Robot-assisted surgery

333:. A demonstration of an open bowel anastomosis was given to the Association of Military Surgeons of the US. Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in the battlefield to reduce casualties and to be used in other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on-site surgery. The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon's console. Compared to the ZEUS, the da Vinci robot is attached to trocars to the surgical table, and can imitate the human wrist. In 2000, the da Vinci obtained FDA approval for general laparoscopic procedures and became the first operative surgical robot in the US. Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted 883:

whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must perform 150 to 250 procedures to become adept in their use. During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie-ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain. Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.

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were more prone to permanent injury, nerve damage and visceral damage as well. Very minimal surgeries in a variety of specialties had to actually be converted to open or be re-operated on, but most did sustain some kind of damage or injury. For example, out of seven coronary artery bypass grafting, one patient had to go under re-operation. It is important that complications are captured, reported and evaluated to ensure the medical community is better educated on the safety of this new technology. If something was to go wrong in a robot-assisted surgery, it is difficult to identify culpability, and the safety of the practice will influence how quickly and widespread these practices are used.

249:, was used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure. In the late 1980s, Imperial College in London developed PROBOT, which was then used to perform prostatic surgery. The advantages to this robot was its small size, accuracy and lack of fatigue for the surgeon. In the 1990s, computer-controlled surgical devices began to emerge, enabling greater precision and control in surgical procedures. One of the most significant advancements in this period was the da Vinci Surgical System, which was approved by the 4593: 923:

benefits of this type of procedure had failed to mention risks and also provided unsupported evidence. There is an issue with government and medical societies promotion a production of balanced educational material. In the US alone, many websites promotion robotic surgery fail to mention any risks associated with these types of procedures, and hospitals providing materials largely ignore risks, overestimate benefits and are strongly influenced by the manufacturer.

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surgeries were performed used 4 da Vinci surgical systems. There were 43 cases (2.4%) of mechanical failure, including 24 (1.3%) cases of mechanical failure or malfunction and 19 (1.1%) cases of instrument malfunction. Additionally, one open and two laparoscopic conversions (0.17%) were performed. Therefore, the chance of mechanical failure or malfunction was found to be rare, with the rate of converting to an open or laparoscopic procedure very low.

42: 774:, the robotic platform allows for the correction of large hernia defects with specialized techniques that would traditionally only be performed via an open approach. Compared to open surgery, robotic surgery for hernia repair can reduce pain, length of hospital stay, and improve outcomes. As the robotic instruments have 6 degrees of articulation, freedom of movement and ergonomics are greatly improved compared to laparoscopy. 759: 5476: 887:

occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams. Laparoscopic camera positioning is also significantly steadier with less inadvertent movements under robotic controls than compared to human assistance.

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With newer techniques such as direct access into the abdominal wall, major reconstruction of large hernias can be done without even entering the abdominal cavity. Due to its complexity, however, major reconstruction done robotically should be undertaken at advanced hernia centers such as the Columbia

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Advantages of robot-assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy, resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients. The surgeon uses image-guided surgical planning to program the robot based on the patient's individual anatomy. This helps the

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was launched and is a rival of the Da Vinci surgical system and claims to be more flexible and versatile, having independent modular arms which are "quick and easy to set up". The small-scale design means that it is suitable for virtually any operating room and can be operated at either a standing or

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ZEUS was introduced commercially in 1998, and started the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient. ZEUS was first used during a gynecological surgery in 1997 to reconnect Fallopian tubes in Cleveland Ohio,

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Complications related to robotic surgeries range from converting the surgery to open, re-operation, permanent injury, damage to viscera and nerve damage. From 2000 to 2011, out of 75 hysterectomies done with robotic surgery, 34 had permanent injury, and 49 had damage to the viscera. Prostatectomies

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The robot's costs range from $ 1 million to $ 2.5 million for each unit, and while its disposable supply cost is normally $ 1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine

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and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification help to result in improved ergonomics. Due to these

