Roadkill - Knowledge (XXG)

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the observations. The data are then displayed on a website for easy visualization and made available for studies of proximate causes of roadkill, actual wildlife distributions, wildlife movement, and other studies. Roadkill observation system websites are available for the US states of California, Maine, and Idaho. In each case, index roads are used to help quantify total impact of vehicle collisions on specific vertebrate taxa. Researchers that use data from citizen science platforms may benefit from a large pool of data, specially for iconic, well known conspicuous species. Care must be taken when analyzing data for species that are not easy to identify, as studies have showed that misidentification is not uncommon amongst these platforms.

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quickly carried off, sometimes within minutes of being struck. This can skew data and cause a lower estimation of the number of roadkill animals per year. In particularly roadkill-prone areas, scavenging birds rely on roadkill for much of their daily nutritional requirements, and can even be seen observing the roadway from telephone poles, overhead wires and trees, waiting for animals, usually squirrels, opossums and raccoons to be struck so they can swoop down and feed. However, such scavengers are at greater risk of becoming roadkill themselves, and are subject to

122:, Canada in 1996 found many reptiles killed on portions of the road where vehicle tires do not usually pass over, which led to the inference that some drivers intentionally run over reptiles. To verify this hypothesis, research in 2007 found that 2.7% of drivers intentionally hit reptile decoys masquerading as snakes and turtles. Several drivers were seen to speed up when aiming for the decoys. Male drivers hit the reptile decoys more often than female drivers. However, 3.4% of male drivers and 3% of female drivers stopped to rescue the reptile decoys. 299:

website, and social media platforms. More focused scientific studies on impacts of traffic on animals have been conducted across India especially in the Western Ghats of south India documenting a large number of species of insects, other arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals killed. Another study conducted on 420 km of roads located along cultivated fields in Punjab showed granivorous birds to be killed far more than their availability, likely attracted to spilled grain on the roads.

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motorists in heavy vehicles. There is very little a driver can do to avoid an unpredictably darting squirrel or rabbit, or even to intentionally hit one. The suggested course of action is to continue driving in a predictable, safe manner, and let the small animal decide on the spur of the moment which way to run or fly; the majority of vehicular encounters end with no harm to either party.

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States, as these animals are unowned, lacking in monetary or emotional value, not pets or livestock, and without the charismatic following that megafauna like elephants and lions in zoos receive. This calculus of devaluation clears the way for such carnage to be ignored in public discourse and legal venues, to be out of mind while insistently in sight."

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into the road to try to move the body of an animal in their social group. Sometimes rather than removal, the carcass is moved to a nearby public right-of-way where it can be consumed by scavengers, but not placed in a ditch or where waterways might be polluted. Covering the carcass with wood chips can aid in decomposition while minimizing odor.

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Roadkill is sometimes used as an art form. Several artists use traditional taxidermy preparation in their works whilst others explore different artforms. International artist Claudia Terstappen photographs roadkill and produces enormous prints which see the animals floating eerily in a void. American

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If fresh enough, roadkill can be eaten, and there are several recipe books dedicated to roadkill. The practice of eating animals killed on the road is usually derided, and most people consider it not to be safe, sanitary, or wholesome. For example, when the Tennessee legislature attempted to legalize

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There are three potential ways to change driver behavior. Primary methods focus on changing driver attitude by increasing public awareness and helping people understand that reducing roadkill will benefit their community. The second potential way is to make people aware of specific hazardous areas by

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observation methods. Since 2009, statewide roadkill observation systems have been started in the US, enrolling hundreds of observers in reporting roadkill on a website. The observers, who are usually naturalists or professional scientists, provide identification, location, and other information about

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In contrast, areas where scavengers have been driven out (such as many urban areas) often see roadkill rotting in place indefinitely on the roadways and being further macerated by traffic. The remains must be manually removed by dedicated disposal personnel and disposed of via cremation; this greatly

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The development of roads affects wildlife by altering and isolating habitat and populations, deterring the movement of wildlife, and resulting in extensive wildlife mortality. One writer states that "our insulated industrialized culture keeps us disconnected from life beyond our windshields." Driving

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Removing animal carcasses from roadways is considered essential to public safety. The removal takes away the potential distraction and hazard of the carcass to other motorists. Quick removal can also prevent deaths of other animals that may wish to feed on the carcass, as well as animals that may go

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Wildlife crossings allow animals to travel over or underneath roads. They are most widely used in Europe, but have also been installed in a few US locations and in parts of Western Canada. As new highways cause habitats to become increasingly fragmented, these crossings can play an important role in

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The recommended reaction to a large animal (such as a moose) is to slow down in lane, if at all possible, and to avoid swerving suddenly, which could cause loss of control. If a collision cannot be avoided, it is best to swerve towards the rear end of the animal, as it is more likely to run forward.

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There are three categories of altering wildlife behavior. Primary methods discourage wildlife from loitering on roadsides by reducing food and water resources, or by making the road surfaces lighter in color which may make wildlife feel more exposed on the roadway. Second are methods of discouraging

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The first wildlife roadkill identification guide produced by a state agency in North America was published by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (BCMoT) in Canada in 2008. BCMoT's "Wildlife Roadkill Identification Guide" focused on the most common large carnivores and ungulates found in

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Very large numbers of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates are killed on the world's roads every day. A Humane Society volunteer survey conducted over three Memorial Day weekends in the 1960s estimated that one million vertebrate animals are killed by vehicular traffic daily in the

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in 2015, to study the impact of roads on Indian wildlife. A team of five wildlife conservationists led by R. Mohammed Saleem had undertaken a forty-four-day expedition, traveling more than 17,000 kilometers across 22 states to study and spread awareness on roadkill. It is also gathering data on its

