929:
614:'s marble quarries was imported by Albion Stone and applied to the extraction of Portland stone. This new technology eliminated the need for blasting, significantly improved the quarries' environmental performance and removed the potential for any possible damage to the stone being quarried through shock. Full account of the local jointing pattern is made when deciding the position and orientation of cuts. Once the quarry faces have been cut, the stone is gently displaced hydraulically. This is done using "hydro-bags", which are thin, flat, steel bags or envelopes that when inflated with water under moderate pressure, are capable of producing the forces necessary to loosen the stone to the point where it can be easily removed using large wheeled
419:" or "ooliths" (from the Greek for "egg-shaped" or "egg-stone"), became partially cemented together (or lithified) by more calcite, to form the oolitic limestone that is called Portland stone. The degree of cementation in Portland stone is such that the stone is sufficiently well cemented to allow it to resist weathering, but not so well cemented that it cannot be readily worked (cut and carved) by masons. This is one of the reasons why Portland stone is so favoured as a monumental and architectural stone. Geoff Townson conducted three years doctoral research on the Portlandian, being the first to describe the patch-reef facies and Dorset-wide sedimentation details. Ian West of the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences at
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698:
837:
302:
603:, where a series of short, small diameter (typically 30 mm) holes are drilled in a line where a cut is to be made. One plug and two feathers were inserted into each hole and each plug is hit in turn with a sledgehammer until the stone yields to the extreme tensile stresses produced. Most stone is many times weaker in tension than in compression, plugs and feathers utilize this fact. It is also worth noting that stone tends to split much more easily parallel to
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631:
457:
510:
660:
131:
443:'s choice of Portland for the new St Paul's Cathedral was a great boost for the quarries and established Portland as London's choice of building stone. The island was connected by railway to the rest of the country from 1865. Albion Stone PLC has been quarrying and mining Portland stone since 1984. Portland Stone Firms Ltd have been quarrying Portland stone since 1994.
651:
back without placing any stress on the resulting blocks. This method of extraction is significantly more expensive than blasting, but results in a higher yield thereby saving valuable reserves for future generations. The environmental benefits are substantial as mining significantly reduces the impact on wildlife and the local community with reduced noise and dust.
561:, located near Southwell has been open cast quarried over the last 80 years and is one of three privately owned quarries by Portland Stone Firms Ltd, the largest landholder on the island. The quarry is nearing the end of its life and will be regenerated as a holiday caravan park to boost local tourism on the island.
650:
method. The mine is advanced by extracting the stone using an abrasive tool chain cutter mounted on a machine. Slots are cut into the top, bottom, sides and middle of the stone. A flat steel pillow is inserted into the middle cut and slowly inflated with water. The stones are gently broken off at the
414:
The calcite gradually accumulated (by accretion) around the fragments of shell in concentric layers, forming small balls (of less than 0.5 mm diameter). This process is similar to the way in which a snowball grows in size as it is rolled around in the snow. Over time, countless billions of these
792:
All of the stone used by Wren was transported by sailing barge from
Portland to the centre of London via the sea and then up the Thames. Wren's widespread use of Portland stone firmly established it as London's "local stone" and as one of the best-loved British building stones. Other famous London
567:
is found towards the middle of the island and being actively open cast quarried. There are over 20 years of reserves left which is privately owned by
Portland Stone Firms. Open cast quarrying provides quicker extraction of raw block dimension stone whilst maintaining its integrity. The majority of
543:
has been operational since the late 18th century. It has been leased from The Crown Estate since 1979, and in 2002 it became the site of the first
Portland stone mine by Albion Stone PLC. Extraction from this site is now completely underground, with the original Bowers Mine in the extreme southern
731:
at Church Ope Cove, Portland. The original structure was probably built around 1080, rebuilt around 1259 and rebuilt yet again around 1450, which is the likely date of the walls seen today. The first known
Portland stone quarries were situated on the northeastern coast of the Isle, close to Rufus
554:
Independent Quarry and
Admiralty Quarry are both owned by The Crown Estate and have been leased since 1982. These quarries have been worked since the mid-19th century with the final dimension stones coming out of Independent in 2006, although some stocks of Portland stone block still remain.