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for use in surgical procedures in 2000 (Intuitive Surgical, 2021). The da Vinci system uses robotic arms to manipulate surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control. In 1992, the ROBODOC was introduced and revolutionized orthopedic surgery by

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Understand that the FDA has not cleared or approved any robotically-assisted surgical device based on cancer-related outcomes such as overall survival, recurrence, and disease-free survival.... The safety and effectiveness of robotically-assisted surgical devices for use in mastectomy procedures or

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takes on this challenge, showing both sides' point of view. Two University Hospitals are competing to be the best in the Cardiac Surgery Department. One, Tojo, has the best traditional surgeons, while the other, Teika, is all about researching and implementing the most recent technology. With this,

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There are also current methods of robotic surgery being marketed and advertised online. Removal of a cancerous prostate has been a popular treatment through internet marketing. Internet marketing of medical devices are more loosely regulated than pharmaceutical promotions. Many sites that claim the

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As of 2019, the application of robotics in spine surgery has mainly been limited to pedicle screw insertion for spinal fixation. In addition, the majority of studies on robot-assisted spine surgery have investigated lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae only. Studies on use of robotics for placing screws

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In 2005, a surgical technique was documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it was the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery. In 2006, three patients underwent resection of the tongue using this

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have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe

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AESOP was a breakthrough in robotic surgery when introduced in 1994, as it was the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA. NASA initially funded the company that produces AESOP, Computer Motion, due to its goal to create a robotic arm that can be used in space, but this project

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was published in 1999 from the Cleveland Clinic. The adoption of robotic surgery has contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic disease. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery and the rate of complications may be higher, but there are not

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Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not get tired as quickly. Naturally

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One drawback of the use of robotic surgery is the risk of mechanical failure of the system and instruments. A study from July 2005 to December 2008 was conducted to analyze the mechanical failures of the da Vinci Surgical System at a single institute. During this period, a total of 1797 robotic

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of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was "more than qualified to operate on any patient". In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic-assisted

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techniques, there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication. The existing open surgery technique has many flaws such as limited access to the surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars, and marks.

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to relay control data and direct the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present on campus to perform the procedure, leading to the

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table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller. Preceyes is the only robotic instrument to be CE certified. Some other companies like Forsight Robotics, Acusurgical that raised 5.75 M€ (France), and Horizon (US) are working in this

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Critics of the system, including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt the use of the system and that there's a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following traditional

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for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices. Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of

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enough high-quality studies to know at the present time. In the United States, robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions was shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2015, with no difference in overall rates of complications.

894:, or touch feedback. No interaction between the instrument and the patient is felt. However, recently the Senhance robotic system by Asensus Surgical was developed with haptic feedback in order to improve the interaction between the surgeon and the tissue. 1290: 553:

implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery. The surgical robots also allow surgeons to reach the inner ear in a minimally invasive way.

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screw instrumentation. Inaccuracy when placing a pedicle screw can result in neurovascular injury or construct failure. Mazor X functions by using templating imaging to locate itself to the target location of where the pedicle screw is needed.

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The first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure. Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort.

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Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, with the average costs in 2007 ranging from $ 5,607 to $ 45,914 per patient. This technique has not been approved for cancer surgery as of 2019 as the safety and usefulness is unclear.

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Hernia Center in New York City, NY, USA. The American Hernia Society and the European Hernia Society are moving towards specialty designation for hernia centers who are credentialed for complex hernia surgery, including robotic surgery.

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performed remotely in September 2001. In 2003, ZEUS made its most prominent mark in cardiac surgery after successfully harvesting the left internal mammary arteries in 19 patients, all of which had very successful clinical outcomes.

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Li K, Lin T, Fan X, Xu K, Bi L, Duan Y, et al. (October 2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies reporting early outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy".

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Acrobot and Rio are semi-active robotic systems that are used in THA. It consists of a drill bit that is controlled by the surgeon however the robotic system does not allow any movement outside the predetermined boundaries.