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wrote about the experience of seeing killed animals on highways during travels: "The dead by the road, or on it, testify to the presence of man. Their little gestures of pain—paws, wings and tails—are the saddest, the loneliest, most forlorn postures of the dead I can imagine. When we have stopped

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Banks, cuttings and fences that trap animals on the road are associated with roadkill. In order to increase the likelihood of escape from a main roadway, escape routes have been constructed on the access roads. Escape routes may be considered as one of the most useful measures, especially when new

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One rarely considered positive aspect of roadkill is the regular availability of carrion it provides for scavenger species such as vultures, crows, ravens, foxes, opossums and a wide variety of carnivorous insects. Areas with robust scavenger populations tend to see roadkilled animal corpses being

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investigated anecdotal reports of declining insect populations in the UK by asking drivers to affix a postcard-sized PVC rectangle, called a "splatometer", to the front of their cars. Almost 40,000 drivers took part, and the results found one squashed insect for every 5 miles (8.0 km) driven.

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Essentially non-existent before the advent of mechanized transport, roadkill is associated with increasing automobile speed in the early 20th century. In 1920, naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote of his observations in the state of California that "this is a relatively new source of fatality; and if

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In a 2013 essay, American anthropologist Jane Desmond examined at length the failure of American culture and public discourse to adequately confront the ubiquity of roadkill. She concluded: "The simplest answer is that these animal lives have little value for most of the populations in the United

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Collisions with large animals with antlers (such as deer) are particularly dangerous, but any large, long-legged animal (e.g. horses, larger cattle, camels) can pose a similar cabin incursion hazard. Injury to humans due to driver failure to maintain control of a vehicle either while avoiding, or

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In the Czech Republic, an online animal-vehicle crash reporting system Srazenazver.cz is gathering both professional (Police, road maintenance) and volunteered data on roadkill and wildlife-vehicle crashes. The application allows users to input, edit and browse data. The data is visualized in the

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In an attempt to mitigate US$ 1.2 billion in animal-related vehicular damage, a few US states now have sophisticated systems to protect motorists from large animals. One of these systems is called the Roadway Animal Detection System (RADS). A solar powered sensor can detect large animals such as

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Night time drivers should reduce speed and use high beam headlights when possible to give themselves maximum time to avoid a collision. However, when headlights approach a nocturnal animal, it is hard for the creature to see the approaching car (nocturnal animals see better in low than in bright

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Squirrels, rabbits, birds, or other small animals are often crushed by vehicles. Serious accidents may result from motorists swerving or stopping for squirrels in the road. Such evasive maneuvers are often unproductive, since small rodents and birds are much more agile and quicker to react than

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A year-long study in northern India in an agricultural landscape covering only 20 km of road identified 133 road kills of 33 species comprising amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The study compared road-killed animals with all species seen along the road and estimated that traffic killed

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can be mounted on vehicles to warn deer of approaching automobiles, though their effectiveness is disputed. Ultrasonic wind-driven whistles are often promoted as a cheap, simple way to reduce the chance of wildlife-vehicle collisions. In one study, the sound pressure level of the whistle was

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In Australia, kangaroos are the most common species hit and killed by vehicles, causing significant damage and even fatalities. Another large species hit and killed by vehicles are wombats. Sightings of wombat roadkill can be logged at WomSAT to help support the implementation of mitigation

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United States. A 2008 Federal Highway Administration report estimates that 1 to 2 million accidents occur each year between large animals and vehicles. Extrapolating globally based on total length of roads, roughly 5.5 million vertebrates are killed per day, or over 2 billion annually.

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roads are being built or roads are being upgraded, widened or sealed. Research may be undertaken into the efficacy of escape routes by observation of animals’ response to vehicles in places with natural escape routes and barriers, rather than trialing purpose-built escape routes.

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Although it is not illegal to help wild animals that are in danger of becoming roadkill, stopping on the highway is potentially dangerous and may result in injury or death of the person that is helping them and/or an inattentive driver that collides into their stopped vehicle.

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light). Furthermore, the glare of oncoming vehicle headlights can dazzle some species, such as rabbits; they will freeze in the road rather than flee. It may be better to flash the headlights on and off, rather than leaving them on continuously while approaching an animal.

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as well as late March and early April in the Northern Hemisphere. Driving at night presents its own challenges: nocturnal species are active, and visibility, particularly side visibility, is reduced. Penguins, for example, are common roadkill traffic victims in

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the use of accidentally killed animals, they became the subject of stereotyping and derisive humor. Nevertheless, in some cultures there is tradition of using fresh roadkill as a nutritious and economical source of meat similar to that obtained by hunting.

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In the US, sections of road known to have heavy deer cross-traffic will usually have warning signs depicting a bounding deer; similar signs exist for moose, elk, and other species. In the American West, roads may pass through large areas designated as

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are installed to provide a tactile vibration alerting drivers when drifting from their lane, the rumble strips may accumulate road salt in regions where it is used. The excess salt can accumulate and attract both small and large wildlife in search of

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British Columbia. The guide was developed to assist BCMoT's maintenance contractors in identifying wildlife carcasses found on provincial highways as part of their responsibilities for BCMoT's Wildlife Accident Reporting System (WARS).

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In 2011, Dutch biologist Arnold van Vliet coordinated a similar study of insect deaths on car license plates. He found two insects killed on the license-plate area for every 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) driven. This implies about 1.6

600:, Canada, the city accepts requests to remove a dead animal by telephone. If an animal is found along a major highway, depending on who has jurisdiction for maintaining the highway, the request may be directed to the city, the 548:

in Far North Queensland, Australia. The crossings have two purposes: to ensure that roads do not restrict movement of animals and also to reduce roadkill. Installation of the canopy crossings may be relatively quick and cheap.

