Road surface - Knowledge (XXG)

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construction" and "crystallize public sentiment" for "further construction of the same character." Generally, the LHA worked with the Portland Cement Association to arrange donations of cement for the seeding mileage...The most famous "seedling" and one of the most talked about portions of the Lincoln Highway was the 1.3-mile "Ideal Section" between Dyer and Schererville in Lake County, Indiana. In 1920, the LHA decided to develop a model section of road that would be adequate not only for current traffic but for highway transportation over the following 2 decades. The LHA assembled 17 of the country's foremost highway experts for meetings in December 1920 and February 1921 to decide design details of the Ideal Section. They agreed on such features as: A 110-foot right-of-way; A 40-foot wide concrete pavement 10 inches thick (maximum loads of 8,000 pounds per wheel were the basis for the pavement design); Minimum radius for curves of 1,000 feet, with guardrail at all embankments; Curves superelevated (i.e., banked) for a speed of 35 miles per hour; No grade crossings or advertising signs; and A footpath for pedestrians.

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they last significantly longer than other paving surfaces; but they have a much smaller market share than other paving solutions. Modern paving methods and design methods have changed the economics of concrete paving so that a well-designed and placed concrete pavement will be cheaper in initial cost and significantly cheaper over the life cycle. Another important advantage is that waterproof concrete can be used, which eliminates the need to place storm drains next to the road and reduces the need for a slightly sloped driveway to drain rainwater. Avoiding rainwater discharge by using runoff also means less electricity is needed (otherwise more pumps would be needed in the water distribution system) and rainwater is not polluted because it no longer mixes with polluted water. Rather, it is immediately absorbed by the earth. A previous disadvantage was that they had a higher initial cost and could be more time-consuming to construct. This cost can typically be offset through the long life cycle of the pavement and the higher cost of bitumen. Concrete pavement can be maintained over time utilizing a series of methods known as

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expansion and contraction with non-rubber components. The application of rubberized asphalt is more temperature-sensitive and in many locations can only be applied at certain times of the year. Study results of the long-term acoustic benefits of rubberized asphalt are inconclusive. Initial application of rubberized asphalt may provide a reduction of 3–5 decibels (dB) in tire-pavement-source noise emissions; however, this translates to only 1–3 dB in total traffic-noise reduction when combined with the other components of traffic noise. Compared to traditional passive attenuating measures (e.g., noise walls and earth berms), rubberized asphalt provides shorter-lasting and lesser acoustic benefits at typically much greater expense.

63: 459:). His road building method was simpler than Telford's, yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear. Size of stones was central to McAdam's road building theory. The lower 200-millimetre (7.9 in) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 75 millimetres (3.0 in). 293: 1265: 1121: 495: 51: 1253: 1347: 1362: 870: 1374: 739: 587: 1005: 774:

the equipment used to break the concrete pavement and the size of the resulting pieces. The theory is that frequent small cracks will spread thermal stress over a wider area than infrequent large joints, reducing the stress on the overlying asphalt pavement. "Rubblization" is a more complete fracturing of the old, worn-out concrete, effectively converting the old pavement into an aggregate base for a new asphalt road.

1412: 1155: 455:. Telford's method of road building involved the digging of a large trench in which a foundation of heavy rock was set. He designed his roads so that they sloped downwards from the centre, allowing drainage to take place, a major improvement on the work of Trésaguet. The surface of his roads consisted of broken stone. McAdam developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (known as 130:. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the 20th century and are of two types: metalled (hard-surfaced) and unmetalled roads. Metalled roadways are made to sustain vehicular load and so are usually made on frequently used roads. Unmetalled roads, also known as gravel roads or dirt roads, are rough and can sustain less weight. Road surfaces are frequently 40: 1335: 309: 614: 659:. This can reduce the cost of the concrete and improve its physical properties. The material is applied in a freshly mixed slurry and worked mechanically to compact the interior and force some of the cement slurry to the surface to produce a smoother, denser surface free from honeycombing. The water allows the mix to combine molecularly in a chemical reaction called 3331: 1504:(AASHTO) 1993/98 "Guide for Design of Pavement Structures". A mechanistic-empirical design guide was developed through the NCHRP process, resulting in the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), which was adopted by AASHTO in 2008, although MEPDG implementation by state departments of transportation has been slow. 1530:

increases on rough pavement, as does wear and tear of vehicle components. It has been estimated that poor road surfaces cost the average US driver $ 324 per year in vehicle repairs, or a total of $ 67 billion. Also, it has been estimated that small improvements in road surface conditions can decrease

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The LHA also sponsored short concrete "Seedling Mile" object lesson roads in many locations (the first, built in the fall of 1914, was just west of Malta, Illinois). The "Seedling Miles," according to the LHA's 1924 guide, were intended "to demonstrate the desirability of this permanent type of road

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bed, producing a dust-free road. A TMS road reduces mud problems and provides stone-free roads for local residents where loaded truck traffic is negligible. The TMS layer adds no significant structural strength, and so is used on secondary highways with low traffic volume and minimal weight loading.

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process. Geosynthetics can be used for reflective crack control. With break and seat and crack and seat processes, a heavy weight is dropped on the concrete to induce cracking, then a heavy roller is used to seat the resultant pieces into the subbase. The main difference between the two processes is

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was used for the first time, mixing crumb rubber from used tires with asphalt. While a potential use for tires that would otherwise fill landfills and present a fire hazard, rubberized asphalt has shown greater incidence of wear in freeze-thaw cycles in temperate zones because of the non-homogeneous

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Composite pavements combine a Portland cement concrete sublayer with an asphalt overlay. They are usually used to rehabilitate existing roadways rather than in new construction. Asphalt overlays are sometimes laid over distressed concrete to restore a smooth wearing surface. A disadvantage of this

1727:"Piryonesi, S. M., & El-Diraby, T. (2018). Using Data Analytics for Cost-Effective Prediction of Road Conditions: Case of The Pavement Condition Index:[summary report] (No. FHWA-HRT-18-065). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research, Development, and Technology" 670:

One of the major advantages of concrete pavements is they are typically stronger and more durable than asphalt roadways. The surface can be grooved to provide a durable skid-resistant surface. Concrete roads are more economical to drive in terms of fuel consumption, they reflect light better, and