524:
and purchased the northern part of the site in 2006. The majority of the southern reserves lie under the grounds of the local cricket club. To avoid disturbing the site at surface level, the company has applied and received permission to extract the stone using mining rather than quarrying
378:
Portland stone formed in a marine environment, on the floor of a shallow, warm, sub-tropical sea probably near land (as evidenced by fossilized driftwood, which is not uncommon). When seawater is warmed by the sun, its capacity to hold dissolved gas is reduced; consequently, dissolved
582:
Once quarries have been worked they are then restored. The
Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust was formed in 1983 and is dedicated to preserving a knowledge and understanding of stone and the landscape from which it comes. The main non-working quarry remains
544:
end of the quarry and the High Wall
Extraction on the eastern and south east boundaries. High Wall Extraction is a series of small mines that extract otherwise wasted stone that sits between the final faces of the quarry and the actual boundary of the site.
407:) which covered the sea floor. Small particles of sand or organic detritus, such as shell fragments, formed a nucleus, which became coated with layers of calcite as they were rolled around in the muddy micrite. Portland stone measures 3.5 on the
574:
is located on the eastern side of the island and is a part of the open cast quarries used for St Paul's
Cathedral. Privately owned by Portland Stone Firms Limited there are over 20 years of reserves left and still being actively quarried.
399:) as a precipitate. The process of limescale build up in a kettle in hard-water areas is similar. Calcium carbonate is the principal constituent of most limestones. Billions of minute crystals of precipitated calcium carbonate (called
578:
The coastal strip toward the southern tip of the island has permission to be worked by
Portland Stone Firms and will provide in excess of 30 years of reserves. Permission has been granted for this to be open cast quarried.
550:
is the first completely new mine on
Portland (not a mine as an extension from an existing quarry). Albion Stone Plc began the process to open this mine in 2015 and reserves are estimated to last for 50 years (2066).
1111:
Architects and Planning Consultants, it was completed in 2007 at a cost of over ยฃ6 million and bears the names of over 16,000 service personnel of the British Armed Forces killed since the Second World War.
537:(SSSI). Albion Stone PLC now extract all their stone through mining which dramatically reduces the impact on the environment and local residents. Jordan's Mine is currently the biggest mine on Portland.
963:, based in Keppel Street, has a Portland stone faรงade to complete its stripped Classical design. After the Second World War (1939โ1945), the bombed out centres of many English towns and cities, such as
755:, also constructed during the 14th Century, are built of Portland stone. Its superb characteristics have ensured a popularity amongst masons and architects that has endured ever since. The East side of
520:
is part of the Inmosthay Quarry in the centre of the island, which also includes Fancy Beach. The quarry has been worked since the late 19th century. Albion Stone leases the southern section from
431:
Stone has been quarried on Portland since Roman times and was being shipped to London in the 14th century. Extraction as an industry began in the early 17th century, with shipments to London for
599:, chosen because of its relative non-shattering properties. When fired the gunpowder produced a "heave" which dislodged the rock from its natural bed, hopefully undamaged. Stone was cut using
533:
to shape the blocks. This process avoids the use of dusty and noisy blasting as the primary extraction method, thereby protecting the surrounding environment, which has been designated as a
732:
Castle, where huge landslips made the stone more easily accessible, and the proximity of the sea allowed the quarried stone blocks to be moved over relatively large distances by barge.
1774:
587:
in which the trust is based, where a workshop is held every year. Tout Quarry has been donated to the Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust by Portland Stone Firms Limited.
724:(stone coffins and matching lids, hewn from single large blocks of Portland stone) that have been unearthed locally over the years, testify to the skill of their makers.
1632:
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to resist the harsh industrial environment. Portland stone was mostly used in Manchester during the 1930s. Manchester buildings with Portland stone exterior include
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Portland stone has also been used across the world. Examples include the UN building in New York, the Casino Kursaal in Belgium and the
948:
534:
1366:
2823:
1880:
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in London's Whitehall. Erected in 1920, The Cenotaph commemorates the millions of people killed in this and subsequent conflicts. The
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1529:
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928:
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1974:
1834:
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Traditionally small diameter holes (35 mm) were drilled horizontally under each rock and charged with a small quantity of
474:
2325:
2169:
1998:
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1050:
478:
408:
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completed a detailed geological survey of Withies Croft Quarry before the Portland Beds were quarried by Albion Stone plc.
