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for six years as a post-doctoral fellow and research associate in neuroendocrinology. Before returning to UCSF in 2001, he was a faculty member at the
University of Tennessee, Memphis, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and worked at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis. In 2013 he
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Lustig's statements regarding fructose as a "poison" and the primary cause of weight gain have been disputed because claims of fructose toxicity are unproven. Excessive consumption of fructose-containing beverages is likely a cause of weight gain and obesity in many people due to the additional
326:
rather than a specific toxic effect of fructose. Fructose – when consumed in excess as a sweetening agent in foods and beverages – is associated with surplus calories and greater risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders as components of
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Lustig has authored 105 peer-reviewed articles and 65 reviews. He is a former chair of the obesity task force of the
Pediatric Endocrine Society, a member of the obesity task force of the
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192:. He is also director of UCSF's WATCH program (Weight Assessment for Teen and Child Health), and president and co-founder of the non-profit Institute for Responsible Nutrition.
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Lustig came to public attention in 2009 when one of his medical lectures, "Sugar: The Bitter Truth", was aired. He is the editor of
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956:"Relationship of soft drink consumption to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: A cross-national analysis of 75 countries"
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Johnson, RK; Appel, LJ; Brands, M; Howard, BV; Lefevre, M; Lustig, RH; Sacks, F; Steffen, LM; Wylie-Rosett, J (2009).
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and soft drinks), and by fructose in fruit juice and vegetable juice. His position was that sugars are not simply
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764:"Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association"
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This article is about the
American pediatric endocrinologist. For the American football executive, see
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286:. In the early 21st century, Lustig believed that the liver is damaged by fructose in table sugar and
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guideline on sugar intake, which recommended that women consume no more than 100 calories daily from
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2015:
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915:"Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity"
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1016:"Fructose and cardiometabolic health: What the evidence from sugar-sweetened beverages tells us"
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812:"Misconceptions about fructose-containing sugars and their role in the obesity epidemic"
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576:"UCSF Lecture on Sugar & Obesity Goes Viral as Experts Confront Health Crisis"
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Fat Chance: Beating the Odds against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and
Disease.
180:. He is professor emeritus of pediatrics in the division of endocrinology at the
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866:"Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy"
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Metabolical: The Lure and Lies of
Processed Food, Nutrition, and Modern Medicine
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Fat Chance: Beating the Odds against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and
Disease
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1155:"Explained: The actual difference between sugar and high-fructose corn syrup"
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Biochemical, neural, hormonal and genetic influences contributing to obesity
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Obesity Before Birth: Maternal and
Prenatal Influences on the Offspring.
282:(table sugar), honey, fruit and some vegetables – on the development of
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Obesity Before Birth: Maternal and
Prenatal Influences on the Offspring
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Basu, Sanjay; McKee, Martin; Galea, Gauden; Stuckler, David (2013).
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565:, University of California Television, May 26, 2009; July 20, 2009.
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Lustig's publications discussed a proposed toxic effect of dietary
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587:
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604:"Robert Lustig, M.D., Professor, pediatric endocrinology, UCSF"
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419:"What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it?"
578:, University of California, San Francisco, March 11, 2010.
606:, University of California, Hastings College of the Law.
810:
van Buul, Vincent J.; Tappy, Luc; Brouns, Fred (2014).
331:. Other reviews indicate that fructose has no specific
290:
used in manufactured food and beverages (particularly
1073:"The effect of fructose on renal biology and disease"
1071:
Johnson, RJ; Sanchez-Lozada, LG; Nakagawa, T (2010).
81:
University of
California, Hastings College of the Law
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at UCSF the following year. After this he worked at
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870:Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
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105:Clinical medical practice, teaching and research
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1077:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1020:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
2294:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
641:"Public health: The toxic truth about sugar"
2001:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
859:
857:
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715:"Fructose: it's "alcohol without the buzz""
223:. He obtained a bachelor's degree from the
113:Neuroendocrinology, pediatric endocrinology
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1118:, University of California, San Francisco.
919:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
913:Bray, GA; Nielsen, SJ; Popkin, BM (2004).
540:, University of California, San Francisco.
38:
27:
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417:Weiss, R; Bremer, AA; Lustig, RH (2013).