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Wheeled transport created the need for better roads. Generally, natural materials cannot be both soft enough to form well-graded surfaces and strong enough to bear wheeled vehicles, especially when wet, and stay intact. In urban areas it began to be worthwhile to build stone-paved streets and, in

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Bituminous pavement is heated to 120–150 °C (250–300 °F), milled, combined with a rejuvenating agent and/or virgin asphalt binder, and compacted. It may then be overlaid with new asphalt concrete. This process typically recycles the top 50 mm (2 in) or less and may be used to

655:, and water. In virtually all modern mixes there will also be various admixtures added to increase workability, reduce the required amount of water, mitigate harmful chemical reactions, and for other beneficial purposes. In many cases there will also be Portland cement substitutes added, such as 849:

The full thickness of the asphalt pavement and underlying material is pulverized to provide a uniform blend of material. A binding agent or stabilizing material may be mixed in to form a base course for the new pavement, or it may be left unbound to form a sub-base course. Common binding agents

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Bituminous pavement is ground or milled into small particles. The asphalt millings are blended with asphalt emulsion, foamed bitumen, or soft bitumen to rejuvenate the aged asphalt binder. New aggregate may also be added. The resulting asphalt mix is paved and compacted. It may serve as the top

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Concrete roadways may produce more noise than asphalt from tire noise on cracks and expansion joints. A concrete pavement composed of multiple slabs of uniform size will produce a periodic sound and vibration in each vehicle as its tires pass over each expansion joint. These monotonous repeated

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A granular surface can be used with a traffic volume where the annual average daily traffic is 1,200 vehicles per day or less. There is some structural strength if the road surface combines a sub base and base and is topped with a double-graded seal aggregate with emulsion. Besides the 4,929

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An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1,200 vehicles per day. Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, and

790: 1710:"Ford, K., Arman, M., Labi, S., Sinha, K.C., Thompson, P.D., Shirole, A.M., and Li, Z. 2012. NCHRP Report 713: Estimating life expectancies of highway assets. In Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC" 1446:

rates for trucks are higher than those for cars in most countries for this reason, though they are not levied in proportion to the damage done. Passenger cars are considered to have little practical effect on a pavement's service life, from a materials fatigue perspective.

470:, who noticed that spilled tar on the roadway kept the dust down and created a smooth surface. He took out a patent in 1901 for tarmac. Hooley's 1901 patent for tarmac involved mechanically mixing tar and aggregate prior to lay-down, and then compacting the mixture with a 1185:

throughout the world, but fell out of fashion in most countries, due to the high cost of labor required to lay and maintain them, and are typically only kept for historical or aesthetic reasons. In some countries, however, they are still common in local streets. In the

402:. Roman roads varied from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. 917:

Other types of BSTs include micropaving, slurry seals and Novachip. These are laid down using specialized and proprietary equipment. They are most often used in urban areas where the roughness and loose stone associated with chip seals is considered undesirable.

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The decision whether to pave a gravel road or not often hinges on traffic volume. It has been found that maintenance costs for gravel roads often exceed the maintenance costs for paved or surface-treated roads when traffic volumes exceed 200 vehicles per day.

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may or may not have been added. Next, large stones were placed and compacted, followed by successive layers of smaller stones, until the road surface was composed of small stones compacted into a hard, durable surface. "Road metal" later became the name of

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from repeated loading over time is the most common failure mechanism. Most asphalt surfaces are laid on a gravel base, which is generally at least as thick as the asphalt layer, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are laid directly on the native

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Existing concrete pavement is milled into gravel-sized particles. Any steel reinforcing is removed, and the ground pavement is compacted to form the base and/or sub-base layers for new asphalt pavement. Ground pavement may also be compacted for use on

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Roadway surfacing choices are known to affect the intensity and spectrum of sound emanating from the tire/surface interaction. Initial applications of noise studies occurred in the early 1970s. Noise phenomena are highly influenced by vehicle speed.

809:. This pavement is commonly referred to as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). RAP can be transported to an asphalt plant, where it will be stockpiled for use in new pavement mixes, or it may be recycled in-place using the techniques described below. 666:

Concrete surfaces have been classified into three common types: jointed plain (JPCP), jointed reinforced (JRCP) and continuously reinforced (CRCP). The one item that distinguishes each type is the jointing system used to control crack development.

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Several design methods have been developed to determine the thickness and composition of road surfaces required to carry predicted traffic loads for a given period of time. Pavement design methods are continuously evolving. Among these are the

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pavements are sometimes found beneath modern asphalt concrete or Portland cement concrete pavements, because the cost of their removal at the time of renovation would not significantly benefit the durabilty and longevity of the newer surface.

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correct surface defects, such as rutting or polishing. To preserve the condition of the asphalt binder and avoid excessive hydrocarbon emissions, heating is typically achieved gradually through the use of infrared or hot air heaters.

1226:. Another method is to use a brick pattern stencil and apply a surfacing material over the stencil. Materials that can be applied to give the color of the brick and skid resistance can be in many forms. An example is to use colored 628: 895:. This type of surface is described by a wide variety of regional terms including "chip seal", "tar and chip", "oil and stone", "seal coat", "sprayed seal", "surface dressing", "microsurfacing", "seal", or simply as "bitumen". 1213:

There are ways to create the appearance of brick pavement, without the expense of actual bricks. The first method to create brick texture is to heat an asphalt pavement and use metal wires to imprint a brick pattern using a

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to road building in France at the same time as Metcalf. He wrote a memorandum on his method in 1775, which became general practice in France. It involved a layer of large rocks, covered by a layer of smaller gravel.

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has been shown to give a 3–5 dB reduction in tire-pavement noise emissions, and a marginally discernible 1–3 dB reduction in total road noise emissions when compared to conventional asphalt applications.

1198:. One popular measure is to use brick paving - the noise and vibration slows motorists down. At the same time, it is not uncommon for cycle paths alongside a road to have a smoother surface than the road itself. 791: 793: 1501: 554:

Depending on the temperature at which it is applied, asphalt is categorized as hot mix, warm mix, half warm mix, or cold mix. Hot mix asphalt is applied at temperatures over 150 °C (300 °F) with a

914:. The ease of application of BST is one reason for its popularity, but another is its flexibility, which is important when roadways are laid down over unstable terrain that thaws and softens in the spring. 571:

perceived ease of repair. Disadvantages include less durability than other paving methods, less tensile strength than concrete, the tendency to become slick and soft in hot weather, and a certain amount of

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Although there were attempts to rediscover Roman methods, there was little useful innovation in road building before the 18th century. The first professional road builder to emerge during the

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and mechanical properties of the mix. This technique is typically used to address structural failures in the pavement, such as alligator cracking, deep rutting, and shoulder drop-off.

