371:." The canebrakes grew so thick and tall they were nearly impenetrable, and could be enormous, such as the 15-mile canebrake covering the ridge top at Cane Ridge. A legend from the 1770s describes two men hunting in the same canebrake for days, each hearing another person nearby but not seeing each other, and assuming they were being stalked by an Indian; when they finally met, they were both so relieved that they embraced each other. However, the canebrakes in the Bluegrass were cleared sufficiently for European agriculture to be practiced by 1799. Land survey records from 1820 in Georgia indicate that a 17,250 acre tract in Taylor and Crawford counties, along the western side of the Flint River, was a canebrake "so vast and impenetrable that surveyors could find no trees on which to post their lot numbers." In 1908, Teddy Roosevelt described cane growing to heights of fifteen to twenty feet in Louisiana, spaced only a few inches apart.
627:. The Cherokee historically maintained canebrakes with cutting and periodic burning, a practice which stopped with the European settlement of the land. The elimination of cane habitat has nearly resulted in the loss of the art of basketmaking, which is important for the economy of the Cherokee today. Canebrakes have been reduced in area by at least 98% and cane may take 20 years to grow to a sufficient size to be used for traditional basketry. Because of this, Cherokee basketmakers nowadays often do not have access to the traditional material for making Cherokee baskets, which are considered some of the finest in the world.
550:
95:
600:
72:
44:
367:, as emphasized by early historians of the state. One source states that the Bluegrass "was carpeted with cane even as the land of Virginia with the grass," and that this was a "novel spectacle" to settlers from Virginia. The earliest European map of the region, created by John Filson, shows the northeastern part of the state as "a cane-covered
684:
Giant cane is of interest due to its extraordinary capability to reduce both sediment loss and nitrate runoff when planted as a "buffer" between waterways and agricultural fields. A giant cane buffer zone can reduce nitrate pollution in ground water by 99%. Stands of cane are superior even to forests
359:
Before
European settlers colonized North America, Native American peoples throughout the southeastern United States used A. gigantea to build and craft tools, containers and artistic works, particularly baskets, which used complex techniques requiring great skill. Because of this, the cane is a
560:
Giant cane has been documented as providing food and shelter for 70 species, including six butterfly species that depend almost exclusively on it for food. An example of a butterfly that requires cane as a food plant is the
589:, which was dependent upon it for nesting sites. Giant cane was also one of three major sources of food for passenger pigeons, and the disappearance of canebrakes may have helped cause its extinction.
677:
In 2022, the
Cherokee Nation signed an agreement with the National Park Service to allow collection of 76 culturally important plant species in the Buffalo River National Park in Arkansas, including
1460:
1438:
351:. In its native range, this bamboo is sometimes confused with introduced, non-native bamboos. Today river cane patches are significantly diminished from their previous size and extent.
674:, and food. River cane is an important symbol of the Choctaw nation because its significance to the nation's history and the numerous ways it provided for the survival of the Choctaw.
1407:
363:
In the 18th century, European settlers encountered river cane when entering the land west of the
Appalachian Mountains. Cane was a striking feature of the Bluegrass region of
343:
as the bamboo sprouts new stems from its rhizome. It rarely produces seeds and it flowers irregularly. R.S. Cocks writing in 1908, stated that certain clumps of bamboo near
285:. Giant river cane was economically and culturally important to indigenous people, with uses including as a vegetable and materials for construction and craft production.
2033:
319:
with a rounded, hollow stem which can exceed 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and grow to a height of 10 m (33 ft). It grows from a large network of thick
2038:
809:
795:
757:
360:
highly culturally significant species. Native
Americans used fire to encourage the growth of river cane, and canes at this time could reach three inches in diameter.
1713:
1392:
1272:
2043:
1765:
685:
as protective buffers around waterways, absorbing sediment and nitrate pollution and dramatically slowing the rate at which runoff enters the stream or river.
2028:
408:, the range of this plant was restricted to a narrow strip along the Gulf Coast. When the ice sheets retreated, it spread northward to its current range.
869:
1315:
634:, whose artisans have faced similar problems due to the increasing disappearance of canebrakes. The cane was also used by groups such as the Cherokee,
1907:
1648:
1294:
1210:
1946:
1920:
1726:
1674:
1804:
912:
1452:
1430:
2023:
2048:
1346:
2013:
1415:
1243:
1004:
1482:
374:
Canebrakes declined after
European settlement of the American southeast. Factors involved in the decline include the introduction of
1059:
964:
620:
596:
that spread horizontally, but tall native plants such as big bluestem and ironweed have been reported to have a positive effect.
