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1245:. When Leo had received the Acts of the council, he concluded that Eutyches was a foolish old man who had erred through ignorance, and might be restored if he repented. Dioscurus of Alexandria, imitating his predecessors in assuming a primacy over Constantinople, simply annulled the sentence of Flavian, and absolved Eutyches. Dioscurus and Eutyches had obtained the convocation by the Emperor of an ecumenical council to meet at Ephesus in August, 449.
1241:. In his opposition to Nestorianism, he seemed to take an equally extreme, although opposite view. In 448, Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople held a synod at which Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, brought a charge of heresy against Eutyches. Eutyches was summoned to appear and clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Finding his response unsatisfactory, the synod condemned and exiled Eutyches, who sent an appeal to
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1134:, stating that Christ is one incarnate nature (a qualitative description of the union of divinity and humanity), fully human and fully God, united without separation, without confusion, without mixture and without alteration. The Council of Chalcedon decreed that in Christ two natures exist, "a divine nature and a human nature , united in one person , with neither division nor confusion".
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disapproved of the first session and purposely omitted it, not because of the high-handed proceedings of
Dioscorus but because the later Miaphysites generally condemned Eutyches as a heretic and did not wish to remember his rehabilitation by a council that they considered to be ecumenical but the rest of Christianity scorned.
1661:, of intruding an immoral bishop into Emessa, of having been uncanonically appointed himself and of being an enemy of Dioscorus. Several pages of the manuscripts are missing, but it does not seem that the patriarch was asked to appear or given a chance to defend himself. The bishops shouted that he was worse than
1446:
It was said
Dioscorus had previously gathered 1000 monks, telling them to wait outside the church during the council and to come when he called them. When Dioscorus began to read the sentence of condemnation against Flavian and Eusebius, some bishops went up to Dioscorus, asking him not to. Dioscorus
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The acts were then read in full and also the account of an inquiry made on April 13, 449, into the allegation of
Eutyches that the synodal acts had been incorrectly noted down, and then the account of another inquiry on April 27, 449, into the accusation made by Eutyches that Flavian had drawn up the
1344:
The brief of convocation by
Theodosius II was read. Then the legates to the Pope of the Church of Rome explained that although it would have been contrary to custom for their Pope to be present in person, the Pope of the Church of Rome had sent a letter with the legates to be read at the council. In
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In the next case, that of Ibas's nephew, Daniel of Harran, it was declared that they had clearly seen his guilt at Tyre and had acquitted him only because of his voluntary resignation. He was quickly deposed by the agreement of all the council. He, too, was not present and could not defend himself.
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called the guards, and the 1000 monks who were waiting outside with some soldiers came in and charged at
Flavian and his followers. Flavian ran to the altar and grabbed hold of it for his life. The soldiers and monks forcefully took him from the altar beating him, kicking him and then whipping him.
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council, should be read, but the legates of Rome asked that Leo's letter might be heard first. Eutyches interrupted with the complaint that he did not trust the legates. They had been to dine with
Flavian and had received much courtesy. Pope Dioscorus decided that the acts of the trial should have
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to which nothing could be added and from which nothing could be taken away. He claimed that he had been condemned by
Flavian for a mere slip of the tongue even though he had declared that he held the faith of Nicaea and Ephesus, and he had appealed to the present council. His life had been put in
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In the next session, according to the Syriac Acts, 113 people were present, including
Barsumas. Nine new names appeared. The legates did not appear and were sent for, but only the notary Dulcitius could be found and he was unwell. It was an uncanonical charge against Dioscorus at the Council of
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The Syriac Acts take up the history where the
Chalcedonian Acts break off. Of the first session, only the formal documents, letters of the emperor, and petitions of Eutyches are known to be preserved in Syriac though not within the same manuscript. It is evident that the non-Chalcedonian editor
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uttered a single word in Latin, "Contradicitur", annulling the sentence in Leo's name. He then escaped with difficulty. Flavian and
Eusebius of Dorylaeum appealed to the pope, and their letters, only lately discovered, were probably taken by Hilarus to Rome, which he reached by a devious route.