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method is that movement in the joints between the underlying concrete slabs, whether from thermal expansion and contraction, or from deflection of the concrete slabs from truck

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is used mainly on low-traffic roads, but also as a sealing coat to rejuvenate an asphalt concrete pavement. It generally consists of aggregate spread over a sprayed-on asphalt

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program in 1997. From 1998 through 2007, more than 41,000 km of city streets were converted to local access roads with a speed limit of 30 km/h, for the purpose of

506:), sometimes called flexible pavement since its viscosity causes minute deformations as it distributes loads, has been widely used since the 1920s. The viscous nature of the 850:

include asphalt emulsion, fly ash, hydrated lime, Portland cement, and calcium chloride. Virgin aggregate, RAP, or crushed Portland cement may also be added to improve the

1726: 1872: 706:, established in October 1913 to oversee the creation of one of the United States' earliest east-west transcontinental highways for the automobile, began to establish 1545:

Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. It can be in the form of mechanical markers such as

1515:(PAMELA). It is used to simulate everyday scenarios, from different pavement users to varying pavement conditions. There also exists a research facility near 683:, joint and crack sealing, cross-stitching, etc. Diamond grinding is also useful in reducing noise and restoring skid resistance in older concrete pavement. 2406:

Moghadas Nejad, Fereidoon; Noory, Alireza; Toolabi, Saeed; Fallah, Shahab (8 August 2014). "Effect of using geosynthetics on reflective crack prevention".

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Measuring performance indicators for decision-making in winter maintenance operations. 2004 Annual conference of the Transportation Association of Canada

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Distressed pavement can be reused when rehabilitating a roadway. The existing pavement is broken up and may be ground on-site through a process called

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which can be heat applied to the top layer of the brick-pattern surface. Other coating materials over stamped asphalt are paints and two-part

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8th World Congress on Computational Mechanics 5th European Congress on computational methods in applied sciences and engineering ECCOMAS

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cycle in cold climates will dramatically accelerate pavement deterioration, once water can penetrate the surface. Clay and fumed silica

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By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, new methods of highway construction had been pioneered by the work of two British engineers:

2182: 559:. Warm mix asphalt is applied at temperatures of 95–120 °C (200–250 °F), resulting in reduced energy usage and emissions of 141:

methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways to prevent flooding. Pavements are crucial to countries such as

3007: 1848: 2663: 1346: 563:. Cold mix asphalt is often used on lower-volume rural roads, where hot mix asphalt would cool too much on the long trip from the 4779: 1923: 2702: 1481:

may be allowed on passenger cars. In Sweden and Finland, studded passenger car tires account for a very large share of pavement

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Construction involves minimal subgrade preparation, following by covering with a 50-to-100-millimetre (2–4 in) cold mix

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or cut-back asphalt cement. The aggregate is then embedded into the asphalt by rolling it, typically with a rubber-tired

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Al-Qadi, Imad; Elseifi, Mostafa; Carpenter, Samuel (1 March 2007). "Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement - A Literature Review".

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into pavements has led to the development of an indoor, 80-sq-metre artificial pavement at a research centre called

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has the responsibility of maintaining 6,102 kilometres (3,792 mi) of thin membrane surface (TMS) highways.

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Polymer cement overlaying to change asphalt pavement to brick texture and color to create decorative crosswalk

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Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements Using Asphalt Overlays (FHWA TPF-5(149) Final Report)

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Some communities are finding it makes sense to convert their low-volume paved roads to aggregate surfaces.

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Different layers of road including asphalt layer. The total thickness of a pavement can be measured using

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gets stiffer and less flexible. When it gets "old" enough, the surface will start losing aggregates, and

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Asphalt Pavements: A Practical Guide to Design, Production and Maintenance for Engineers and Architects

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Lee, B. J.; Lee, H. (2004). "Position-Invariant Neural Network for Digital Pavement Crack Analysis".

1540: 1353: 844: 719: 556: 467: 131: 2912: 2541: 1222:. A similar method is to use rubber imprinting tools to press over a thin layer of cement to create 4636: 4510: 4229: 4185: 4073: 3925: 3864: 3620: 3605: 3600: 3494: 3428: 3385: 1615: 1605: 1595: 1546: 1450:

Other failure modes include aging and surface abrasion. As years go by, the binder in a bituminous

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Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation

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In addition to repair costs, the condition of a road surface has economic effects for road users.

494: 372:, a port on the south coast of the island, which had side drains, a 200 mm thick pavement of 50: 4805: 4540: 4354: 4339: 4150: 4085: 4008: 3993: 3938: 3914: 3874: 3842: 3776: 3766: 3737: 3674: 3544: 3509: 3194: 3120: 3071: 2911:. 6th International Conference on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimension Proceedings. Archived from 2423: 2304: 1967: 1527: 1423: 1394: 1324: 742:

An example of composite pavement: hot-mix asphalt overlaid onto Portland cement concrete pavement

680: 595: 515: 452: 159:, in construction, is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving materials include 27:

This article is about road surface pavement material. For other uses of the term "pavement", see

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Li, Qiang; Xiao, Danny X.; Wang, Kelvin C. P.; Hall, Kevin D.; Qiu, Yanjun (27 September 2013).