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Kiefer H, Löchel J, Sambo K, Leder B, Wassilew GI (20 May 2020). "Anterior pelvic plane registration accuracy and cup position measurement using ultrasound- and pointer-based navigation in primary total hip arthroplasty".

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Since April 2018, medical insurance coverage was expanding in Japan, so doctors were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery, as it has the advantage of reducing the burden on the patient. Japanese drama

517:. Although VATS is the less expensive option, the robotic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes. 2124:

Lee SY, Park YM, Byeon HK, Choi EC, Kim SH (August 2014). "Comparison of oncologic and functional outcomes after transoral robotic lateral oropharyngectomy versus conventional surgery for T1 to T3 tonsillar cancer".

941:(named in the drama as Darwin). Newhart Watanabe International Hospital, a pioneer in da Vinci surgery for the heart in Japan, was used as background for the drama, with Dr. Gou Watanabe providing technical support. 800:

There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects from surgery for

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Kim WT, Ham WS, Jeong W, Song HJ, Rha KH, Choi YD (December 2009). "Failure and malfunction of da Vinci Surgical systems during various robotic surgeries: experience from six departments at a single institute".

1254: 4361:"Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer" 2567: 305:

ended up becoming a camera used in laparoscopic procedures. Voice control was then added in 1996 with the AESOP 2000 and seven degrees of freedom to mimic a human hand was added in 1998 with the AESOP 3000.

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size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The robotic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations. Robotic technology provides assistance in performing

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Shaligram A, Unnirevi J, Simorov A, Kothari VM, Oleynikov D (April 2012). "How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia".

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being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries. The latter was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA in 2008. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with

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technique. The results were more clear visualization of the cranial nerves, lingual nerves, and lingual artery, and the patients had a faster recovery to normally swallowing. In May 2006 the first

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There are some issues in regards to current robotic surgery usage in clinical applications. There is a lack of haptics in some robotic systems currently in clinical use, which means there is no

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The robots can also be very large, have instrumentation limitations, and there may be issues with multi-quadrant surgery as current devices are solely used for single-quadrant application.

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repairs were performed robotically in 2009. Since then the field has rapidly expanded to include most types of reconstruction including anterior as well as posterior component separation.

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Spinelli A, David G, Gidaro S, Carvello M, Sacchi M, Montorsi M, et al. (September 2017). "First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback".

2977: 2357: 1056:"Safety Communications – Caution When Using Robotically-Assisted Surgical Devices in Women's Health including Mastectomy and Other Cancer-Related Surgeries: FDA Safety Communication" 4543: 2179: 437:

PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm robot, that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the

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Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, Musits B, Taylor RH, Kazanzides P, et al. (December 1992). "Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty".

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Boyd WD, Kiaii B, Kodera K, Rayman R, Abu-Khudair W, Fazel S, et al. (February 2002). "Early experience with robotically assisted internal thoracic artery harvest".

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starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.

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The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at Stanford Research Institute International in Menlo Park with grant support from

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In the case of robotically assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of the surgeon directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to perform

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The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story '

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Wang T, Tang H, Xie Z, Deng S (October 2018). "Robotic-assisted vs. laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis".

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procedures, in which the operations can be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen. Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a

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for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp.

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Falcone T, Goldberg J, Garcia-Ruiz A, Margossian H, Stevens L (February 1999). "Full robotic assistance for laparoscopic tubal anastomosis: a case report".

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Melvin WS, Dundon JM, Talamini M, Horgan S (October 2005). "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy".

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Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S (February 1988). "A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery".

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is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing

842:- alternative to the conventional open dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes). Pyeloplasty is the most common robotic-assisted procedures in children. 1411: 1063: 326: 2260: 4035:"Combined inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh during transperitoneal robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a 4-year experience" 290: 3941:

Thomas DJ (February 2017). "3D white light interferometry assessment of robotic laser scalpel assisted surgery to minimise scar tissue formation".