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contradicts the account in the acts of the final scene of the session. It was reported at Chalcedon that secretaries of the bishops had been violently prevented from taking notes and it was declared that both Barsumas and Dioscorus struck Flavian. It was further reported that many bishops threw
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Meanwhile, Leo I had received the appeals of Theodoret and Flavian (of whose death he was unaware) and had written to them and to the Emperor and Empress, nullifying all of the Acts of the council. He eventually excommunicated all who had taken part in it and absolved all whom it had condemned
1218:
was Archbishop of Constantinople. His opponents charged him with detaching Christ's divinity and humanity into two persons existing in one body, thereby denying the reality of the Incarnation. It is not clear whether Nestorius actually taught that. A combination of politics and personalities
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and Ibas. The detailed summary of the reception takes up some two or three pages of the report that Cheroeas sent, along with two letters of his own, to Constantinople. The report gave details of the accusations against Ibas, and led to the emperor's ordering for a new bishop to be chosen.
1618:. However, despite the fact the two great theologians had come to terms and had celebrated their agreement, Theodoret was rejected with scorn. Theodosius had twice written to prevent him from coming to the council at Ephesus, and the council found a reason to depose him in his absence.
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between those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon and those who rejected it: many Byzantine emperors over the next several hundred years attempted to reconcile the opposed parties, in the process giving rise to several other schisms and teachings later condemned as heresy, such as
1695:
whom he had brought to Ephesus) "in addition to all his other crimes he extended his madness against him who had been entrusted with the guardianship of the Vine by the Saviour", in the words of the bishops at Chalcedon, "and excommunicated the Pope himself".
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now give a list of 114 votes in the form of short speeches absolving Eutyches; three of his former judges also absolved him but by the emperor's order they were not allowed to vote. Lastly, Barsumas added his voice. A petition was read from Eutyches'
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declared that it was not a matter for inquiry but that they had to consider only recent activity, as all present had acknowledged that they strictly adhered to the faith. He was acclaimed as a guardian and the Champion of Oriental Orthodoxy.
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is said to have agreed in the first session to the acquittal of Eutyches, but he refused, on the plea of sickness, to appear at the later sessions of the council. He seems to have been disgusted or terrified or both at the leadership of
1575:
A final indictment was made in a speech by a priest of Edessa named Eulogius. Sentence was finally given against Ibas of deposition and excommunication, without any suggestion that he ought to be called to speak in his own defence.
1609:
and a personal supporter of Nestorius, had been confined within his own diocese by the emperor in the preceding year to prevent him from preaching at Antioch. Theodoret had been a friend of Nestorius, and for more than three years
1587:, had been known to favour Nestorius. He had later become Bishop of Tyre, but the emperor had deposed him in 448 under charges of bigamy and blasphemy, and Photius had succeeded him. The synod ratified the deposition of Irenaeus.
1312:
There were 127 bishops present at the council, with eight representatives of absent bishops, and lastly the deacon Hilarius with his notary, Dulcitius. The question before the council, by order of the emperor, was whether
1628:
When Theodoret, in his remote diocese, heard of the sentence pronounced in his absence, he at once appealed to Leo in a letter (Ep. cxiii). He also wrote to the legate Renatus (Ep. cxvi), being unaware that he was dead.
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However, the head notary declared that the emperor's letter should be read first, and Bishop Juvenal of Jerusalem commanded for the letter of the emperor to be presented. It ordered the presence at the council of the
1646:. The council had sent him an account of their actions, and he replied, according to the Acts, that he agreed to all the sentences that had been given and regretted that his health made his attendance impossible.
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was read, cries arose such as: "These things pollute our ears. ...Cyril is immortal. ...Let Ibas be burnt in the midst of the city of Antioch. ...Exile is of no use. Nestorius and Ibas should be burnt together!"
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was loyal to Dioscorus. He had deposed the Patriarchs of Antioch and Constantinople, but one powerful adversary yet remained. He halted at Nicaea and with ten bishops (probably the same ten Egyptian
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Chalcedon that he "had held an (ecumenical) council without the Roman See, which was never allowed". That manifestly refers to his having continued at the council after the departure of the legates.