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or surface dressing can prolong the life of the road at low cost. In areas with cold climate,

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depth increases dramatically. If no maintenance action is done quickly on the wearing course,

1178: 718:, while using concrete with the specified concrete "ideal section" for the Lincoln Highway in 660: 440: 426: 1861:. (Details of this story vary a bit, but the essence of is the same, as are the basic facts). 86:) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot 4457: 4219: 4135: 4130: 4045: 3848: 3803: 3645: 3451: 3446: 3356: 3262: 3186: 2490: 2415: 2296: 2190: 1575: 1416: 1402: 1316: 1227: 911: 874: 806: 753: 727: 503: 384: 251: 180: 160: 138: 119: 3347:"Pavements" website of the US Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration 2244: 1334: 1109:

kilometres (3,063 mi) of granular pavements maintained in Saskatchewan, around 40% of

869: 738: 4694: 4654: 4565: 4555: 4525: 4515: 4500: 4462: 4418: 4244: 4234: 4165: 3781: 3484: 3070:(presentation video). Seattle Neighborhood Greenways. Event occurs at 3:49 and 9:19 min. 1435: 1219: 1195: 907: 715: 707: 703: 644: 540: 536: 475: 395: 348:

meant that by 2000 BC stone-cutting tools were generally available in the Middle East and

75: 2156: 1709: 1190:, brick paving has made something of a comeback since the adoption of a major nationwide 3182: 2902:"Experimental and numerical simulation of loading impact on modified granular pavements" 2674: 2664:"Feasibility of Alternative salt storage structures in Saskatchewan Neilburg case study" 4664: 4626: 4595: 4575: 4560: 4372: 4254: 3796: 3724: 3595: 3590: 3529: 3519: 3411: 1610: 1550: 1451: 1191: 1082: 1046: 1021:

is known to have been used extensively in the construction of roads by soldiers of the

899: 851: 524: 448: 422: 2784: 2649:"More than 100 motorists lodge damage claims after road seal peels off at Dome Valley" 1930: 1411: 4799: 4674: 4631: 4580: 4520: 4485: 4452: 4319: 4269: 4259: 4160: 4090: 4080: 3973: 3943: 3832: 3791: 3709: 3585: 3419: 3198: 2706: 2427: 2308: 2300: 1636: 1558: 1239: 1170: 564: 544: 483: 430: 369: 325: 176: 142: 115: 1992: 1154: 1004: 586: 149:, which heavily depend on road transportation. Therefore, research projects such as 4699: 4689: 4590: 4545: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4447: 4329: 4324: 4249: 4175: 4145: 4018: 3948: 3786: 3694: 3436: 2993: 1554: 1478: 1473:

If the road is still structurally sound, a bituminous surface treatment, such as a

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may potentially be used as efficient UV-anti aging coatings in asphalt pavements.

3147: 2608: 2419: 2062:. 6th International Conference on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimension Proceedings 4669: 4314: 4304: 4279: 4204: 4115: 4063: 4013: 3818: 3750: 3719: 2518:"Rubblizing with Bituminous Concrete Overlay - 10 Years' Experience in Illinois" 2183:"Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework for South Africa A Discussion Document" 1580: 1482: 1463: 1398: 1187: 1166: 1110: 1008: 999: 935: 892: 823: 576: 572: 548: 471: 399: 329: 301: 224: 172: 127: 111: 99: 44: 2838: 2811: 2613:. National Cooperative Highway. Transportation Research Board. pp. 13–20. 66:

Construction crew laying down asphalt over fiber-optic trench, in New York City

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Khazanovich, L.; Lederle, R.; Tompkins, D.; Harvey, J.T.; Signore, J. (2012).

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process uses Portland cement concrete to resurface a distressed asphalt road.

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Gerbrandt, Ron; Tim Makahoniuk; Cathy Lynn Borbely; Curtis Berthelot (2000).

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To decrease reflective cracking, concrete pavement is broken apart through a

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Oeser, Markus; Sabine Werkmeister; Alvaro Gonzales; David Alabaster (2008).

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Advances in Pavement Design through Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing

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boards are used to delay and minimize frost penetration into the subgrade.

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are also used for this purpose, and in some northern countries a layer of

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have been launched to optimize the life cycle of different road surfaces.

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can do more than 10,000 times the damage done by a normal passenger car.

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in 1893. The first mile of concrete pavement in the United States was on

608: 580: 520: 275: 267: 259: 200: 164: 123: 3251:"Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG): a bird's-eye view" 4621: 4605: 4432: 4274: 4125: 3635: 3610: 3267: 3250: 3190: 3084:... the cycle track is asphalt (...) and the lane for cars is brick ... 2946:

Proceedings of the 2003 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium

2328:. Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 4. 1590: 1488:

The physical properties of a stretch of pavement can be tested using a

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Roadway surface types contribute differential noise effects of up to 4

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Effect of Cold-in-place recycling on the Heavyweight Trucking Industry

1523:, that is used to test experimental asphalt pavements for durability. 1430:), the damage done to pavement increases with the fourth power of the 4728: 4398: 3808: 3771: 1275: 1271: 1231: 1144: 1073: 1069: 1050: 1029:) but in 1998 a limestone-surfaced road, thought to date back to the 1018: 903: 388: 381: 365: 349: 236: 146: 107: 2594: 2323: 833:

pavement layer, or it may be overlaid with new asphalt after curing.

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The first street in the United States to be paved with concrete was

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allowing local streets to be paved. Notably, in about 2000 BC, the

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American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

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Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973). "Analysis of highway noise".

3408: 2479:"Material-Related Aspects of Asphalt Recycling—State-of-the-Art" 2081:

David Jones; John Harvey; Imad L. Al-Qadi; Angel Mateos (2012).

1270:

Replacing the old road with concrete blocks in Bo'ao Road area,

1054: 710:

of specifically concrete-paved roadbed in various places in the

652: 532: 528: 377: 188: 91: 3381: 2703:"Highways and Infrastructure — Government of Saskatchewan" 1913:, "Apparatus for the preparation of tar macadam", July 26, 1904 1774:

Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press, 2009

1761:

Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press, 2009

1311:, with chip seal type and grooved roads being the loudest, and 647:

concrete) are created using a concrete mix of Portland cement,

4239: 1443: 1086: 927: 118:

were extensively used, but these have mostly been replaced by

2522:

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

2245:"Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Guide for Diamond Grinding" 1151:

are rarely used in areas that see high-speed vehicle traffic.

1924:"NUAE Geosynthetics Ltd. News: Project Scout Moor Wind farm" 1513:

Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory

228:, meaning a floor beaten or rammed down, through Old French 3341: 1041:", has had two distinct usages in road surfacing. The term 962:

is a low-cost road surface using a 16–30-millimetre-thick (

535:, thick gravel bases or stabilization of the subgrade with 321: 320:

fact, the first paved streets appear to have been built in

258:

of a pavement can be raised dramatically by arranging good

2673:. Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation. Archived from 1319:

surfaces perform intermediately relative to concrete and

2131:"LCA Research Brief: Mapping of Excess Fuel Consumption" 2020:. Cornell Local Roads Program. June 2009. Archived from 413:, who constructed about 290 kilometres (180 mi) of 2053:"Guidelines must be followed strictly – No exceptions" 873:

newly installed chipseal surface on Ellsworth Road in

510:

binder allows asphalt concrete to sustain significant

3212:

Statement Of Garth Dull For The Senate Epw Committee

1147:

facilities that see long-duration pavement loading.

