1114:
to his brethren who were away on a hunt at the time of the Wheat Census. <Chippewa oral history of the Robert Gopher family>. The Chief Big Rock family were away as was often done, Chippewa bands separate during hunting excursions, hunting in western
Montana. Because they were not directly enumerated in the Wheat census, Chief Rocky Boy inserted the language of the Act to include Big Rock's extended family. The language of the Act was not intended to include anyone other than the whole Rocky Boy band, and was limited to Big Rock's family. Ironically, Big Rock is listed on the 1917 McLaughlin census. Chief Big Rock's place of birth is listed as Red Lake, Minnesota. This is the true and legitimate successor to Chief Rocky Boy. Some oral history has indicated Big Rock was Chief Rocky Boy's brother, moreover, Chippewa have held Big Rock to be the main "ogemaw" and Rocky Boy was more of a spokesman to him, or a sub-chief. Only the present day Bearwalker family line are the living descendants of Chief Big Rock. After Little Bear took over the affairs of the soon to be established reservation, and the flight to Chief Mountain—Big Rock's family perished on Chief Mountain, from the combined effects of tuberculosis and starvation.
1105:, more correctly called Stone Being. The true origin of Asiniweyin, he was born in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. He was a member of the Red Robe Band, Red Robe, or Moose Dung, was a signor of the 1864 Pembina Treaty. Other sources say he was born in Wisconsin and migrated to the Montana region in the 1880s. Rocky Boy claimed to be native to southwest Montana and may have lived in southern Idaho. He became a popular leader in the early 1900s among both the Chippewa and the European Americans. He managed to gain Executive Orders by United States presidents to set aside land for two Chippewa-Cree reservations in northeastern Montana. Rocky Boy died in 1916, before Congress officially established the Rocky Boy's Reservation. Some sources have speculated he was assassinated, including noted Smithsonian historian and expert on Plains tribal culture, John C. Ewers. Frank Bird Linderman's correspondence with Chippewa Chief Big Rock also indicated Big Rock explained not only Rocky Boy's assassination, but Big Rock's own son's were also assassinated by rival Cree in the Ft. Assiniboine area in the days after Chief Rocky Boy's death.<Linderman Papers, Plains Indian Museum, Browning, MT>
320:
1090:"SEC. 10. That fractional townships twenty-eight north, ranges fifteen and sixteen east, and fractional townships twenty-nine north, ranges fourteen and fifteen east, Montana principal meridian, within the boundaries of said reservation, embracing a total area of approximately fifty-six thousand and thirty-five acres, are hereby set apart as a reservation for Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewas and such other homeless Indians in the State of Montana as the Secretary of the Interior may see fit to locate thereon, and the said Secretary is authorized, in his discretion, to allot the lands within the reservation hereby created under the provisions of the general allotment Act of February eighth, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven (Twenty"fourth Statutes at Large, page three hundred and eighty-eight), as amended.
1087:
descendants of the Riel
Rebellion leaders made up 406 of the McLaughlin Roll. Only 45 of those who were on the 1908 Wheat roll managed to secure membership at the Rocky Boy's reservation, which had been authorized for Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians." <64th Congress>: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Act approved February eleventh, nineteen hundred and fifteen (Thirty-eighth Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and seven), entitled "An Act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to survey the lands of the abandoned Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation and open the same to settlement," be, and the same is hereby, amended by the addition thereto of the following sections:
787:(notation: In the BIA technical report on the Little Shell: "the Chippewa included a small and distinct group, centered around the Gopher family, some of whom are still resident of "hill 57" today. This group claimed descent from a Chippewa chief from the Great Lakes area. They were identified in the studies of the "Hill 57" as descendants of a Chippewa band from the Great Lakes, unrelated to the Little Shell families, Turtle Mountain, or the bands on the Rocky Boy's reservation). This is accurate in the sense that the Chippewa were not related to the Little Bear Cree who also occupied the reservation since it was established.
173:
158:
1182:, and of the original Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians, who will audit the largely adoptee roll. The proposed interim council consists of Glenn Gopher, Blackfeet Tribal member; Duncan Standing Rock Jr., Chippewa Cree Tribe; Blair Gopher, Blackfeet Tribal member; Delores Chippewa, Chippewa-Cree Tribe; Nora Nelson, Chippewa Cree Tribe; Barbara Standing Rock, Chippewa Cree Tribe; Melinda Gopher, Blackfeet Tribal member; and Calvin Twoteeth, Chippewa Cree Tribe (pending).
1118:
Standing Rock, Pat
Raspberry, Crazy Boy (Chief Rocky Boy's brother), and Charles Mosney. On his death bed, and his last letter to Frank B. Linderman, Rocky Boy stated "I don't know if I will ever see you again, Little Bear (referring to their inclusion, along with Metis led by Kennawash)... is trying to get them all in. It is up to my band of Chippewa Indians to let them in." Rocky Boy's understanding of the working of tribal sovereignty is correct. <
1043:
the massacre. Cameron identified Little Bear as the leader of the massacre, in which a total of nine were killed, including clergy. Some contemporary writings blamed
Wandering Spirit. Cameron was held hostage by the Little Bear Band for two months. Little Bear's band fled to Montana, but they were subject to deportation to Canada in 1896 by the U.S. Congress. The newspapers reported that the Little Bear Cree forced the U.S. Cavalry back to
1729:
889:
for longer than 10 years lost their tribal citizenship. In the early 21st century, the
Chippewa are studying suing the Chippewa Cree Tribal Council. They contend that the Chippewa Cree are not a lawful recognized tribe. They believe that the tribal immunity from civil suits does not apply to individuals who do not have blood descent in a historic tribe, but claim adoptee status on a reservation.
