River delta - Knowledge (XXG)

5364: 555:) is a type of fluvial-dominated delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently-sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta. It is commonly a result of homopycnal flow. Such deltas are characterized by a tripartite structure of topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. River water entering the lake rapidly deposits its coarser sediments on the submerged face of the delta, forming steeping dipping foreset beds. The finer sediments are deposited on the lake bottom beyond this steep slope as more gently dipping bottomset beds. Behind the delta front, braided channels deposit the gently dipping beds of the topset on the delta plain. 6060: 1200: 600: 332: 827: 1184: 1149: 20: 47: 4535: 1168: 886:. As the river channels meander laterally across the top of the delta, the river is lengthened and its gradient is reduced, causing the suspended load to settle out in nearly horizontal beds over the delta's top. Topset beds are subdivided into two regions: the upper delta plain and the lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is unaffected by the tide, while the boundary with the lower delta plain is defined by the upper limit of tidal influence. 416:, basin area, and basin elevation. Topography along passive margins tend to be more gradual and widespread over a greater area enabling sediment to pile up and accumulate over time to form large river deltas. Topography along active margins tends to be steeper and less widespread, which results in sediments not having the ability to pile up and accumulate due to the sediment traveling into a steep subduction trench rather than a shallow 446: 4542: 31: 6929: 6086: 5004: 4154: 6074: 6918: 1227: 596:

the receiving basin. With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore, waves will make river deltas smoother. Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta, causing the delta to retreat. For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary, there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds, tides, river discharge, and delta water levels.

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is laid down in this fashion, the shape of these deltas approximates a fan. The more often the flow changes course, the shape develops closer to an ideal fan because more rapid changes in channel position result in a more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front. The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's feet, are examples of rivers that do not

1030: 712: 5692: 365:(mid-channel sand and/or gravel bars at the mouth of a river). When this mid-channel bar is deposited at the mouth of a river, the flow is routed around it. This results in additional deposition on the upstream end of the mouth bar, which splits the river into two distributary channels. A good example of the result of this process is the 354:(such as during a flood), it spills out into a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a steeper, more stable gradient. Typically, when the river switches channels in this manner, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. Repeated channel-switching events build up a mature delta with a 635:

and ridges. This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure. Tidal deltas behave differently from river-dominated and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave-dominated or river-dominated distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere.

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In wave-dominated deltas, wave-driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coastline. The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of

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In both of these cases, depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition. This results in the smoothing of the planform (or map-view) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment. Because the sediment

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up to the fresh stream feeding the head of tidal propagation. As a result, the tributaries are considered to be "subestuaries". The origin and evolution of a tidal freshwater delta involves processes that are typical of all deltas as well as processes that are unique to the tidal freshwater setting.

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that the river moves downstream by rolling and bouncing along the channel bottom. When the bed load reaches the edge of the delta front, it rolls over the edge, and is deposited in steeply dipping layers over the top of the existing bottomset beds. Underwater, the slope of the outermost edge of the

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The modern Mississippi River delta is a good example of a fluvial-dominated delta whose outflow is buoyancy-dominated. Channel abandonment has been frequent, with seven distinct channels active over the last 5000 years. Other fluvial-dominated deltas include the Mackenzie delta and the Alta delta.

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rather than active margins. Along active margins, orogenic sequences cause tectonic activity to form over-steepened slopes, brecciated rocks, and volcanic activity resulting in delta formation to exist closer to the sediment source. When sediment does not travel far from the source, sediments that

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While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas, others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes, where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster (as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a

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At the mouth of a river, the change in flow conditions can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, and tie channels. Landforms at the river mouth drastically alter the geomorphology and

432:, delta lobe switching, and auto cyclicity. Active margin river deltas tend to be much smaller and less abundant but may transport similar amounts of sediment. However, the sediment is never piled up in thick sequences due to the sediment traveling and depositing in deep subduction trenches. 1005:

Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times when there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.

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landslides occur and readjust overall slope stability. The foreset slope, thus created and maintained, extends the delta lobe outward. In cross section, foresets typically lie in angled, parallel bands, and indicate stages and seasonal variations during the creation of the

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in which the river water is slow to mix with the denser basin water and spreads out as a surface fan. This allows fine sediments to be carried a considerable distance before settling out of suspension. Beds in a hypocynal delta dip at a very shallow angle, around 1 degree.

1026:, buildings, sidewalks, and even landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone. Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water. 838:

The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three-part structure may be seen on small scale by

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The combination of processes that create a tidal freshwater delta result in a distinct morphology and unique environmental characteristics. Many tidal freshwater deltas that exist today are directly caused by the onset of or changes in historical land use, especially

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The topset beds of an advancing delta are deposited in turn over the previously laid foresets, truncating or covering them. Topsets are nearly horizontal layers of smaller-sized sediment deposited on the top of the delta and form an extension of the landward

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Hage, Sophie; Romans, Brian W.; Peploe, Thomas G. E.; Poyatos-Moré, Miquel; Haeri Ardakani, Omid; Bell, Daniel; Englert, Rebecca G.; Kaempfe-Droguett, Sebastian A.; Nesbit, Paul R.; Sherstan, Georgia; Synnott, Dane P.; Hubbard, Stephen M. (24 October 2022).

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Dadson, Simon J.; Ashpole, Ian; Harris, Phil; Davies, Helen N.; Clark, Douglas B.; Blyth, Eleanor; Taylor, Christopher M. (4 December 2010). "Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region".

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build up are coarser grained and more loosely consolidated, therefore making delta formation more difficult. Tectonic activity on active margins causes the formation of river deltas to form closer to the sediment source which may affect channel

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A tidal freshwater delta is a sedimentary deposit formed at the boundary between an upland stream and an estuary, in the region known as the "subestuary". Drowned coastal river valleys that were inundated by rising sea levels during the late

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The bottomset beds are created from the lightest suspended particles that settle farthest away from the active delta front, as the river flow diminishes into the standing body of water and loses energy. This suspended load is deposited by

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tends to form Gilbert-type deltas. Outflow dominated by turbulent friction is prone to channel bifurcation, while buoyancy-dominated outflow produces long distributaries with narrow subaqueous natural levees and few channel bifurcations.

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Galloway, W.E., 1975, Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in Brousard, M.L., ed., Deltas, Models for Exploration: Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas, pp.

510:, in which the river water rapidly mixes with basin water and abruptly dumps most of its sediment load. Where the river water has a higher density than basin water, typically from a heavy load of sediment, the delta is characterized by 1065:, and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities as well as agricultural land which are often in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the 3727:

KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer,

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Goodbred, S. L.; Kuehl, S. A. (2000). "The significance of large sediment supply, active tectonism, and eustasy on margin sequence development: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta".