336:

in 3300 BC, and brick-paved roads were built in the

4737: 4708: 4614: 4431: 4391: 4353: 4195: 4184: 4036: 3923: 3840: 3831: 3759: 3664: 3578: 3460: 3427: 3418: 2477:Karlsson, Robert; Isacsson, Ulf (1 February 2006). 2289:

Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering

730:upon the driver over the course of a long journey. 2607:Gransberg, Douglas D.; James, David M. B. (2005). 1434:of the vehicles traveling on it. According to the 474:. The tar was modified by adding small amounts of 417:, mainly in the north of England, from 1765, when 3000:Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands - 1998–2007 1995:. Federal Highway Administration. 29 October 2008 1105:" in parts of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. 3067:What can Seattle learn from Dutch street design? 2874:. Afrisam.com South Africa. 2008. Archived from 1124:Pavement ends and turns into gravel surface road 1113:roads are unbound granular pavement structures. 398:. This road could be considered superior to any 3008:SWOV – Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research 1201:Although rarely constructed today, early-style 439:is widely credited with establishing the first 2995:De balans opgemaakt: Duurzaam Veilig 1998–2007 2937:Mary C. Rukashaza-Mukome; et al. (2003). 2109:"What is Rubberised Asphalt Commonly Used For" 1037:in Oxfordshire, Britain. Applying gravel, or " 702:in 1909. Following these pioneering uses, the 3393: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2408:International Journal of Pavement Engineering 1840:Construction UK: Introduction to the Industry 543:may be required. Polypropylene and polyester 8: 1993:"Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies and Research" 1557:, or non-mechanical markers such as paints, 304:, adjacent to regional highway 375 in Israel 270:to reduce moisture content in the pavements 2015:"Hot, Warm, Luke Warm and Cold Mix Asphalt" 344:from around the same time. Improvements in 4192: 3837: 3424: 3400: 3386: 3378: 2968:"Roads to Ruin: Towns Rip Up the Pavement" 1422:As pavement systems primarily fail due to 421:passed an act authorising the creation of 34:Road covered with durable surface material 3266: 2576:. Cornell Local Roads Program. March 2004 2540: 2483:Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2266:"Bellefontaine, Ohio: Court Avenue photo" 1957:"Highway construction/ Ground insulation" 1843:, Oxford: Blackwell Science, p. 51, 943:aggregate. The Operation Division of the 3040:"Road noise, cobbles and smooth asphalt" 1685:"Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies" 898:BST is used on hundreds of miles of the 2662:Lazic, Zvjezdan; Ron Gerbrandt (2004). 2046: 2044: 2042: 1649: 1531:fuel consumption between 1.8 and 4.7%. 1330: 1248: 1093:. A road of such material is called a " 945:Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure 466:was patented by British civil engineer 3010:. 2009. p. 6 (English abstract). 2758:"Bronze Age metalled road near Oxford" 2697: 2695: 2358:Weingroff, Richard F. (7 April 2011). 1659:"About Long-Term Pavement Performance" 4496:Median / Central reservation 3074:from the original on 13 November 2021 2495:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2006)18:1(81) 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2365:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 239:, dates back before the emergence of 7: 3342:PaveShare - Concrete Paver Education 1315:without spacers being the quietest. 1089:to form the road-surfacing material 926:A thin membrane surface (TMS) is an 2322:Kulsea, Bill; Shawver, Tom (1980). 1177:, and wood block pavements such as 356:built a 50 km paved road from 4414:Risk compensation (road transport) 3283:"Scientists walk on tech pavement" 2728:Manins, Rosie (28 February 2009). 1379:More decorative brickwork patterns 726:sounds and vibrations can cause a 247:were commonly used by the Romans. 25: 2789:Merriam-Webster online dictionary 1234:or spraying. Another material is 643:Concrete surfaces (specifically, 243:. Pavement laid in patterns like 4780:Glossary of road transport terms 3329: 3255:Journal of Modern Transportation 3038:Hembrow, David (25 April 2011). 2635:"Microsurfacing Treatment Types" 2368:. Federal Highway Administration 2301:10.1111/j.1467-8667.2004.00341.x 2268:. City Profile. 17 February 2011 1929:. NUAE. May 2007. Archived from 1372: 1360: 1345: 1333: 1286: 1263: 1251: 1228:polymer-modified concrete slurry 498:Closeup of asphalt on a driveway 235:Pavement, in the form of beaten 43:A road being resurfaced using a 3064:Fred Young (23 February 2013). 2213:"Concrete Pavement Restoration" 2189:. 29 March 2003. Archived from 1964:Styropor: Technical information 1055:construction or repair of roads 3355:. ITF Research Reports. 2017. 3353:Long-life Surfacings for Roads 3315:. Randall Reilly. August 2011. 3171:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2816:Online etymological dictionary 2516:Heckel, L. B. (1 April 2002). 1663:Federal Highway Administration 1601:List of road types by features 1101:" in Canada and the US, or a " 902:and other similar roadways in 798:An asphalt milling machine in 151:Long-Term Pavement Performance 1: 4762:Pavement performance modeling 4752:International roughness index 3128:. Alternative Paving Concepts 2730:"New dust suppression method" 1689:Transportation Research Board 1407:Pavement performance modeling 1367:Decorative mock-brick pattern 1312: 673:concrete pavement restoration 523:. In areas with very soft or 437:Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet 296:Old Roman road, leading from 4757:Present serviceability index 4551:Sidewalk / Pavement 4096:Diamond grinding of pavement 3148:"Decorative Stamped Asphalt" 2420:10.1080/10298436.2014.943128 1657:Nehme, Jean (14 July 2017). 1586:Diamond grinding of pavement 1490:falling weight deflectometer 881:Bituminous surface treatment 728:fatiguing or hypnotic effect 195:, pavements are part of the 4729:Underpass / Tunnel 4724:Overpass / Flyover 4478:High-occupancy vehicle lane 4368:Driving under the influence 3442:Freeway / Motorway 3122:High-Performance Crosswalks 2570:"Asphalt Paving Principles" 1879:National Geographic Society 1352:Decorative wavy pattern on 714:, starting in 1914 west of 704:Lincoln Highway Association 4827: 3656:Highway systems by country 3044:A view from the cycle path 2161:concreteformworksydney.com 1538: 1388: 1061:, and is derived from the 997: 934:which is laid down upon a 862: 813:In-place recycling methods 606: 567:to the construction site. 561:volatile organic compounds 285: 241:anatomically modern humans 26: 4775: 4767:Granular base equivalency 4586:Traffic signal preemption 3994:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 3900:Single-point urban (SPUI) 2762:British Archaeology: News 1772:Oxford English Dictionary 1759:Oxford English Dictionary 1509:University College London 364:through the mountains to 338:Indus Valley Civilisation 314:granular base equivalency 288:History of road transport 191:, and sometimes wood. In 29:Pavement (disambiguation) 4747:Pavement condition index 4473:High-occupancy toll lane 4468:Contraflow lane reversal 4443:Barrier transfer machine 3361:10.1787/9789282108116-en 2610:Chip Seal Best Practices 1521:NCAT Pavement Test Track 1426:(in a manner similar to 1230:which can be applied by 830:Cold in-place recycling: 722:, during 1922 and 1923. 