33:
476:, to achieve his goal. He lived mainly in north central Montana, although he also traveled to southwestern and western areas of the state. The Rocky Boy Band was listed at 75 in a 1908 census that was certified by the Department of the Interior. Another 39 were listed separately as affiliated persons but not Chippewa, by agent Thralls B. Wheat, who was responsible for land allotments.
924:(as his name appears on the 1908 Chippewa Census, <United States Department of Interior>), member of the Red Robe Band noted in the 1864 Pembina Chippewa Treaty, signor of the 1889 Red Lake Agreement #6, assisted in the creation of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Reservation. With Frank B. Linderman, Charles M. Russell, Paris Gibson, and William Boles (according to the
1094:
Department of the
Interior; were born in the treaty land cede area. Therefore, the U.S. Indian Claims Commission dismissed Cree treaty claims <Docket 191 221, U.S. Claims Commission>. Still further, the Canadian Council Privy attempted to work with U.S. authorities to exert authority to return the Little Bear Band to Canada, prior to the 1896 Act of Deportation.
625:
to kill political rivals. If the assassination account is true, it threatened the Cree settlement at Rocky Boy
Reservation. Linderman supposedly said that rocky Boy in his last words said he did not want to accept the Cree on the newly established reservation. But they had already been occupying land in the area and at Fort Assiniboine.
1055:
official correspondence refers only to Rocky Boy's Band of
Chippewa Indians. Chief Big Rock enacted his own Chippewa council following Rocky Boy's death, consisting of Pat Raspberry, Standing Rock, Charles Mosney, and Crazy Boy. This council held a formal council and pipe ceremony in Great Falls with white supporters: writer
961:(leader). His date of birth is not known but may have occurred between 1800 and 1805. Ogima Black Powder was native to the Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan regions. Little has been recorded about his life. He died in 1865. Chippewa notation: Black Powder is not on the 1908 Census of the Rocky Boy Band of Chippewa Indians.
546:. By 1912–1913 nearly 600 Chippewa and Cree were living on the large Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation. The Rocky Boy Reservation, which was formed in part by land ceded by the Army from Fort Assinniboine. Most of those settled in the area were Cree refugees from Canada in the U.S. under terms of asylum.
503:) gathered near Helena to be relocated to a new homeland on the Blackfeet Reservation, which was closer to their traditional home. With the new Chippewa-Cree Reservation approved and set aside, the government redirected the Chippewa-Cree to the Chippewa band's new home. The new reservation was located between
1177:
The
Chippewa will enforce their right to conduct an audit after pervasive abuse of the tribal enrollment system, and the presence of outright fraud on the part of the Business Committee and the Interior agency who have colluded to strip the Chippewa people of sovereignty. The interim council consists
1129:
Ewers, John
Canfield. Ethnological report on the Chippewa Cree tribe of the Rocky Boy Reservation and the Little Shell band of Indians / John C. Ewers. History of the Cree Indian territorial expansion from the Hudson Bay area to the interior Saskatchewan and Missouri plains Floyd W. Sharrock Susan
1113:
With respect to enrollment in Rocky Boy, because the reservation was established by an Act of Congress for "Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians and such other homeless Indians," the language of the law was intended in 1908 by Chief Rocky Boy and Thralls B. Wheat, to leave the door to enrollment open
1086:
After the Rocky Boy Reservation was officially established in 1916, Little Bear followed Rocky Boy and his band there, bringing about 200 of his own people. He took over as leader of the new Reservation after Rocky Boy's death in 1916. Little Bear died in 1921. Ultimately Little Bear Cree and those
1054:
In 1914, Chief Rocky Boy was corresponding with Interior Secretary Franklin Lane, and expressed the Chippewa band's neutrality in the World War I conflict. He also wrote to President Woodrow Wilson, dated September 25, 1914, expressing the band's position. No Chippewa Cree tribe existed at the time;
1050:
There were two distinct rolls, the 1908 census of the Rocky Boy Band of Chippewa, was conducted near Helena, MT by Thralls B. Wheat, an allotting agent of the Department of the Interior. This was the only legal census of the Rocky Boy Band; it was supervised by Chief Rocky Boy. Neither Little Bear,
888:
The settlement at Hill 57 followed the dark period when some members of the Rocky Boy Band were assassinated; tribal members left the reservation to preserve themselves. The Chippewa Cree Tribal Constitution was passed that adopted a ten-year absentee policy, wherein members away from the reservation
884:
Hill 57 was a settlement where members of the Rocky Boy band moved after they had lost several dozen family members from starvation on Chief Mountain. Opponents of tribal termination noted the problems of the settlement, which occurred after allotment of communal lands had left members disadvantaged.