2725:
1700:
991:
987:
1120:
Portland stone is recognised to be of a high quality, but is somewhat expensive. In the case of the refurbishment of the
943:, completed in 1929, is also built with Portland stone, as are the public buildings in Cardiff's civic centre. Architect
622:
is arduous work and so wire-saws have been introduced into the quarries, replacing much of the plug and feather cutting.
1829:
1108:
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31:
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1958:
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830:
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buildings in London today use Portland which has been quarried using the same methods over the last 60 years.
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in London, which won the "New Build (Modern Non-Load-bearing Stone) Award" in the 2006 Natural Stone Awards.
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467:
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1915:
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1100:
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commemorates the 55,573 crew members of the RAF's Bomber Command who were killed between 1939 and 1945.
810:
736:
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2500:
1438:
301:
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2392:
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1085:
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323:
151:
1011:. Most of the important civic and administrative buildings which survive from 18th and 19th century
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2240:
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1933:
1928:
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979:
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189:
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2230:
2195:
2083:
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1730:
1690:
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860:
756:
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763:, including the balcony, was faced with Portland stone, first in 1854 and again in 1913. The
2068:
2014:
1370:
1024:
1001:
852:
778:
748:
678:
671:
635:
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521:
440:
436:
343:
274:
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1015:, Ireland, known then as "the second city of the Empire", are of Portland stone, including
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2623:
2428:
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2281:
2139:
1938:
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1137:
914:
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173:
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and presenting a material which he hoped looked like the famous Portland building stone.
959:. The 1929 steel framed building (one of the first erected in the United Kingdom) of the
947:
significantly used the stone in his major commissions of the 1920s and 1930s, including
2628:
2454:
2225:
2149:
2103:
2043:
1439:"Firm to hack rare stone from Dorset's protected coastline with permit granted in 1951"
1352:
1121:
1096:
944:
935:, Keppel Street. Opened in 1929, the image shows the building's Portland stone facade .
903:
802:
798:
380:
178:
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2674:
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2179:
2119:
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844:
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690:
604:
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335:
82:
47:
1522:
In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition
797:(1753) with the new WCEC extension in Portland Roach which was short-listed for the
2366:
2311:
2210:
2129:
2053:
1910:
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818:
728:
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366:. Portland stone is also exported to many countries, being used for example at the
1124:'s central court, the planned Portland stone was controversially substituted with
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2699:
2608:
2245:
2134:
1923:
1660:
952:
826:
770:
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630:
584:
456:
432:
57:
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killed in the First and Second World Wars were made out of Portland stone. The
509:
2613:
1943:
1920:
1799:
1720:
1081:
1074:
871:
721:
686:
659:
619:
102:
67:
1568:
350:, England. The quarries are cut in beds of white-grey limestone separated by
2215:
1953:
1905:
1900:
1443:
1291:
879:
774:
705:
596:
513:
The tramway incline from the Admiralty Quarry seen from Castletown, Portland
331:
320:
309:
236:
232:
222:
130:
107:
1065:
used Portland stone (quarried from the bottom of Wakeham) to construct the
17:
1610:
1228:
2653:
2038:
2033:
1580:
1471:
972:
964:
825:). Portland stone was used in 1923 to build the supporting pillar of the
610:
In 1999, Italian stone cutting equipment, originally designed for use in
530:
284:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
874:
despite the historical preferred use of hard-wearing materials, such as
391:
and bicarbonate ions within the water are then able to combine, to form
2093:
2078:
968:
899:
611:
481: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
404:
400:
388:
251:
112:
87:
727:
The earliest known building to be constructed using Portland stone is
354:
beds. It has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the
1273:
1012:
997:
667:
639:
347:
339:
136:
1128:
stone from France, another similar (but cheaper) oolitic limestone.