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Immediately after receiving this message, the council proceeded to hear a number of petitions from monks and priests against Domnus. Domnus was accused of friendship with Theodoret and Flavian, of
1509:
The first case was that of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. The famous champion of the Antiochian party, he had been accused of crimes before by Domnus, Bishop of Antioch, and had been acquitted soon after
1621:
A monk from Antioch produced a volume of extracts from the works of Theodoret. First was read Theodoret's letter to the monks of the East (see Mansi, V, 1023), then some extracts from a lost
1673:
The council wrote the customary letter to the emperor (see Perry, trans., p. 431), who confirmed it with his own letter (Mansi, VII, 495, and Perry, p. 364). Dioscorus sent an
1704:), with the exception of Domnus of Antioch, who seems to have had no wish to resume his see and retired into the monastic life that he had left many years earlier with regret.
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was passed unjustly, and he who passed it was to be judged by the same. Flavian and Eusebius had previously interposed an appeal to the Roman Pope and to a synod held by him.
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which had been excommunicated by Flavian. The monks asserted that they agreed in all things with Eutyches and with the Holy Fathers, and therefore the synod absolved them.
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to the bishops of the East with a form of adhesion to the council that they were to sign (Perry, p. 375). He also went to Constantinople and appointed his secretary
1625:. The very name of the work was sufficient, in the view of the council, to condemn Theodoret, and Dioscorus pronounced the sentence of deposition and excommunication.
1297:(Greek). The legate Julius is mentioned next, but when his name was read at Chalcedon, the bishops cried: "He was cast out; no one represented Leo". Next in order is
1597:, was a cousin of Ibas. He was, therefore, accused of magic, and his case was reserved for the judgment of the new Bishop of Edessa, a surprisingly-mild decision.
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sentence against him beforehand. While the trial was being related, cries arose from those present, declaring a belief in one nature, that two natures meant
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to start a new inquiry. He was received by the people of Edessa on April 12, 449, with shouts in honour of the emperor, the governor, and the late Bishop
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Both this council and that at Chalcedon dealt primarily with Christology, the study of the nature of Christ. Both councils affirmed the doctrine of the
1413:) was read next. Many of the bishops and also the deacon Hilarus expressed their assent, some adding that nothing beyond that faith could be allowed.
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Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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and upheld the orthodox Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is both fully God and fully man. The Second Council of Ephesus decreed the formula of
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1177:. Those who accepted the teaching of Chalcedon but resided in areas dominated by Oriental Orthodox bishops were called by the non-Chalcedonians
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The report, which provided a history of the whole affair, was read at length by the order of Dioscorus. When the famous letter of Ibas to
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1203:. Over the next few centuries, various popes usually held to either one side or the other although some accepting the
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that Flavian's body was buried with honour in Constantinople. No more of the Acts were read at Chalcedon. However,
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and six other bishops, who had been present at his synod, were not allowed to sit as judges in the council.
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churches but was rejected by Chalcedonian Christians. It was explicitly repudiated by the next council, the
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Dioscorus then spoke, declaring that it followed that Flavian and Eusebius must be deposed, as if an
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of 451, recognised as the fourth ecumenical council by Chalcedonian Christians, and it was named the
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Those who do not accept the decrees of Chalcedon nor later ecumenical councils are variously named
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448. His accusers had gone to Constantinople and been granted a new trial by the emperor. Bishops
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danger and he now asked for judgment against the calumnies that had been brought against him.
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1593:, had been consecrated by Irenaeus and was his friend. He was the next to be deposed.
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The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594
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themselves on their knees to beg Dioscorus for mercy to Flavian and also Alexandrine
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1207:. Eventually, two separate papacies were established, each claiming sole legitimacy.
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There was insufficient time for Western bishops to attend except a certain Julius,
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and others note that the Council voted to depose Theodoret himself, Domnus, and
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Flavian was deported into exile and died from his wounds a few days later in
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sees an "innate rivalry" between the Sees of Alexandria and Constantinople.