387:, covered by a layer of 3601:Express-collector setup 2948:. Iowa State University 2441:Lavin, Patrick (2003). 1813:"The Colossus of Roads" 1299:Acoustical implications 837:Hot in-place recycling: 819:Rubblizing of pavement: 502:Asphalt (specifically, 132:marked to guide traffic 4785:Road types by features 4680:Raised pavement marker 4647:Constant-slope barrier 4571:Traffic directionality 4561:Street running railway 3984:Protected intersection 1874:The Book of Inventions 1871:Harrison, Ian (2004), 1746:The Century Dictionary 1419: 1181:, were once common in 1159: 1125: 1015: 986: in) mixture of 877: 845:Full depth reclamation 802: 743: 640: 625: 591: 575:pollution to soil and 499: 316: 305: 193:landscape architecture 84:North American English 67: 59: 47: 4642:Concrete step barrier 3979:Offset T-intersection 3309:"The Value of Smooth" 2865:"Surfacing Aggregate" 2818:. 2001 Douglas Harper 2791:. Merriam Webster inc 2360:"The Lincoln Highway" 1837:Ralph Morton (2002), 1683:Raab, Robert (n.d.). 1498:Shell Pavement design 1414: 1385:Surface deterioration 1157: 1123: 1085:chippings mixed with 1045:refers to the broken 1007: 922:Thin membrane surface 872: 797: 741: 631: 616: 607:Further information: 589: 497: 407:Industrial Revolution 311: 295: 65: 53: 42: 4685:Road surface marking 4383:Single-vehicle crash 4106:Full depth recycling 4004:Seagull intersection 3338:at Wikimedia Commons 2574:www.clrp.cornell.edu 2193:on 27 September 2007 1907:Hooley, E. Purnell, 1541:Road surface marking 1507:Further research by 1158:Brick paving machine 1068:, which means both " 720:Lake County, Indiana 617:Concrete roadway in 557:free floating screed 468:Edgar Purnell Hooley 429:funded roads in the 126:laid on a compacted 54:Red surfacing for a 4511:Pedestrian crossing 4074:Reinforced concrete 3910:Three-level diamond 3621:Two-lane expressway 3606:Farm-to-market road 3289:. 12 September 2006 3183:1973WASP....2..387H 2972:Wall Street Journal 1910:U.S. patent 765,975 1733:on 2 February 2019. 1616:Portuguese pavement 1606:Pavement management 1596:Good Roads Movement 1224:decorative concrete 692:Bellefontaine, Ohio 681:dowel bar retrofits 632:A concrete road in 512:plastic deformation 441:scientific approach 342:Indian subcontinent 4541:Runaway truck ramp 4363:Driver's education 4151:Rubberized asphalt 4086:Crocodile cracking 4009:Split intersection 3777:Hierarchy of roads 3738:Single carriageway 3268:10.1007/bf03325749 3191:10.1007/BF00159677 2845:. WordWeb Software 2756:Anon (July 1998). 2709:on 8 February 2008 2111:. 12 February 2021 2027:on 21 October 2012 1955:Anon (June 1991). 1936:on 8 December 2015 1877:, Washington, DC: 1528:Rolling resistance 1420: 1395:Crocodile cracking 1325:Rubberized asphalt 1160: 1126: 1016: 990:and crushed rock. 878: 859:Bituminous surface 803: 744: 734:Composite pavement 641: 626: 596:rubberized asphalt 594:In the mid-1960s, 592: 527:subgrades such as 500: 453:John Loudon McAdam 376:blocks bound with 317: 306: 68: 60: 58:in the Netherlands 48: 4793: 4792: 4601:Wide outside lane 4427: 4426: 4404:Automotive safety 4285:Road slipperiness 4032: 4031: 3880:Diverging diamond 3827: 3826: 3743:Single-track road 3685:Bicycle boulevard 3370:978-92-821-0810-9 3334:Media related to 3230:. 11 January 2019 3017:978-90-73946-06-4 2735:Otago Daily Times 2620:978-0-309-09744-4 2452:978-0-203-45329-2 2163:. 11 January 2022 2137:. 5 December 2014 2094:978-0-203-07301-8 1973:on 2 October 2018 1888:978-0-7922-8296-9 1627:Road slipperiness 1622:Road construction 1517:Auburn University 1438:, heavily loaded 1313:concrete surfaces 1179:Nicolson pavement 1097:" in Britain, a " 795: 757:in the asphalt. 754:reflective cracks 751:, usually causes 700:Detroit, Michigan 394:and had separate 222:comes from Latin 167:, stones such as 16:(Redirected from 4818: 4637:Cat's eye (road) 4458:Complete streets 4230:Dead Man's Curve 4193: 4131:Pavement milling 4046:Asphalt concrete 3989:Quadrant roadway 3930: 3852: 3838: 3804:Street hierarchy 3452:Elevated highway 3425: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3379: 3374: 3333: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3228:MN Land Clearing 3220: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2918:on 18 March 2009 2917: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2881:on 18 March 2009 2880: 2872:Product brochure 2869: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2843:World Web Online 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2705:. Archived from 2699: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2680:on 18 March 2009 2679: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2566: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2474: 2457: 2456: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2225:on 17 April 2012 2224: 2218:. Archived from 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2187:transport.gov.za 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2157:"Concrete Roads" 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1966:. Archived from 1961: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1770:"paver" def. 2. 