624:
But Robert Gopher (Blackfeet), an oral historian of the Chippewa, says that Rocky Boy was assassinated by rival Cree who used poison roots. They were anxious to settle at the reservation. According to the oral traditions of the Saskatchewan Cree, Little Bear was known to use a specific poisonous root
1554:
Statutes at Large from 1896, (54th Congress, Session 1) Chap. 175, "An Act making provision for the deportation of refugee Canadian Cree Indians from the State of Montana and their delivery to the Canadian Authorities." A follow-up Senate report 821 "Delivery of Refugee Cree Indians to Canada" April
1173:
The Chippewa people are working to address enrollment and voting abuses on the reservation. Most recently, Fr. Pete Guthneck, a non-Indian honorary tribal member, voted in the tribal election, thereby invalidating the election. His standing was challenged by Jonathan Windy Boy, an adoptee who is not
1169:
The Chippewa people never approved the constitution as passed by the Business Committee. The constitution does not provide for specific Chippewa representation in the tribal electoral system. Chippewa are outnumbered on their own reservation by a 10:1 ratio. This threatens the political integrity of
1137:
The constitution provides for enrollment for a member of the "Chippewa Cree Tribe." Namely, the Constitution allows any Indian not otherwise enrolled in MT, to enroll," unofficially, it allows any Indian who has simultaneous enrollment in Canada to enroll <BIA Area Director Keith Beartusk> It
1042:
by William B. Cameron, among a handful of captives taken by the Cree band, which continued to elude Canadian law authorities. Cameron was a clerk for the Hudson Bay Company. He later testified on behalf of Little Bear's father, Big Bear, who attempted to stop his son and supporters from instigating
937:
Mary Chippewa Gopher, "Iron Claw Bear Woman", niece of Chief Rocky Boy, she led Chippewa resistance against policies of the U.S. government that interfered with tribal sovereignty. Also known as Iron Claws, she raised a family at Hill 57 after her people were dispossessed from their new reservation.
613:
from white settlement in order to establish a new closed Chippewa reservation there. Both requests were granted by the Department of Interior. In the end, many of the Chippewa-Cree who lived in western Montana were not willing to relocate to far northeastern Montana. Chippewa notation: The Sharrock
1134:
courts to decide if a Chippewa Cree tribe existed prior to 1935," foretelling the contemporary conflict. To the trained ethnologist's eye, the writing was on the wall 40 years ago. Ewers also correctly predicted this matter would ultimately be decided on contentious terms, most likely the courts.
557:
With Frank Linderman leading many of the European-American supporters, the US Congress passed legislation in 1916 to establish what was first called Rocky Boy's Reservation. The Indian Inspector Frank Churchill was sent to Montana to negotiate with the chief. Ahsiniiwin educated Churchill about the
1125:
There is a legal theoretical split, those that attempt to document and claim a Chippewa Cree identity, and the original descendants of Rocky boy's Chippewa band who reject these claims. Ethnologist John C. Ewers writes in Ethnological report on the Chippewa Cree tribe of the Rocky Boy Reservation
673:
The tribe has set up the Chippewa Cree Community Development Corporation, which employs 25 people. Other enterprises include Chippewa Cree Construction Company (20), Chippewa Cree Construction Corporation (14), National Tribal Development Association (9), Northern Winz Casino (70), and RJS &
1133:
The Chippewa view the Department of the Interior's mishandling of the 1908 roll, the raising of an illegal 1917 McLaughlin Roll, and the mismanaged Pembina judgments as overreaching paternalism roundly rejected by the majority of U.S. tribes into one tribe's affairs. Ewers wrote "it will be for
553:
with 50 to 60 people. He negotiated with the US Indian agent for additional lands, which were approved in 1916. Soon after the reservation was officially established, Chippewa and other landless Indians, to include the Cree from north central Montana, western Montana, and northern Idaho, settled
1117:
Chief Rocky Boy had been under increased pressure to add the Cree and Metis to his rolls by government officials. Even after the reservation was to be created, in the spring of 1916, Frank Bird Linderman met with Chief Big Rock in northside, Great Falls, and other Chippewa tribesmen including
910:
Average low temperatures during the winter months of December, January, and February at Box Elder are 9, 5, and 9. Average high temperatures for the same winter months at Box Elder are 30, 26, and 31. Average high temperatures for the summer months of June, July, and August are 76, 85, and 84.
669:
According to the Tribal Chairman's address to the Havre Area Chamber of Commerce in January 2007, the annual tribal revenue of $ 52 million is infused into the local economy as a result of federal programs, private business, and tribal businesses on the Rocky Boy's Reservation. The majority of
1093:
Cree nativity to Montana is disputed by Chippewa who contend that during the negotiations of the treaties that encompass the area of Montana, the noted Smithsonian ethnologist, John C. Ewers found not a single member of Little Bear's band, who were now on the 1917 McLaughlin Roll of the US.
1006:. Some said his mother was a Chippewa whose people had relocated from Wisconsin to Montana. Little Bear was born around 1850. After his father relocated to Montana from Idaho, the family settled in southwestern and north central Montana, depending on the season. The latter had vast herds of
487:
hunting party, which included women and elders, was attacked by state officials while they were hunting off reservation in their traditional territory. This right was protected by treaties with the US government, but the state thought they had the power to regulate it. An armed game warden
1074:
By the start of the 20th century, Little Bear returned to Montana, his native country, and began to follow Rocky Boy. In 1905, Little Bear contacted Canadian leaders to request allowing the Cree from Montana to relocate to Canada. Officials agreed and the Cree settled primarily with the
628:
In 1917 a census was conducted at Rocky Boy Reservation in order to establish a tribal roll for what became known as the Chippewa Cree Tribe. Chippewa notation: James McLaughlin, the Interior Agent who entered errors on the 1917 tribal roll, is the same agent who sold Rocky Boy's land in
385:
The reservation was established by congressional statute on September 7, 1916 (39 Stat. 739, Sec. 10), to provide land for the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians, who had been forced out of territory in Minnesota and were landless. The Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation is located in the
670:
reservation residents work for the self-governing Chippewa Cree Tribe. Compacts are maintained with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Indian Health Service. Funds originating within the BIA , together with tribal government, provide work for 231 full- and part-time employees.