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Syvitski, James P. M.; Kettner, Albert J.; Overeem, Irina; Hutton, Eric W. H.; Hannon, Mark T.; Brakenridge, G. Robert; Day, John; Vörösmarty, Charles; Saito, Yoshiki; Giosan, Liviu; Nicholls, Robert J. (2009-10-01).

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construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades. This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for

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Nienhuis, J.H., Ashton, A.D., Edmonds, D.A., Hoitink, A.J.F., Kettner, A.J., Rowland, J.C. and Törnqvist, T.E., 2020. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain. Nature, 577(7791),

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along the east coastline of the United States. Research has demonstrated that the accumulating sediments in this estuary derive from post-European settlement deforestation, agriculture, and urban development.

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The foreset beds in turn are deposited in inclined layers over the bottomset beds as the active lobe advances. Foreset beds form the greater part of the bulk of a delta, (and also occur on the lee side of

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processes, depending on the strength of each. The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river.

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Day, John W.; Agboola, Julius; Chen, Zhongyuan; D’Elia, Christopher; Forbes, Donald L.; Giosan, Liviu; Kemp, Paul; Kuenzer, Claudia; Lane, Robert R.; Ramachandran, Ramesh; Syvitski, James (2016-12-20).

2097:"Geological and Petrophysical Characterization of the Ferron Sandstone for 3-D Simulation of a Fluvial-deltaic Reservoir". By Thomas C. Chidsey, Thomas C. Chidsey Jr (ed), Utah Geological Survey, 2002. 6015: 113:, and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment. The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. 3696:

Irwin III, R. et al. 2005. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. Journal of Geophysical Research: 10. E12S15

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into the sea and the convexly curved seaward side of the triangle. Despite making comparisons to other river systems deltas, Herodotus did not describe them as "deltas". The Greek historian

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Fluvial-dominated deltas are further distinguished by the relative importance of the inertia of rapidly flowing water, the importance of turbulent bed friction beyond the river mouth, and

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Petráš, Rudolf; Mecko, Julian; Oszlányi, Július; Petrášová, Viera; Jamnická, Gabriela (August 2013). "Landscape of Danube inland-delta and its potential of poplar bioenergy production".

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Fluvial-dominated deltas are found in areas of low tidal range and low wave energy. Where the river water is nearly equal in density to the basin water, the delta is characterized by

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Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S.; Hilgartner, William B. (2001-04-01). "Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta".

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Darby, Stephen E.; Hackney, Christopher R.; Leyland, Julian; Kummu, Matti; Lauri, Hannu; Parsons, Daniel R.; Best, James L.; Nicholas, Andrew P.; Aalto, Rolf (November 2016).

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Pasternack, Gregory B; Brush, Grace S (2002-03-01). "Biogeomorphic controls on sedimentation and substrate on a vegetated tidal freshwater delta in upper Chesapeake Bay".

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Hackney, Christopher R.; Darby, Stephen E.; Parsons, Daniel R.; Leyland, Julian; Best, James L.; Aalto, Rolf; Nicholas, Andrew P.; Houseago, Robert C. (2020-03-01).

2182: 1406:"Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change" 5548: 2492:

Orson, R. A.; Simpson, R. L.; Good, R. E. (1992). "The paleoecological development of a late Holocene, tidal freshwater marsh of the upper Delaware River estuary".

2030: 1671: 1142:. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few. 6702: 2052:

Backert, Nicolas; Ford, Mary; Malartre, Fabrice (February 2010). "Architecture and sedimentology of the Kerinitis Gilbert-type fan delta, Corinth Rift, Greece".

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Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hilgartner, William B.; Brush, Grace S. (2000-09-01). "Biogeomorphology of an upper Chesapeake Bay river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh".

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Ottinger, M.; Kuenzer, C.; LIU; Wang, S.; Dech, S. (2013). "Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM".

1183: 105:, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. It is so named because its triangle shape resembles the uppercase Greek letter 5040: 3377:

Eslami, Sepehr; Hoekstra, Piet; Nguyen Trung, Nam; Ahmed Kantoush, Sameh; Van Binh, Doan; Duc Dung, Do; Tran Quang, Tho; van der Vegt, Maarten (2019-12-10).

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Seto, Karen C. (December 2011). "Exploring the dynamics of migration to mega-delta cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary drivers and future scenarios".

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Milliman, J. D.; Syvitski, J. P. M. (1992). "Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers".

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tend to have dendritic estuaries with many feeder tributaries. Each tributary mimics this salinity gradient from its brackish junction with the mainstem

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Most large river deltas discharge to intra-cratonic basins on the trailing edges of passive margins due to the majority of large rivers such as the

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for the landform at the mouth of the river, the word delta is first attested in the English-speaking world in the late 18th century, in the work of

5538: 1987: 744: 335: 6807: 6739: 1167: 316:, which builds up to form the river delta. Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or 522:. When the river water is less dense than the basin water, as is typical of river deltas on an ocean coastline, the delta is characterized by 3733: 3713: 1611: 1353: 5553: 2946: 2157: 1903:

Orton, G.J.; Reading, H.G. (1993). "Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size".

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salt lake, where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer). Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on

6802: 5651: 5513: 723:. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an 6122: 4886: 3076:"Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress" 5543: 2769: 2752:

Neuenschwander, A.L.; Crawford, M.M.; Ringrose, S. (2002). "Monitoring of seasonal flooding in the Okavango Delta using EO-1 data".

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Fagherazzi S., 2008, Self-organization of tidal deltas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105 (48): 18692–18695,

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Hart, Jeff; Hunter, John (2004). "Restoring Slough and River Banks with Biotechnical Methods in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta".

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on the bed decreases, which results in the deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the

5178: 5033: 2626: 2609: 1275: 988: 920:, causing some deltas to start losing land. Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades. 2119: 1525: 6298: 4891: 4183: 3848: 3356: 1303:

Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary environments and facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

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In some cases, a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert. The

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rivers to the Nile Delta, referring to both as islands, but did not apply the word delta. According to the Greek geographer

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Brush, G. S. (1984). "Patterns of recent sediment accumulation in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia-Maryland, U.S.A.) tributaries".

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Anthony, Edward J. (2015-03-01). "Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review".

1210: 1190: 4541: 3448:"Impact of human interventions and coastal processes along the Nile Delta coast, Egypt during the past twenty-five years" 6822: 6025: 6010: 5133: 1663: 984: 580: 2399: 6707: 6020: 5026: 4603: 3074:

Dunn, Frances E; Darby, Stephen E; Nicholls, Robert J; Cohen, Sagy; Zarfl, Christiane; Fekete, Balázs M (2019-08-06).

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In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there is a lot of water around – such as floods or

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Blum, M.D.; Törnqvist, T.E. (2000). "Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward".

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Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.

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Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer,

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of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see

208: 2285: 2120:"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Hydrometeorology" 6988: 6953: 6771: 6089: 5882: 5877: 5173: 4691: 2219:"Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: Tidal Freshwater Deltas" 1450: 956: 489:

Deltas are typically classified according to the main control on deposition, which is a combination of river,

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are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.