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1733:– the latter itself leading to another schism lasting over a century, the
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Next was the turn of Irenaeus, who, as an influential layman at the first
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1261:(MS. Addit. 14,530) and written in 535. The first session is missing.
1944:
Chapman, John. "Robber Council of Ephesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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2028: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1827:. Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. p. 226.
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contributed to Nestorius being judged a heretic and deposed at the
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monk Barsumas. The question of faith was next on the proceedings.
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the letter, Leo I referred to his dogmatic letter to Flavian, the
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2565:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
1986:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1925:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1980:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 February 2019
1946:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 February 2019
1919:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 February 2019
1349:, which he intended the council to accept as a ruling of faith.
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1183:("King's men"), as the Emperors were usually Chalcedonians. The
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1789:. Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. pp.
1707:
The Council of Chalcedon gave rise to what has been called the
1365:
Eutyches was then introduced, and he declared that he held the
2034:
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Robber Council of Ephesus".
1253:
The Acts by the Second Council of Ephesus are known through a
29:
1957:"Chalcedon – The Treachery that Split Christendom into two"
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historically descends from these people. Shortly after the
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communions, continue to accept this designation, while the
1861:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 442.
1825:
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History
2273:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
1898:
St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy
1978:
Chapman, John. "Dioscurus." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1454:. His body was buried in obscurity. It was not until
1405:
An extract from the acts of the first session of the
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beginning November 8, 448 AD, had justly deposed and
1917:
Chapman, John. "Eutyches." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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precedence and so the letter of Leo I was not read.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1884:The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1257:translation by a monk, that was published by the
1525:were to examine the matter. The bishops met at
2012:, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing,
1962:. Bishoy’s Blog on the Coptic Orthodox Church.
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1111:; the Chalcedonian churches, particularly the
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1637:The council had a yet-bolder task before it.
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2067:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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260:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2469:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
1359:Pope (Patriarch of Alexandria) Dioscorus
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1395:Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus
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2040:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1315:Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
1155:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
1093:, and it is accepted as such by the
989:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1882:John Anthony McGuckin, ed. (2011).
1614:) he was a prominent antagonist of
1307:Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople
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1900:. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994. p. 12
1159:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
25:
1623:Apology for Diodorus and Theodore
1423:Evidence given at the ecumenical
1163:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2497:State church of the Roman Empire
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1167:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
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2328:First seven ecumenical councils
2192:First seven ecumenical councils
2112:First seven ecumenical councils
1886:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 872.
1201:Chalcedonian Pope of Alexandria
45:needs additional citations for
1653:, of altering the form of the
1303:Patriarch Domnus II of Antioch
1087:Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria
1:
2640:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
1551:l, was then ordered to go to
1293:ten authentian kai ta proteia
557:Non-Chalcedonian Christianity
435:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
395:French Coptic Orthodox Church
235:Documents and statements
27:449 AD Christian church synod
2630:440s in the Byzantine Empire
1735:Schism of the Three Chapters
1317:, in a synod held by him at
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2635:5th-century church councils
2058:"Ephesus, Council of"
1595:Sophronius, Bishop of Tella
1591:Aquilinus, Bishop of Byblus
1089:. It was intended to be an
1081:in 449 convened by Emperor
241:Flavianus of Constantinople
69:"Second Council of Ephesus"
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1853:Pelikan, Jaroslav (1975).
1605:Theodoret, an opponent of
1373:Eutyches' accuser, Bishop
1185:Antiochian Orthodox Church
914:Apostolic Church-Ordinance
552:Oriental Orthodox Theology
297:Oriental Orthodox churches
2660:Theological controversies
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2545:Conference of Addis Ababa
1601:Condemnation of Theodoret
1175:Armenian Apostolic Church
1071:Second Council of Ephesus
587:Anaphora of Saint Gregory
258:
135:Second Council of Ephesus
2362:Oriental Orthodox Church
1896:McGuckin, John Anthony.
1823:Kelly, Joseph F (2009).
