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appear to increase the energetic cost in these birds' locomotion. This adaptation is key for a species that must move frequently to forage. Fat assimilation in these birds is correlated to changes in liver weight. Most rock ptarmigan have no more than 20 grams of adipose tissue year round. Without food, these reserves can supplement energy for 2 days. The
Svalbard rock ptarmigan, however, gains about 100 grams of adipose tissue. This can serve as an energy source for up to 10 days of starvation.
385:
31:
101:
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76:
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1493:, Nunavut, have shown that during the first year, mating success among males was influenced by comb size and condition, and bigamous males had larger combs than monogamous males. The correlation to size disappeared after the first year, but the correlation to comb condition remained. This is consistent with another study of the same population of
1326:
used in courtship display and aggressive interactions between males. Many studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between the comb size and the level of testosterone in males; one report from 1981 showed that the amount of testosterone is correlated to aggressiveness against other males.
1514:
Rock ptarmigan have a limited capacity for fat storage, which requires overwintering birds to forage frequently. Most of the minuscule mass gained over winter is to the ovary, oviduct and hypertrophy, in preparation for the spring breeding season. Rock ptarmigan maximize assimilation of nutrient poor
1325:
Apart from the red eye combs, male rock ptarmigans have no 'distinct' plumage (other than the black eye stripe) that are more typical for other grouse in temperate regions. Studies on other grouses have shown that much variation in comb size and colour exists between the species, and that the comb is
1076:
On the ground, male ptarmigans defend their space by calling and giving chase to other males. Physical conflicts between territorial males rarely occur, while confrontations between the former toward subordinate males are intensified. Other signals via fanning their tails, extended necks, lowered
1522:
subspecies of rock ptarmigan is the only subspecies that exhibits a significant seasonal mass gain. Larger fat deposits can help them survive during periods of low food availability. However, this alone is not an adequate source of energy to survive during winter. Additional stored fat does not
1552:(1797) the species is named as "White Grouse" with alternatives "White Game, or Ptarmigan". The birds feed, records Bewick, "on the wild productions of the hills, which sometimes give the flesh a bitter, but not unpalatable taste: it is dark coloured, and has somewhat the flavour of the hare."
599:
from white in winter to brown in spring or summer. The breeding male has greyish upper parts with white wings and under parts. In winter, its plumage becomes completely white except for the black outer tail feathers and eye line. It can be distinguished from the winter
1526:
The
Svalbard subspecies inhabits the northern extent of the rock ptarmigans range. During winter, food availability is lower in Svalbard than in other parts of their range, which accounts for the necessary increased fat reserves not found in other sub populations.
2670:
1539:. Hunting of rock ptarmigans was banned in Iceland in 2003 and 2004 due to its declining population. Hunting has been allowed again since 2005, but is restricted to selected days, which are revised yearly and all trade of rock ptarmigan is illegal.
46:
1500:
The rock ptarmigan becomes sexually mature at six months of age and commonly has up to six chicks. Because of this high breeding rate, the size of the population is affected very little by factors such as hunting.
1865:
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List
Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
1351:
2528:
Mortensen, Atle; Blix, Arnoldus
Schytte (March 1989). "Seasonal Changes in Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Digestibility in Captive Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan and Norwegian Willow Ptarmigan".
1397:
1515:
foods with their elongated ceca. Metabolic requirements can be partially supplemented by fermentation, the energy gain from fermentation alone, however, is not independently significant.
604:
by habitat and markings—the rock ptarmigan prefers higher elevations and more barren habitat. It also has a slender bill and a black eye stripe, which is absent in the willow ptarmigan.
1069:
Aerial courtship rituals involve fast forward flight with rapidly-beating wings followed by an upward glide, tail fanned out. The male, at the peak of the display, belts out a rasping "
1374:
1073:", with the sung latter part coinciding with a gliding descent afterwards. The sound is often described as that of a stick being pulled rapidly across the slats of a picket fence.