442:
on January 14, 1902, asking the U.S. government for land, housing, and education for his band of Chippewa Indians, made up of 130 men, women and children. They had been forced out of areas to the east and were landless. Also among landless Indians in Montana were a band of Cree.
447:
784:. The practices had centered around Mary Chippewa Gopher, whose spiritual name was "Iron Claw Bear Woman". She was the niece of Chief Rocky Boy. Her father, Charles Chippewa or Walking Stone, was the brother to the chief. Mary Chippewa married Jim Gopher, or Loud Thunder.
907:, but their strength there is not as great as on the open plains. The winds may warm the communities located in the Bear Paw Mountains during the winter months. Precipitation, especially in the form of snow, is somewhat higher in the mountains than on the plains.
537:
Anishinaabe leaders feared they would lose the land and forced the Chippewa away, as they were not Blackfeet people and were not entitled to allotments. The US Army had allowed the Chippewa and other landless Indians, including Cree refugees, to settle at
802:
has a mission, Our Saviour's Lutheran Church. Toward the end of 1999, Rev. Joseph W. Bailey Sr. was joined by Christian youth groups from around the country; together they built a new sanctuary and outdoor chapel, and started work on a retreat center.
897:
Rocky Boy Reservation has a wide variation of climate conditions. Near Box Elder, the climate is warmer during the summer months, as a result of the lower elevation, and windier during the cold winter months. During the cold winter months, the
423:
The Department of Interior refers to the Chippewa-Cree Tribe as being the recognized tribe on the reservation, but this is a term of convenience. The Chippewa and Cree peoples are distinct tribes among the several that are part of the larger
1108:
Pennato: The brother of Rocky Boy, Pennato had suggested that the Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation become a new closed Chippewa-Cree Reservation. In December 1911, Pennato and 150 Chippewa fled the Babb Chippewa Reservation. (Source
1165:
new Guardians Project, administered by the Department of Interior,, there had been increased enforcement through investigation and prosecution of crimes. The convictions of the Adoptee Business Committee resulted from such prosecution.
377:. It has a total land area of 171.4 square miles (444 km), which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The reservation is reported to have 3,323 enrolled members, 55% of the total 6,177 enrolled members in the tribe.
1083:(this reserve includes the Ermineskin, Louis Bull, and Montana First Nations). In 1908, Little Bear again contacted Canadian leaders requesting permission for more landless Chippewa and Cree to relocate from Montana to Canada.
1861:
1836:
684:
It also has services for enrolled members, and operates the Chippewa Cree Housing Authority (25 employees). By the Tribe's compact with the Indian Health Service, it employs 135 staff within the Rocky Boy Health Board.
725:; they serve four-year terms on staggered schedules of elections. This type of election means that each candidate must gain a majority of votes on the reservation, leaving the minority Chippewa without representation.
1126:
and the Little Shell band of Indians / John C. Ewers. History of the Cree Indian territorial expansion from the Hudson Bay area to the interior Saskatchewan and Missouri plains Floyd W. Sharrock Susan R. Sharrock.
704:
The Chippewa Cree tribe operates the Northern Winz Casino. Construction began in May 2006, with the tribal grand opening occurring in February 2007, and a public grand opening March 30, 2007. The casino is located on
394:. It is the smallest reservation in the state in terms of land area, with a total land area of 171.4 square miles (443.9 km), which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The population was 3,323 at the
409:, although a small part of Box Elder extends off reservation lands. More than 80% of the tribal enrolled members are classifiable as "adoptees" under the tribal constitution, as they have non-Chippewa tribal origin.
763:
While most of the Chippewa-Cree are Christian, some members of the tribe have maintained traditional spiritual beliefs and cultural ceremonies/activities. The traditional Thirst Dance, more commonly known as the
902:
can cause damage around the Box Elder region. High wind storms often occur during the winter months. With the warmer temperatures, the Chinook Winds result in melting snow. The Chinook Winds also occur in the
1034:
Lucky Man. After the short conflict ended, Little Bear fled as a refugee from Canada back to Montana. Little Bear was said to be the instigator of the Frog Lake massacre in Frog Lake, Saskatchewan in 1885.
772:
is held the first week of August. Other cultural events are held throughout the year, including an annual Christmas Dance, round dances, ceremonial feasts, revived cultural ceremonies, and cultural camps.
794:
are held by descendants of Robert Gopher, who was the youngest son of Jim and Mary Chippewa Gopher. The family are not the only ones to carry the intricate teachings and knowledge of their predecessors.
692:, an online lending company. It had a staff of 25 as of December 2011. Plain Green and similar companies owned by other tribes have been criticized for profiting from high-interest online loans (called
948:
Robert Gopher, Listening Thunder, grand-nephew to Chief Rocky Boy, led the Chippewa resistance after the death of his parents, and fostered the Chippewa people's efforts to restore their sovereignty.
1394:
941:
Mary Bearwalker McGillis, daughter of Chief Big Rock's son Bearwalker, was a contemporary of Iron Claws. She is also credited with holding the Chippewa people together through a difficult period.
1497:
1150:, oversaw the effort of the Rocky Boy Band of Chippewa to assert their sovereignty in a historic return to self-government. Former members of the Business Committee had committed extensive
721:
The Business Committee is effectively the Tribal Council and the governing body of the Tribe; it is dominated by Chippewa Cree adoptees. The eight council members and chairman are elected
1146:
In late 2014, Glenn Gopher, an oral historian and enrolled member of the Blackfeet Tribe, of Great Falls, Duncan Standing Rock Sr., and Rocky Boy Jr. Slimjohn (Deceased: 02/16/2017), of
1717:
390:
in north central Montana. According to the map of Montana, the reservation takes in land within the boundaries of Hill and Chouteau counties, about 40 miles (64 km) south of the
1154:
and were convicted of theft. The Chippewa people asserted that their sovereignty had been thwarted by extensive mismanagement by the Department of the Interior since historic times.