6482: 5790: 5601: 5495: 5223: 5213: 4372: 3971: 2317: 864:). The sediment particles within foreset beds consist of larger and more variable sizes, and constitute the 826: 450: 228: 2218: 599: 331: 6983: 6973: 6817: 6694: 6588: 6115: 5616: 5606: 5308: 5293: 4833: 4588: 3901: 3660: 1781: 1174: 728: 696: 563:

in 1885. Elsewhere, similar structures occur, for example, at the mouths of several creeks that flow into

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Urban areas and human habitation tend to be located in lowlands near water access for transportation and

109:, Δ. The size and shape of a delta are controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply 6963: 6462: 6035: 5962: 5762: 5737: 5712: 5596: 5343: 5123: 4979: 4083: 4078: 3379:"Tidal amplification and salt intrusion in the Mekong Delta driven by anthropogenic sediment starvation" 3313: 1664:"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Modeling" 1090: 849: 667: 204: 174: 1983: 292:

River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or a

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Perillo, G. M. E. 1995. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier Science B.V., New York.

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There are many other lesser factors that could explain why the majority of river deltas form along

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Minderhoud, P S J; Erkens, G; Pham, V H; Bui, V T; Erban, L; Kooi, H; Stouthamer, E (2017-06-01).

2150:"Hydrometeorological controls on water level in a vegetated Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater delta" 1603: 381:

deltas, as seen by their name, avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape.

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Meade, Robert H. (January 1994). "Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers".

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Slingerland, R. and N. D. Smith (1998), "Necessary conditions for a meandering-river avulsion",

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discharging along passive continental margins. This phenomenon is due mainly to three factors:

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WISDOM Water-related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta

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Gottschalk, L. C. (1945). "Effects of soil erosion on navigation in upper Chesapeake Bay".

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important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position. On

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deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the

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is the largest delta in the world, and one of the most fertile regions in the world.

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In rare cases, the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an

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Leconte, Robert; Pietroniro, Alain; Peters, Daniel L.; Prowse, Terry D. (2001).

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Celoria, Francis (1966). "Delta as a geographical concept in Greek literature".

1127: 1104: 976: 952: 896: 874: 688: 650: 637: 262: 224: 133: 82: 3609: 3464: 3447: 3405: 3210: 3102: 3075: 2967: 2353: 1513: 6852: 6548: 6512: 6378: 6368: 6271: 6246: 6239: 6222: 6217: 6212: 5957: 5892: 5681: 5661: 5445: 5418: 5203: 5116: 4917: 4853: 4813: 4731: 4656: 4447: 4305: 4073: 4014: 3941: 3921: 3741: 3721: 3326: 3276: 3251: 3142: 2702: 2685: 1267: – Delta produced by the Nile River at its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea 1264: 1222: 1100: 1062: 1058: 995: 968: 944: 861: 756: 612: 413: 362: 347: 284: 145: 54: 3569: 3473: 3414: 3344: 3285: 3218: 3150: 3111: 3049: 2975: 2684:

van Beek, Eelco; Bozorgy, Babak; Vekerdy, Zoltán; Meijer, Karen (June 2008).

2379: 2293: 1431: 1382: 6674: 6648: 6383: 6197: 6172: 6152: 5982: 5887: 5671: 5435: 5428: 5403: 5313: 4858: 4818: 4646: 4583: 4502: 4432: 3946: 3936: 3891: 3126: 2610:"Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large, inland delta" 2256: 1046: 853: 584: 572: 519: 490: 293: 170: 166: 102: 5691: 3587: 3522: 3432: 3236: 2858: 1749:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 388. 1249: – Rapid abandonment of a river channel and formation of a new channel 1029: 975:

rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through

711: 296:. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its 3005: 6862: 6857: 6847: 6669: 6621: 6616: 6599: 6457: 6437: 6402: 6318: 6281: 6276: 5932: 5742: 5288: 5283: 5208: 4786: 4781: 4608: 4523: 4382: 4207: 4042: 3916: 2662: 2594: 1123: 1023: 994:

While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the

865: 771: 654: 531: 350:. This destabilizes the river channel. If the river breaches its natural 321: 313: 220: 192: 188: 179:

mentions the Delta fourteen times, as "the Delta, as it is called by the

169:

refers to it as the "triangular Nilotic land", though not as a "delta".

110: 74: 66: 2850: 2654: 1810: 6897: 6877: 6442: 6407: 6229: 6131: 5942: 5902: 5872: 5850: 5470: 5258: 5158: 4922: 4796: 4641: 4517: 4512: 4422: 4417: 4407: 4327: 4109: 4029: 3991: 3926: 3853: 3335: 2686:"Limits to agricultural growth in the Sistan Closed Inland Delta, Iran" 2515: 2387: 1252: 948: 928: 913: 692: 658: 624: 535: 405: 361:

Another way these distributary networks form is from the deposition of

300:

and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the

180: 125: 94: 3561: 2627:

10.1002/1099-1646(200101/02)17:1<51::AID-RRR588>3.0.CO;2-V

2441: 1998:

Bernard Biju-Duval, J. Edwin Swezey. "Sedimentary Geology". Page 183.

1581: 1422: 1405: 1126:

is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water, in its case

6631: 6422: 6412: 6308: 5927: 5253: 5018: 4947: 4942: 4477: 4457: 4412: 4397: 4255: 4009: 3956: 3951: 3040: 1138:

Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in

1019: 1014:

Ancient deltas are a benefit to the economy due to their well-sorted

923:

The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with

752: 748: 727:, and often occurs on former lake beds. The term was first coined by 397: 252: 200: 4168: 3513: 3488: 3031: 2507: 2371: 1374: 899:

upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments. Upstream

760: 3793: 2942:"Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century" 2433: 1802: 1573: 790:

can be used to describe very large Asian river deltas, such as the

627:

is also an important control in tide-dominated deltas, such as the

152:. The triangular shape of the Nile Delta was known to audiences of 6472: 6427: 6417: 6397: 6348: 6313: 6288: 6261: 6157: 4828: 4791: 4550: 4452: 4402: 4387: 4377: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4280: 4275: 4225: 1747:

Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics

1258: 1028: 825: 710: 700: 632: 608: 598: 444: 401: 351: 330: 325: 283: 121: 86: 78: 45: 29: 18: 735:, which he visited in 1800. Other prominent examples include the 261:

states that "the delta of the land of the Indians is made by the

6626: 6447: 6323: 5423: 4962: 4952: 4927: 4437: 4367: 4315: 4310: 4047: 3252:"Regional hydrological research perspectives in the Niger Delta" 1042: 1015: 494: 389: 184: 98: 50: 39: 6104: 5576: 5060: 5022: 4172: 3797: 3781: 691:, do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an 6266: 6177: 5485: 5475: 4442: 4245: 4037: 2354:"Sedimentation cycles in a river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh" 908: 342:

As the gradient of the river channel decreases, the amount of

90: 755:

has one in the valley on the Slovak–Hungarian border between

81:

and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs at a

873:

of these sediments. As the foresets accumulate and advance,

687:

Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant

124:

defence and can impact drinking water supply. They are also

6100: 2286:

10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0520:boaucb>2.0.co;2

2754:

IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium

2148:

Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hinnov, Linda A. (October 2003).