1768: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1729:. Archived from 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1654: 1500:method, and the 1403:Bleeding (roads) 1376: 1364: 1349: 1337: 1290: 1267: 1255: 985: 984: 980: 977: 971: 970: 966: 912:British Columbia 875:Tomah, Wisconsin 796: 712:American Midwest 708:"seedling miles" 677:diamond grinding 649:coarse aggregate 504:asphalt concrete 252:bearing capacity 199:and are used on 181:artificial stone 139:permeable paving 21: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4771: 4739: 4733: 4704: 4695:Traffic barrier 4655:F-Shape barrier 4610: 4566:Traffic calming 4526:Reversible lane 4516:Pedestrian zone 4501:Motorcycle lane 4463:Contraflow lane 4435:time allocation 4434: 4423: 4419:Underride guard 4387: 4349: 4235:Expansion joint 4197: 4187: 4180: 4166:Stamped asphalt 4028: 3959:Continuous flow 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3853: 3849:grade-separated 3846: 3845: 3823: 3782:Private highway 3755: 3660: 3574: 3456: 3414: 3406: 3371: 3351: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3224:"Land Clearing" 3222: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3075: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2839:"Metalled Road" 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2550: 2542:10.1.1.390.3460 2534: 2533: 2529: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2476: 2475: 2460: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2371: 2369: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2338: 2336: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1881:, p. 277, 1870: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801:Lay (1992), p44 1800: 1796: 1792:Lay (1992), p43 1791: 1787: 1783:Lay (1992), p51 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1757:"pavement, n." 1756: 1752: 1742: 1738: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1571: 1543: 1537: 1462:will form. The 1436:AASHO Road Test 1409: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1368: 1365: 1356: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1282: 1268: 1259: 1258:Concrete pavers 1256: 1220:stamped asphalt 1196:traffic calming 1134: 1033:, was found at 1002: 996: 994:Gravel surface 982: 978: 975: 973: 968: 964: 963: 957: 924: 910:, and northern 908:Yukon Territory 867: 861: 815: 789: 787: 762:break and seat, 736: 716:Malta, Illinois 696:Woodward Avenue 645:Portland cement 611: 605: 537:Portland cement 492: 476:Portland cement 423:turnpike trusts 290: 284: 98:. In the past, 76:British English 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Jersey barrier 4662: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4596:Unused highway 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Traffic island 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4373:Drowsy driving 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4255:Level crossing 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954:Channelization 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939:3-way junction 3935: 3933: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3835: 3833:Road junctions 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3797:business route 3794: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3725:Primitive road 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3596:County highway 3593: 3591:Collector road 3588: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3565:United Kingdom 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500:Czech Republic 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3429:Limited-access 3422: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3325: 3324:External links 3322: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3274: 3261:(2): 114–133. 3241: 3215: 3204: 3177:(3): 387–392. 3161: 3139: 3112: 3088: 3056: 3030: 3016: 2985: 2974:. 17 July 2010 2959: 2929: 2892: 2856: 2829: 2802: 2775: 2748: 2720: 2691: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2619: 2599: 2587: 2548: 2527: 2508: 2458: 2451: 2433: 2414:(6): 477–487. 2398: 2383: 2350: 2314: 2295:(2): 105–118. 2279: 2257: 2236: 2204: 2174: 2148: 2122: 2100: 2093: 2073: 2038: 2006: 1984: 1947: 1915: 1900: 1887: 1863: 1849: 1829: 1811:Craig, David, 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1763: 1750: 1736: 1718: 1701: 1675: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1611:Plastic armour 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1561:, plastic and 1539:Main article: 1536: 1533: 1452:wearing course 1415:Deteriorating 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1250: 1192:traffic safety 1133: 1132:Other surfaces 1130: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 956: 953: 923: 920: 900:Alaska Highway 863:Main article: 860: 857: 856: 855: 841: 834: 827: 814: 811: 786: 783: 765:crack and seat 735: 732: 675:which include 604: 601: 590:Laying asphalt 491: 488: 449:Thomas Telford 328:were built in 326:Corduroy roads 286:Main article: 283: 280: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4823: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 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4321: 4320:Traffic light 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Oversize load 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260:Manhole cover 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4091:Crushed stone 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974:Michigan left 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3926:Intersections 3922: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875:Directional T 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3792:special route 3790: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Frontage road 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3586:Arterial road 3584: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3570:United States 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 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ThermOTrack 3149: 3143: 3140: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3057: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2445:. 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CRC Press. 2086: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1932: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1852: 1850:0-632-05852-8 1846: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1830: 1819:, Strum.co.uk 1818: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1637:Sett (paving) 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618:(mosaic-like) 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559:thermoplastic 1556: 1555:rumble strips 1552: 1548: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:studded tires 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468:nanoparticles 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240:thermoplastic 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:metalled road 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1078:French drains 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 993: 991: 989: 961: 954: 952: 950: 946: 942: 937: 933: 929: 921: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 871: 866: 858: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 835: 831: 828: 825: 820: 817: 816: 812: 810: 808: 801: 784: 782: 780: 775: 772: 771: 766: 763: 758: 756: 755: 750: 740: 733: 731: 729: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 