517:. The advantage to a short back is that the horse is quick, agile and strong, able to change direction with ease. A horse with this conformation is less likely to have back pain associated with the weight of the rider, especially if well-muscled. A short back is usually associated with being "short coupled," that is, short in the loin, making a horse of this conformation ideal for such agility sports as polo, roping, cutting, and reining. However, a short back can be less flexible if too short, and even ideally-conformed horses with short backs can have "springy" gaits that may cause difficulties for inexperienced riders. A too-short back can lead to spinal arthritis if the horse has difficulty bending.
356:
short topline is ideal. The underline is where the abdominal muscles are, which, like in humans, can provide tremendous support to the back when well-conditioned. The topline will vary in length and in curvature, with some relationship between the two. When being ridden, a horse's back may either be stiff or relaxed as it moves, depending on the tension and strength of ligaments, muscles or tendons; and is also influenced by training and physical level of condition. The length of the back may affect smoothness of gait, ability to collect and move with agility, limits how much weight the horse can carry, and can impact if a horse might be capable of being laterally
502:. They are sometimes, but not always, associated with long, weak loins. The advantage to a long back is that it is flexible, making the movement of the back flatter, quieter, and makes a smoother ride. Even horses that are not gaited often have a smoother trot and long strides, making them comfortable to ride. On the other hand, it makes it harder for the horse to lift or "round" the back to develop speed or engage the hindquarters for high levels of collection. It takes longer to develop the muscles in a long back, and they are more prone to muscular strain and swayback as they age.
556:
narrow as to pinch the back and shoulders of the horse. It must not be so long in the tree that it interferes with the horse's hips, though a too-short tree may also create abnormal pressure points, particularly when it is too small for the rider as well. Professional saddlers and saddle-fitters may be able to make small adjustments in better-quality saddles to help them better fit an individual horse, but the underlying structure of the saddle tree cannot be changed and must have an adequate fit from the outset.
570:
268:
640:
215:
44:
526:
619:(X-Rays) can be used to diagnose potential problems with cracked vertebrae, some forms of arthritis, impinging dorsal spinous processes (kissing spines), and other skeletal problems, although with large, heavily muscled animals this diagnostic modality is limited. Certain types of soft tissue injury can be assessed with other modern diagnostic imaging techniques, such as
253:, will sometimes, but not always, have five lumbar vertebrae and 17 thoracic vertebrae. There appears to be little correlation between back length and number of vertebrae, as many horses with short backs do have the typical number of vertebrae. The length of each vertebra in the lumbar region seems to have the greater influence on the strength of the horse's back.
379:). Horses may also have "well-sprung" ribs or be too narrow, called "slab-sided." A horse may also have very high bony withers, which is not generally a flaw, though they can make a saddle hard to fit. Too low withers, called "mutton withers," can make it difficult to keep a saddle on without rolling or slipping, and may be correlated to a shorter stride.
31:
393:
682:
If it seems the back pain is caused by an ill-fitting saddle, the saddle should be changed or adjusted, though as an interim measure a horse can be ridden without a saddle or with a saddle pad that is either thicker or thinner, as needed to reduce saddle pressure. To avoid causing back pain caused by
489:
Ideally, the length of a horse's back from the peak of the withers to the point of the hip should be 1/3 of the horse's overall body length (from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock, excluding head and neck). A horse's back is called "long" if the length exceeds 1/3 and "short" if
448:
and any event that involves jumping. A swayed back is a predisposing cause of "kissing spines." A sway back can also be linked to back soreness to a horse's saddle because most saddles will "bridge," putting the rider's weight only on the front and the back of the saddle, creating abnormal pressure
363:
A horse's back and ribcage in cross section is often described as "deep" or "narrow" (sometimes "shallow"), depending on the width of the ribs and the depth of the heartgirth. It can be a "pear" shape, an "apple" or inverted "U" shape, may be wide or narrow, short or long, or combinations of these
303:
originates from the last four cervical vertebrae, and courses along the spine, inserting eventually into the ilium and sacrum. This muscle contracts the spine and also raises and supports the head and neck, and is the main muscle used for rearing, kicking, jumping, and turning. It is the longest and
589:
can all contribute to back pain. A saddle that is not fitted properly on the horse may lead to immediate, acute pain, or chronic, long-term damage. A saddle of ill fit will repeatedly bruise, pinch, or rub the underlying soft tissue or spinal processes. A horse that is not athletically fit may also
555:
or pads. As a horse's muscles change with age or conditioning, one saddle may not fit during its entire life, and no saddle fits all horses. A properly fitted saddle should have enough height in the gullet to clear the withers of the horse and not be so wide as to press on the spine, but not be so
418:
placed upon an immature animal. Less often, a long-backed horse that is in poor condition may develop a sway at a younger age simply due to lack of exercise, particularly if kept in a stall or small pen for long periods without turnout. Equines with too long a back are more prone to the condition
367:
The average horse can carry up to approximately 25% of its body weight, but body build and, particularly, back structure, may allow it to carry somewhat more or less. Physical condition also plays a role. A horse that is in good physical condition, with well-developed abdominal and back muscles,
355:
Horses' back shape can vary greatly from horse to horse. The upper curvature of a horse's withers, back, and loin is called the "topline." The line of the belly from elbow to flank is the "under line" or "bottom line." In terms of the back, both are important; a long underline with a relatively
344:
630:
For mild problems, it is sometimes useful to ride the horse in a different saddle or without a saddle to see if the problem goes away, but usually a veterinarian or saddle fitter can determine if an ill-fitting saddle is the problem in fairly short order. Failure to obtain a reliable veterinary
594:
injury can make a horse put extra stress on its back, which can lead to back problems in addition to lameness if not treated promptly. A rider with a poor seat can put abnormal pressure directly on a horse's back, or may indirectly cause back pain in other ways: An ill-fitting
382:
A roach back is less common, but is characterized by a back that has insufficient curvature. Such animals will have difficulty with flexion and are often rough-gaited. Conformational defects such as straight shoulders often are correlated with a roach back.
328:
and inserts on the withers. The supraspinous ligament attaches to the tops of the remaining thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. These two ligaments in combination provide a link throughout the topline of the horse, aiding in the elastic movement of the body.
683:
lack of athletic fitness, gradually build the horse's athletic agility until it is strong enough to avoid getting sore in the back. Back pain related to stress or injury may require rest and time without being ridden, with a gradual return to work.
449:
points, especially over the shoulders and loins. A heavy rider may also put additional strain on already weakened ligaments and muscles. A swaybacked horse is less able to achieve rapid impulsion; which may cause problems in such sports such as
413:
that has had multiple foals. However, it is common in older horses whose age leads to loss of muscle tone and stretched ligaments. It also occurs due to overuse or injury to the muscles and ligaments from excess work or loads, or from premature
364:
characteristics. Wider but shorter ribs and loins will usually be stronger than long and narrow ribs and loins. If the ribs "fall off" of the back sharply, the back will be narrow, whereas if the ribs are well sprung, the back will be wide.
439:
A low back may make a horse more prone to a stiff head and neck carriage and usually causes stiffness in the back and difficulty collecting. A horse with a long back and loin, while often considered a trait associated with smooth
408:
trait. Swayback is caused in part from a loss of muscle tone in both the back and abdominal muscles, plus a weakening and stretching of the ligaments. As in humans, it may be influenced by bearing young; it is sometimes seen in a
470:
435:
of inheritance. Research into the genetics underlying the condition has several values beyond just the
Saddlebred breed as it may "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species."
404:, it is called swaybacked (other names include saddle-backed, hollow-backed, low in the back, "soft" in the back, or down in the back). It is a common back condition, particularly in older horses, and in general an undesirable
482:
590:
experience back pain. Abrupt changes in work, footing, or terrain can make even a fit horse suffer soreness. Accidents, missteps, or awkward jumps all lend themselves to strain. Compensating for any type of limb, joint, or
485:
This yearling horse is a bit long in the back, as shown by the identically sized blue rectangles. its back will be more likely to sway as it gets older, but will probably be very smooth-gaited
152:
goes, and in popular usage extends to include the loin or lumbar region behind the thoracic vertebrae that also is crucial to a horse's weight-carrying ability. These two sections of the
477:
has a very short back, noted by the overlapping blue rectangles, and is also a bit roach-backed. It has short coupling and will be a sturdy animal, but could be rough-gaited
271:
A complex interplay of bone and muscle, supported by powerful tendons and ligaments allows a horse to "round" under the saddle and best support the weight of a rider
772:
461:. However, with a properly fitting saddle that does not bridge, a swaybacked horse still can be used as a pleasure horse and as a horse for teaching students.
360:. The height of the withers also varies and affects freedom of shoulder movement, length of stride, and is a major area of concern in proper saddle fitting.
615:
A veterinarian or experienced horse owner can palpate the back of a horse to pinpoint sources of pain and from there assess the most likely cause.