1539:John of Theodosianopolis
1407:First Council of Ephesus
1085:under the presidency of
769:Athanasius of Alexandria
164:First Council of Ephesus
152:Oriental Orthodox Church
2537:Synod of Constantinople
2318:Eastern Orthodox Church
2064:Encyclopædia Britannica
1537:, Bishop of Harran and
1287:Dioscorus of Alexandria
1033:Christianity portal
799:Dioscorus of Alexandria
754:Nine Saints of Ethiopia
749:Gregory the Illuminator
685:Orthodox Tewahedo Bible
459:Saint Thomas Christians
202:Dioscorus of Alexandria
1633:Condemnation of Domnus
1328:for refusing to admit
1326:Archimandrite Eutyches
1281:himself), represented
1171:Syriac Orthodox Church
1153:ecclesial communions:
859:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
612:Liturgy of Saint Cyril
607:Liturgy of Saint Basil
602:Liturgy of Saint James
2606:37.94500°N 27.33917°E
2037:Catholic Encyclopedia
1781:, Leo Donald (1990).
1519:Eustathius of Berytus
1375:Eusebius of Dorylaeum
1330:two natures in Christ
1265:Attending signatories
1225:John Anthony McGuckin
1199:in opposition to the
864:Geevarghese Gregorios
575:Anaphora & Rites:
570:Liturgy and practices
178:(not accepted by the
2553:Pan-Orthodox Council
1689:Juvenal of Jerusalem
1460:Council of Chalcedon
1425:Council of Chalcedon
1299:Juvenal of Jerusalem
1189:Council of Chalcedon
1107:("Robber Synod") by
1099:Council of Chalcedon
899:Patriarch of Antioch
466:Ecumenical Councils:
429:History and theology
354:Independent churches
253:Domnus II of Antioch
176:Council of Chalcedon
54:improve this article
2602: /
2450:Synod of Beth Lapat
2104:Ecumenical councils
1616:Cyril of Alexandria
1482:Subsequent sessions
1476:Edessa, Mesopotamia
1285:. The emperor gave
1132:Cyril of Alexandria
972:Links and resources
894:Catholicos of India
734:Cyril of Alexandria
385:Autonomous churches
373:Malabar Independent
2611:37.94500; 27.33917
2529:Synod of Jerusalem
2442:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2417:Church of the East
2161:Constantinople III
1681:as bishop of that
1585:Council of Ephesus
1487:Attitude of schism
1340:Opening proceeding
1277:(who later became
1221:Council of Ephesus
1197:Pope of Alexandria
1195:party appointed a
1091:ecumenical council
919:Coptic monasticism
834:Michael the Syrian
809:Abraham of Farshut
804:Severus of Antioch
281:Oriental Orthodoxy
2585:
2584:
2513:Quinisext Council
2414:Recognized by the
2359:Recognized by the
2336:Constantinople IV
2314:Recognized by the
2199:Constantinople IV
2181:Recognized by the
2153:Constantinople II
2018:978-1-889758-88-6
1868:978-0-226-65371-6
1834:978-0-8146-5376-0
1800:978-0-8146-5616-7
1639:Domnus of Antioch
1523:Uranius of Imeria
1456:Flavius Marcianus
1301:, above both the
1271:Bishop of Puteoli
1147:non-Chalcedonians
1121:Oriental Orthodox
1067:
1066:
934:Coonan Cross Oath
849:Giyorgis of Segla
774:Ephrem the Syrian
331:Orthodox Tewahedo
265:
264:
239:Condemnations of
180:Oriental Orthodox
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2576:
2573:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2492:
2480:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2434:Constantinople I
2429:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2379:Constantinople I
2374:
2351:
2347:Constantinople V
2341:
2330:
2320:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2129:Constantinople I
2124:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2041:
2027:
2026:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1788:
1774:
1332:. Consequently,
1295:
1289:the presidency:
1128:hypostatic union
1117:Eastern Orthodox
1059:
1052:
1045:
1031:
1030:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1001:
992:
991:
982:
981:
954:Tewahedo fasting
909:Ethiopian titles
824:Gregory of Narek
819:Simon the Tanner
709:St. Thomas Cross
597:West Syriac Rite
582:Alexandrian Rite
478:Constantinople I
449:Tewahedo history
292:
282:
267:
187:Convoked by
159:Previous council
148:Accepted by
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2495:
2483:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2344:
2333:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2183:Catholic Church
2182:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2106:
2101:
2069:Second section.