1014:Malik, Vasanti S.; Hu, Frank B. (2015).
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242:in 1983 and his clinical fellowship in
182:University of California, San Francisco
122:University of California, San Francisco
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635:Lustig, Robert H.; Schmidt, Laura A.;
552:, Institute for Responsible Nutrition.
533:
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369:Sugar Has 56 Names: A Shopper's Guide
225:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
135:Childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome
69:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
2304:Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
489:(documentary featuring Lustig, 2014)
2309:American pediatric endocrinologists
1126:University of California Television
864:Stanhope, KL (September 17, 2015).
475:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
305:Lustig was a coauthor of the 2009
229:Cornell University Medical College
75:Cornell University Medical College
14:
2110:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1206:List of sugars and sugar products
960:American Journal of Public Health
781:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627
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1139:, February 19, 2014 (interview).
383:The Hacking of the American Mind
184:(UCSF), where he specialized in
2289:Low-carbohydrate diet advocates
364:New York: Hudson Street Press.
298:, and rejected the idea that "
257:UC Hastings College of the Law
1:
1150:, March 18, 2010 (interview).
882:10.3109/10408363.2015.1084990
240:St. Louis Children's Hospital
374:(2014) with Heather Millar,
1133:"Learning to Cut the Sugar"
176:(born 1957) is an American
126:Benioff Children's Hospital
53:1957 (age 66–67)
2330:
1996:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1976:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1956:1811 German Coast uprising
1562:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
1122:"Fat Chance: Fructose 2.0"
1032:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025
816:Nutrition Research Reviews
313:and men no more than 150.
307:American Heart Association
20:
16:Endocrinologist, professor
2243:
1203:
828:10.1017/S0954422414000067
588:"About Dr. Robert Lustig"
563:"Sugar: The Bitter Truth"
517:January 12, 2012, at the
399:. New York: Harper Wave.
357:Boston: Springer Science.
215:, New York, and attended
178:pediatric endocrinologist
147:
94:
37:
1422:High-fructose corn syrup
972:10.2105/ajph.2012.300974
512:"Robert Lustig, MD, MSL"
288:high-fructose corn syrup
253:Master of Studies in Law
1971:Colonial molasses trade
1427:High-maltose corn syrup
592:About Dr. Robert Lustig
480:Epidemiology of obesity
376:The Fat Chance Cookbook
244:pediatric endocrinology
227:in 1976 and an MD from
2231:Pure, White and Deadly
2011:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1917:By region (historical)
1090:10.1681/ASN.2010050506
335:compared to any other
300:a calorie is a calorie
248:Rockefeller University
217:Stuyvesant High School
199:(2010), and author of
2021:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1961:Amelioration Act 1798
932:10.1093/ajcn/79.4.537
731:10.3945/an.112.002998
719:Advances in Nutrition
1700:Unrefined sweeteners
1522:Crystalline fructose
1437:Inverted sugar syrup
1153:Ferdman, Roberto A.
423:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
1785:By region (current)
1685:Sugar confectionery
1159:The Washington Post
713:Lustig, RH (2013).
657:2012Natur.482...27L
538:"Robert Lustig, MD"
435:2013NYASA1281..123W
2189:Sweetened beverage
2016:Sugar Intervention
1924:Danish West Indies
1906:U.S. Sugar Program
1665:Cotton candy floss
1572:Plantation Reserve
1467:Steen's cane syrup
1137:The New York Times
701:The New York Times
637:Brindis, Claire D.
493:Metabolic disorder
443:10.1111/nyas.12030
378:, Thorndike Press.
329:metabolic syndrome
211:Lustig grew up in
186:neuroendocrinology
2271:
2270:
2120:Blood sugar level
1986:Leith Sugar House
1942:
1941:
1901:Sugar Association
1708:
1707:
1670:Maple sugar foods
1375:Barley malt syrup
1198:as food commodity
1116:Robert Lustig, MD
1083:(12): 2036–2039.
1026:(14): 1615–1624.
966:(11): 2071–2077.
703:, April 13, 2011.
697:"Is Sugar Toxic?"
405:978-0-06-302771-8
391:978-1-101-98258-7
278:– a component of
264:Endocrine Society
238:was completed at
190:childhood obesity
171:
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56:New York City, US
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2184:Sugar substitute
2026:Triangular trade
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1380:Brown rice syrup
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1161:, April 1, 2015.