1255: – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water 931:

delta processes. People living on deltas often construct

251:'he calls the island a delta'). The Roman author 239: 1049:. Its delta, where the delta islands remain between the 3790:– A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas 1938: 1936: 1934: 1728: 1726: 2352:

Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S. (1998-09-01).

2249:

Physical dynamics of tidal freshwater delta evolution

514:

in which the river water hugs the basin bottom as a

6835: 6780: 6721: 6693: 6662: 6609: 6581: 6541: 6145: 6138: 5991: 5863: 5799: 5761: 5699: 5589: 5506: 5371: 5074: 4900: 4867: 4672: 4632: 4549: 4206: 4097: 4061: 4028: 4000: 3882: 3831: 2029:. US Government Printing Office. pp. 104–107. 144:A river delta is so named because the shape of the 3536:Maselli, Vittorio; Trincardi, Fabio (2013-05-31). 2251:(PhD dissertation). The Johns Hopkins University. 308:. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and 3661:"Appendix A: The Major River Deltas Of The World" 2950:. Sustainability of Future Coasts and Estuaries. 2204: 2202: 967:, and constructing infrastructure all accelerate 2929:. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Geographical Society, 2003 939:from floods on deltas, and therefore means that 631:, which may be mainly submarine, with prominent 16:Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river 3446:Ali, Elham M.; El-Magd, Islam A. (2016-03-01). 1869: 1867: 1443: 1441: 6703:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 3788:Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org 2927:Morphology and Sediments of Large River Deltas 377:often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape. 304:, which diminishes the ability of the flow to 265:no less than is the case with that of Egypt". 6788:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board 6713:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type 6116: 5324:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 5034: 4184: 3809: 1604:"Word Stories: Unexpected Relatives for Xmas" 1209:, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in 8: 3489:"Water returns to arid Colorado River delta" 2905: 2903: 1694:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 5389:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 4140:List of rivers that have reversed direction 2614:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 1830: 1828: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 6727: 6142: 6123: 6109: 6101: 5705: 5586: 5573: 5071: 5057: 5041: 5027: 5019: 4191: 4177: 4169: 3816: 3802: 3794: 2093: 2091: 1633:"How a Delta Forms Where River Meets Lake" 3577: 3512: 3463: 3422: 3404: 3334: 3275: 3226: 3101: 3039: 2701: 2625: 1421: 951:. In addition to interference with delta 336:Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta 288:A delta forms where a river meets a lake. 3632:"Why are cities located where they are?" 3452:The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 3006:"Sinking deltas due to human activities" 1979: 1977: 1975: 1261: – Ridge or wall to hold back water 895:Human activities in both deltas and the 2998: 2996: 2026:The topographic features of lake shores 1287: 1144: 183:", including describing the outflow of 69:shaped like a triangle, created by the 6808:Meadowview Biological Research Station 6740:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 1404:Schneider, Pia; Asch, Folkard (2020). 1243: – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment 148:approximates the triangular uppercase 1966: 1954: 1942: 1732: 1354:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 907:and hydrological engineering such as 7: 3125:Syvitski, James P. M. (2008-04-01). 2947:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2158:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1410:Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 1346: 1344: 116:River deltas are important in human 6803:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 5652:Oceanic physical-biological process 5514:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 2909:Robert L. Bates, Julia A. Jackson, 2756:. Vol. 6. pp. 3124–3126. 1278:– Complex delta in south-east China 905:anti-erosion agricultural practices 4887:Integrated coastal zone management 3776:Louisiana State University Geology 3602:"Mineral Photos – Sand and Gravel" 1925:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x 1528:from the original on 20 April 2023 989:sedimentation enhancing strategies 745:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 14: 2895:The Penguin Dictionary of Geology 6928: 6927: 6916: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6058: 5690: 5362: 5179:Colored dissolved organic matter 5003: 5002: 4540: 4533: 4153: 4152: 2074:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01105.x 2033:from the original on 25 May 2024 1327:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x 1225: 1198: 1182: 1166: 1147: 1111:, is the world's largest delta. 695:. Notable examples include the 338:at flood stage, early March 2009 6299:Flooded grasslands and savannas 5524:Latin America and the Caribbean 3849:Drainage system (geomorphology) 3679:from the original on 2022-02-22 3487:Witze, Alexandra (2014-03-20). 3359:from the original on 2021-06-13 3165:from the original on 2024-05-25 3056:from the original on 2021-05-05 2982:from the original on 2024-05-25 2876:from the original on 2021-06-13 2807:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.08.005 2690:Irrigation and Drainage Systems 2575:Journal of Geophysical Research 2402:from the original on 2019-02-07 2229:from the original on 2018-09-30 2188:from the original on 2018-07-24 2130:from the original on 2018-10-03 1674:from the original on 2018-09-30 1645:from the original on 2017-12-12 1614:from the original on 2020-10-22 518:that deposits its sediments as 173:'s description of Egypt in his 6006:Ecological values of mangroves 5549:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 4985:Region of freshwater influence 3859:Strahler number (stream order) 3190:Environmental Research Letters 3081:Environmental Research Letters 2911:Dictionary of Geological Terms 2739:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.022 731:for the middle reaches of the 1: 6823:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 6813:Society of Wetland Scientists 4747:Large-scale coastal behaviour 4579:Beaches in estuaries and bays 3606:Mineral Information Institute 3256:Hydrological Sciences Journal 3250:ABAM, T. K. S. (2001-02-01). 