1933:
1700:
758:"Hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains"
79:
1137:
1744:
1951:
821:
1731:
1388:
772:
1573:
1268:
702:
266:
94:
303:
covering thousands of acres in the southeastern United States, but today these canebrakes are considered endangered
1959:
1817:
1233:"Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast"
270:
1770:
1739:
1822:
1544:
378:
such as cattle, which eagerly graze on the leaves. The cane was considered a good forage for the animals until
344:
1964:
884:
1321:
745:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
500:
411:
This native plant is a member of several plant communities today, generally occurring as a component of the
340:
1640:
1076:
382:
began to eliminate canebrake habitat. Other reasons for the decline include the conversion of the land for
1635:
1506:
671:
460:
448:
1627:
1578:
1287:
1202:
738:
2018:
850:
211:
566:
323:. The lance-shaped leaves are up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 4 cm (1.6 in) wide. The
1925:
1679:
835:
1599:
1091:
586:
492:
476:
405:
387:
1367:
1138:"Mapping Existing and Potential River Cane (Arundinaria gigantea) Habitat in Western North Carolina"
904:
61:
1757:
549:
1985:
1853:
1165:
1115:
508:
89:
1809:
1338:
1718:
581:. The disappearance of the canebrake ecosystem may have contributed to the rarity and possible
335:
of spikelets measuring 4 to 7 cm (1.6 to 2.8 in) in length. An individual cane has a
1894:
1778:
1586:
1157:
1107:
1055:
1000:
960:
789:
562:
1845:
905:"Arundinaria gigantea | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants | University of Florida, IFAS"
1783:
1232:
1184:
1149:
1099:
578:
574:
484:
468:
296:
282:
1453:"Cherokee Nation, park service reach deal on plant gathering within Buffalo National River"
1288:"Growth of Cane (Arundinaria sensu stricto), the Mysterious Native Bamboo of North America"
347:
had been blooming annually in the latter part of May for nine years. Sometimes it flowers
1370:. Western Carolina University Office of Public Relations. November 6, 2008. Archived from
599:
428:
424:
336:
132:
1555:
1095:
1796:
1791:
937:
570:
432:
348:
119:
1474:
2007:
1169:
1103:
651:
593:
324:
145:
1119:
1990:
1858:
528:
249:
1899:
1666:
1591:
542:
Cane is considered to be a fire dependent species. Canebrakes are maintained by a
1885:
1752:
1687:
1538:
1077:"Establishment of the Woody Grass Arundinaria gigantea for Riparian Restoration"
543:
452:
420:
383:
379:
291:
188:
158:
1565:
1529:
1185:"Post-Pleistocene Distribution of Arundinaria gigantea in Northeastern Alabama"
43:
582:
516:
412:
1161:
1111:
1661:
1612:
639:
399:
375:
304:
300:
1977:
1835:
1242:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
1153:
1972:
1879:
1830:
1523:
868:
Platt, Steven G.; Brantley, Christopher G.; Rainwater, Thomas R. (2004).
635:
624:
616:
444:
364:
274:
262:
17:
1912:
1653:
647:
643:
631:
536:
532:
440:
368:
332:
320:
178:
1692:
667:
328:
240:
168:
1500:
606:
at The
Botanical Gardens at Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, US
1705:
1938:
1617:
855:
663:
659:
655:
598:
548:
524:
316:
278:
106:
1136:
Bugden, Joni L.; Storie, Christopher D.; Burda, Carey L. (2011).
592:
Giant cane may be prevented from growing by invasive plants like
1604:
1408:"Makers and Masterpieces: Rivercane basketry at the Smithsonian"
1054:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 158.
416:
1504:
1371:
944:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 309–311.
520:
436:
27:
Species of bamboo from North
America known as giant river cane
1431:"Watonlak Hvshi season is a good time to save the river cane"
1389:"Preserving the past: A guide for North Carolina landowners"
630:
The art of river cane basketry is also important to the
1075:
Dattilo, Adam J.; Rhoades, Charles C. (December 2005).
1368:"WCU helps Cherokee artists harvest natural materials"
957:
881:
546:
where intervals between burns range from 2–8 years.
1869:
1513:
756:Triplett, J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G. (2006),
1231:Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J.
959:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 45.
670:, walls for dwellings, fish traps, sleeping mats,
539:. It grows easily in flooded and saturated soils.