975:
and London were reconstructed using vast facades of Portland stone.
1983:
1963:
927:
835:
696:
677:
658:
629:
508:
351:
300:
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use Portland Limestone supplier Albion Stone's Portland Basebed.
525:
techniques. The reserves to the north will be quarried using the
1308:
1270:
Stone Quarry Landscapes: The Industrial Archaeology of Quarrying
1151:
773:(1573โ1652) used Portland stone to build the Banqueting Hall in
416:
1987:
1614:
607:(called graining) than perpendicular to them (called cutting).
1036:
990:
Building, the Chemistry and Engineering buildings and the new
450:
1520:
Gerhartz, W., ed. (1986). "Cement and concrete: see p. 492".
1229:"Withies Croft Wall - Isle of Portland - Geology by Ian West"
1004:
has been refurbished using a large amount of Portland stone.
716:
has almost certainly been used as a building material since
1000:
typically uses oolitic limestone in its buildings, and the
27:
Limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England
851:
Recently, Portland stone has been used in the building of
171:
Dorset: Portland Chert Member, Portland Freestone Member
358:, notably in major public buildings in London such as
2755:
2739:
2713:
2667:
2601:
2580:
2509:
2473:
2442:
2416:
2375:
2349:
2259:
2188:
2112:
2021:
1853:
1753:
1648:
1386:"Building stone - National buildings and memorials"
921:, are clad in Portland stone which surrounds their
291:
280:
270:
265:
257:
247:
242:
228:
218:
213:
205:
195:
185:
176:: Tisbury Member, Wockley Member, Chilmark Member
167:
157:
147:
41:
1495:"The Great Portico Fiasco: A most inferior oolite"
1367:"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
961:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
933:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
978:Many of the buildings surrounding the flagship
2251:Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy
1150:created by burning a mixture of limestone and
781:used nearly one million cubic feet to rebuild
1999:
1626:
1223:
1221:
1175: โ Limestone deposits listed by location
821:is partly clad in Portland stone (along with
8:
1191:
1189:
805:(1792), the General Post Office (1829), the
793:buildings constructed of Portland stone are
387:) is released into the atmosphere as a gas.
1142:The term, "Portland cement", was coined by
2267:Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment
2006:
1992:
1984:
1633:
1619:
1611:
1047:International Union of Geological Sciences
1045:Portland stone has been designated by the
986:are clad in Portland stone, including the
129:
38:
1524:. Vol. A5. VCH Publisher, New York.
1035:(1818). More recent projects include the
497:Learn how and when to remove this message
1553:. Monkton Farleigh, Wilts: Folly Books.
1551:Stone to Build London: Portland's Legacy
785:and many other minor churches after the
1605:Mark Godden's feature in Geology Today
1437:de Bruxelles, Simon (12 January 2009).
1391:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1309:"Stone Carving & Sculpture Courses"
1185:
403:) accumulated forming lime mud (called
209:up to 38 metres (120 ft) in Dorset
1303:
1301:
646:Mining in Portland is done by using a
1154:, resembling the previously existing
735:Portland stone was used to build the
312:, London, is made from Portland stone
7:
767:(unveiled 1911) is also made of it.
479:adding citations to reliable sources
1467:"Queen unveils new forces memorial"
1417:IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones
1061:Following the First World War, Sir
759:, the official London residence of
720:times. The many well crafted Roman
535:Site of Special Scientific Interest
2789:Architecture in the United Kingdom
2302:Ministry of Defence Magnetic Range
1276:: Tempus Press. pp. 100โ109.
1090:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
25:
2527:Church of Our Lady and St. Andrew
2336:Verne Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery
2221:King Barrow Quarry Nature Reserve
1146:who in 1824 patented a hydraulic
529:cutting machines, hydro bags and
2231:Perryfield Quarry Nature Reserve
2196:Broadcroft Quarry Nature Reserve
1744:
1577:Portland, an Illustrated History
455:
1384:Nathan, Simon; Hayward, Bruce.