553:
The rock ptarmigan is 34–36 cm (13–14 in) long with an 8 cm (3.1 in) tail and with a wingspan of 54–60 cm (21–24 in) and a weight of 440–640 g (
1235:
2424:
Mortensen, A.; Unander, S.; Kolstad, M.; Blix, A. S. (June 1983). "Seasonal
Changes in Body Composition and Crop Content of Spitzbergen Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus hyperboreus".
1561:
47:
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that showed that mating success overall is correlated to comb condition. Exceptions were first-time breeders, in which the size of the comb influenced mating success.
3740:
1332:
2999:
1943:
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1466:
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3025:
1066:, single or multiple males also carry out displays on the ground and in the air to assert their territory, including chasing other males while flying.
451:
Prefectures and is a protected species nationwide. Unlike many arctic bird species, ptarmigan do not gain substantial mass to hibernate over winter.
3691:
3753:
2736:
2348:
Thomas, Vernon G.; Popko, Richard (1981-07-01). "Fat and protein reserves of wintering and prebreeding rock ptarmigan from south Hudson Bay".
3030:
2146:
1919:
1826:
1795:
1747:
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Male rock ptarmigans emit a repertoire of guttural snores and rattles, most often directed to other males during breeding season. On open
3936:
3714:
1715:
2180:
Stokkan, K. A. (1979), "Testosterone and daylength-dependent development of comb size and breeding plumage of male willow ptarmigan (
3094:
3050:
2007:
2210:
Wattson, A. & Parr, R. (1981), "Hormone implants affecting territory size and aggressive and sexual behaviour in red grouse",
3931:
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and survives by feeding on rich vegetation on and underneath high cliffs where seabird colonies are located in summer.
3616:
2973:
2002:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural
Protection Board of Western Australia, pp. 21–493.
3862:
1259:
Food sources can vary tremendously depending on the region of their distribution. In Alaska, rock ptarmigans consume
335:
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1021:
432:
100:
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2282:
Holder, K. & Montgomerie, R. (1993), "Context and consequences of comb displays by male rock ptarmigan",
1664:
1653:
Tyrberg, T. 1998. The date of publication of Montin's description of
Lagopus mutus. Bull. B.O.C. 118(1):56-57
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shrubs during the spring. The greatest variety in its diet occurs during early summer, when it feeds on
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and means "mute", referring to the simple croaking song of the male. It was for a long time misspelt
3941:
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1958:
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Seasonal variation in diet, volatile fatty acid production and size of the cecum of rock ptarmigan
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1644:
Montin, Lars. 1781. Tvänner Arter af Snöripan. Physiographiska Sälskapets
Handlingar 1(3):150-155
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Lees, John; Nudds, Robert; Stokkan, Karl-Arne; Folkow, Lars; Codd, Jonathan (2010-11-15).
1362:
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1168:. Because of the remote habitat in which it lives, it has only a few predators—such as
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is of feminine gender, and the species name has to agree with that, the feminine
45:
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1877:"Sounds and Vocal Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
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1843:"Rock Ptarmigan Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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924:
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318:
112:
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2331:
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2117:
1970:
1888:
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2042:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
1909:
3536:
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711:
132:
56:
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2106:"Diet and Foraging – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
1688:
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1227:
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1172:—and it can be surprisingly approachable. It has been introduced to
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3732:
2317:
3665:
3370:
3325:
2464:"Reduced Metabolic Cost of Locomotion in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (
1366:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1260:
1157:
1145:
989:
908:
596:
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in Europe. It is the official bird for the
Canadian territory of
3335:
2665:
1137:
696:
477:
392:
142:
3517:
3083:
2718:
2244:
Brodsky, L. M. (1988), "Mating tactics of male rock ptarmigan,
1959:"Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
3320:
1818:
1739:
1426:
2601:"The Official Bird of Nunavut | Nunavut Legislative Assembly"
1275:
as a staple winter diet. They transition their diets over to
529:, meaning croaker. The silent initial p was added in 1684 by
439:(雷鳥), which means "thunder bird". It is the official bird of
3191:
2161:
Hjorth, I. (1970), "Reproductive behaviour in
Tetraonidae",
1689:"The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador"
1535:
Rock ptarmigan meat is a popular part of festive meals in
1120:
and is found in isolated populations in the mountains of
1077:
wings and circling a receptive female are also utilized.