362:
were also settled there. Today the Cree outnumber the Chippewa on the reservation. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) recognizes it (and the tribe) as the Chippewa Cree Reservation.
549:
Rocky Boy had already supervised his Chippewa band census in 1908 and had it certified by the Interior Department. Chief Rocky Boy was living on the new Chippewa Reservation near
944:
Duncan Standing Rock Sr., elder and possessor of ceremonial knowledge of the Chippewa people. He held the sacred bundle of Chief Rocky Boy until his death, February 28, 2021.
50:
885:
A land plot inherited by Robert Gopher was obtained by George Black Tongue. He had been barred from the 1908 roll and should not have been eligible to acquire that land.
1773:
931:
Charles Chippewa, brother to Chief Rocky Boy, was at one time the keeper of the Chief Rocky Boy bundle. This bundle is now kept by a descendant of the Rocky Boy family.
806:
In December 2019 the original St. Mary's Catholic Church burnt down. In June 2021 the community held a groundbreaking ceremony to start the rebuild of the new church.
319:
1826:
1196:
975:. He was born in 1825 as the son of Black Powder, an Ojibwa chief, and an Ojibwa mother in the Jackfish Lake region of Saskatchewan, a few miles north of present-day
995:
of 1885. The whites arrested him as the principal leader of the short rebellion and sentenced him to prison. In early 1888, Big Bear was released. He settled on the
1256:
1666:
1816:
350:, incorrectly originally translated as Rocky Boy), the chief of the Chippewa band, who had died a few months earlier. It was established for landless Chippewa (
1710:
416:(in the Chippewa/Anishanaabe language). His name was closer in meaning to "Stone Child". The Chippewa who are descendants of Chief Rocky Boy say his name is
677:
The tribe operates and administers its own educational system: the Rocky Boy public schools with 184 teachers and staff. Like other tribes, it has set up a
488:
confronted the party when he thought they had not moved out of their camp quickly enough, and shot at members. Gunfire was exchanged, and a total of four
157:
1821:
645:
For cultural and food sovereignty purposes, a buffalo herd was established in 2021 on 1,200 acres (490 ha). Bison is the correct taxonomic term for
621:(1869-1938), Chief Rocky Boy died at Ft. Assiniboine on April 18, 1916. Contemporary newspapers also reported that Rocky Boy died in Fort Assiniboine.
1841:
736:(FY 94) programs under Title IV of the P.l. 93-638 Act. This act gave more power to the tribes to determine their priorities and exercise governance.
1695:
934:
John Goodrunner (Chippewa), coordinated the annual Rain Dance, sometimes referred to as the Sun Dance, at the Rocky Boy reservation until his death.
1270:
1856:
1703:
654:
1420:
398:, an increase of 24 percent compared to 2000. Three other reservations of the seven in the state also had population growth during this period.
1846:
999:, where he died soon after. Chippewa notation: Big Bear was not a predecessor to Chief Rocky Boy, for whom the Rocky Boy Reservation is named.
799:
172:
97:
1652:
696:). The Chippewa Cree are part of the Native American Lending Alliance, an organization of tribes that are in the business of online lending.
69:
1778:
519:
1446:
602:
and others. Ahsiniiwin asserted that he was peaceful at all times, and he spoke only for the Chippewa people. He had worked to establish
1646:
500:
76:
1788:
603:
1339:
817:
Church is self-governing and self-supporting. Eric and Amanda Reed have shared the senior pastor in Rocky Boy in the Spring of 2006.
658:
116:
1368:
83:
649:, but buffalo is the common vernacular term. Surrounded by 7.1 miles (11.4 km) of fencing, the Pasture is about a mile from
461:
1471:
760:. The grand lodge tradition is tightly held; it takes a lifetime for qualified members to learn all four levels of the society.
391:
374:
1763:
976:
65:
54:
1630:
1831:
614:
report/addendum to the official Ewers Report notes the 1908 land was proposed for "Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians".
359:
1768:
1748:
480:
405:' Labor Force Report of 2005 reported 5,656 enrolled members in the tribe. The largest community of the reservation is
1758:
1098:
563:
347:
938:
She rejected inclusion of Cree on the reservation. She led her people from 1946 until her death on November 23, 1965.
1851:
1162:
1011:
1613:
John Phillip Well-Off-Man, "The History of Chief Rocky Boy and His Band and the Founding of Rocky Boy Reservation"
43:
865:, or New Box Elder - population 890 at the 2010 census; located on the southeast side of Box Elder, on the plains
395:
1612:
1658:
1615:, 2007, Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers, Scholar Works, University of Montana
1158:
729:
402:
370:
216:
1301:
90:
1753:
1076:
996:
988:
984:
862:
826:
1147:
857:
610:
473:
813:
mission church was established in late 1999. The church building was erected in June 2002. The Rocky Boy
733:
512:
1018:
to north of the area where the Rocky Boy Reservation is located. Little Bear was one of the principal
1138:
unofficially provides for Cree blood quantum, even though the Cree tribe does not have a U.S. treaty.