1349:Liverpool: City of Architecture
1327:"Building Stones of Manchester"
1248:"The Mohs Stone Hardness Scale"
1201:BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units
870:Portland stone is prevalent in
466:needs additional citations for
2403:Portland Breakwater Lighthouse
1051:Global Heritage Stone Resource
409:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
1:
2376:Lighthouses, daymarks and NCI
1601:Geology of the Jurassic Coast
634:Portland stone quarry on the
2668:Working and disused quarries
2113:Beaches and coastal features
1009:Auckland War Memorial Museum
743:in 1349 and the first stone
2460:Governor's Community Garden
1071:RAF Bomber Command Memorial
841:United Nations Headquarters
368:United Nations headquarters
2840:
2567:Underhill Methodist Church
2542:Southwell Methodist Chapel
2246:Tout Quarry Sculpture Park
2206:Culverwell Mesolithic Site
1197:"Portland Stone Formation"
1173:List of types of limestone
1135:
919:Port of Liverpool Building
896:Manchester Central Library
702:Port of Liverpool Building
29:
2824:Jurassic System of Europe
2522:Avalanche Memorial Church
1972:
1825:National Trust properties
1742:
1205:British Geological Survey
1168:List of decorative stones
857:University College London
855:, Wilkins Terrace at UCL
618:. Splitting stone, using
292:Thickness at type section
128:
46:
2768:Great Southwell Landslip
2398:Portland Bill Lighthouse
2341:Verne High Angle Battery
2307:Portland Breakwater Fort
1959:English landscape garden
1347:Hughes, Quentin (1999).
941:Nottingham Council House
655:Portland stone buildings
328:Portland Stone Formation
42:Portland Stone Formation
30:Not to be confused with
2731:Portland Branch Railway
2649:Southwell Business Park
2537:Easton Methodist Church
1642:Architecture of England
1268:Stanier, Peter (2000).
1107:, England. Designed by
865:Green Park tube station
200:Portland Sand Formation
181:: No formal subdivision
2572:United Reformed Church
2450:Chiswell Walled Garden
2287:East Weare Rifle Range
1711:Strawberry Hill Gothic
1549:Hackman, Gill (2014).
936:
848:
709:
694:
675:
643:
514:
421:Southampton University
313:
2619:Folly Pier Waterworks
2408:Trinity House Obelisk
2388:Old Higher Lighthouse
2165:Portland Raised Beach
2022:Settlements and areas
1413:"Designation of GHSR"
1313:www.learningstone.org
1126:Anstrude Roche Claire
1101:Armed Forces Memorial
931:
839:
831:Lord's Cricket Ground
737:Palace of Westminster
700:
681:
662:
633:
512:
304:
2747:Portland United F.C.
2593:Royal Naval Cemetery
2474:Buildings and houses
2393:Old Lower Lighthouse
2326:Royal Naval Hospital
1805:Renaissance theatres
1785:Round-tower churches
1579:The Dovecote Press,
1575:Stuart Morris, 2016
1021:Houses of Parliament
859:, St James's Market
787:Great Fire of London
783:St. Paul's Cathedral
475:improve this article
326:(formally named the
324:geological formation
152:Geological formation
2726:The Old Engine Shed
2481:The Captain's House
2434:HM Prison The Verne
2357:Pennsylvania Castle
2317:RNAS Portland (HMS
2297:Inner Pierhead Fort
2241:Royal Manor Theatre
2211:Fancy's Family Farm
2201:Chiswell Earthworks
1775:Medieval cathedrals
1770:Abbeys and priories
1499:Geoscientist Online
1033:General Post Office
984:University of Leeds
923:reinforced concrete
909:Two of Liverpool's
892:St. James Buildings
753:Christchurch Priory
664:St Paul's Cathedral
360:St Paul's Cathedral
48:Stratigraphic range
32:Portland brownstone
2721:Merchant's Railway
2690:King Barrow Quarry
2685:Coombefield Quarry
2639:Portland Windmills
2562:St. Peter's Church
2552:St George's Church
2547:St Andrew's Church
2501:St George's Centre
2486:The Cove House Inn
2424:HM Prison Portland
2277:East Weare Battery
1934:Dartmoor longhouse
1929:Wealden hall house
1373:on 17 August 2016.