2051:
2048:
2033:
2024:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1801:
1776:
1775:
1748:
1743:
1671:
1635:
1603:
1515:Photius of Tyre
1507:
1505:Double jeopardy
1498:
1489:
1484:
1342:
1267:
1251:
1213:
1063:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
973:
965:
964:
963:
944:Fast of Nineveh
939:Ethiopian chant
878:
870:
869:
868:
794:Mesrop Mashtots
728:
720:
719:
718:
714:Ethiopian cross
689:
660:
626:
571:
563:
562:
561:
537:
463:
430:
422:
421:
386:
378:
377:
355:
347:
280:
236:
172:
160:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2521:Synod of Jassy
2517:
2509:
2493:
2481:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2271:Basel-Florence
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2055:, ed. (1911).
2053:Chisholm, Hugh
2047:
2046:External links
2044:
2043:
2042:
2021:
2006:, translator,
2004:Edward Walford
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1965:
1948:
1931:
1909:
1889:
1874:
1867:
1840:
1833:
1806:
1799:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1731:Three Chapters
1670:
1667:
1644:Pope Dioscorus
1634:
1631:
1602:
1599:
1547:, Governor of
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1379:Constantinople
1341:
1338:
1323:excommunicated
1319:Constantinople
1266:
1263:
1259:British Museum
1250:
1247:
1239:Constantinople
1212:
1209:
1123:repudiate it.
1113:Roman Catholic
1075:Christological
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
956:
951:
949:Coptic fasting
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
879:
877:Related topics
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:Tekle Haymanot
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
706:
704:Armenian Cross
701:
695:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
680:Armenian Bible
677:
672:
666:
665:
664:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
617:Malankara Rite
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
554:
549:
543:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
454:Syriac history
451:
446:
444:Coptic history
440:
439:
438:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
410:
404:Constantinople
397:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
366:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
285:
284:
276:
275:
263:
262:
256:
255:
237:
234:
231:
230:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
188:
184:
183:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Robber Council
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Theodosius II
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:public domain
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:public domain
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:public domain
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:9789004099906
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:monotheletism
1718:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1693:metropolitans
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:, removed to
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1249:First session
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:autocephalous
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Theodosius II
1080:
1076:
1072:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
987:
985:
977:
976:
969:
968:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Coptic saints
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
874:
873:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:Ezana of Axum
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Tiridates III
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:Major figures
724:
723:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
691:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
662:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Armenian Rite
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
574:
573:
567:
566:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
436:
433:
432:
426:
425:
418:
414:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
396:
392:
389:
388:
382:
381:
374:
370:
367:
365:
361:
358:
357:
351:
350:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
286:
283:
277:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
229:
228:Monophysitism
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
192:Theodosius II
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2015
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2587:
2571:
2485:Great Church
2394:
2350:(1341–1351)*
2345:
2335:
2062:
2035:
2008:
1951:
1912:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1856:
1824:
1784:
1724:
1717:monoenergism
1706:
1698:
1687:
1672:
1651:Nestorianism
1648:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:Bishop Maris
1566:
1559:and against
1543:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1474:, Bishop of
1449:
1445:
1437:papal legate
1434:
1422:
1415:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:Nestorianism
1384:
1372:
1367:Nicene Creed
1364:
1351:
1343:
1311:
1290:
1268:
1252:
1235:archmandrite
1229:
1214:
1178:
1139:monophysites
1136:
1125:
1102:
1070:
1068:
839:Bar Hebraeus
699:Coptic cross
675:Coptic Bible
547:Miaphysitism
523:Capharthutha
487:
224:Nestorianism
171:Next council
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2609: /
2403:Ephesus III
2305:(1962–1965)
2297:(1869–1870)
2289:(1545–1563)
2281:(1512–1517)
2265:(1414–1418)
2257:(1311–1312)
2223:Lateran III
1709:Monophysite
1700:(including
1458:called the
1347:Tome of Leo
1223:in 431 AD.