1317:In Cherokee country, reviving a tree's deep roots
874:) in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina"
1024:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 114.
999:. Clark County Historical Society. p. 10.
707:, Giant cane. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
565:. Canebrakes are an important habitat for the
1339:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
1039:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 4.
931:
929:
8:
984:. Cincinnati: Johnson and Harlan. p. 4.
794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
615:There are many human uses for the cane. The
55:at Cane Ridge Meeting House in Kentucky, US
1501:
1320:, National Geographic News, archived from
1271:. BirdLife International Species Profile.
70:
42:
31:
451:. Other plants in the understory include
2034:Flora of the South-Central United States
1441:from the original on September 29, 2023.
1391:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension.
847:Brown, Clair A. "Notes on Arundinaria."
820:. Grass Manual Treatment. Archived from
339:of about 10 years. Most reproduction is
2039:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1333:
1331:
694:
1309:
1307:
1131:
1129:
787:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
1383:
1381:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
7:
2044:Warm-season grasses of North America
1300:from the original on March 14, 2023.
1275:from the original on April 20, 2023.
942:Wildlife Stewardship on Tribal Lands
899:
897:
854:, vol. 56, no. 6, 1929, pp. 315–18.
743:In: Fire Effects Information System"
1183:Owens, Chelsea (11 February 2021).
915:from the original on April 20, 2023
2029:Endemic flora of the United States
1249:from the original on April 2, 2023
1213:from the original on May 28, 2023.
936:Andrea L. Rogers (2023). "28". In
25:
1823:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1126471-2
1463:from the original on Feb 6, 2024.
1395:from the original on Dec 2, 2023.
1349:from the original on Oct 23, 2023
1314:Lori Valigra (November 7, 2005),
997:Clark County, Kentucky: A History
870:"Observations of flowering cane (
1965:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316711-2
1485:from the original on Oct 3, 2023
1104:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00079.x
621:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
93:
611:Uses and cultural significance
1:
1457:The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
515:). Cane communities occur on
2024:Grasses of the United States
2049:Native American ethnobotany
982:History of Pioneer Kentucky
883:(66): 17–25. Archived from
556:in Natchez, Mississippi, US
315:This bamboo is a perennial
2065:
2014:NatureServe secure species
1189:Jsu Student Symposium 2021
1050:Eubanks, Georgann (2021).
1037:Kentucky Bluegrass Country
1022:Kentucky Bluegrass Country
838:Retrieved 23 October 2023.
771:(1): 79–95, archived from
397:
271:southeastern United States
1035:Alvey, Gerald R. (1992).
1020:Alvey, Gerald R. (1992).
995:Clark, Thomas D. (1996).
940:; Albert, Steven (eds.).
415:or midstory. It grows in
247:(not to be confused with
217:
210:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
59:
50:
41:
34:
980:Cotterill, R.S. (1917).
955:Bolgiano, Chris (1998).
345:Abita Springs, Louisiana
1475:"Canebrake Restoration"
1142:Southeastern Geographer
858:Retrieved 23 Oct. 2023.
737:Jane E. Taylor (2006).
505:Schizachyrium scoparium
1203:"Arundinaria gigantea"
623:, use this species in
607:
557:
465:Vaccinium crassifolium
1479:friendsofthecache.org
1154:10.1353/sgo.2011.0000
1052:Saving the Wild South
851:Torrey Botanical Club
602:
575:and Kentucky warblers
552:
419:forests dominated by
289:and other species of
1545:Arundinaria gigantea
1515:Arundinaria gigantea
872:Arundinacea gigantea
836:Worldcat.org website
812:Arundinaria gigantea
741:Arundinaria gigantea
705:Arundinaria gigantea
604:Arundinaria gigantea
554:Arundinaria gigantea
497:Muhlenbergia expansa
481:Gaylussacia frondosa
406:last Glacial Maximum
287:Arundinaria gigantea
281:and as far north as
236:Arundinaria gigantea
221:Arundinaria gigantea
53:Arundinaria gigantea
36:Arundinaria gigantea
1269:"Bachman's Warbler"
1096:2005ResEc..13..616D
1084:Restoration Ecology
909:plants.ifas.ufl.edu
834:"Louisiana Botany".
710:, NatureServe, 1984
619:, particularly the
563:southern pearly eye
394:Habitat and ecology
295:once grew in large
62:Conservation status
1286:Campbell, Julian.
938:Hoagland, Serra J.