1040:Broadcasting House
980:Parkinson Building
957:London Underground
955:, the home of the
937:
849:
795:The British Museum
710:
695:
676:
644:
601:plugs and feathers
559:Coombefield Quarry
515:
447:Quarries and mines
370:in New York City.
314:
287:, West Weare Cliff
190:Lulworth Formation
2794:Geology of Dorset
2776:
2775:
2695:Perryfield Quarry
2680:Broadcroft Quarry
2588:Portland Cenotaph
2557:St. John's Church
2517:All Saints Church
2383:NCI Portland Bill
1981:
1980:
1891:Brighton and Hove
1780:Former cathedrals
1731:Bristol Byzantine
1589:978-0-9955462-0-2
1560:978-0-9564405-9-4
1475:. 12 October 2007
1283:978-0-7524-1751-6
1099:was used for the
1086:British personnel
861:Haymarket, London
765:Victoria Memorial
757:Buckingham Palace
591:Quarrying methods
572:Broadcroft Quarry
565:Perryfield Quarry
507:
506:
499:
415:balls, known as "
393:calcium carbonate
364:Buckingham Palace
299:
298:
16:(Redirected from
2831:
2804:Isle of Portland
2532:Conjurer's Lodge
2496:Queen Anne House
2465:Victoria Gardens
2069:Portland Harbour
2015:Isle of Portland
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
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1025:the Custom House
1002:Ashmolean Museum
853:Chelsea Barracks
815:National Gallery
779:Christopher Wren
761:King Charles III
749:Exeter Cathedral
672:Christopher Wren
636:Isle of Portland
620:pneumatic drills
522:The Crown Estate
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330:) dating to the
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141:Isle of Portland
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2345:
2282:East Weare Camp
2255:
2236:Portland Museum
2184:
2140:Church Ope Cove
2108:
2089:Victoria Square
2017:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1939:Somerset towers
1896:Hammerbeam roof
1849:
1795:Historic houses
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1031:(1864) and the
915:Cunard Building
888:Arkwright House
884:100 King Street
823:Cornish granite
807:Bank of England
741:Tower of London
683:100 King Street
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648:room and pillar
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1136:Main article:
1133:
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1122:British Museum
1117:
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988:Michael Sadler
945:Charles Holden
904:Sunlight House
803:Somerset House
799:Stirling Prize
656:
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605:bedding planes
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527:diamond bladed
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742:
739:in 1347, the
738:
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2367:Rufus Castle
2318:
2312:RAF Portland
2155:Little Beach
2130:Chesil Beach
2054:Fortuneswell
2049:Ferry Bridge
1948:
1911:Bastle house
1790:Roman villas
1576:
1550:
1521:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1371:the original
1361:
1348:
1342:
1332:30 September
1330:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1269:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1208:. Retrieved
1200:
1156:Roman cement
1141:
1119:
1116:Substitution
1094:
1079:
1073:in London's
1060:
1044:
1027:(1791), the
1019:(1779), the
1006:
996:
977:
949:Senate House
938:
911:Three Graces
910:
908:
900:Kendal Milne
869:
850:
819:Tower Bridge
791:
769:
734:
729:Rufus Castle
726:
711:
645:
609:
594:
581:
577:
570:
563:
557:
553:
546:
539:
516:
493:
484:
473:Please help
468:verification
465:
430:
413:
377:
327:
316:
315:
306:The Cenotaph
266:Type section
172:
36:
2700:Tout Quarry
2629:King's Pier
2609:Durdle Pier
2189:Attractions
2170:Pulpit Rock
2160:Mutton Cove
2135:Chesil Cove
1845:Lighthouses
1800:Hall houses
1681:Elizabethan
1661:Saxo-Norman
1656:Anglo-Saxon
1422:24 February
1397:14 December
1082:gravestones
953:55 Broadway
902:(1939) and
876:Burmantofts
827:Grace Gates
771:Inigo Jones
712:Portland's
585:Tout Quarry
433:Inigo Jones
334:age of the
18:Roach Stone
2783:Categories
2614:Folly Pier
2292:HMS Osprey
2099:West Cliff
2029:Castletown
1944:Bath stone
1921:Oast house
1876:Manchester
1866:Birmingham
1757:structures
1721:Jacobethan
1701:Queen Anne
1583:, Dorset:
1180:References
1075:Green Park
872:Manchester
722:sarcophagi
687:Manchester
2799:Limestone
2644:Red Crane
2581:Memorials
2216:Jurassica
2175:Salt Pans
2125:Cave Hole
2084:Underhill
2074:Southwell
2059:The Grove
1954:Flushwork
1906:Almshouse
1901:Fan vault
1871:Liverpool
1830:Windmills
1736:Brutalist
1726:Edwardian
1716:Victorian
1569:910854593
1444:The Times
1095:Portland
1057:Memorials
1017:City Hall
994:Library.