1485:
The male's comb has been the focus of studies regarding
431:(ᐊᕿᒡᒋᖅ), and the official game bird for the province of
2585:
Bewick, Thomas; Beilby, Ralph (1797). "White Grouse".
1710:] (in Japanese). Seibido Publishing. p. 136.
488:), "foot", in reference to the bird's feathered legs.
2018:
Dinets, V. (2001) Winter ecology of Willow Ptarmigan
1489:. Studies of a population of male rock ptarmigans in
1210:, the species was far more widespread in continental
3526:
3450:
3379:
3276:
3203:
3115:
3013:
2987:
2966:
2940:
2899:
2808:
2757:
2104:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
1957:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
1875:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
3021:British Association for Shooting and Conservation
1631:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679464A89358137.en
612:The rock ptarmigan has 23 recognized subspecies:
2587:A History of British Birds, Volume 1: Land Birds
2319:Aspects of morphology in female rock ptarmigan (
1790:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.
3000:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002
2030:29: 326–327 (in Russian with English summary).
648:, 1909) - Glacier Bay Island and southeastern
511:. However, as the Ancient Greek term λαγώπους
3095:
2730:
1287:leaves, as well as the leaves and flowers of
503:, in the erroneous belief that the ending of
8:
2384:Grammeltvedt, R.; Steen, J.B. (1978-01-01).
1769:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1788:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
1472:Female rock ptarmigan in summer plumage in
3514:
3110:Game animals and shooting in North America
3102:
3088:
3080:
3026:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
2737:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2386:"Fat Deposition in Spitzbergen Ptarmigan (
2040:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1942:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
334:
74:
43:
29:
20:
3071:Rarely shot because of declining numbers.
2501:
2491:
2405:
2141:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1763:David, Normand; Gosselin, Michel (2002).
1629:
1765:"The grammatical gender of avian genera"
1588:
1407:) pair (♂ left) in winter plumage near
1328:
1216:
3031:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
2026:at the northern limit of their range.
1935:
1809:
1807:
1729:
1727:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
2657:Ptarmigan videos, photos & sounds
2523:
2521:
2457:
2455:
2419:
2417:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2343:
2341:
2074:
2072:
2070:
1736:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
7:
1815:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
3912:IUCN Red List least concern species
1617:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1560:The rock ptarmigan is the official
545:), "wing", "feather", or "pinion".
316:
299:
282:
267:
249:
234:
38:A pair in spring plumage in Norway
2625:"Anirniliit – those which breathe"
2248:: a conditional mating strategy",
1911:RSPB pocket guide to British birds
1702:Yuzo Nakagawa, ed. (2010-02-01).
581: oz). It is smaller than the
522:The word ptarmigan comes from the
14:
3051:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
1440:Japanese rock ptarmigan chick on
1305:buds from late summer to autumn.
588:The rock ptarmigan is seasonally
2653:(worldwide); with world RangeMap
1576:It is the official game bird of
1465:
1449:
1433:
1416:
1396:
1373:
1350:
1331:
1234:
1219:
99:
2688:Field Guide: Birds of the World
2659:on the Internet Bird Collection
1574:ᐊᕐᑭᒡᒋᖅ ᐊᑕᔪᓕᒃ, aqiggiq atajulik.
1510:Energy storage and assimilation
1191:The small population living on
435:. In Japan, it is known as the
2323:) during ovarian recrudescence
899:, 1921) - central and eastern
1:
2262:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80003-4
1160:—where it occurs only in the
2493:10.1371/journal.pone.0015490
1989:Yamashina, Yoshimaro (1961)
1297:. It also feeds on berries,
1089:species which breeds across
1071:ah-AAH-ah-AAAAH-a-a-a-a-a-a!
459:The ptarmigan's genus name,
419:. It is known simply as the
2974:League Against Cruel Sports
2350:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2049:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1914:(Second ed.). London.
1669:) Official Bird of Nunavut"
1116:. It is widespread in the
427:, where it is known as the
3960:
2316:Modafferi, Ronald (1975).