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wildlife from crossing roads, at least when cars are present, using equipment such as ultrasonic whistles, reflectors, and fencing. Third are mechanisms to provide safe crossing like overpasses, underpasses and escape routes.

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killing animals as though they were so much refuse, we will stop killing one another. But the highways show our indifference to death, so long as it is someone else's. It is an attitude of the human mind I do not grasp."

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is a wild animal that has been killed by collision with motor vehicles. Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) have increasingly been the topic of academic research to understand the causes, and how they can be mitigated.

666:, an American alt rock/folk band from Ithaca, NY, released an upbeat homage to vehicularly-mediated food security titled "Roadkil" on their 1991 album, "Gravity Dance" exhorting the listener to "Eat what you kill". 2355:

Mayadunnage S., Stannard HJ, West P, Old JM (2022). Identification of hotspots and the factors affecting wombat vehicle collisions using the citizen science tool, WomSAT. Australian Mammalogy. doi: 10.1071/AM22001

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insect deaths by cars per year in the Netherlands, and about 32.5 trillion deaths in the United States if the figures are extrapolated there. The number grows to 228 trillion per year if extended globally.

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3 dB above the sound pressure level of the test vehicle, but caused no observable difference in behavior of animals when the whistles were activated and not activated, casting doubt on their effectiveness.

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The estimated number of birds killed on the roads in different European countries ranges from 350,000 to 27 million, depending on the factors such as the geography of the country and bird migration paths.

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in 2012, with the aim of estimating the impact of roads and motoring on British wildlife. Since then it has gathered data on its website, and on several social media platforms including Facebook and Twitter.

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deer, bear, elk, and moose near the roadway, and thereafter flash a light to alert oncoming drivers. The sensor's detection distance ranges from 650 feet (200 m) to unlimited, depending on the terrain.

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increases the public nuisance inherent to roadkill, unnecessarily complicates its disposal, and consumes additional public money, time and fuel that could be spent on other roadway maintenance projects.

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Kušta, Tomáš; Keken, Zdeněk; Ježek, Miloš; Holá, Michaela; Šmíd, Petr (2017). "The effect of traffic intensity and animal activity on probability of ungulate-vehicle collisions in the Czech Republic".

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Skelton C, Cook A, West P, Spencer R-J, Old JM (2018). Building an army of wombat warriors: developing and sustaining a citizen science project. Australian Mammalogy. 41, 186–195 doi: 10.1071/AM18018

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Regardless of the spatial scale at which the mitigation measure is applied, there are two main types of roadkill mitigation measures: changing driver behavior, and changing wildlife behavior.

201:) estimated that the following animals are being killed by motor vehicles in the United States annually: 41 million squirrels, 26 million cats, 22 million rats, 19 million 227:

A 2007 study showed that insects, too, are prone to a very high risk of roadkill incidence. Research showed interesting patterns in insect roadkills in relation to the vehicle density.

193:, United States, participated in a roadkill study involving 1,923 animal deaths. By category, the fatalities were: 81% mammals, 15% bird, 3% reptiles and amphibians, 1% indiscernible. 593:

has a process to report dead wildlife to the Department of Environmental Conservation; they are especially interested in marked/tagged wildlife and endangered or threatened species.

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In the US, an estimated 1.25 million insurance claims are filed annually due to collisions with deer, elk, or moose, amounting to 1 out of 169 collision damage claims.

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Green-Barber JM, Old JM (2019). What influences road mortality rates of eastern grey kangaroos in a semi-rural area? BMC Ecology. 4, 11. doi: 10.1186/s40850-019-0047-8

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on the other side of the canyon. Now they can get there via rocky passageways underneath these bridges, shielded from view by tree cover and the steep hillside.

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Local governments and other levels of government have services that pick up dead animals from roadways, who will respond when advised about a dead animal.

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Mortality resulting from roadkill can be very significant for species with small populations. Roadkill is estimated to be responsible for 50% of deaths of

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The simple tactics of reducing speed and scanning both sides of the road for foraging deer can improve driver safety at night, and drivers may see the

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deaths in England. Roadkill is considered to significantly contribute to the population decline of many threatened species, including wolf, koala and

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one were to estimate the entire mileage of such roads in the state, the mortality must mount into the hundreds and perhaps thousands every 24 hours."

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Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2004). "Mortality of herpetofauna, birds and mammals due to vehicular traffic in Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India".

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Although strikes can happen at any time of day, deer tend to move at dusk and dawn, and are particularly active during the October–December

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This contrasts with 30 years ago when cars were covered more completely with insects, supporting the idea that insect numbers had waned.

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that forces arboreal (tree dwelling) species to come to the ground to travel across the gap. Canopy crossings have been constructed for

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artist Gary Michael Keyes photographs and transforms them into "RoadKill Totems" in his "Resurrection Gallery". American artist

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Monge-Nájera, J. (2018). Road kills in tropical ecosystems: a review with recommendations for mitigation and for new research.

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individuals of 30% of amphibian species, 25% of reptile species, 16% of birds, and 27% of mammals that were seen in the area.

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Drivers who see a deer near or in the roadway should be aware that it is very likely that other members of a herd are nearby.

4583: 3698: 3683: 3298: 1562:"How Long Do the Dead Survive on the Road? Carcass Persistence Probability and Implications for Road-Kill Monitoring Surveys" 958:

Kroll, Gary (16 January 2015). "An Environmental History of Roadkill: Road Ecology and the Making of the Permeable Highway".

295: 1892:"Faunal mortality on roads due to religious tourism across time and space in protected areas: A case study from south India" 355:

are often used to warn of areas with increased animal activity. These signs are not always successful, as shown by the dead

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use of signage, rumble strips or lighting. The third potential way is to slow traffic physically or psychologically, using

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Paul Ashley, E.; Kosloski, Amanda; Petrie, Scott A. (4 June 2007). "Incidence of Intentional Vehicle–Reptile Collisions".