3978:"Transversus abdominis release (TAR) for ventral hernia repair: open or robotic? Short-term outcomes from a systematic review with meta-analysis" 3001:"Robot-Assisted Electrode Array Insertion Becomes Available in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients: First Report and an Intra-Individual Study" 1765: 5330: 2969: 3642: 5136: 510: 3052:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma" 2312:

Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics".

1599: 5419: 5085: 398: 3529: 337:(performed in Germany) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999; and the first all-robotic-assisted 5502: 3142:

Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Schneider C, Ellison EC (2002). "Computer-enhanced vs. standard laparoscopic antireflux surgery".

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Panara K, Shahal D, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA (August 2021). "Robotics for Cochlear Implantation Surgery: Challenges and Opportunities".

475:– the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart, 4622: 2169: 1967: 538: 358:

microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain. In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the

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in 1984. This robot assisted in being able to manipulate and position the patient's leg on voice command. Intimately involved were

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Talamini MA, Chapman S, Horgan S, Melvin WS (October 2003). "A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures".

1647: 2902: 714: 4153:"A novel approach using the enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique for laparoscopic retromuscular hernia repair" 1997: 537:

in 2017. Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the

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Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model".

1675:"Closed-chest coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart with the use of a computer-enhanced surgical robotic system" 581: 4679:

Kavoussi LR, Moore RG, Adams JB, Partin AW (December 1995). "Comparison of robotic versus human laparoscopic camera control".

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robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled

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Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the

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A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures

2413: 1449: 976: 286: 250: 4988: 4196: 4129: 4070: 2938: 2829: 5517: 2211: 1625: 227: 2515: 2386:[UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011. 341:, performed in January 2009. The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 and initially sold for $ 1.75 million. 5451: 5387: 2360:[The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010. 981: 966: 907: 875: 5434: 5394: 1931:

Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems".

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Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, Minig L (16 January 2017). "Robot-assisted Surgery in Gynecologic Cancers".

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Barbash GI, Glied SA (August 2010). "New technology and health care costs--the case of robot-assisted surgery".

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Williams SB, Prado K, Hu JC (November 2014). "Economics of robotic surgery: does it make sense and for whom?".

938: 568: 498: 446: 274: 115: 3902:"The Evolution of Kidney Transplantation Surgery Into the Robotic Era and Its Prospects for Obese Recipients" 2568:"AcuSurgical raises €5.75 Million in Series A financing, to advance its robotic ocular microsurgery platform" 762:

A surgeon at the Columbia Hernia Center operates on a patient with a large hernia using the robotic platform.

5399: 5372: 5300: 3634: 1968:"New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants: N.J. Hospital Performs World's First All-Robotic Transplant" 951: 374: 346: 203: 4415:"Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: The European and US Experience" 2314:

Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC

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Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective".

819:. A 2013 review found less complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique. 5512: 5335: 5244: 5239: 5116: 5101: 4904:"Direct-to-consumer Internet promotion of robotic prostatectomy exhibits varying quality of information" 1475:

McConnell PI, Schneeberger EW, Michler RE (2003). "History and development of robotic cardiac surgery".

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Köckerling F, Sheen AJ, Berrevoet F, Campanelli G, Cuccurullo D, Fortelny R, et al. (April 2019).

690:(CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optimal size and design for the replacement hip. 87:

systems. Robotically assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing

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Bracale U, Corcione F, Neola D, Castiglioni S, Cavallaro G, Stabilini C, et al. (December 2021).

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On 12 May 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at

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ROBODOC is the first active robotic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip

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Belyansky I, Daes J, Radu VG, Balasubramanian R, Reza Zahiri H, Weltz AS, et al. (March 2018).

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Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Javadikasgari H, Suri RM, Mick SL, Navia JL, et al. (January 2018).

2238: 234:, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical 5439: 5414: 5183: 2438:

de Smet MD, Naus GJ, Faridpooya K, Mura M (May 2018). "Robotic-assisted surgery in ophthalmology".