2061:10.3409/173491505783995743
1549:A History of British Birds
814:(Montin, 1781) - northern
3937:Taxa named by Lars Montin
3189:
3069:
2388:Lagopus mutus hyperboreus
2137:Johnsgard, P. A. (1984),
2079:Gasaway, William (1976).
1734:Jobling, James A (1991).
1624:: e.T22679464A113623562.
1578:Newfoundland and Labrador
1384:) in summer plumage near
533:through the influence of
433:Newfoundland and Labrador
354:
347:
342:
333:
225:
220:
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
54:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1703:
1085:The rock ptarmigan is a
1081:Distribution and habitat
3932:Birds described in 1776
2466:Lagopus muta hyperborea
2182:Lagopus lagopus lagopus
1786:Lockwood, W.B. (1993).
1663:Government of Nunavut.
1380:Female rock ptarmigan (
1361:) in summer plumage on
1342:) in winter plumage in
1199:overwinters during the
973:, 1950) - northwestern
788:, 1925) - northeastern
632:. (west-central of the
260:Canadian rock ptarmigan
227:some 20–30, including:
3316:Cougar (mountain lion)
3197:
3041:Driven grouse shooting
2651:Stamps: Rock Ptarmigan
2629:www.arctic.uoguelph.ca
2296:10.1006/anbe.1993.1057
2118:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1971:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1908:Harrap, Simon (2012).
1889:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1708:Wild birds at a glance
1604:BirdLife International
585:by about ten percent.
395:
389:Lagopus muta pyrenaica
242:Scandinavian ptarmigan
3845:Paleobiology Database
3195:
2752:in the United Kingdom
1847:www.allaboutbirds.org
1665:"The Rock Ptarmigan (
1357:Male rock ptarmigan (
1338:Male rock ptarmigan (
1317:are eaten by chicks.
695:(Thienemann, 1829) -
387:
343:Rock Ptarmigan range
3168:Snipe (common snipe)
3148:Ring-necked pheasant
3036:Countryside Alliance
2917:European fallow deer
2775:Red-legged partridge
2589:. Beilby and Bewick.
2564:"Umhverfisráðuneyti"
1993:. Tokyo News Service
958:., 1789) - northern
923:., 1824) - southern
869:, USA) and southern
408:) is a medium-sized
3163:Sharp-tailed grouse
3133:Hungarian partridge
2484:2010PLoSO...515490L
2407:10.14430/arctic2676
2139:Grouse of the world
2022:and Rock Ptarmigan
1197:Russian High Arctic
1058:Sounds and displays
884:, 1926) - northern
838:, 1926) - southern
66:Conservation status
3387:American alligator
3198:
2530:Ornis Scandinavica
2426:Ornis Scandinavica
2212:Ornis Scandinavica
2110:Birds of the World
1963:Birds of the World
1881:Birds of the World
682:Karaginskiy Island
680:(Red'kin, 2005) -
491:The species name,
465:, is derived from
396:
326:Svalbard ptarmigan
309:Scottish ptarmigan
292:Japanese ptarmigan
3899:
3898:
3832:Open Tree of Life
3520:Taxon identifiers
3511:
3510:
3483:Waterfowl hunting
3331:White-tailed deer
3196:Waterfowl hunters
3077:
3076:
2861:Northern shoveler
2846:Pink-footed goose
2795:Eurasian woodcock
2148:978-0-8032-2558-9
1921:978-1-4729-3229-7
1828:978-0-19-854099-1
1797:978-0-19-866196-2
1749:978-0-19-854634-4
1537:Icelandic cuisine
1182:Kerguelen Islands
1118:Arctic Cordillera
1053:
1033:L. m. yunaskensis
1029:
1009:
977:
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927:
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846:
827:
807:
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742:
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672:
652:
637:
620:(Turner, 1882) -
382:
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3798:NHMSYS0000530421
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3596:79B161B7017DD7ED
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3585:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3515:
3463:Big-game hunting
3248:Northern pintail
3104:
3097:
3090:
3081:
3046:Glorious Twelfth
3005:Hunting Act 2004
2927:Reeves's muntjac
2881:Common goldeneye
2866:Northern pintail
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2468:) during Winter"
2459:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2356:(7): 1205–1211.