412:
Rocky Boy's unusual name was derived from the English mistranslation of the name of the tribal chief,
1220:
1119:
1023:
1015:
992:
825:
Rocky Boy Reservation has nine settlements, eight of which are classified by the US Census Bureau as
781:
618:
583:
543:
527:
495:
In November 1909, over 100 landless Chippewa-Cree from southwestern and western Montana and northern
469:
366:
220:
1596:
1080:
1064:
881:
In addition, a new settlement is sited about 3 miles west of Boneau, with around 23 housing units.
868:
634:
599:
579:
387:
1733:
1592:
1068:
1056:
1027:
972:
904:
851:
710:
650:
439:
406:
238:
145:
484:
1250:
1201:
1191:
1179:
814:
693:
689:
595:
571:
567:
539:
504:
489:
874:
776:
Feeling displaced in Rocky Boy, the Chippewa have continued to practice their traditions on
661:
donated six. In 2022, they received ten bison from American Prairie to strengthen the herd.
559:
534:, the name plates are still discernible, showing the effort to relocate the Chippewa there.
1586:
1354:
1157:
The Chippewa have begun extensive efforts to reach out to the Billings Area office of the
1060:
845:
833:
706:
591:
465:
450:
446:
1014:(1804-1806) had reported seeing the largest buffalo herds in the region from present-day
1242:
1044:
1007:
839:
678:
646:
587:
575:
1810:
1475:
1328:
Disciplined Hearts: History, Identity, and Depression in an American Indian Community
911:
Average low temperatures for the same summer months at Box Elder are 49, 54, and 51.
566:
reservations, as well as near many cities dominated by European Americans, including
550:
508:
196:
186:
17:
1395:"'They're here!': Hundreds of Chippewa Cree tribal members welcome return of bison"
1151:
899:
757:
483:
in the northwest part of the state aroused outrage among Native Americans. A small
1640:
1522:
633:, Minnesota. The proceeds of that sale were distributed to the Chippewa people of
1543:
1170:
the band, and the Chippewa people are working to address it. intend to address.
1038:
Little Bear's involvement in the Frog Lake Massacre is the subject of the book,
791:
630:
426:
32:
1421:"American Prairie transfers 45 bison to tribal herds in Montana and Washington"
836:(official CDP name is "Rocky Boy's Agency") - population 355 at the 2010 census
745:
335:
1681:
1668:
479:
In 1908, Montana passed the Land Acts, regulating Native American lands. The
438:
Chief Rocky Boy wrote to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and later to President
342:. Established by an act of Congress on September 7, 1916, it was named after
968:
765:
531:
798:
Various Christian churches have become established at the reservation. The
1047:
and had returned to their homeland when the troops returned from Canada.
964:
722:
373:
counties in north central Montana, about 40 miles (64 km) from the
1737:
1728:
980:
810:
777:
769:
515:), and the Canada–US border. It was first called the Babb Reservation.
354:) Indians in the American West, but within a short period of time many
339:
206:
1659:
Record of the Congressional Act establishing this reservation in 1916.
558:
Chippewa, saying that they lived all around Montana, including at the
983:. He settled primarily in the region where the present-day Saulteaux
753:
351:
1626:
Chippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation official website
1555:
29, 1896. 54th Congress, 1st session U.S. Serials set volume 3365.
522:
soon followed Rocky Boy with his own band, arriving with about 200
311:
1588:
The History of the Chippewa Cree of Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation
496:
472:, and other influential individuals in Montana, including painter
445:
318:
617:
Chippewa notation : According to the papers of Indian agent
554:
alongside those already living on the new Rocky Boy Reservation.
1635:
1019:
1003:
848:- located 7 miles east of Box Elder, near the Bear Paw Mountains
523:
355:
1699:
1625:
1130:
R. Sharrock Published New York : Garland Pub. Inc., 1974.
829:(CDP). Most of the CDPs are located in the Bear Paw Mountains.
323:
General view of buildings at Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, 1936
1837:
Anishinaabe reservations and tribal-areas in the United States
1271:"Rocky Boy's Reservation Demographic and Economic Information"
609:
Churchill asked the Department of Interior to withdraw all of
26:
1862:
Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana
1572:
Rocky Boy Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Montana
1498:"Chippewa Cree tribe cashes in on high-interest online loans"
877:- situated at the edge and just within the Bear Paw Mountains
1369:"Rocky Boy Reservation Celebrates the Return of the Buffalo"
681:, known as Stone Child Community College, which employs 57.
1002:
Little Bear (c.1850-1921). The son of Big Bear, considered
1799:
No reservation in state, trust lands or legal status only
1571:
854:- population 87 at the 2010 census; located on the plains
1447:"Bison herd helps Chippewa Cree culture thrive (video)"
1653:
Rocky Boy Tribal Self-Governance Collection, 1991-1995
1241:
2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.
967:(1825-c. 1888). According to historians, Big Bear was
637:, who were established on a reservation of that name.
334:) is one of seven Native American reservations in the
1631:
Constitution & By-Laws of the Chippewa Cree Tribe
606:
and signed the 1889 Red Lake Agreement in Minnesota.
492:
were killed in the incident, as was the game warden.
1330:(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996)
1355:"Frank B. Linderman Memorial Collection, 1885-2005"
928:), he established the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation.
307:
299:
291:
286:
278:
273:
265:
257:
249:
244:
234:
226:
212:
202:
192:
182:
136:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1010:and was extremely important to native people. The
131:Indian reservation in United States, Chippewa Cree
1647:Frank B. Linderman Memorial Collection, 1885-2005
1564:Letter to Darryl LaCounte, Billings Area Director
756:in their rites. The Chippewa reject all forms of
1197:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1026:in Canada. He was accused of taking part in the
1302:"Census shows growth at 4 Montana reservations"
957:Black Powder (c.1800 - d. 1865) was an Ojibwa
790:Currently the four levels of teachings of the
420:, meaning "Stone Being", or "Being of Stone".