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Surgical robots have also been shown to be useful for electrode insertion with pediatric patients.

472: 394: 314: 207: 191:' in August 1942, which also mentioned brain surgery. The first robot to assist in surgery was the 188: 123: 103: 80: 4220:"Accreditation and certification requirements for hernia centers and surgeons: the ACCESS project" 402: 5456: 5276: 5266: 5254: 5178: 4980: 4782: 4739: 4617: 4566: 4188: 3879: 3736: 3576: 3441: 3245: 3167: 3124: 3081: 2884: 2677: 2463: 2150: 2106: 2001: 1812: 1739: 1576: 1527: 1337: 1282: 1235: 1188: 1036: 766:

Over the past several decades, there have been great advances in the field of abdominal wall and

739: 604:, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups." 601: 270: 155: 143: 135: 107: 2697:"Early clinical and angiographic outcomes after robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery" 449:, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform 5283: 5271: 5249: 5232: 4972: 4933: 4884: 4848: 4774: 4731: 4696: 4661: 4524: 4472: 4436: 4390: 4341: 4306: 4257: 4239: 4180: 4172: 4121: 4113: 4062: 4054: 4015: 3997: 3958: 3923: 3871: 3831: 3787: 3756:"Review of robotic-assisted surgery: what the future looks like through a spine oncology lens" 3728: 3692: 3638: 3611: 3568: 3503: 3433: 3393: 3339: 3304: 3237: 3202: 3159: 3116: 3073: 3032: 2876: 2810: 2759: 2718: 2669: 2648:"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases" 2628: 2455: 2142: 2098: 2060: 1948: 1913: 1861: 1804: 1761: 1731: 1696: 1673:

Boyd WD, Rayman R, Desai ND, Menkis AH, Dobkowski W, Ganapathy S, et al. (October 2000).

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Halkos ME, Liberman HA, Devireddy C, Walker P, Finn AV, Jaber W, et al. (January 2014).

2599:"Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Atrial Septal Defect Using da VinciTM Surgical Robot System" 5424: 5340: 5168: 5146: 4964: 4923: 4915: 4876: 4840: 4766: 4723: 4688: 4653: 4558: 4514: 4506: 4464: 4426: 4380: 4372: 4333: 4296: 4288: 4247: 4231: 4164: 4105: 4046: 4005: 3989: 3950: 3913: 3863: 3821: 3777: 3767: 3720: 3682: 3674: 3603: 3560: 3521: 3493: 3485: 3423: 3383: 3375: 3331: 3294: 3284: 3229: 3194: 3151: 3108: 3063: 3022: 3012: 2868: 2800: 2790: 2749: 2708: 2659: 2618: 2610: 2447: 2134: 2090: 2050: 2040: 1940: 1903: 1895: 1851: 1843: 1796: 1723: 1686: 1558: 1511: 1484: 1376: 1368: 1321: 1266: 1219: 1149: 1141: 1020: 961: 797:

Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.

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With regards to robotic surgery, this type of procedure is currently best suited for single-

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Shweikeh F, Amadio JP, Arnell M, Barnard ZR, Kim TT, Johnson JP, et al. (March 2014).

3265:"Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes" 1461: 620:

This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic

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robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer.

668: 661: 481:– rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart. 353:. The results were rated as better than an above-average human surgeon. The machine had a 350: 318: 278: 162: 127: 4612: 1975: 5048: 3280: 5429: 5205: 5200: 5163: 5151: 5124: 4928: 4903: 4519: 4494: 4431: 4414: 4385: 4360: 4301: 4276: 4252: 4219: 4010: 3977: 3782: 3755: 3687: 3662: 3498: 3473: 3428: 3411: 3388: 3363: 3299: 3264: 3027: 3000: 2805: 2778: 2623: 2598: 2358:"V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju" 2094: 2055: 2028: 1908: 1883: 1856: 1831: 1651: 1488: 1381: 1372: 1356: 1154: 1129: 871: 845:

Ureteral reimplantation - alternative to the open intravesical or extravesical surgery.