646:to make medicine,
608:
558:
513:Ctenium aromaticum
461:creeping blueberry
2001:
2000:
1779:Open Tree of Life
1507:Taxon identifiers
1459:. 20 April 2022.
1435:choctawnation.com
1418:on June 17, 2023.
1412:choctawnation.com
824:on June 13, 2012.
587:Bachman's warbler
577:, as well as the
485:pineland threeawn
232:
231:
83:
16:(Redirected from
2056:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
985:
977:
971:
970:
952:
946:
945:
933:
924:
923:
921:
920:
901:
892:
891:
889:
878:
865:
859:
849:Bulletin of the
845:
839:
832:
826:
825:
806:
800:
799:
793:
785:
784:
783:
777:
762:
753:
747:
746:
734:
719:
718:
717:
715:
699:
579:white-eyed vireo
489:Aristida stricta
477:blue huckleberry
473:Morella cerifera
435:, and stands of
388:fire suppression
259:giant river cane
239:is a species of
223:
203:A. gigantea
98:
97:
77:
74:
73:
46:
32:
21:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1871:Arundo gigantea
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1007:
994:
993:
989:
979:
978:
974:
967:
954:
953:
949:
935:
934:
927:
918:
916:
903:
902:
895:
887:
876:
867:
866:
862:
846:
842:
833:
829:
808:
807:
803:
786:
781:
779:
775:
760:
755:
754:
750:
736:
735:
722:
713:
711:
701:
700:
696:
691:
652:bows and arrows
613:
509:toothache grass
501:little bluestem
402:
396:
357:
313:
273:as far west as
228:
225:
219:
206:
92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:wfo-0000850969
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:wfo-0000850245
1850:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1622:
1609:
1596:
1583:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1535:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1466:
1444:
1429:Batton, Gary.
1421:
1406:Fabvssa, Iti.
1398:
1377:
1374:on 2012-12-15.
1359:
1327:
1303:
1278:
1260:
1216:
1194:
1175:
1148:(1): 150–164.
1125:
1090:(4): 616–622.
1067:
1060:
1042:
1027:
1012:
1006:978-0964849006
1005:
987:
972:
965:
947:
925:
893:
890:on 2012-04-26.
860:
840:
827:
801:
748:
720:
693:
692:
690:
687:
612:
609:
433:shortleaf pine
395:
392:
356:
353:
312:
309:
230:
229:
227:(Walter) Muhl.
226:
215:
214:
208:
207:
200:
198:
194:
193:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
149:
148:
143:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1343:naeb.brit.org
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:on 2012-02-01
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1240:ncrs.usda.gov
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1061:9781469664903
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
976:
973:
968:
966:0-8117-0126-3
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
932:
930:
926:
914:
910:
906:
900:
898:
894:
886:
882:
875:
873:
864:
861:
857:
856:JSTOR website
853:
852:
844:
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
819:
817:
813:
805:
802:
797:
791:
778:on 2007-09-30
774:
770:
766:
759:
752:
749:
744:
742:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
721:
709:
708:
704:
698:
695:
688:
686:
682:
680:
675:
673:
672:tobacco pipes
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
610:
605:
601:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
555:
551:
547:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:cutover muhly
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:inflorescence
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:south-central
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
237:
224:
222:
216:
213:
212:Binomial name
209:
205:
204:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:Tracheophytes
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2019:Bambusoideae
1870:
1514:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1424:
1416:the original
1411:
1401:
1372:the original
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1342:
1322:the original
1316:
1281:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1239:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1145:
1141:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1015:
996:
990:
981:
975:
956:
950:
941:
917:. Retrieved
908:
885:the original
880:
871:
863:
848:
843:
830:
822:the original
815:
811:
804:
780:, retrieved