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at its concerts. The song describes an encounter with a roadkilled opossum and includes the lyric "Your end is the road".

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Rao, R. Shyama Prasad; Girish, M. K. Saptha (2007). "Road kills: Assessing insect casualties using flagship taxon".

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during and immediately after an animal impact, is also common. Dusk and dawn are times of highest collision risk.

186:. In Bolivia there has been a report of an Andean cat, a critically endangered species, dead by a car collision. 4565: 4384: 3240: 17: 1117:"Reducing Moose–Vehicle Collisions through Salt Pool Removal and Displacement: an Agent-Based Modeling Approach" 715:, as well as video games where players control an animal that crosses roads to avoid becoming roadkill, such as 4545: 4271: 4266: 4241: 3358: 3278: 3191: 1413: 1115:

Grosman, Paul; Jaeger, Jochen; Biron, Pascale; Dussault, Christian; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre (11 September 2009).

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Wildlife-Vehicle Collision and Crossing Mitigation Measures: A Toolbox for the Montana Dept of Transportation

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367412810_Death_by_car_a_new_threat_to_the_endangered_Andean_cat

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Sáenz-de-Santa-María, Antonio; Tellería, José L. (8 March 2015). "Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Spain".

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Animal vehicle crash mitigation using advanced technology phase I: review, design, and implementation

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form of maps, graphs or tables and analyzed online (KDE+ hotspots identification, area statistics).

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Case, Ronald M. (1978). "Interstate Highway Road-Killed Animals: A Data Source for Biologists".

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There are driving video games where players can run over animals, such as the arcade version of

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Nogales-Ascarrunz, P., et al. (2022). Death by car a new threat to the endangered Andean cat.

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Huijser, M. P.; Kociolek, A.; McGowen, P.; Hardy, A.; Clevenger, A.P.; Ament, R. (May 2007).

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In India, the project "Provide Animals Safe Transit on Highways" (PATH) was initiated by the

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Bartonička, Tomáš; Andrášik, Richard; Duľa, Martin; Sedoník, Jiří; Bíl, Michal (July 2018).

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due to their color and the fact that they come ashore at dusk and leave again around dawn.

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Being a distasteful sight, particularly costly to locations economically reliant on tourism

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Bright Green Lies: How the Environmental Movement Lost Its Way and What We Can Do About It

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New York City has an online request form which may be completed by residents of the city.

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Reducing the Incidence of Wildlife Roadkill: Improving the visitor experience in Tasmania

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Reducing the Incidence of Wildlife Roadkill: Improving the visitor experience in Tasmania

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Reducing the Incidence of Wildlife Roadkill: Improving the visitor experience in Tasmania

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Flattened Fauna, Revised: A Field Guide to Common Animals of Roads, Streets, and Highways

421:. Trees and brush near the road are trimmed back to make approaching moose easier to see. 3121:– an artist who has been photographing roadkill as a form of ancestor worship since 1997 2460:"Vancouver island driver who hit the brakes for squirrel causes huge four-vehicle crash" 1946: 1907: 1577: 1504: 1345:"Distribution and abundance of roadkill on Tasmanian highways: human management options" 1067: 860: 4463: 4425: 4394: 4374: 4359: 4171: 4053: 3595: 3523: 3394: 3389: 3328: 3318: 3210: 2437: 1596: 1561: 1277: 711: 590: 541: 46: 101:

In Europe and North America, deer are the animal most likely to cause vehicle damage.

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In the United Kingdom, "The Road Lab" (formerly Project Splatter) was started by

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Just Because It's In Slow Motion Doesn't Mean You Can Stop It – Joy Hunsberger

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Magnus, Zoë; Kriwoken, Lorne K.; Mooney, Nicholas J.; Jones, Menna E. (2004).

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Magnus, Zoë; Kriwoken, Lorne K.; Mooney, Nicholas J.; Jones, Menna E. (2004).

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Magnus, Zoë; Kriwoken, Lorne K.; Mooney, Nicholas J.; Jones, Menna E. (2004).

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The removal of trees associated with road construction produces a gap in the

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Erritzoe, Johannes; Mazgajski, Tomasz D.; Rejt, Łukasz (December 2003).

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The study of roadkill has proven highly amenable to the application of

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Santos, Sara M.; Carvalho, Filipe; Mira, António (27 September 2011).

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The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment

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roadkill data is collected by the citizen science project, WomSAT.

2086:. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. p. 3. 1929:

Dhindsa, M. S.; Sandhu, J. S.; Sandhu, P. S.; Toor, H. S. (1988).

651: 520: 412: 347: 328: 80: 52: 32: 3246:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

3176: 2201:"Wait – don't swerve! How to safely share the road with wildlife" 1200:

Lalo, Julie (September–October 1987). "The Problem of Roadkill".

3207: 3134:– prevention tips from Wildlife Collision Prevention Program of 3098: 2862:"Statehouse Journal; A Road-Kill Proposal Is Food for Jokesters" 2745:"Disposal of roadkill and other dead animals by municipalities?" 2740: 2738: 2736: 2564:

Huijser, Marcel P.; McGowen, Patrick T.; Camel, Whisper (2006).