767: 758: 750:, but are suitable opportunities for surgeons to advance their robotic surgery skills. 697: 596: 585: 438: 294: 167: 4692: 3155: 2754: 2737: 1944: 556:

Challenges that still need to be addressed include safety, time, efficiency and cost.

5496: 5461: 5227: 5173: 4657: 3883: 3740: 3663:"Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery and robotic surgery in total hip arthroplasty" 3085: 2888: 1800: 1727: 1325: 1286: 802: 633: 629: 426: 4984: 4743: 4359:

Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, Close A, Vale L, Armstrong N, et al. (2012).

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Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include:

3289: 2872: 2451: 494:

pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery.

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Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or

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procedures are also benefiting from robotic surgical systems. The smaller

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repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart,

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performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.

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surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985

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A 2017 review of surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early

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or temporary tissue retraction using endoscopic grasping instruments.

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and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.

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Robotic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for

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X is used in spinal surgeries to assist surgeons with placing

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

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International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

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especially when it comes to robotic-assisted surgery. Unlike

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prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Further development of robotic systems was carried out by

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Michler 267:SRI International 106:, using a direct 79:are any types of 70: 69: 16:(Redirected from 5525: 5478: 5477: 5425:Horizon scanning 5341:Ephemeralization 5169:Brain transplant 5113: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5072: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4875:(6): 1234–1237. 4863: 4857: 4856: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4687:(6): 2134–2136. 4676: 4670: 4669: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4548: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4410: 4399: 4398: 4388: 4377:10.3310/hta16410 4356: 4350: 4349: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4163:(3): 1525–1532. 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 3988:(6): 1471–1480. 3973: 3967: 3966: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3851: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3528:. 2 March 2021. 3518: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3469: 3450: 3449: 3431: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3359: 3348: 3347: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3292: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3228:(4): 1047–1050. 3217: 3211: 3210: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3071: 3069:10.1002/bjs.9242 3047: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3020: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2867:(7): e825–e835. 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2798: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2667: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2133:(8): 1138–1145. 2121: 2115: 2114: 2089:(7): 1315–1319. 2083:The Laryngoscope 2078: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2048: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1978:on 4 August 2009 1974:. Archived from 1963: 1957: 1956: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1911: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1859: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1764:. Archived from 1754: 1748: 1747: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1650:. Archived from 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1628:on 28 March 2002 1618: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1566: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1464:on 1 March 2009. 1460:. Archived from 1433: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1125: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1101: 1094: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1008: 962:Diagnostic robot 638:uterine prolapse 597:pancreatectomies 563:Gastrointestinal 541:, accessing the 351:heart arrhythmia 166:possibility for 63:edit on Wikidata 44: 32: 21: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5508:Surgical robots 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5466: 5305: 5294:Oncolytic virus 5196:Head transplant 5104: 5099: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5051:on 13 June 2024 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5021:on 13 June 2024 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4032: 4031: 4027: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3906:Transplantation 3899: 3898: 3891: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3471: 3470: 3453: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3374:(4): CD011422. 