279:. Hence the entire torso is attached to the shoulders by powerful muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The spine of a horse's back is supported by
607:, resulting in mouth pain, can cause secondary back pain as the horse lifts its neck and stresses its back to avoid the pressure to the mouth.
664:
573:
Back pain in a horse may be related to movement in an unnatural and stressed position, not unlike those that cause back pain in humans.
444:, is prone to developing a swayback sooner than average. A swayback often makes it harder for the horse to collect, particularly for
663:, simple rest, targeted exercises, or a combination of any of the above. Drug treatment may also be advised, particularly the use of
309:
127:
65:
61:
108:
262:
228:
211:
The structure of the back varies from horse to horse and varies a great deal by breed, age and condition of the animal.
80:
371:
There are two primary flaws in back conformation, a "too-straight" or "roach" back and its opposite, a too low or "
87:
505:
A moderately short back is generally a desirable trait and can be seen in any breed, though it is more common in
679:
back pain is much harder to treat, so prompt attention is advisable in order to avoid a long-term problem.
620:
94:
54:
643:
Horses' backs can be eased by adapting some techniques from human physical therapy to use on equine anatomy
797:
506:
317:
76:
720:
Arabian Horse
Association of Southern California, Rich Publishing, Revised Collector's edition (1973).
432:
495:
428:
405:
338:
179:, providing the underlying support of the saddle, and the lumbar vertebrae of the loin provide the
172:
by humans, the strength and structure of the horse's back is critical to the animal's usefulness.
424:
305:
292:
234:
161:
569:
692:
586:
300:
777:
499:
474:
325:
246:
165:
153:
321:
729:
671:
medications. In all cases, the first step is to eliminate the root cause of pain to the
101:
652:
552:
542:
538:
415:
145:
791:
582:
510:
308:
begin at the spaces between the ribs and aid in breathing. The external and internal
250:
184:
169:
753:
368:
will be able to carry more weight for a longer time than one that is not in shape.
267:
656:
624:
529:
The length, width and shape of a horse's back all play a role in proper saddle fit.
514:
450:
639:
214:
648:
604:
596:
191:, which also provides support to the horse and rider. A complex design of bone,
43:
400:
When the span of the back dips excessively in the center, a condition known as
660:
616:
591:
525:
441:
420:
419:
than those with a short back, but as a longer back is also linked to smoother
276:
17:
676:
668:
410:
348:
296:
627:
is often very useful in localising either bony or soft tissue disorders.
631:
opinion can lead to further damage if the horse is worked while in pain.
445:
401:
387:
376:
372:
288:
284:
200:
188:
176:
30:
491:
357:
304:
strongest muscle in the body, and is the muscle the rider sits on. The
238:
175:
The thoracic vertebrae are the true "back" vertebral structures of the
157:
730:"Heavier Riders' Guide", Beverly Whittington and Rhonda Hart-Poe, 1999
675:
so that the animal is not reinjured after treatment. Degenerative or
469:
392:
782:
697:
600:
578:
548:
534:
313:
280:
203:
all work together to allow a horse to support the weight of a rider.
196:
192:
149:
481:
343:
754:
Oke, Stacey. "Genetics of
Swayback in Saddlebred Horses Examined"
672:
638:
568:
524:
480:
468:
454:
391:
342:
266:
213:
29:
458:
242:
37:
758:
online edition, December 20, 2010. Accessed
December 21, 2010
577:
Back pain in a horse may be caused for a variety of reasons.
585:
technique, lack of conditioning, overwork, accidents, or
551:
fit, though minor problems can be compensated for with
427:. It has been found to have a hereditary basis in the
241:. Each thoracic vertebra is also associated with a
647:Like humans, back pain in horses may be treated by
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
229:Skeletal system of the horse § Axial skeleton
490:less than 1/3. Long backs are more often seen in
295:and inserts beneath the thoracic section of the
347:The depth of a horse's topline may vary, from
8:
396:This older horse has a significant swayback
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
187:. Integral to the back structure is the
742:The Cavalry Manual of Horse Management,
709:
423:, the trait is sometimes encouraged by
316:, and support the internal organs. The
718:The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse.
7:
66:adding citations to reliable sources
245:. A horse also has, typically, six
233:A horse has an average total of 18
547:Each horse is different regarding
25:
667:, or other anti-inflammatory and
42:
53:needs additional citations for
1:
312:are attached to the ribs and
287:, and abdominal muscles. The
263:Muscular system of the horse
249:. Some breeds, such as the
521:Fitting saddles to the back
237:, with five located in the
183:that joins the back to the
814:
532:
385:
336:
260:
226:
431:breed, transmitted via a
320:is a continuation of the
291:originates on the fourth
218:Anatomy of a horse's back
164:, and extend to the last
740:Devereux, Frederick L.