1681: 62: 3180: 3125:

Roadkill prevention in the Northern Beaches of Sydney Australia

4038: 2760:"The Good and Bad of Road Kills — How You Can Help Save Lives" 1861:"Road kills: Assessing insect casualties using flagship taxon" 1743: 654:

frequently plays the song "Possum", originally from the album

356: 230:

The decrease in insects being killed by cars is known as the "

525:

Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) on the canopy bridge in

363:

Collisions with animals can have many negative consequences:

3164: 1539:"Trillions of Insects Killed by Cars Every Year, Says Study" 23:"Traffic victims" redirects here. For human casualties, see 3054:"Requiem for Roadkill: Death and Denial on America's Roads" 1968: 2986:"The Resurrection Gallery – Turtle Island RoadKill Totems" 2308:"Deer-Whistles Ineffective, Says Bioacoustics Researcher." 1723: 1149:"U.S. FHWA, Public Roads, Of Moose and Mud, Sept/Oct 2005" 3104: 2684:

Predicting the location of wildlife road-kill in Tasmania

3170: 1982: 1662:"Roadkill — Wildlife Collision Mortalities | IFWIS" 952:

Field Notes, v1323, Section 2: Death Valley, Calif. 1920

2818:"Dead animal removal – on a City expressway – highways" 3056:. In Kopnina, Helen; Shoreman-Ouimet, Eleanor (eds.). 2682:

Shaw, R.A., Jones, M.E. and Richardson, A.M.M. (2003)

2170:"What should you do if you see an animal on the road?" 1809:"Awareness drive to prevent roadkill on forest routes" 2755: 2753: 2613:"Animal Detection System, Safeguards Technology, LLC" 2522:

Ontario Ministry of Transportation: Driver's Handbook

2229:"What You Should Do If There's An Animal On the Road" 679:

has been exhibiting roadkill pieces since the 1970s.

482:

of an animal's eyes before seeing the animal itself.

2637:"Saving the Lion-Tailed Macaque, One Step at a Time" 382:

Economic losses (cleanup, repairs to vehicles, etc.)