3361: 3360: 3351: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3275:(3): e0151189. 3262: 3261: 3257: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3049: 3048: 3044: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2943:livescience.com 2936: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2658:(1): 82–91.e2. 2645: 2644: 2640: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2338:on 24 July 2011 2330: 2329: 2325: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2210:. 19 May 2006. 2200: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2127:Head & Neck 2123: 2122: 2118: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1654:on 21 July 2011 1646: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1224:10.1109/10.1354 1209: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1127: 1126: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1069: 1067: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1010: 1009: 1000: 996: 991: 947: 929: 868: 825: 812:was performed. 795: 779:inguinal hernia 756: 744:cholecystectomy 736: 734:General surgery 727: 711: 677: 669:cervical cancer 610: 600:complications, 595:Robot-assisted 565: 523: 488: 460: 424: 419: 319:cholecystectomy 279:Computer Motion 185: 163:computer system 128:operating table 108:telemanipulator 77:robotic surgery 66: 47: 28: 23: 22: 18:Robotic Surgery 15: 12: 11: 5: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5206:Life extension 5203: 5201:Isolated brain 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5164:Biofabrication 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5152:Organ printing 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5125:3D bioprinting 5121: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5067:External links 5065: 5063: 5062: 5032: 5002: 4963:(2): 183–185. 4943: 4914:(4): 760–769. 4908:Health Affairs 4894: 4858: 4823: 4792: 4749: 4722:(3): 228–235. 4706: 4671: 4652:(4): 242–251. 4636: 4598: 4557:(2): 297–310. 4534: 4505:(6): 488–490. 4482: 4463:(6): 551–560. 4446: 4400: 4351: 4332:(4): 591–596. 4316: 4287:(2): 177–181. 4267: 4230:(2): 185–203. 4210: 4143: 4104:(2): 447–452. 4084: 4025: 3968: 3933: 3889: 3862:(5): 465–478. 3841: 3797: 3746: 3719:(3): 315–323. 3702: 3650: 3643: 3621: 3602:(3): 379–396. 3586: 3559:(5): 249–264. 3543: 3513: 3484:(8): 499–504. 3451: 3403: 3349: 3330:(1): 107–113. 3314: 3255: 3212: 3177: 3134: 3091: 3042: 2991: 2960: 2924: 2894: 2851: 2820: 2769: 2748:(5): 864–868. 2728: 2707:(1): 179–185. 2687: 2638: 2589: 2559: 2529: 2499: 2473: 2446:(3): 248–253. 2427: 2401: 2375: 2349: 2323: 2304: 2278: 2252: 2233:Parekattil S. 2225: 2193: 2160: 2116: 2070: 2019: 1989: 1958: 1939:(6): 893–898. 1923: 1871: 1822: 1779: 1749: 1706: 1685:(4): 807–809. 1665: 1639: 1613: 1586: 1557:(2): 117–123. 1537: 1494: 1467: 1428: 1396: 1347: 1320:(285): 57–66. 1304: 1245: 1218:(2): 153–160. 1202: 1169: 1113: 1081: 1046: 1019:(8): 701–704. 997: 995: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 948: 946: 943: 939:Da Vinci robot 928: 925: 892:force feedback 872:remote surgery 867: 864: 863: 862: 852: 846: 843: 824: 821: 794: 791: 783:ventral hernia 768:hernia surgery 755: 752: 748:fundoplication 735: 732: 726: 723: 710: 707: 676: 673: 648:biopsies. The 642:hysterectomies 634:ovarian tumors 609: 606: 586:Heller myotomy 564: 561: 522: 519: 487: 484: 483: 482: 476: 470: 459: 456: 455: 454: 443: 439:operating room 423: 420: 418: 415: 391:force feedback 317:, which was a 184: 181: 176: 175: 168:remote surgery 159: 68: 67: 60: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5530: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5462:Transhumanism 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5228:Organ culture 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:De-extinction 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4824: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371:(41): 1–313. 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 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2019 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1098: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 993: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 944: 942: 940: 935: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 910: 909: 904: 898: 895: 893: 888: 884: 880: 877: 873: 865: 860: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 829: 822: 820: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 803:prostatectomy 798: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 760: 753: 751: 749: 745: 741: 733: 731: 724: 722: 718: 716: 708: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 689: 685: 680: 674: 672: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 652:developed by 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:endometriosis 627: 623: 618: 615: 607: 605: 603: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 562: 560: 557: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 485: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 463: 457: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 434: 432: 428: 427:Ophthalmology 422:Ophthalmology 421: 416: 414: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 356: 352: 348: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 320: 316: 312: 311:beating heart 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Dr. Brian Day 209: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 182: 180: 173: 169: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136:end-effectors 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 112: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 64: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 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