2345:
2336:
2335:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2284:Animal Behaviour
2279:
2273:
2272:
2250:Animal Behaviour
2241:
2235:
2234:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1600:
1487:sexual selection
1469:
1456:In the northern
1453:
1437:
1420:
1403:Rock ptarmigan (
1400:
1377:
1354:
1340:L. m. islandorum
1335:
1241:Distribution in
1238:
1226:Distribution in
1223:
1193:Franz Josef Land
1050:Aleutian Islands
1035:
1015:
1006:Aleutian Islands
983:
968:
953:
940:Commander Island
933:
918:
894:
879:
867:Aleutian Islands
852:
833:
813:
798:
783:
763:
761:L. m. kurilensis
748:
733:
731:L. m. islandorum
720:Franz Josef Land
705:
703:L. m. hyperborea
694:
679:
669:Aleutian Islands
658:
643:
634:Aleutian Islands
619:
602:willow ptarmigan
583:willow ptarmigan
580:
579:
575:
572:
566:
565:
561:
558:
509:masculine gender
368:
360:
338:
325:
321:
314:L. m. hyperborea
308:
304:
291:
287:
275:Alpine ptarmigan
274:
270:
259:
255:
241:
237:
207:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
50:
49:
33:
21:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3927:Holarctic birds
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3819:Observation.org
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3446:
3375:
3306:Bison (buffalo)
3272:
3199:
3187:
3138:Prairie chicken
3111:
3108:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3009:
2983:
2962:
2958:European rabbit
2936:
2895:
2851:Eurasian wigeon
2804:
2765:Common pheasant
2753:
2743:
2697:
2671:Rock Ptarmigan-
2647:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2542:10.2307/3676703
2527:
2526:
2519:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2438:10.2307/3676018
2423:
2422:
2415:
2383:
2382:
2369:
2362:10.1139/z81-172
2347:
2346:
2339:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2224:10.2307/3675905
2209:
2208:
2204:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2020:Lagopus lagopus
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:. p. 124.
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1558:
1556:Provincial bird
1533:
1512:
1507:
1481:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1412:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1369:
1363:Mount Tsubakuro
1359:L. m. japonicum
1355:
1346:
1336:
1323:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1154:Altay Mountains
1150:Pamir Mountains
1083:
1060:
981:L. m. townsendi
951:L. m. rupestris
916:L. m. reinhardi
892:L. m. pyrenaica
863:Unalaska Island
692:L. m. helvetica
676:L. m. gerasimov
656:L. m. evermanni
617:L. m. atkhensis
610:
577:
573:
570:
568:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
524:Scottish Gaelic
457:
324:
317:
307:
300:
290:
283:
273:
268:
265:L. m. helvetica
258:
250:
247:L. m. rupestris
240:
235:
216:
209:
203:
190:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
44:
24:Rock ptarmigan
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3880:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3707:rock-ptarmigan
3701:
3688:
3679:Fauna Europaea
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3563:
3548:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3503:Upland hunting
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Bobwhite quail
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:Common moorhen
2883:
2878:
2876:Common pochard
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:Quarry species
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Rock ptarmigan
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Grey partridge
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2699:"Lagopus muta"
2695:
2678:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2645:External links
2643:
2641:
2640:
2616:
2605:assembly.nu.ca
2592:
2577:
2566:(in Icelandic)
2555:
2517:
2478:(11): e15490.