1711:
1178:of blood descendants of the Blackfeet Tribe,
1051:nor members of his band appear on this roll.
768:, is held the first week of July. The annual
688:In 2011, the tribe began a new business with
8:
1255:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1718:
1704:
1696:
1544:Our Saviour's Lutheran Church – Our Church
133:
460:Chief Rocky Boy (Ahsiniiwin) worked with
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1827:American Indian reservations in Montana
1212:
752:society. They do not accept the use of
748:religion, rooted in the Grand Lodge or
728:The Tribe elected to "consolidate" the
655:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
306:
285:
272:
243:
233:
225:
181:
169:
151:
1248:
1161:to restore self-government. Under the
800:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
1817:Geography of Chouteau County, Montana
1474:. Chippewa Cree Tribe. Archived from
1445:Juneau, Brianna (December 19, 2022).
1367:Ikenberg, Tamara (October 25, 2021).
987:of Saskatchewan is located, near the
298:
290:
277:
264:
256:
248:
211:
201:
191:
7:
1296:
1294:
641:Chippewa Cree Tribal Buffalo Pasture
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1122:, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832)>.
871:- population 350 at the 2010 census
842:- located in the Bear Paw Mountains
282:171.4 sq mi (444 km)
1419:Bolton, Aaron (December 8, 2022).
1308:. Associated Press. March 28, 2011
1174:a direct descendant of the tribe.
604:Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation
25:
1822:Geography of Hill County, Montana
1842:Ojibwe reserves and reservations
1727:
1655:(University of Montana Archives)
1649:(University of Montana Archives)
1643:(University of Montana Archives)
1393:Mabie, Nora (October 27, 2021).
717:Chippewa Cree Business Committee
501:Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation
171:
156:
66:"Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation"
31:
1022:leaders who fought in the 1885
709:, 6 miles (10 km) east of
42:needs additional citations for
1857:1916 establishments in Montana
1245:. United States Census Bureau.
977:North Battleford, Saskatchewan
365:The reservation is located in
328:Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation
138:Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation
1:
1847:Cree reserves and territories
1641:Rocky Boy Reservation Records
915:Notable Chippewa, Anishinaabe
530:. According to knowledgeable
481:Swan Valley Massacre of 1908
1574:United States Census Bureau
392:Canada–United States border
1878:
1012:Lewis and Clark Expedition
266: • Vice-Chairman
1797:
1744:
1306:Helena Independent Record
991:. He was a leader in the
170:
152:
143:
1326:Theresa DeLeane O'Nell,
1142:Band of Chippewa Council
827:census-designated places
744:The Chippewa follow the
730:Bureau of Indian Affairs
403:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1357:, University of Montana
1077:Onion Lake First Nation
997:Poundmaker First Nation
989:Onion Lake First Nation
657:donated five bison and
1523:"Northern Winz Casino"
1340:"We will never forget"
1163:Obama Administration's
1148:White Swan, Washington
740:Religious institutions
526:from Canada after the
457:
324:
303:22/sq mi (8.5/km)
1636:Rocky Boy High School
1525:. Chippewa Cree Tribe
1478:on September 19, 2008
1451:KRTV NEWS Great Falls
952:Notable Chippewa-Cree
734:Indian Health Service
513:Blackfeet Reservation
449:
332:Rocky Boy Reservation
322:
258: • Chairman
18:Rocky Boy Reservation
1832:Landmarks in Montana
1585:Stamper, Ed (2008).
1425:Montana Public Radio
1221:"Business Committee"
1208:Notes and references
1120:Worcester v. Georgia
1024:North-West Rebellion
993:North-West Rebellion
920:Chief Rocky Boy, or
782:Great Falls, Montana
700:Northern Winz Casino
665:Economic development
619:Frank Bird Linderman
528:North-West Rebellion
470:Frank Bird Linderman
312:chippewacree-nsn.gov
300: • Density
51:improve this article
1734:Indian reservations
1678: /
1597:Stone Child College
1399:Great Falls Tribune
1081:Samson First Nation
979:, and not far from
926:Great Falls Tribune
388:Bears Paw Mountains
269:Ted E. Whitford Sr.