2339:10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00139-8 2179:10.1016/s0272-7714(03)00106-9 1858:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00041-5 1211:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle 1191:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle 891:Existential threats to deltas 551:A Gilbert delta (named after 191:likened the land between the 6438:Peatland, mire, and quagmire 6026:Marine conservation activism 6011:Fisheries and climate change 3782:http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de 3762:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003 2559:10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1 2479:10.1016/0009-2541(84)90074-3 1472:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004 1041:) flows through the city of 985:environmental sustainability 449:Delta lobe switching in the 240: 53:satellite photograph of the 6708:National Wetlands Inventory 6021:Human impact on marine life 5898:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 5134:Aquatic population dynamics 2795:Global Environmental Change 2762:10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1027105 7010: 6793:Delta Waterfowl Foundation 3669:Louisiana State University 3465:10.1016/j.ejar.2016.01.002 3406:10.1038/s41598-019-55018-9 2968:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018 2247:Pasternack, G. B. (1998). 2006:. Editions TECHNIP, 2002. 1514:10.1038/s41561-022-01048-4 1088: 232: 132:, they are also important 6911: 6730: 6052: 5708: 5688: 5637:Marine primary production 5585: 5572: 5531:List of marine ecoregions 5360: 5070: 5056: 4998: 4531: 4148: 3742:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8 3722:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8 3630:A., Stefan (2017-05-22). 3327:10.1038/s41893-019-0455-3 3277:10.1080/02626660109492797 3143:10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3 2703:10.1007/s10795-008-9045-7 1986:. (Available archived at 1984:Characteristics of deltas 1638:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1156:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle 1053:, starts near the centre. 209:Onesicritus of Astypalaea 6772:Wetland indicator status 5883:Coastal biogeomorphology 5878:Marine coastal ecosystem 4692:Coastal biogeomorphology 3211:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7146 3103:10.1088/1748-9326/ab304e 2539:Quaternary International 1097:Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta 869:delta is created at the 502:Fluvial-dominated deltas 241:kalei de tēn nēson délta 233:καλεῖ δὲ τὴν νῆσον δέλτα 6483:Freshwater swamp forest 5791:Paradox of the plankton 5602:Diel vertical migration 5496:Freshwater swamp forest 5214:GIS and aquatic science 5062:General components and 3972:River channel migration 2925:Hori, K. and Saito, Y. 1720:(Boulder), 26, 435–438. 943:can not compensate for 644:Tidal freshwater deltas 534:. Outflow dominated by 34:Satellite image of the 6818:Wetlands International 6589:List of wetland plants 5617:Large marine ecosystem 5309:Shoaling and schooling 4589:Coastal morphodynamics 3902:Bar (river morphology) 3608:. 2011. Archived from 3131:Sustainability Science 2643:Ecological Restoration 2223:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 2124:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 1782:The Journal of Geology 1745:Leeder, M. R. (2011). 1668:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 1175:Lunae Palus quadrangle 1099:, which spans most of 1075:European Low Countries 1054: 835: 729:Alexander von Humboldt 716: 697:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 616: 486: 339: 289: 58: 57:(shown in false color) 43: 27: 6463:Salt pannes and pools 6036:Marine protected area 5963:Salt pannes and pools 5738:Marine larval ecology 5713:Census of Marine Life 5597:Deep scattering layer 5554:San Francisco Estuary 5519:Africa and Madagascar 5344:Underwater camouflage 5124:Aquatic biomonitoring 5064:freshwater ecosystems 4980:Physical oceanography 4084:Erosion and tectonics 4079:Degradation (geology) 3314:Nature Sustainability 2727:Biomass and Bioenergy 1107:and empties into the 1091:Category:River deltas 1032: 1010:Deltas in the economy 850:sediment gravity flow 829: 822:Sedimentary structure 741:Peace–Athabasca Delta 714: 668:intensive agriculture 620:Tide-dominated deltas 602: 591:Wave-dominated deltas 448: 334: 287: 77:that is carried by a 49: 33: 22: 5771:Marine bacteriophage 5733:Marine invertebrates 4809:Submergent coastline 4762:Marine transgression 4717:Discordant coastline 4702:Concordant coastline 4105:Deposition (geology) 3832:Large-scale features 2595:10.1029/2010JD014474 2495:Estuaries and Coasts 2359:Estuaries and Coasts 1989:– checked Dec 2008.) 1000:Colorado River Delta 774:is one example. See 721:inverted river delta 85:, when it enters an 6923:Wetlands portal 6554:Constructed wetland 6139:Types and landforms 5647:Ocean fertilization 5456:Trophic state index 5414:Lake stratification 5144:Aquatic respiration 4913:Coastal engineering 3554:2013NatSR...3E1926M 3505:2014Natur.507..286W 3397:2019NatSR...918746E 3268:2001HydSJ..46...13A 3203:2017ERL....12f4006M 3094:2019ERL....14h4034D 3024:2009NatGe...2..681S 2960:2016ECSS..183..275D 2851:10.1038/nature19809 2843:2016Natur.539..276D 2655:10.3368/er.22.4.262 2587:2010JGRD..11523114D 2551:1994QuInt..21...29M 2471:1984ChGeo..44..227B 2422:Geographical Review 2331:2002Geomo..43..293P 2171:2003ECSS...58..367P 2066:2010Sedim..57..543B 1969:, pp. 293–294. 1917:1993Sedim..40..475O 1850:2000SedG..133..227G 1838:Sedimentary Geology 1795:1992JG....100..525M 1692:Boggs, Sam (2006). 1506:2022NatGe..15..919H 1464:2015MGeol.361...53A 1367:2001ESPL...26..409P 1177:, as seen by THEMIS 1071:Yangtze River Delta 981:saltwater intrusion 941:sediment deposition 751:delta of Iran. The 571:and form prominent 213:Alexander the Great 130:geologic timescales 6767:Salt marsh die-off 6685:Salt marsh dieback 6594:List of fen plants 6433:Palustrine wetland 6334:Intertidal wetland 6329:Interdunal wetland 5913:Intertidal wetland 5908:Intertidal ecology 5776:Marine prokaryotes 5718:Deep-sea community 5612:Iron fertilization 5535:Specific examples 5461:Upland and lowland 5379:Freshwater biology 5244:Microbial food web 5154:Aquatic toxicology 5097:Aquatic adaptation 5050:Aquatic ecosystems 4882:Coastal management 4722:Emergent coastline 4393:Intertidal wetland 4296:Continental margin 4135:Sediment transport 4089:River rejuvenation 4062:Regional processes 3542:Scientific Reports 3384:Scientific Reports 1205:Probable delta in 1079:Greater Tokyo Area 1055: 1047:Satakunta, Finland 973:relative sea level 836: 812:Ganges-Brahmaputra 717: 617: 553:Grove Karl Gilbert 487: 340: 306:transport sediment 290: 223:(the delta of the 211:, who accompanied 154:classical Athenian 150:Greek letter delta 59: 44: 28: 6979:Fluvial landforms 6969:Coastal geography 6941: 6940: 6843:Aquatic ecosystem 6831: 6830: 6750:Ramsar Convention 6577: 6576: 6559:Converted wetland 6501:Peat swamp forest 6364:Inland salt marsh 6098: 6097: 6079:Oceans portal 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 5923:Hydrothermal vent 5859: 5858: 5748:Seashore wildlife 5579:Marine ecosystems 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5334:Thermal pollution 5299:Ramsar Convention 5239:Microbial ecology 5199:Fisheries science 5139:Aquatic predation 5016: 5015: 4844:Wave-cut platform 4757:Marine regression 4301:Continental shelf 4291:Coastal waterfall 4200:Coastal geography 4166: 4165: 3967:River bifurcation 3750:Applied Geography 3734:978-94-007-3961-1 3714:978-94-007-3961-1 3562:10.1038/srep01926 3538:"Man made deltas" 3499:(7492): 286–287. 3011:Nature Geoscience 2837:(7628): 276–279. 