2451:
2413:
2367:
2337:
2308:
2290:(3): 457–470,
2274:
2256:(2): 335–342,
2236:
2202:
2192:(1): 106–115,
2172:
2153:
2147:
2129:
2096:
2066:
2032:
2011:
1995:
1991:Birds in Japan
1982:
1949:
1920:
1900:
1867:
1858:
1834:
1827:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1755:
1748:
1723:
1717:978-4415305325
1716:
1694:
1680:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1568:, Canada. Its
1557:
1554:
1532:
1529:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1405:L. m. millaisi
1402:
1395:
1393:
1382:L. m. millaisi
1379:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1186:Crozet Islands
1082:
1079:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1046:Yunaska Island
1030:
1010:
978:
966:L. m. saturata
963:
948:
931:L. m. ridgwayi
928:
913:
889:
874:
847:
831:L. m. nadezdae
828:
820:Kola Peninsula
808:
796:L. m. millaisi
793:
781:L. m. macruros
778:
758:
755:Honshu (Japan)
746:L. m. japonica
743:
728:
700:
689:
673:
653:
638:
609:
606:
550:
547:
531:Robert Sibbald
456:
453:
400:rock ptarmigan
380:
379:
378:
377:
363:
352:
351:
345:
344:
340:
339:
331:
330:
329:
328:
311:
297:L. m. millaisi
294:
280:L. m. japonica
277:
262:
244:
223:
222:
218:
217:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
55:Display song,
52:
51:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3955:
3954:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:Lagopus_mutus
3579:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Bison hunting
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:Snowshoe hare
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Gray squirrel
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Mountain goat
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Bighorn sheep
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Greater scaup
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Spruce grouse
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Ruffed grouse
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Mourning dove
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Deer stalking
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Game Act 1831
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:European hare
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2891:Eurasian coot
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Greylag goose
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Golden plover
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:photo gallery
2674:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:Lagopus mutus
2320:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Lagopus mutus
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
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2043:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:9780876633182
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
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1904:
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1782:
1779:
1775:(4): 257–282.
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1719:
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1709:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1668:
1667:Lagopus mutus
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
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1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:Thomas Bewick
1540:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1505:Ecophysiology
1504:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:Japanese Alps
1452:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1394:
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1308:
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1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
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1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:North America
1237:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:South Georgia
1175:
1171:
1170:golden eagles
1167:
1163:
1162:Japanese Alps
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:mountainsides
1107:
1103:
1102:North America
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Little Sitkin
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
961:
960:North America
957:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:
883:
878:
877:L. m. pleskei
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
850:L. m. nelsoni
848:
845:
842:and northern
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
701:
698:
693:
690:
687:
683:
677:
674:
670:
666:
665:- Attu Island
662:
657:
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Tanaga Island
618:
615:
614:
613:
607:
605:
603:
598:
595:
591:
586:
584:
548:
546:
544:
540:
537:, especially
536:
532:
528:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:, comes from
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
467:Ancient Greek
464:
463:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
394:
390:
386:
374:
373:
367:
366:Lagopus mutus
364:
359:
356:
355:
353:
350:
346:
341:
337:
332:
320:
315:
312:
303:
298:
295:
286:
281:
278:
266:
263:
254:
248:
245:
233:
230:
229:
228:
224:
219:
214:
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3889:Lagopus-muta
3558:Lagopus muta
3528:Lagopus muta
3527:
3498:Wolf hunting
3473:Deer hunting
3458:Bear hunting
3407:Fox squirrel
3380:Other quarry
3258:Ross's goose
3238:Lesser scaup
3218:Canada goose
3152:
2941:Other quarry
2836:Canada goose
2800:Common snipe
2790:Black grouse
2784:
2746:Game animals
2702:
2686:
2682:Lagopus muta
2681:
2673:Lagopus muta
2672:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2558:
2533:
2529:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2429:
2425:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2353:
2349:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2218:(1): 55–61,
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2081:
2055:(1): 43–65.
2052:
2048:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1910:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1880:
1870:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1814:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1735:
1707:
1697:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1666:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1610:Lagopus muta
1609:
1573:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1442:Mount Ontake
1423:
1404:
1381:
1358:
1339:
1324:
1288:
1258:
1208:last ice age
1205:
1190:
1084:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1032:
1022:Newfoundland
1013:L. m. welchi
1012:
990:Kiska Island
980:
965:
950:
930:
915:
891:
876:
849:
830:
810:
795:
780:
770:Kuril Island
760:
745:
730:
702:
691:
675:
667:of the west
655:
641:L. m. dixoni
640:
616:
611:
587:
552:
542:
538:
526:
521:
519:is correct.