1143:miaphysites
1104:Latrocinium
1014:WikiProject
854:Mar Thoma I
622:Holy Qurobo
493:Ephesus III
220:Christology
2624:Categories
2597:27°20′21″E
2594:37°56′42″N
2395:Ephesus II
2303:Vatican II
2231:Lateran IV
2215:Lateran II
1741:References
1675:encyclical
1496:Attendance
1430:Parabolani
1283:Pope Leo I
1243:Pope Leo I
1211:Background
1193:miaphysite
1173:, and the
1109:Pope Leo I
1095:miaphysite
889:Catholicos
784:Frumentius
629:Calendars:
528:Shirakavan
488:Ephesus II
245:Pope Leo I
208:Attendance
80:newspapers
2338:(879–880)
2295:Vatican I
2279:Lateran V
2263:Constance
2207:Lateran I
2201:(869–870)
2169:Nicaea II
2163:(680–681)
2145:Chalcedon
1726:Henotikon
1702:Theodoret
1679:Anatolius
1669:Reception
1655:Sacrament
1607:Dioscorus
1561:Nestorius
1464:Theodoret
1400:monastery
1355:Nestorian
1216:Nestorius
1205:Henotikon
1004:Templates
829:Nerses IV
764:Mar Awgin
739:Mor Addai
656:Gregorian
646:Ethiopian
540:Theology:
518:Manzikert
483:Ephesus I
408:Jerusalem
336:Ethiopian
249:Theodoret
198:President
2461:See also
2426:Nicaea I
2371:Nicaea I
2121:Nicaea I
1729:and the
1549:Osrhoene
1545:Cheroeas
1468:Evagrius
1440:Hilarius
1418:anathema
1275:Hilarius
1231:Eutyches
1180:Melkites
984:Category
904:Maphrian
789:Shenoute
670:Peshitta
636:Armenian
508:Dvin III
473:Nicaea I
400:Armenian
341:Eritrean
316:Armenian
272:a series
270:Part of
190:Emperor
2645:Ephesus
2387:Ephesus
2247:Lyon II
2137:Ephesus
2032::
1998:Sources
1777:Davis,
1659:Baptism
1557:Rabbula
1531:Berytus
1334:Flavian
1233:was an
1077:church
929:Debtera
744:Abgar V
533:Hromkla
513:Dvin IV
503:Dvin II
364:British
326:Cilicia
94:scholar
2555:(2016)
2547:(1965)
2539:(1872)
2531:(1672)
2523:(1642)
2255:Vienne
2249:(1274)
2241:(1245)
2239:Lyon I
2233:(1215)
2225:(1179)
2217:(1139)
2209:(1123)
2016:
1904:
1865:
1831:
1797:
1712:Schism
1612:434 AD
1553:Edessa
1535:Daniel
1511:Easter
1411:431 AD
1255:Syriac
1191:, the
1073:was a
959:Timkat
692:Cross:
663:Bible:
651:Julian
641:Coptic
498:Dvin I
413:Syriac
391:Coptic
369:Syriac
360:Coptic
321:Indian
311:Syriac
306:Coptic
251:, and
216:Topics
96:
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82:
75:
67:
2515:(692)
2487:(180–
2475:/155–
2452:(484)
2444:(410)
2436:(381)
2428:(325)
2405:(475)
2397:(449)
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2381:(381)
2373:(325)
2287:Trent
2171:(787)
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2139:(431)
2131:(381)
2123:(325)
1960:(PDF)
1610:(431-
1452:Lydia
1353:anti-
1145:, or
1079:synod
994:Media
884:Abuna
814:Yared
101:JSTOR
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2014:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1719:and
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1527:Tyre
1521:and
1472:Ibas
1435:The
1393:The
1305:and
1279:Pope
1115:and
1069:The
140:Date
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274:on
247:,
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