507:American Quarter Horses
644:
574:
530:
486:
478:
397:
352:
324:, which begins at the
272:
219:
35:
783:Back shape discussion
642:
572:
528:
484:
472:
395:
346:
318:Supraspinous ligament
270:
257:Muscles and ligaments
217:
168:. Because horses are
33:
62:improve this article
429:American Saddlebred
339:Equine conformation
306:Intercostal muscles
207:Anatomy of the back
160:, the start of the
716:Edwards, Gladys.
645:
575:
531:
487:
479:
425:selective breeding
398:
353:
310:abdominal obliques
273:
235:thoracic vertebrae
220:
162:thoracic vertebrae
36:
693:Lameness (equine)
500:Tennessee Walkers
333:Back conformation
301:Longissimus dorsi
293:cervical vertebra
275:The horse has no
156:beginning at the
138:
137:
130:
112:
77:"Back" horse
16:(Redirected from
805:
773:Back pain causes
760:
751:
745:
738:
732:
727:
721:
714:
494:horses, such as
351:to roach-backed.
247:lumbar vertebrae
154:vertebral column
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
46:
38:
27:In horse anatomy
21:
813:
812:
808:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
788:
787:
769:
764:
763:
752:
748:
739:
735:
728:
724:
715:
711:
706:
689:
653:massage therapy
637:
623:. In addition,
613:
567:
562:
553:saddle blankets
545:
533:Main articles:
523:
467:
390:
341:
335:
322:nuchal ligament
265:
259:
231:
225:
209:
166:lumbar vertebra
144:is the area of
134:
123:
117:
114:
71:
69:
59:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
811:
809:
801:
800:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
768:
767:External links
765:
762:
761:
746:
733:
722:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
688:
685:
636:
633:
612:
609:
566:
563:
561:
558:
543:Western saddle
539:English saddle
522:
519:
466:
465:Length of back
463:
433:recessive mode
386:Main article:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
289:Spinalis Dorsi
258:
255:
224:
221:
208:
205:
136:
135:
50:
48:
41:
34:A horse's back
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
810:
799:
798:Horse anatomy
796:
795:
793:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
759:
757:
750:
747:
743:
737:
734:
731:
726:
723:
719:
713:
710:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
641:
634:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
571:
564:
559:
557:
554:
550:
544:
540:
536:
527:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
476:
471:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
412:
407:
403:
394:
389:
384:
380:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
359:
350:
345:
340:
332:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
269:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
222:
216:
212:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:horse anatomy
143:
132:
129:
121:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
32:
19:
18:Roach (horse)
778:Back muscles
755:
749:
741:
736:
725:
717:
712:
681:
659:treatments,
657:chiropractic
646:
629:
625:Scintigraphy
614:
576:
546:
504:
488:
451:horse racing
438:
406:conformation
399:
381:
370:
366:
362:
354:
314:pelvic bones
274:
232:
210:
185:hindquarters
180:
174:
141:
139:
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
649:acupuncture
617:Radiographs
496:Saddlebreds
349:sway-backed
118:August 2014
704:References
661:ultrasound
621:ultrasound
581:fit, poor
277:collarbone
261:See also:
227:See also:
148:where the
88:newspapers
756:The Horse
677:arthritic
669:analgesic
635:Treatment
611:Diagnosis
560:Back pain
411:broodmare
297:Trapezius
285:ligaments
201:ligaments
792:Category
687:See also
587:lameness
511:Arabians
492:"gaited"
475:yearling
446:dressage
402:lordosis
388:Swayback
377:lordosis
373:swayback
283:, three
223:Skeleton
189:rib cage
181:coupling
177:skeleton
603:or bad
515:Morgans
281:muscles
251:Arabian
239:withers
197:tendons
158:withers
102:scholar
698:Saddle
665:NSAIDs
601:bridle
583:riding
579:Saddle
565:Causes
549:saddle
541:, and
535:Saddle
513:, and
358:gaited
299:. The
193:muscle
170:ridden
150:saddle
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
673:horse
605:hands
473:This
455:rodeo
442:gaits
421:gaits
109:JSTOR
95:books
744:1941
599:and
592:hoof
459:polo
457:and
416:work
326:poll
199:and
142:back
140:The
81:news
597:bit
498:or
375:" (
243:rib
64:by
794::
655:,
651:,
537:,
509:,
453:,
195:,
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
106:·
99:·
92:·
85:·
58:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.