1493:Nature Geoscience 1423:10.1111/jac.12415 1276:Pearl River Delta 1207:Eberswalde crater 1193:as seen by THEMIS 1067:Pearl River Delta 786:The generic term 737:Inner Niger Delta 451:Mississippi Delta 418:continental shelf 250: 238: 227:) was "a delta" ( 7001: 6931: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6903:Will-o'-the-wisp 6836:Related articles 6728: 6528:Whitewater river 6478:Coniferous swamp 6359:Freshwater marsh 6252:Clearwater river 6168:Blackwater river 6143: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6102: 6088: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6067: 6065:Lakes portal 6063: 6062: 6061: 6031:Marine pollution 5723:Deep-water coral 5706: 5694: 5627:Marine chemistry 5587: 5574: 5491:Freshwater marsh 5384:Freshwater biome 5366: 5082:Acoustic ecology 5072: 5058: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5006: 5005: 4767:Raised shoreline 4742:Ingression coast 4737:Graded shoreline 4712:Cuspate foreland 4544: 4537: 4488:Submarine canyon 4348:Freshwater marsh 4193: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4156: 4155: 3897:Avulsion (river) 3825:River morphology 3818: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3765: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3638:. Archived from 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3408: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3338: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3279: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3127:"Deltas at risk" 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2465:(1–3): 227–242. 2458:Chemical Geology 2452: 2446: 2445: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2325:(3–4): 293–311. 2312: 2306: 2305: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2116: 2110: 2109:on Google Books. 2095: 2086: 2085: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2017: 2011: 2010:on Google Books. 1996: 1990: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1844:(3–4): 227–248. 1832: 1823: 1822: 1776: 1761: 1760: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1610:. January 2020. 1600: 1594: 1593: 1555: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1445: 1436: 1435: 1425: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1271:Regressive delta 1247:Avulsion (river) 1235: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1202: 1186: 1170: 1151: 1120:Russian republic 925:geomorphological 569:British Columbia 512:hyperpycnal flow 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 245: 243: 237:romanized: 236: 234: 219:, reported that 215:'s conquests in 162:Prometheus Bound 7009: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6989:Bodies of water 6954:Aquatic ecology 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6917: 6915: 6907: 6827: 6798:Ducks Unlimited 6776: 6735:Clean Water Act 6717: 6695:Classifications 6689: 6658: 6605: 6573: 6537: 6488:Mangrove forest 6134: 6129: 6099: 6094: 6071: 6070: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6040: 6001:Coral bleaching 5987: 5968:Seagrass meadow 5865:Marine habitats 5855: 5829:Coral reef fish 5795: 5781:Marine protists 5757: 5695: 5686: 5657:Ocean turbidity 5632:Marine food web 5581: 5560: 5502: 5441:River ecosystem 5394:Freshwater fish 5367: 5358: 5164:Bioluminescence 5149:Aquatic science 5066: 5052: 5047: 5017: 5012: 4994: 4970:Intertidal zone 4896: 4863: 4752:Longshore drift 4697:Coastal erosion 4668: 4628: 4564:Beach evolution 4545: 4539: 4538: 4529: 4216:Anchialine pool 4202: 4197: 4167: 4162: 4144: 4125:Helicoidal flow 4093: 4057: 4024: 3996: 3912:Channel pattern 3884:Alluvial rivers 3878: 3874:River sinuosity 3827: 3822: 3772: 3747: 3744:, pp. 7–48 3724:, pp. 7–48 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3636:This City Knows 3629: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3514:10.1038/507286a 3486: 3485: 3481: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3032:10.1038/ngeo629 3018:(10): 681–686. 3002: 3001: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2901: 2893:D.G.A Whitten, 2892: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2772: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2581:(D23): D23114. 2571: 2570: 2566: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2508:10.2307/1352687 2491: 2490: 2486: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2372:10.2307/1352839 2351: 2350: 2346: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2096: 2089: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2018: 2014: 1997: 1993: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1932: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1778: 1777: 1764: 1757: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1646: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1557: 1556: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1375:10.1002/esp.189 1350: 1349: 1342: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1233:Wetlands portal 1231: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1214: 1203: 1194: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1136: 1093: 1087: 1012: 901:land use change 893: 871:angle of repose 824: 784: 776:endorheic basin 709: 685: 653:and subsequent 646: 622: 593: 561:Lake Bonneville 549: 524:hypopycnal flow 516:density current 508:homopycnal flow 504: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 454: 443: 435: 425:passive margins 282: 142: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873:Drainage basin 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6680:Paludification 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6632:Sapric or muck 6629: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6610:Soil mechanics 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6354:Brackish marsh 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6068: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5819:Saltwater fish 5816: 5814:Marine reptile 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5786:Marine viruses 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5763:Microorganisms 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5753:Wild fisheries 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Thorson's rule 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:Marine biology 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Brackish marsh 5478: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409:Lake ecosystem 5406: 5401: 5399:Hyporheic zone 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5249:Microbial loop 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5194:Eutrophication 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Cascade effect 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5102:Aquatic animal 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Brackish marsh 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Barrier island 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4130:Playfair's law 4127: 4122: 4117: 4115:Exner equation 4112: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4053:Current ripple 4050: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982:Slip-off slope 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932:Meander cutoff 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844:Drainage basin 3841: 3839:Alluvial plain 3835: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3778:– World Deltas 3771: 3770:External links 3768: 3767: 3766: 3745: 3725: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3652: 3622: 3593: 3528: 3479: 3438: 3369: 3321:(3): 217–225. 