880:sandstone
801:in 2017,
789:in 1666.
775:Whitehall
747:in 1350.
714:freestone
706:Liverpool
597:gunpowder
531:wire saws
487:June 2010
332:Tithonian
321:limestone
310:Whitehall
295:25 metres
271:Named for
237:Sandstone
233:Siltstone
223:Limestone
214:Lithology
206:Thickness
186:Underlies
168:Sub-units
53:Tithonian
2654:Sureline
2602:Industry
2510:Churches
2260:Military
2039:Clay Ope
2034:Chiswell
1975:Category
1840:Stadiums
1706:Georgian
1691:Carolean
1686:Jacobean
1581:Wimborne
1472:BBC News
1447:. London
1292:47830911
1162:See also
1067:Cenotaph
1023:(1767),
973:Coventry
965:Plymouth
925:frames.
917:and the
906:(1932).
898:(1934),
894:(1912),
890:(1937),
886:(1935),
813:and the
340:quarried
338:that is
285:Clay Ope
281:Location
243:Location
196:Overlies
2714:Railway
2443:Gardens
2417:Prisons
2350:Castles
2094:Wakeham
2079:Tophill
1886:Bristol
1815:Museums
1765:Castles
1505:25 July
1451:27 June
1253:17 June
1210:25 July
992:Laidlaw
982:at the
969:Bristol
616:loaders
612:Tuscany
518:Jordans
405:micrite
401:calcite
389:Calcium
374:Geology
342:on the
258:Country
252:England
219:Primary
158:Unit of
139:on the
119:↓
2756:Events
2740:Sports
2319:Osprey
2104:Weston
2044:Easton
1924:(cowl)
1861:London
1666:Norman
1649:Styles
1587:
1567:
1557:
1528:
1501:. 2012
1479:22 May
1290:
1280:
1274:Stroud
1148:binder
1132:Cement
1013:Dublin
998:Oxford
913:, the
809:, the
668:London
640:Dorset
626:Mining
348:Dorset
248:Region
137:quarry
1854:Other
1676:Tudor
1097:stone
1049:as a
718:Roman
417:ooids
395:(CaCO
352:chert
319:is a
308:, in
229:Other
1881:Bath
1585:ISBN
1565:OCLC
1555:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1507:2019
1481:2010
1453:2010
1424:2019
1399:2015
1334:2012
1288:OCLC
1278:ISBN
1255:2019
1212:2019
1152:clay
1084:for
1080:The
951:and
939:The
878:and
863:and
751:and
441:Wren
362:and
148:Type
58:Pre๊
1103:in
1037:BBC
829:at
689:by
670:by
477:by
383:(CO
346:in
2785::
1563:.
1497:.
1469:.
1441:.
1415:.
1388:.
1351:.
1311:.
1300:^
1286:.
1272:.
1231:.
1220:^
1203:.
1199:.
1188:^
1053:.
971:,
967:,
867:.
843:,
833:.
817:.
704:,
685:,
666:,
638:,
439:.
435:'
411:.
235:,
108:Pg
50::
2321:)
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
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494:(
489:)
485:(
471:.
397:3
385:2
113:N
103:K
98:J
93:T
88:P
83:C
78:D
73:S
68:O
63:๊
34:.
20:)
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