019
1984:2019
1954:2019
1924:2019
1894:2019
1864:2019
1839:2019
1813:2019
1760:2019
1734:2019
1707:2018
1660:2019
1630:2019
1604:2021
1587:2019
1547:ISBN
1420:The
1292:Buds
1068:Uses
1039:and
882:Weed
870:, a
866:The
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735:and
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647:and
569:aper
490:type
476:The
3290:WFO
3228:RHS
3062:ISC
2964:FoC
2899:EoL
2860:CoL
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