3299: 3242: 3175: 3117: 3066: 2992: 2931: 2918: 2899: 2886: 2812: 2785: 2770: 2744: 2717: 2696:(2): 131–143. 2676: 2633: 2600: 2564: 2529: 2502:(2): 130–146. 2484: 2447: 2434:10.2307/211476 2428:(2): 219–238. 2412: 2366:(3): 407–415. 2344: 2307: 2280:(3): 520–537. 2262: 2239: 2210: 2198: 2165:(2): 367–387. 2140: 2111: 2105:. Pages 2–17. 2087: 2060:(2): 543–586. 2044: 2012: 1991: 1971: 1959: 1957:, p. 294. 1947: 1945:, p. 293. 1930: 1911:(3): 475–512. 1895: 1886: 1876: 1863: 1824: 1803:10.1086/629606 1789:(5): 525–544. 1762: 1755: 1737: 1735:, p. 295. 1722: 1709: 1702: 1684: 1655: 1641:. 2014-08-12. 1624: 1595: 1574:10.1086/350146 1568:(3): 385–388. 1539: 1500:(1): 919–924. 1477: 1451:Marine Geology 1437: 1416:(4): 491–503. 1396: 1361:(4): 409–427. 1340: 1305: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1237: 1236: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1153: 1146: 1135: 1134:Deltas on Mars 1132: 1086: 1083: 1051:distributaries 1035:Kokemäki River 1011: 1008: 935:which prevent 933:flood defences 918:sea level rise 892: 889: 888: 887: 884:alluvial plain 879: 857: 823: 820: 783: 780: 768:Okavango Delta 715:Okavango Delta 708: 705: 684: 681: 676:Chesapeake Bay 645: 642: 621: 618: 592: 589: 548: 547:Gilbert deltas 545: 503: 500: 442: 439: 367:Wax Lake Delta 281: 278: 159:; the tragedy 141: 138: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7006: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Water streams 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Sedimentology 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6926: 6924: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Riparian zone 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781:Organizations 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6637:Tropical peat 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518:Várzea forest 6516: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208:Polygonal bog 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6091: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Sponge ground 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938:Marine biomes 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5839:Demersal fish 5837: 5835: 5834:Deep-sea fish 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809:Marine mammal 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Trophic level 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5304:Sediment trap 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Phytoplankton 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Aquatic plant 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Anoxic waters 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Littoral zone 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Bulkhead line 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Wave shoaling 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824:Surge channel 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4687:Cliffed coast 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Shingle beach 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286:Coastal plain 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4159: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Water erosion 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4002:Bedrock river 3999: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962:Riparian zone 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Braided river 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3642:on 2019-06-06 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3612:on 2011-10-06 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3197:(6): 064006. 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088:(8): 084034. 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2771:0-7803-7536-X 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649:(4): 262–68. 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2318:Geomorphology 2311: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:1-55791-668-3 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:Sedimentology 2048: 2045: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021:Gilbert, G.K. 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:2-7108-0802-1 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Sedimentology 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756:9781405177832 1752: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:Sedimentology 1309: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1158:, as seen by 1157: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1140:Martian lakes 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118:delta in the 1117: 1116:Selenga River 1112: 1110: 1109:Bay of Bengal 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 971:, increasing 970: 966: 962: 958: 955:, pumping of 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:sedimentation 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 890: 885: 880: 876: 872: 867: 863: 858: 855: 852:, creating a 851: 846: 845: 844: 842: 833: 828: 821: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 781: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:Orinoco River 730: 726: 722: 713: 707:Inland deltas 706: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 682: 680: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:deforestation 660: 656: 652: 643: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 619: 614: 610: 606: 601: 597: 590: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:Okanagan Lake 562: 556: 554: 546: 544: 540: 537: 533: 528: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 499: 496: 492: 481:500 yrs BP,× 473:1000 yrs BP, 469:2800 yrs BP, 465:3500 yrs BP, 460: 452: 447: 440: 438: 433: 431: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 370: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:flow velocity 299: 295: 286: 279: 277: 275: 274:Edward Gibbon 271: 266: 264: 260: 259: 254: 248: 242: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 164: 163: 158: 155: 151: 147: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 32: 25: 21: 6964:River deltas 6887: 6868:List of bogs 6723:Conservation 6654:Ombrotrophic 6598: 6569:Water-meadow 6493: 6304:Grass valley 6294:Flood-meadow 6257:Cypress dome 6188:Cataract bog 6163:Beach meadow 5993:Conservation 5844:Pelagic fish 5824:Coastal fish 5728:Marine fungi 5466:Water garden 5349:Water column 5294:Productivity 5269:Pelagic zone 5229:Macrobenthos 5219:Hydrobiology 5189:Ecohydrology 4839:Volcanic arc 4727:Feeder bluff 4651: 4634:River mouths 4599:Raised beach 4594:Pocket beach 4522: 4493:Tidal island 4483:Strand plain 4428:Natural arch 3868: 3864:River valley 3753: 3749: 3703:Bibliography 3692: 3681:. 