639: 635: 630: 624: 620: 615: 610: 602: 600: 597: 588: 584: 582: 578: 574: 568: 566: 565:asphalt plant 562: 558: 552: 550: 546: 545:geosynthetics 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 496: 489: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 445: 442: 438: 434: 432: 431:Knaresborough 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:turnpike road 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 315: 310: 303: 299: 294: 289: 281: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 226: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 205:road surfaces 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 143:United States 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:granite setts 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 64: 57: 52: 46: 41: 37: 30: 19: 4811:Road hazards 4700:Traffic cone 4690:Rumble strip 4591:Truck bypass 4546:Shared space 4506:Passing lane 4491:Managed lane 4448:Bicycle lane 4330:Washboarding 4325:Traffic sign 4250:Hairpin turn 4037: 4019:Texas U-turn 3949:Box junction 3843:Interchanges 3787:Route number 3695:Country lane 3437:Bike freeway 3352: 3313:Better Roads 3312: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3286: 3277: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3232:. Retrieved 3227: 3218: 3207: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3152:. Retrieved 3142: 3130:. Retrieved 3121: 3115: 3103:. Retrieved 3091: 3083: 3076:. Retrieved 3066: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3043: 3033: 3021:. Retrieved 3006:(in Dutch). 2999: 2994: 2988: 2978:16 September 2976:. Retrieved 2971: 2962: 2952:16 September 2950:. Retrieved 2945: 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2913:the original 2908: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2876:the original 2871: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2842: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2815: 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2788: 2785:"Road metal" 2778: 2766:. Retrieved 2761: 2751: 2739:. Retrieved 2733: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2682:. Retrieved 2675:the original 2670: 2657: 2643: 2629: 2609: 2602: 2595:Sprayed Seal 2590: 2578:. Retrieved 2573: 2530: 2521: 2511: 2489:(1): 81–92. 2486: 2482: 2442: 2436: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2372:25 September 2370:. Retrieved 2363: 2353: 2343:– via 2337:. Retrieved 2324: 2317: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2270:. 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Retrieved 1652: 1544: 1525: 1506: 1494: 1487: 1472: 1456:macrotexture 1449: 1421: 1306: 1302: 1238:-reinforced 1212: 1200: 1161: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1115: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1065: 1053:used in the 1042: 1038: 1023:Roman Empire 1017: 958: 949:Saskatchewan 925: 916: 897: 884: 880: 879: 843: 836: 829: 824:gravel roads 818: 804: 800:Boise, Idaho 779:whitetopping 776: 770:rubblization 768: 764: 761: 759: 752: 745: 724: 688:Court Avenue 685: 669: 665: 642: 593: 569: 553: 501: 461: 446: 435: 411:John Metcalf 404: 360:in northern 324:in 4000 BC. 318: 256:service life 249: 234: 229: 223: 219: 217: 204: 156: 155: 136: 90:, such as a 79: 72:road surface 71: 69: 56:bicycle lane 36: 4738:Performance 4670:Kassel kerb 4627:Botts' dots 4615:Demarcation 4315:Storm drain 4280:Road debris 4205:Aquaplaning 4198:environment 4186:Road safety 4064:Cobblestone 4014:Superstreet 3819:Winter road 3767:Concurrency 3760:Other terms 3751:Sunken lane 3720:Main street 3665:Local roads 3154:13 November 3132:13 November 3105:13 November 2684:25 February 2115:12 February 1581:Cobblestone 1551:botts' dots 1464:freeze-thaw 1399:Rut (roads) 1188:Netherlands 1183:urban areas 1167:cobblestone 1111:New Zealand 1103:sealed road 1009:Gravel road 1000:Gravel road 936:gravel road 577:groundwater 573:hydrocarbon 549:polystyrene 514:, although 472:steamroller 330:Glastonbury 302:Beit Gubrin 282:Development 266:or covered 262:by an open 173:cobblestone 128:base course 112:cobblestone 100:gravel road 45:road roller 4800:Categories 4740:indicators 4709:Structures 4660:Guard rail 4536:Road verge 4409:Seat belts 4345:Snowsquall 4310:Speed bump 4290:Road train 4111:Glassphalt 4051:Bioasphalt 4024:Turnaround 3999:Roundabout 3929:(at-grade) 3895:Roundabout 3860:Cloverleaf 3715:Green lane 3651:Trunk road 3579:Main roads 3462:By country 3234:10 October 2922:25 January 2885:25 January 2849:29 January 2822:29 January 2795:29 January 2768:29 January 2741:5 November 2345:Wikisource 2339:18 January 2066:25 January 1977:29 January 1940:2 November 1817:Palimpsest 1694:22 October 1668:22 October 1644:References 1547:cat's eyes 1389:See also: 1218:to create 1175:wood plank 1099:paved road 1043:road metal 1031:Bronze Age 1027:Roman road 749:axle loads 638:New Jersey 623:California 419:Parliament 400:Roman road 392:flagstones 346:metallurgy 225:pavimentum 213:courtyards 102:surfaces, 18:Road metal 4806:Pavements 4531:Road diet 4433:Space and 4378:Road rage 4265:Oil spill 4225:Crosswind 4215:Black ice 4210:Avalanche 4136:Permeable 3969:Jughandle 3964:Hook turn 3870:Free-flow 3814:Toll road 3733:Side road 3690:Boulevard 3646:Super two 3641:Ring road 3616:Link road 3515:Hong Kong 3470:Australia 3412:hierarchy 3336:Pavements 3199:109914430 3078:14 August 3049:14 August 2580:5 October 2537:CiteSeerX 2503:0899-1561 2428:137582766 2309:109522695 1432:axle load 1354:La Rambla 1321:chip seal 1317:Asphaltic 1246:coating. 1236:aggregate 1232:screeding 1216:compactor 1039:metalling 960:Otta seal 955:Otta seal 932:aggregate 930:-treated 883:(BST) or 852:gradation 785:Recycling 661:hydration 581:waterways 525:expansive 425:to build 396:shoulders 374:sandstone 298:Jerusalem 218:The term 201:sidewalks 197:hardscape 169:flagstone 4719:Causeway 4556:Shoulder 4392:Vehicles 4340:Whiteout 4300:Rockfall 4295:Roadkill 4220:Bleeding 4196:Road and 4156:Sealcoat 4081:Corduroy 4069:Concrete 4059:Chipseal 4038:Surfaces 3890:Raindrop 3705:Driveway 3700:Dead end 3680:Backroad 3631:2+2 road 3626:2+1 road 3550:Portugal 3540:Pakistan 3287:BBC News 3072:Archived 2713:15 April 2031:4 August 1999:4 August 1632:Sealcoat 1569:See also 1535:Markings 1475:chipseal 1460:potholes 1141:paviours 1066:metallum 1059:railways 889:emulsion 885:chipseal 865:Chipseal 826:. 619:San Jose 609:Concrete 603:Concrete 521:subgrade 389:basaltic 276:subgrade 260:drainage 230:pavement 220:pavement 165:concrete 157:Pavement 124:concrete 80:pavement 4622:Bollard 4606:Woonerf 4335:Washout 4275:Pothole 4188:factors 4176:Texture 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