516:
512:
504:
500:
492:
490:
485:
481:
476:), meaning "
473:
469:
460:
458:
436:
428:
420:
405:Lagopus muta
404:
403:
399:
397:
388:
375:, see below)
370:
365:
361:Montin, 1781
358:Tetrao mutus
357:
313:
296:
279:
271:, 1829)
264:
256:, 1789)
246:
238:, 1781)
231:
226:
205:Lagopus muta
204:
202:
187:L. muta
186:
185:
173:
18:
3780:NatureServe
3728:iNaturalist
3552:Wikispecies
3478:Fox hunting
3061:Deer forest
2856:Tufted duck
2826:Wood pigeon
2028:Ornitologia
1562:territorial
1491:Scarpa Lake
1301:seeds, and
1281:lingonberry
1277:crowberries
1265:dwarf birch
1206:During the
1201:polar night
1174:New Zealand
1108:) on rocky
1104:(including
986:Elliot D.G.
882:Serebrovski
836:Serebrovski
816:Scandinavia
753:, 1907) -
710:, 1845) -
630:Atka Island
626:Adak Island
590:camouflaged
549:Description
322:, 1845
305:, 1923
288:, 1907
285:H. L. Clark
269:(Thienemann
221:Subspecies
163:Phasianidae
153:Galliformes
59:, Scotland
3942:Game birds
3906:Categories
3884:Xeno-canto
3366:Polar bear
3361:Dall sheep
3301:Brown bear
3291:Black bear
3263:Snow goose
3223:Canvasback
3213:Black duck
3116:Game birds
2979:Animal Aid
2932:Water deer
2780:Red grouse
2758:Game birds
2634:2019-02-22
2610:2019-02-22
2432:(2): 144.
2123:2021-02-16
1976:2021-02-16
1894:2021-02-16
1852:2020-09-26
1674:2010-12-04
1584:References
1531:In culture
1411:, Scotland
1184:, and the
1166:Mount Haku
1044:, 1951) -
1038:Gabrielson
1020:, 1885) -
1002:Rat Island
988:, 1896) -
971:Salomonsen
956:Gmelin J.F
857:, 1884) -
811:L. m. muta
803:, 1923) -
768:, 1924) -
751:Clark A.H.
738:, 1822) -
661:Elliot D.G
232:L. m. muta
3351:Pronghorn
3346:Mule deer
3296:Razorback
3268:Wood duck
3205:Waterfowl
3153:Ptarmigan
2967:Opponents
2922:Sika deer
2663:Ptarmigan
2536:(1): 22.
2169:: 183–596
2091:300121471
1938:cite book
1930:929856386
1704:ひと目でわかる野鳥
1606:(2017) .
1570:Inuktitut
1271:buds and
1106:Greenland
1095:Subarctic
1087:sedentary
1048:(central
1004:(western
975:Greenland
936:Stejneger
925:Greenland
921:Brehm C.L
865:(eastern
855:Stejneger
790:Greenland
708:Sundevall
663:., 1896)
527:tarmachan
497:Neo-Latin
455:Etymology
421:ptarmigan
410:game bird
319:Sundevall
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
3785:2.106130
3772:22679464
3746:11041289
3609:22679464
3604:BirdLife
3537:Wikidata
3451:See also
3412:Gray fox
3278:Big game
3183:Woodcock
3014:See also
2912:Roe deer
2907:Red deer
2750:shooting
2512:21125015
2472:PLOS ONE
2304:54251015
2270:53162941
2163:Viltrevy
2024:L. mutus
1821:. 1997.