4536: 4507: 4413: 4230: 4190: 4152: 3994: 3983: 3835: 3722: 3639: 3630: 3558: 3463: 3377: 3259: 3226: 3217: 2800:"Dead animal removal – on City or private property" 2747:, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 05/09/2011. 2485:"Swerving can be worse than hitting animal on road" 2436:. Sound Publishing Inc. 25 Jun 2008. Archived from 1343:Hobday, Alistair J.; Minstrell, Melinda L. (2008). 2400:"Driver says squirrels made him crash into garage" 1242:. In Davenport, John; Davenport, Julia L. (eds.). 814:(second ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. 807: 197:these data nationwide, Merritt Clifton (editor of 30:Animals that have died due to vehicular incursions 1859:Rao, Shyama Prasad; Girish, M. K. Saptha (2007). 367:Death and suffering of animals struck by vehicles 65:are particularly vulnerable to becoming roadkill. 2284:"How to Minimize the Chances of Hitting Animals" 3161:prevention tips including engineering solutions 2886:"Dead Skunk by Loudon Wainwright III Songfacts" 2772:"Service Requests: Dead Animal Removal Request" 2108:"Woman faces life in prison after saving ducks" 3007:"Roadkill artist speaks of controversial work" 2762:, Hancock Wildlife Foundation, March 17, 2010. 1983:"Kdeplus.cz – Cluster identification software" 1307:"Bird Casualties on European Roads — A Review" 1284:. Monkfish Book Publishing. pp. 346–347. 985:Ashley, E. Paul; Robinson, Jeffrey T. (1996). 3192: 3146:– 2010 report by Ontario Road Ecology Group, 3058:Environmental Anthropology: Future Directions 2944:"Roadkill (After Life). — Claudia Terstappen" 2430:"Confused squirrel causes three-car accident" 1460:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 1338: 1336: 1334: 1240:"Mortality In Wildlife Due To Transportation" 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 783:Tree squirrel as roadkill and traffic hazards 640:" in 1972, and it peaked at number 16 on the 359:in the far distance to the right of the sign. 8: 3165:Srazenazver.cz – roadkill observation system 2842:. Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry 314:State wildlife roadkill identification guide 3099:"The Road Lab" roadkill observation project 1682:"The Road Lab" roadkill observation project 778:Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year 574:. However, this proposal is controversial. 3991: 3636: 3223: 3199: 3185: 3177: 3131:Hints for the Highway, What Drivers Can Do 2006: 2004: 1221:"Using Crowds, and GPS, to Chart Roadkill" 2667: 2512: 2510: 2223: 2221: 1994: 1992: 1595: 1585: 1360: 1322: 1132: 868: 370:Injury to, or death of, vehicle occupants 236:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 3095:in the US states of California and Maine 2278: 2276: 2274: 2163: 2161: 2131: 2129: 2127: 1724:"Environment Conservation Group (ECG) -" 25:Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions 3060:. New York: Routledge. pp. 46–58. 3030:Timothy Findley, from 1965 journal, in 2194: 2192: 2190: 835: 417:Moose crossing sign with kill counter, 132:Rumble strip § Wildlife attraction 1518:McCarthy, Michael (2 September 2004). 1416:. Animalpeoplenews.org. Archived from 1393:"Roadkill 2007 – Summary of Past Data" 1280:; Keith, Lierre; Wilbert, Max (2021). 1272: 1270: 1238:Seiler, Andreas; Helldin, J-O (2006). 638:Dead Skunk (in the Middle of the Road) 4295:Median / Central reservation 2466:. Postmedia Network Inc. May 26, 2015 1890:Sheshadri, K. S.; Ganesh, T. (2011). 1436: 1434: 913:European Journal of Wildlife Research 636:released his deadpan humorous song, " 602:provincial Ministry of Transportation 37:The battered remains of a roadkilled 7: 445:strategies to reduce wombat deaths. 2570:. Western Transportation Institute. 2365:Marshall, Edward (March 31, 2008). 2137:"Watch Out For Animals In The Road" 1744:'PATH' roadkill observation project 1219:Wollan, Malia (12 September 2010). 41:on Route 170/Okatie Highway by the 4213:Risk compensation (road transport) 3143:A Guide to Road Ecology in Ontario 2822:City of Toronto 311 Knowledge Base 2804:City of Toronto 311 Knowledge Base 1537:Messenger, Stephen (10 Jul 2011). 849:The Journal of Wildlife Management 657:The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday 14: 2406:. October 3, 2011. Archived from 1620:"wildlifecrossing.net/california" 1505:"'Splatometer' to count bug life" 4579:Glossary of road transport terms 2120:from the original on 2021-12-12. 1784:"Stop! The animals are crossing" 946:Grinnell, Joseph (May 5, 1920). 261:to be alert to traffic hazards. 3032:Journeyman: Travels of a Writer 2860:Firestone, David (1999-03-14). 2310:November 2002. 21 November 2008 497:protecting endangered species. 189:In 1993, 25 schools throughout 2143:. Sep 10, 2015. Archived from 2058:. th.gov.bc.ca. Archived from 2033:. th.gov.bc.ca. Archived from 1782:Jeshi, K. (26 December 2015). 1758:"When animals cross the road…" 1712:"The Road Lab" page on Twitter 1026:Bekoff, Marc (July 21, 2010). 296:Environment Conservation Group 170:, and is the largest cause of 1: 4630:Transport and the environment 4561:Pavement performance modeling 4551:International roughness index 3034:(2003, Pebble Publications), 2491:. 11 Jan 2012. Archived from 2199:Chan, Emily (June 20, 2014). 2168:Tchir, Jason (July 8, 2014). 1896:Forest Ecology and Management 274:Roadkill observation projects 4556:Present serviceability index 4350:Sidewalk / Pavement 3895:Diamond grinding of pavement 2914:. The Mockingbird Foundation 2656:Pacific Conservation Biology 1916:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.017 1641:"wildlifecrossing.net/maine" 1587:10.1371/journal.pone.0025383 1442:Revista de Biología Tropical 1246:. Springer. pp. 166–8. 1056:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 4528:Underpass / Tunnel 4523:Overpass / Flyover 4277:High-occupancy vehicle lane 4167:Driving under the influence 3241:Freeway / Motorway 3093:Roadkill observation system 2967:. Placegallery.blogspot.com 2888:. Songfacts.com. 2008-07-26 2716:"Fencing to protect ponies" 1756:Jeshi, K. (31 March 2016). 1151:. Tfhrc.gov. Archived from 806:Knutson, Roger M. (2006) . 4656: 3455:Highway systems by country 1935:Environmental Conservation 898:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.08.002 611: 489: 373:Harm to endangered species 220: 149:Distribution and abundance 129: 22: 15: 4574: 4566:Granular base equivalency 4385:Traffic signal preemption 3793:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 3699:Single-point urban (SPUI) 3154:Caution: Animals crossing 3011:Stroud News & Journal 2836:"Keep a dead wild animal" 2787:"Reporting Dead Wildlife" 1955:10.1017/S0376892900029799 1507:. BBC News. 30 June 2003. 1414:"Animal People Newspaper" 1175:Wildlife Society Bulletin 1076:10.1080/10871200701322423 994:Canadian Field-Naturalist 925:10.1007/s10344-015-0907-7 632:Songwriter and performer 376:Loss of livestock or pets 18:Roadkill (disambiguation) 4546:Pavement condition index 4272:High-occupancy toll lane 4267:Contraflow lane reversal 4242:Barrier transfer machine 3105:Map Road Kill in Ireland 2543:"Roadkill in Wellington" 2176:. The Globe and Mail Inc 4635:Ecological connectivity 3400:Express-collector setup 3138:Conservation Foundation 2946:. Claudiaterstappen.com 2650:Norwood, Chris (1999). 