261:Harlan Gopher Baker
177:Location in Montana
1593:Box Elder, Montana
1373:Native News Online
1069:Charles M. Russell
1057:Frank B. Linderman
1040:Blood Red The Sun,
1028:Frog Lake Massacre
905:Bear Paw Mountains
711:Box Elder, Montana
651:Box Elder, Montana
458:
440:Theodore Roosevelt
375:Canada–U.S. border
325:
292: • Total
279: • Total
253:Business Committee
146:Indian reservation
1852:Ojibwe in Montana
1804:
1803:
1779:Northern Cheyenne
1202:Bear Paw Ski Bowl
1192:Fort Assinniboine
1180:Browning, Montana
1101:(c.1852-d. 1916)
694:predatory lending
690:Plain Green Loans
540:Fort Assinniboine
511:(which is on the
317:
316:
250: • Body
230:September 7, 1916
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
1869:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1344:Daily Inter Lake
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1243:"My Tribal Area"
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1217:
971:but raised as a
674:Associates (4),
659:American Prairie
175:
160:
134:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1789:Turtle Mountain
1740:
1726:
1724:
1686:
1684:
1682:48.28°N 109.9°W
1680:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1622:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1581:
1579:Further reading
1568:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1188:
1144:
1061:Theodore Gibson
954:
917:
895:
823:
815:Assembly of God
742:
719:
707:U.S. Highway 87
702:
667:
643:
499:(including the
485:Pend d'Oreilles
474:Charles Russell
466:Joseph M. Dixon
436:
383:
330:(also known as
219:
178:
166:
165:
164:
163:
148:
139:
132:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1620:External links
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1514:
1502:The Missoulian
1489:
1463:
1437:
1411:
1385:
1359:
1347:
1332:
1319:
1290:
1262:
1233:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1143:
1140:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1067:, and painter
1045:Havre, Montana
1036:
1035:
1000:
962:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
916:
913:
894:
891:
879:
878:
872:
866:
863:Rocky Boy West
860:
855:
849:
843:
837:
822:
819:
741:
738:
718:
715:
701:
698:
679:tribal college
666:
663:
647:American bison
642:
639:
490:Pend d'Oreille
435:
432:
382:
379:
358:(Nēhiyaw) and
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
176:
168:
167:
161:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
137:
130:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1874:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:48.28; -109.9
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1529:September 20,
1524:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1482:September 17,
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:William Boles
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1030:, along with
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
956:
955:
951:
949:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
919:
918:
914:
912:
908:
906:
901:
900:Chinook winds
892:
890:
886:
882:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
858:Parker School
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
830:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
807:
804:
801:
796:
793:
788:
785:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
699:
697:
695:
691:
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
626:
622:
620:
615:
612:
611:Valley County
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
552:
551:Babb, Montana
547:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
454:
448:
444:
441:
433:
431:
429:
428:
421:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
313:
310:
302:
294:
281:
268:
260:
252:
240:
237:
229:
222:
218:
215:
208:
205:
198:
197:United States
195:
188:
187:Chippewa Cree
185:
174:
159:
147:
142:
135:
129:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1783:
1774:Little Shell
1764:Fort Belknap
1663:
1600:. Retrieved
1587:
1560:
1550:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:December 27,
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1265:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:embezzlement
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1031:
985:First Nation
958:
947:
925:
921:
909:
896:
887:
883:
880:
869:Saint Pierre
824:
808:
805:
797:
789:
786:
775:
762:
758:Christianity
749:
743:
732:(FY 93) and
727:
720:
703:
687:
683:
676:
672:
668:
644:
627:
623:
616:
608:
556:
548:
536:
517:
494:
478:
459:
452:
437:
425:
422:
417:
413:
411:
400:
384:
364:
343:
331:
327:
326:
235:Headquarters
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1685: /
1602:February 6,
1472:"Main Page"
1430:December 9,
1404:October 30,
1378:October 26,
1016:Great Falls
973:Plains Cree
821:Communities
792:sweat lodge
631:Thief River
584:Great Falls
544:Hill County
520:Little Bear
456:(Rocky Boy)
427:Anishinaabe
396:2010 census
381:Description
348:Stone Child
227:Established
1811:Categories
1456:January 5,
1278:lmi.mt.gov
1103:Asiniweyin
922:Asiniweyin
780:, outside
746:peace pipe
600:Wolf Point
580:Deer Lodge
462:Republican
453:Ahsiniiwin
418:Asiniweyin
414:Ahsiniiwin
344:Ahsiniiwin
336:U.S. state
287:Population
245:Government
107:April 2012
77:newspapers
1784:Rocky Boy
1769:Fort Peck
1749:Blackfeet
1283:April 15,
1099:Rocky Boy
969:Saulteaux
852:Box Elder
766:Sun Dance
750:Mediwiwin
560:Blackfeet
532:Blackfeet
468:, writer
407:Box Elder
239:Box Elder
1759:Flathead
1673:109°54′W
1312:April 2,
1251:cite web
1226:July 24,
1186:See also
1109:needed).
1079:and the
965:Big Bear
723:at large
635:Red Lake
596:Missoula
572:Billings
568:Anaconda
564:Flathead
505:St. Mary
464:Senator
430:family.
371:Chouteau
217:Chouteau
213:Counties
1738:Montana
1670:48°17′N
1008:buffalo
981:Alberta
893:Climate
875:Sangrey
811:Baptist
778:Hill 57
770:Pow-Wow
434:History
340:Montana
308:Website
207:Montana
193:Country
91:scholar
846:Boneau
834:Agency
754:peyote
653:. The
592:Helena
518:Chief
451:Chief
352:Ojibwe
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1274:(PDF)
1032:ogima
959:ogima
840:Azure
588:Havre
576:Butte
497:Idaho
360:Métis
295:3,794
203:State
183:Tribe
98:JSTOR
84:books
1754:Crow
1604:2014
1531:2007
1509:2011
1484:2008
1458:2023
1432:2022
1406:2021
1380:2021
1314:2011
1285:2018
1257:link
1228:2019
1020:Cree
1004:Cree
809:The
562:and
524:Cree
509:Babb
401:The
369:and
367:Hill
356:Cree
274:Area
221:Hill
162:Seal
70:news
1736:in
1159:BIA
542:in
338:of
53:by
1813::
1595::
1591:.
1500:.
1449:.
1423:.
1397:.
1371:.
1342:,
1304:.
1293:^
1276:.
1253:}}
1249:{{
1071:.
1063:,
1059:,
713:.
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
507:,
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1606:.
1533:.
1511:.
1486:.
1460:.
1434:.
1408:.
1382:.
1316:.
1287:.
1259:)
1230:.
346:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.