773:the original
768:
764:
751:
740:
712:, retrieved
706:
703:
697:
683:
678:
676:
629:
614:
603:
591:
559:
553:
541:
529:pine barrens
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
456:
410:
403:
373:
362:
358:
349:gregariously
314:
290:
286:
258:
254:
250:Arundo donax
248:
244:
235:
234:
233:
220:
218:
202:
201:
189:
152:
139:
126:
113:
52:
51:Grouping of
35:
29:
1753:NatureServe
1688:iNaturalist
1539:Wikispecies
1489:27 November
1253:27 November
1207:fs.usda.gov
714:15 November
679:A. gigantea
544:fire regime
517:floodplains
457:Ilex glabra
404:During the
384:agriculture
380:overgrazing
311:Description
292:Arundinaria
190:Arundinaria
159:Commelinids
133:Angiosperms
80:NatureServe
2008:Categories
1797:kew-395986
1792:Plant List
1353:2024-02-06
919:2023-04-20
782:2007-07-14
689:References
594:quackgrass
583:extinction
567:Swainson's
469:wax myrtle
449:cottonwood
413:understory
398:See also:
341:vegetative
305:ecosystems
301:canebrakes
255:river cane
245:giant cane
1886:Q39533390
1706:1126471-2
1662:GrassBase
1641:242416104
1170:129900940
1162:1549-6929
1112:1061-2971
640:Chickasaw
400:Canebrake
376:livestock
243:known as
197:Species:
103:Kingdom:
18:Rivercane
1978:25510083
1973:Tropicos
1939:316711-2
1880:Wikidata
1836:25508581
1831:Tropicos
1758:2.143792
1719:10589264
1667:imp00978
1530:Q2866037
1524:Wikidata
1483:Archived
1461:Archived
1439:Archived
1393:Archived
1347:Archived
1295:Archived
1273:Archived
1244:Archived
1211:Archived
1120:86518356
913:Archived
816:A. tecta
790:citation
648:blowguns
636:Seminole
625:basketry
617:Cherokee
537:pocosins
533:savannas
525:riparian
453:inkberry
429:longleaf
421:loblolly
365:Kentucky
337:lifespan
321:rhizomes
297:colonies
283:New York
275:Oklahoma
261:. It is
175:Family:
146:Monocots
1913:4111171
1846:4961827
1740:MoBotPF
1654:2705964
1605:1114212
1092:Bibcode
668:candles
644:Choctaw
632:Choctaw
585:of the
527:woods,
507:), and
441:cypress
369:savanna
355:History
333:panicle
299:called
265:to the
263:endemic
185:Genus:
179:Poaceae
165:Order:
107:Plantae
78: (
76:Secure
1952:786843
1843:uBio:
1805:PLANTS
1784:862563
1745:285180
1693:121747
1628:arugig
1625:FEIS:
1579:553227
1553:AoFP:
1168:
1160:
1118:
1110:
1058:
1003:
963:
664:flutes
660:spears
656:knives
571:hooded
535:, and
447:, and
431:, and
329:raceme
257:, and
241:bamboo
169:Poales
1732:40477
1714:IRMNG
1618:ABHGI
1563:APA:
1298:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1247:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1166:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1080:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
425:slash
327:is a
317:grass
279:Texas
153:Clade
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
1960:POWO
1947:ITIS
1934:IPNI
1926:4441
1921:GRIN
1908:GBIF
1900:H3LT
1818:POWO
1810:ARGI
1771:4591
1766:NCBI
1727:ITIS
1701:IPNI
1680:4385
1675:GRIN
1649:GBIF
1613:EPPO
1592:H33M
1574:BOLD
1566:4686
1556:3330
1491:2022
1255:2022
1158:ISSN
1108:ISSN
1056:ISBN
1001:ISBN
961:ISBN
814:and
796:link
765:Sida
716:2021
642:and
531:and
521:bogs
437:oaks
417:pine
386:and
277:and
269:and
1986:WFO
1895:CoL
1854:WFO
1636:FNA
1600:EoL
1587:CoL
1150:doi
1100:doi
499:),
491:),
483:),
475:),
467:),
459:),
445:ash
331:or
253:),
2010::
1988::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1910::
1897::
1882::
1856::
1833::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1781::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1638::
1615::
1602::
1589::
1576::
1541::
1526::
1481:.
1477:.
1455:.
1437:.
1433:.
1410:.
1380:^
1345:.
1341:.
1330:^
1306:^
1293:.
1238:.
1219:^
1209:.
1205:.
1187:.
1164:.
1156:.
1146:51
1144:.
1140:.
1128:^
1114:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:13
1086:.
1082:.
928:^
911:.
907:.
896:^
879:.
792:}}
788:{{
769:22
767:,
763:,
723:^
681:.
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
638:,
573:,
569:,
523:,
519:,
443:,
439:,
427:,
423:,
390:.
307:.
155::
142::
129::
116::
1493:.
1356:.
1257:.
1191:.
1172:.
1152::
1122:.
1102::
1094::
1064:.
1009:.
969:.
922:.
818:"
810:"
798:)
739:"
511:(
503:(
495:(
487:(
479:(
471:(
463:(
455:(
82:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