2524:. Government of Ontario 1664:. Fishandgame.idaho.gov 1134:10.5751/ES-02941-140217 748:Deer–vehicle collisions 469:Wellington, New Zealand 199:Animal People Newspaper 126:Road salt accumulations 4584:Road types by features 4479:Raised pavement marker 4446:Constant-slope barrier 4370:Traffic directionality 4360:Street running railway 3783:Protected intersection 3052:Desmond, Jane (2013). 2988:. Garymichaelkeyes.com 1643:. Wildlifecrossing.net 1622:. Wildlifecrossing.net 529: 422: 360: 345: 114:Intentional collisions 94: 66: 50: 4441:Concrete step barrier 3778:Offset T-intersection 3167:in the Czech Republic 3159:Canada Safety Council 3101:in the United Kingdom 2686:(In-prep.) cited in: 2518:"Animals on the road" 2260:. Safe Drive Training 2254:"Animals on the Road" 1684:in the United Kingdom 1395:. Roadkill.edutel.com 972:10.1093/envhis/emu129 960:Environmental History 768:Habitat fragmentation 634:Loudon Wainwright III 524: 416: 351: 332: 259:evolutionary pressure 234:". In 2003–2004, the 232:windshield phenomenon 223:Windshield phenomenon 84: 56: 36: 4484:Road surface marking 4182:Single-vehicle crash 3905:Full depth recycling 3803:Seagull intersection 2434:South Whidbey Record 2258:Safe Drive Directory 2233:DefensiveDriving.com 1324:10.3161/068.038.0204 758:Habitat conservation 184:Tasmanian pademelons 16:For other uses, see 4310:Pedestrian crossing 3873:Reinforced concrete 3709:Three-level diamond 3420:Two-lane expressway 3405:Farm-to-market road 3013:. 26 September 2007 2824:. 15 February 2017. 2806:. 15 February 2017. 2545:. 13 September 2015 1947:1988EnvCo..15..303D 1908:2011ForEM.262.1713S 1578:2011PLoSO...625383S 1121:Ecology and Society 1068:2007HDW....12..137P 861:2018JWMan..82..940B 763:Habitat destruction 623:Cultural references 91:Afedena (exclosure) 57:Wide-ranging large 4340:Runaway truck ramp 4162:Driver's education 3950:Rubberized asphalt 3885:Crocodile cracking 3808:Split intersection 3576:Hierarchy of roads 3537:Single carriageway 3110:2021-01-28 at the 2906:Steinberg, David. 2866:The New York Times 2635:Rishika Pardikar. 2440:on 1 November 2013 2410:on January 6, 2012 2380:on 2 November 2013 2174:The Globe and Mail 1815:. 10 February 2016 1311:Acta Ornithologica 1225:The New York Times 870:10.1002/jwmg.21467 650:The American band 540:in Great Britain, 530: 486:Wildlife crossings 423: 361: 346: 288:Cardiff University 205:, 15 million 136:On roadways where 95: 67: 51: 4592: 4591: 4400:Wide outside lane 4226: 4225: 4203:Automotive safety 4084:Road slipperiness 3831: 3830: 3679:Diverging diamond 3626: 3625: 3542:Single-track road 3484:Bicycle boulevard 2701:978-1-920704-79-7 2404:Chicago Sun-Times 2374:(Martinsburg, WV) 2333:978-1-920704-79-7 2093:978-1-920704-79-7 1835:"PATH – Facebook" 1379:, 'N 76', 19–19. 1349:Wildlife Research 793:Wildlife corridor 677:Stephen Paternite 492:Wildlife crossing 436:Acoustic warning 203:Virginia opossums 180:brushtail possums 4647: 4436:Cat's eye (road) 4257:Complete streets 4029:Dead Man's Curve 3992: 3930:Pavement milling 3845:Asphalt concrete 3788:Quadrant roadway 3729: 3651: 3637: 3603:Street hierarchy 3251:Elevated highway 3224: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3136:British Columbia 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3049: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2908:"Possum History" 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669:10.1071/PC990158 2647: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2587:. 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March 2, 2011 2227: 2226: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2020:10.1071/AM22001 2018: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1865:Current Science 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1524:The Independent 1517: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1479:Current Science 1476: 1475: 1471: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1439: 1432: 1423: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1374: 1370: 1362:10.1071/WR08067 1342: 1341: 1332: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1278:Jensen, Derrick 1276: 1275: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1025: 1024: 1013: 989: 984: 983: 979: 957: 945: 944: 940: 910: 909: 905: 883: 882: 878: 842: 841: 837: 832: 822: 805: 802: 800:Further reading 797: 733: 707: 698: 689:Timothy Findley 685: 672: 664:The Horse Flies 630: 625: 616: 610: 608:Eating roadkill 580: 572:New Forest pony 564: 555: 542:colobus monkeys 527:Annamalai Hills 519: 494: 488: 460: 451: 411: 325: 316: 280:citizen science 276: 271: 254: 225: 219: 164: 151: 134: 128: 116: 107: 79: 31: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4653: 4651: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610:Road transport 4607: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4464:Jersey barrier 4461: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4395:Unused highway 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4375:Traffic island 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4172:Drowsy driving 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054:Level crossing 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753:Channelization 3750: 3745: 3740: 3738:3-way junction 3734: 3732: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3640: 3634: 3632:Road junctions 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3596:business route 3593: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3524:Primitive road 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3395:County highway 3392: 3390:Collector road 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3364:United Kingdom 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3299:Czech Republic 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3228:Limited-access 3221: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3150: 3139: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3087:External links 3085: 3082: 3081: 3066: 3044: 3023: 2998: 2977: 2956: 2935: 2924: 2898: 2877: 2852: 2827: 2809: 2791: 2776: 2764: 2749: 2732: 2707: 2700: 2675: 2642: 2627: 2604: 2573: 2556: 2534: 2506: 2476: 2451: 2421: 2391: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2312: 2299: 2270: 2245: 2217: 2186: 2157: 2123: 2099: 2092: 2072: 2056:"th.gov.bc.ca" 2047: 2031:"th.gov.bc.ca" 2022: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1974: 1960: 1941:(4): 303–310. 1921: 1882: 1871:(6): 830–837. 1851: 1826: 1800: 1774: 1748: 1736: 1715: 1704: 1695:"The Road Lab" 1686: 1674: 1653: 1632: 1611: 1552: 1529: 1510: 1496: 1485:(6): 830–837. 1469: 1450: 1430: 1405: 1384: 1368: 1330: 1297: 1291:978-1948626392 1290: 1266: 1252: 1230: 1211: 1208:(9–10): 50–52. 1192: 1165: 1140: 1107: 1089: 1062:(3): 137–143. 1037: 1011: 1000:(3): 403–412. 977: 938: 919:(3): 399–406. 903: 886:Safety Science 876: 855:(5): 940–947. 