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Retrieved 1497: 1491: 1480: 1455: 1449: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1358: 1352: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1299: 1290: 1241:Alluvial fan 1137: 1113: 1094: 1056: 1039:Kokemäenjoki 1038: 1013: 1004: 993: 979:, and cause 922: 897:river basins 894: 841:crossbedding 837: 832:Kachemak Bay 787: 785: 765: 725:inland delta 724: 718: 686: 672:urbanization 647: 638:storm surges 629:Ganges Delta 623: 605:Ganges Delta 594: 557: 550: 541: 529: 523: 511: 507: 505: 488: 477:300 yrs BP, 434: 422: 410:Yellow River 383: 379:Alluvial fan 371: 360: 356:distributary 344:shear stress 341: 310:is deposited 291: 270:generic term 267: 257: 207:philosopher 175: 160: 143: 134:carbon sinks 126:ecologically 118:civilization 115: 62: 60: 38:captured by 36:Amazon Delta 6893:Telmatology 6888:River delta 6755:Ramsar site 6745:Marsh organ 6644:Hydric soil 6523:Vernal pool 6506:Shrub swamp 6374:Tidal marsh 6203:Plateau bog 6193:Coastal bog 6183:Blanket bog 5978:Sponge reef 5953:Rocky shore 5948:Oyster reef 5918:Kelp forest 5801:Vertebrates 5701:Marine life 5677:Viral shunt 5642:Marine snow 5544:Maharashtra 5451:Stream pool 5354:Zooplankton 5274:Photic zone 5234:Meiobenthos 5087:Algal bloom 4990:River plume 4804:Steep coast 4777:Rocky shore 4772:Rip current 4652:River delta 4624:Wash margin 4619:Storm beach 4609:Shell beach 4574:Beach wrack 4569:Beach ridge 4559:Beach cusps 4508:Tied island 4498:Tidal marsh 4221:Archipelago 4069:Aggradation 4020:Plunge pool 3987:Stream pool 3977:River mouth 3869:River delta 3493:Nature News 3458:(1): 1–10. 3336:10871/40127 2954:: 275–291. 2037:23 February 1884:pp.514-518. 1128:Lake Baikal 1105:West Bengal 977:sand mining 957:groundwater 953:aggradation 834:at low tide 782:Mega deltas 689:tidal range 651:Pleistocene 437:ecosystem. 386:Mississippi 263:Indus river 229:Koinē Greek 225:Indus River 83:river mouth 63:river delta 6948:Categories 6853:Bog butter 6549:Bog garden 6542:Artificial 6513:Wet meadow 6379:High marsh 6369:Salt marsh 6272:Fen-meadow 6240:Alder carr 6223:Upland bog 6218:String bog 6213:Raised bog 5958:Salt marsh 5893:Coral reef 5682:Whale fall 5662:Photophore 5539:Everglades 5507:Ecoregions 5446:Stream bed 5419:Macrophyte 5372:Freshwater 5204:Food chain 5117:Water bird 4918:Grain size 4892:Submersion 4869:Management 4854:Wind fetch 4814:Surf break 4732:Flat coast 4662:regressive 4448:Salt marsh 4306:Coral reef 4120:Hack's law 4074:Base level 4015:Knickpoint 3942:Oxbow lake 3922:Floodplain 3683:2022-02-22 3646:2020-01-05 3616:2011-11-02 3363:2021-03-13 3169:2021-03-13 3060:2021-03-13 2986:2021-03-13 2880:2020-12-22 2406:2018-09-08 2233:2017-06-12 2192:2019-08-29 2134:2017-06-12 1967:Boggs 2006 1955:Boggs 2006 1943:Boggs 2006 1733:Boggs 2006 1703:0131547283 1678:2017-06-12 1649:2017-12-12 1618:2020-12-21 1283:References 1265:Nile Delta 1101:Bangladesh 1089:See also: 1063:irrigation 1059:sanitation 996:Nile Delta 969:subsidence 945:subsidence 929:ecological 875:subaqueous 862:sand dunes 788:mega delta 757:Bratislava 747:, and the 613:Bangladesh 581:Summerland 573:peninsulas 520:turbidites 414:topography 363:mouth bars 348:floodplain 318:Ural river 146:Nile Delta 71:deposition 55:Nile Delta 24:Lena river 6675:Hydrosere 6663:Processes 6649:Marsh gas 6494:Myristica 6384:Low marsh 6198:Kermi bog 6173:Bofedales 6153:Backswamp 5983:Tide pool 5888:Cold seep 5672:Upwelling 5436:Rheotaxis 5429:Fish pond 5404:Limnology 5329:Substrate 5314:Siltation 5184:Dead zone 4877:Accretion 4859:Wind wave 4819:Surf zone 4674:Processes 4647:Mouth bar 4604:Recession 4584:Beachrock 4503:Tide pool 4433:Peninsula 4321:cliff-top 4208:Landforms 4098:Mechanics 3947:Point bar 3937:Mouth bar 3892:Anabranch 3756:: 53–68. 3570:2045-2322 3474:1687-4285 3415:2045-2322 3353:210166330 3345:2398-9629 3294:129784677 3286:0262-6667 3219:1748-9326 3159:128976925 3151:1862-4057 3112:1748-9326 3050:1752-0908 3041:1912/3207 2976:0272-7714 2867:205251150 2733:: 68–72. 2712:111027461 2663:43442774. 2545:: 29–39. 2380:0160-8347 2294:0277-5212 2082:129299341 1590:143811840 1522:253145418 1458:: 53–78. 1432:1439-037X 1391:129080402 1383:1096-9837 1335:140714394 1189:Delta in 1173:Delta in 1154:Delta in 854:turbidite 830:Delta on 808:Irrawaddy 703:estuary. 683:Estuaries 585:Peachland 457:4600 yrs 358:network. 294:reservoir 280:Formation 176:Histories 171:Herodotus 167:Aeschylus 140:Etymology 122:coastline 103:reservoir 6933:Category 6863:Bog-wood 6858:Bog iron 6848:Bog body 6670:Halosere 6622:Histosol 6617:Acrotelm 6600:Sphagnum 6458:Reed bed 6403:Moorland 6282:Rich fen 6277:Poor fen 6132:Wetlands 6090:Category 6016:HERMIONE 5933:Mangrove 5743:Seagrass 5289:Pleuston 5284:Plankton 5264:Particle 5209:Food web 5008:Category 4834:Undertow 4787:Sea foam 4782:Sea cave 4682:Blowhole 4524:Windwatt 4383:Headland 4231:Avulsion 4158:Category 4043:Antidune 4030:Bedforms 3917:Cut bank 3674:Archived 3588:23722597 3548:: 1926. 3523:24646976 3433:31822705 3357:Archived 3237:30344619 3163:Archived 3054:Archived 2980:Archived 2871:Archived 2859:27760114 2780:33284178 2671:84968414 2524:85128464 2400:Archived 2396:85961542 2302:25962433 2273:Wetlands 2257:49850378 2227:Archived 2183:Archived 2128:Archived 2031:Archived 2023:(1885). 1819:22727856 1811:30068527 1672:Archived 1643:Archived 1612:Archived 1532:19 April 1526:Archived 1321:: 2–48. 1219:See also 1124:Buryatia 1085:Examples 1077:and the 1024:highways 987:through 903:such as 866:bed load 772:Botswana 699:and the 655:Holocene 633:sandbars 577:Naramata 532:buoyancy 430:avulsion 322:gradient 314:alluvium 221:Patalene 189:Polybius 111:sediment 75:sediment 67:landform 42:in 2005. 6959:Ecology 6898:Turbary 6878:Estuary 6453:Pothole 6443:Pocosin 6408:Mudflat 6247:Ciénega 6230:Callows 6146:Natural 5943:Mudflat 5903:Estuary 5873:Bay mud 5851:Seabird 5607:f-ratio 5590:General 5471:Wetland 5259:Neuston 5224:Hypoxia 5169:Biomass 5159:Benthos 5075:General 4958:shingle 4938:granule 4923:boulder 4901:Related 4797:peresyp 4707:Current 4642:Debouch 4551:Beaches 4518:Waituna 4513:Tombolo 4423:Mudflat 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3149: 3110: 3048: 2974: 2916:(1984) 2897:(1972) 2865: 2857: 2830:Nature 2778: 2768: 2710: 2669: 2661: 2522: 2514: 2442:211476 2440: 2394: 2386: 2378: 2300: 2292: 2255: 2101: 2080: 2002: 1874:87–98. 1817: 1809: 1753: 1700: 1608:Druide 1588: 1582:228368 1580: 1520: 1430: 1389: 1381: 1333: 1160:THEMIS 1020:gravel 963:, and 878:delta. 814:, and 804:Mekong 753:Danube 749:Sistan 743:, the 670:, and 583:, and 493:, and 408:, and 398:Ganges 394:Amazon 375:avulse 352:levees 258:Indica 253:Arrian 203:, the 201:Strabo 6994:Water 6564:Swale 6533:Yaéré 6496:swamp 6473:Swamp 6428:Palsa 6418:Oasis 6398:Misse 6349:Marsh 6319:Igapó 6314:Hamun 6289:Flark 6262:Dambo 6158:Bayou 5319:Spawn 4829:Swash 4792:Shoal 4473:Stack 4463:Sound 4453:Shoal 4403:Islet 4388:Inlet 4378:Hapua 4343:Fjord 4338:Fjard 4333:Firth 4281:Coast 4276:Cliff 4251:Bight 4226:Atoll 3677:(PDF) 3664:(PDF) 3349:S2CID 3290:S2CID 3155:S2CID 2874:(PDF) 2863:S2CID 2825:(PDF) 2776:S2CID 2708:S2CID 2667:S2CID 2659:JSTOR 2520:S2CID 2512:JSTOR 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