1572:name is
1564:bird of
1520:Svalbard
1409:Glen Coe
1390:Scotland
1386:Torridon
1321:Breeding
1295:locoweed
1142:Bulgaria
1134:Pyrenees
1130:Scotland
1018:Brewster
994:Amchitka
938:1884) -
901:Pyrenees
844:Mongolia
805:Scotland
786:Schiøler
712:Svalbard
646:Grinnell
608:Taxonomy
594:feathers
541:(πτερόν
513:lagṓpous
507:denotes
349:Synonyms
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
57:Glenshee
3917:Lagopus
3876:1461451
3720:rocpta1
3697:5227679
3671:rocpta1
3645:bob3300
3632:rocpta1
3591:Avibase
3543:Q205930
3493:Fishing
3488:Whaling
3437:Red fox
3432:Raccoon
3422:Opossum
3311:Caribou
3253:Redhead
3243:Mallard
3228:Gadwall
2953:Red fox
2871:Gadwall
2816:Mallard
2703:Avibase
2550:3676703
2503:2981580
2480:Bibcode
2446:3676018
2332:5164107
2232:3675905
2198:4085405
2186:The Auk
1566:Nunavut
1495:L. muta
1474:Kvaløya
1444:, Japan
1424:L. muta
1344:Iceland
1307:Insects
1299:bistort
1273:catkins
1255:Feeding
1250:Ecology
1195:in the
1164:and on
1098:Eurasia
1042:Lincoln
897:Hartert
886:Siberia
840:Siberia
801:Hartert
740:Iceland
576:⁄
562:⁄
505:Lagopus
472:(λαγώς
462:Lagopus
429:aqiggiq
425:Nunavut
412:in the
302:Hartert
236:(Montin
215:, 1781)
174:Lagopus
169:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
3922:Grouse
3850:368617
3837:504006
3759:677542
3704:GNAB:
3571:rocpta
3427:Rabbit
3402:Coyote
3397:Bobcat
3392:Badger
3371:Whales
3356:Muskox
3178:Turkey
3128:Chukar
2693:Flickr
2570:30 May
2548:
2510:
2500:
2444:
2394:Arctic
2330:
2302:
2268:
2230:
2196:
2145:
2089:
2006:
1928:
1918:
1825:
1794:
1746:
1714:
1478:Norway
1315:snails
1311:larvae
1285:willow
1269:willow
1263:buds,
1228:Europe
1212:Europe
1180:, the
1156:, and
1152:, the
1148:, the
1144:, the
1136:, the
1132:, the
1126:Sweden
1122:Norway
1114:tundra
1091:Arctic
1052:, USA)
1040:&
1026:Canada
1008:, USA)
944:Russia
905:France
871:Alaska
859:Unimak
824:Russia
774:Russia
766:Kuroda
724:Russia
718:) and
716:Norway
686:Russia
671:, USA)
650:Alaska
636:, USA)
592:; its
543:pterón
539:pteron
484:(πούς
449:Toyama
447:, and
445:Nagano
437:raichō
417:family
414:grouse
372:lapsus
253:Gmelin
213:Montin
3871:WoRMS
3811:64668
3741:IRMNG
3684:96457
3666:eBird
3658:3RXRB
3629:BOW:
3622:10359
3326:Moose
2677:VIREO
2546:JSTOR
2442:JSTOR
2400:(4).
2300:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2228:JSTOR
2194:JSTOR
2045:(PDF)
1706:[
1367:Japan
1303:birch
1290:Dryas
1261:aspen
1158:Japan
1146:Urals
909:Spain
736:Faber
597:moult
535:Greek
501:mutus
480:", +
474:lagṓs
470:lagos
3863:8892
3824:1624
3806:NCBI
3767:IUCN
3754:ITIS
3692:GBIF
3617:BOLD
3336:Wolf
2900:Deer
2821:Teal
2748:and
2666:RSPB
2572:2013
2508:PMID
2328:OCLC
2184:)",
2143:ISBN
2087:OCLC
2004:ISBN
1944:link
1926:OCLC
1916:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1622:2016
1518:The
1427:eggs
1313:and
1293:and
1279:and
1267:and
1138:Alps
1112:and
1100:and
1093:and
1064:leks
1000:and
907:and
861:and
697:Alps
628:and
517:muta
493:muta
486:poús
482:pous
478:hare
441:Gifu
398:The
393:MHNT
143:Aves
3858:TSA
3793:NBN
3733:949
3715:IBC
3653:CoL
3640:BTO
3578:ADW
3567:ABA
3321:Elk
2988:Law
2691:on
2685:in
2538:doi
2498:PMC
2488:doi
2434:doi
2402:doi
2358:doi
2292:doi
2258:doi
2220:doi
2114:doi
2057:doi
1967:doi
1885:doi
1819:OUP
1773:122
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1626:doi
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