834: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 821:978-1580087551 820: 801: 798: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 732: 729: 706: 703: 697: 694: 684: 681: 671: 668: 629: 626: 624: 621: 612:Main article: 609: 606: 591:New York State 579: 576: 563: 560: 554: 551: 544:in Kenya, and 518: 515: 490:Main article: 487: 484: 459: 456: 450: 447: 410: 407: 387: 386: 383: 380: 379:Vehicle damage 377: 374: 371: 368: 336:used to cross 334:Mountain goats 324: 321: 315: 312: 306:In Australia, 275: 272: 270: 267: 253: 250: 218: 215: 163: 160: 150: 147: 130:Main article: 127: 124: 115: 112: 106: 103: 78: 75: 47:South Carolina 29: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4652: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Noise barrier 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4431:Cable barrier 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380:Traffic lanes 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320:Refuge island 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Living street 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Climbing lane 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4229: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4154:Human factors 4151: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119:Traffic light 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4069:Oversize load 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4059:Manhole cover 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3890:Crushed stone 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773:Michigan left 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3725:Intersections 3721: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3674:Directional T 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3591:special route 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509:Frontage road 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3385:Arterial road 3383: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3369:United States 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 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2653: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2594:on 2014-10-31 2590: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2495:on 4 May 2012 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2465: 2464:National Post 2461: 2455: 2452: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2289: 2288:DriversEd.com 2285: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2147:on 2016-03-07 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2073: 2062:on 2010-02-06 2061: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2037:on 2014-10-30 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1998:WomSAT.org.au 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572:(9): e25383. 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1466:(3): 392–398. 1465: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1448:(2), 722–738. 1447: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1420:on 2013-01-25 1419: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1255: 1253:1-4020-4503-4 1249: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1155:on 2010-05-28 1154: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 981: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 953: 949: 948:"May 5 notes" 942: 939: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 907: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 880: 877: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 839: 836: 829: 823: 817: 812: 811: 804: 803: 799: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 730: 728: 726: 725: 720: 719: 714: 713: 704: 702: 695: 693: 690: 682: 680: 678: 669: 667: 665: 661: 659: 658: 653: 648: 646: 644: 639: 635: 627: 622: 620: 615: 607: 605: 603: 599: 594: 592: 587: 584: 577: 575: 573: 569: 561: 559: 553:Escape routes 552: 550: 547: 543: 539: 538:red squirrels 535: 534:forest canopy 528: 523: 516: 514: 510: 508: 504: 498: 493: 485: 483: 481: 476: 472: 470: 465: 464:mating season 458:Night driving 457: 455: 449:Small animals 448: 446: 442: 439: 434: 430: 426: 420: 419:Kenai, Alaska 415: 409:Large animals 408: 406: 402: 398: 396: 390: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 365: 364: 358: 354: 353:Traffic signs 350: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 313: 311: 309: 304: 300: 297: 292: 289: 284: 281: 273: 268: 266: 262: 260: 251: 249: 246: 240: 237: 233: 228: 224: 216: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:Extrapolating 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 176:eastern quoll 173: 169: 161: 159: 155: 148: 146: 144: 139: 138:rumble strips 133: 125: 123: 121: 113: 111: 104: 102: 99: 92: 88: 83: 76: 74: 71: 64: 60: 55: 48: 44: 40: 35: 26: 19: 4640:Road hazards 4625:Animal death 4499:Traffic cone 4489:Rumble strip 4390:Truck bypass 4345:Shared space 4305:Passing lane 4290:Managed lane 4247:Bicycle lane 4129:Washboarding 4124:Traffic sign 4093: 4049:Hairpin turn 3818:Texas U-turn 3748:Box junction 3642:Interchanges 3586:Route number 3494:Country lane 3236:Bike freeway 3153: 3142: 3130: 3117: 3071:. 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BellMedia 1844:23 November 1819:23 November 1793:23 November 1767:23 November 1729:23 November 1181:(1): 8–13. 966:(1): 4–28. 892:: 105–113. 738:Bird strike 724:Crossy Road 712:Cruis'n USA 705:Video games 340:to reach a 191:New England 118:A study in 4599:Categories 4539:indicators 4508:Structures 4459:Guard rail 4335:Road verge 4208:Seat belts 4144:Snowsquall 4109:Speed bump 4089:Road train 3910:Glassphalt 3850:Bioasphalt 3823:Turnaround 3798:Roundabout 3728:(at-grade) 3694:Roundabout 3659:Cloverleaf 3514:Green lane 3450:Trunk road 3378:Main roads 3261:By country 3079:See p. 55. 3017:2007-10-16 2992:2015-03-28 2971:2015-03-28 2950:2015-03-28 2918:2016-08-25 2892:2015-03-28 2871:2010-04-10 2846:2016-02-28 2726:2010-04-10 2662:(2): 158. 2621:2013-11-16 2598:2013-11-16 2528:2016-02-28 2470:2016-02-28 2293:2016-02-28 2264:2016-02-28 2239:2016-02-28 2211:2016-02-28 2180:2016-02-28 2151:2016-02-28 2141:State Farm 2066:2013-02-20 2041:2013-02-20 1668:2013-02-20 1647:2013-02-20 1626:2013-02-20 1424:2013-02-20 1399:2013-02-20 1355:(7): 712. 1159:2013-11-16 956:cited in: 830:References 773:Moose test 683:Literature 568:New Forest 503:open range 438:deer horns 338:US Route 2 323:Prevention 252:Scavengers 221:See also: 143:salt licks 93:, Ethiopia 61:like this 59:carnivores 4330:Road diet 4232:Space and 4177:Road rage 4064:Oil spill 4024:Crosswind 4014:Black ice 4009:Avalanche 3935:Permeable 3768:Jughandle 3763:Hook turn 3669:Free-flow 3613:Toll road 3532:Side road 3489:Boulevard 3445:Super two 3440:Ring road 3415:Link road 3314:Hong Kong 3269:Australia 3211:hierarchy 3073:2 January 2912:Phish.net 2489:USA Today 1813:The Hindu 1788:The Hindu 1762:The Hindu 1259:14 August 1104:(Report). 1084:145197460 643:Billboard 342:salt lick 85:Roadkill 4620:Wildlife 4605:Roadkill 4518:Causeway 4355:Shoulder 4191:Vehicles 4139:Whiteout 4099:Rockfall 4094:Roadkill 4019:Bleeding 3995:Road and 3955:Sealcoat 3880:Corduroy 3868:Concrete 3858:Chipseal 3837:Surfaces 3689:Raindrop 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