1131:Connor, Anahad.
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292:convenience food
174:Robert H. Lustig
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32:Robert H. Lustig
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1889:Tate & Lyle
1880:United Kingdom
1797:Bundaberg Sugar
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1776:Sugar marketing
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1690:Sugarcane juice
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1142:Donovan, John.
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666:10.1038/482027a
651:(7383): 27–29.
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616:"Robert Lustig"
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574:Kate Vidinsky,
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561:Robert Lustig,
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519:Wayback Machine
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2130:Flavored syrup
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1365:List of syrups
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1110:External links
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296:empty calories
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:United States
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:British Sugar
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Sugar alcohol
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Glucose syrup
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Maesil-cheong
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
755:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:(2): 226–35.
724:
720:
716:
709:
706:
702:
698:
692:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
571:
568:
564:
558:
555:
551:
546:
543:
539:
534:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
508:
505:
498:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
462:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:(1): 123–40.
428:
424:
420:
415:
414:
413:
412:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
86:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
64:
60:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
2229:
2219:
2079:Sugar people
2067:Sugar packet
1991:Molasses Act
1966:Blackbirding
1859:Illovo Sugar
1854:South Africa
1807:Wilmar Sugar
1602:Butterscotch
1597:Barley sugar
1502:
1417:Golden syrup
1395:Mogwa-cheong
1247:Disaccharide
1158:
1147:
1144:"Sugar Wars"
1136:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1023:
1019:
963:
959:
949:
922:
918:
908:
876:(1): 52–67.
873:
869:
819:
815:
771:
767:
757:
722:
718:
708:
700:
695:Gary Taube,
691:
648:
644:
619:
611:
599:
591:
583:
570:
557:
545:
507:
485:
426:
422:
410:
409:
396:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
346:
337:carbohydrate
320:
311:added sugars
304:
273:
270:Publications
261:
251:completed a
233:
210:
200:
196:
194:
173:
172:
118:Institutions
95:
18:
2314:1957 births
2225:John Yudkin
2135:Fruit syrup
2052:Sugar shack
2042:Added sugar
1981:Holing cane
1839:Philippines
1739:Casa-grande
1653:Other forms
1629:Sugar glass
1592:Sugar candy
1532:Gula melaka
1512:Candi sugar
1491:Solid forms
1482:Yacón syrup
1472:Table syrup
1447:Maple syrup
1400:Yuja-cheong
1370:Agave syrup
1305:Agave syrup
1274:Added sugar
768:Circulation
255:(MSL) from
2278:Categories
2263:Production
2140:Date honey
2125:Cane knife
2062:Sugar nips
1751:Sugar bush
1734:Plantation
1722:Production
1617:Rock candy
1582:Preserving
1462:Pine honey
1407:Corn syrup
1295:Sugar beet
550:"Our team"
499:References
385:, Avery.
102:Profession
77:(MD, 1980)
71:(BS, 1976)
23:Bob Lustig
2199:Sweetness
2194:Sweetener
2084:Sugar tit
2072:Sucrology
2047:Crop Over
2006:Sugar Act
1849:Sri Lanka
1834:Mauritius
1819:Caribbean
1792:Australia
1634:Sugarloaf
1552:Muscovado
1504:Peen tong
1442:Kuromitsu
1300:Sugarcane
1267:Trehalose
1230:Galactose
1213:Chemistry
1148:Nightline
1040:0735-1097
980:0090-0036
683:205069736
317:Reception
236:residency
231:in 1980.
221:Manhattan
207:Biography
62:Education
2253:Category
2213:Research
2057:Sugaring
1871:Tanzania
1746:Refinery
1714:Industry
1639:Wasanbon
1577:Powdered
1517:Chancaca
1457:Molasses
1349:Products
1325:Honeydew
1225:Fructose
1099:21115612
1058:26429086
998:23488503
941:15051594
900:26376619
846:24666553
790:19704096
749:23493539
675:22297952
639:(2012).
515:Archived
469:See also
461:23356701
411:Articles
371:, Avery.
276:fructose
213:Brooklyn
203:(2013).
157:profiles
140:Research
2204:Vinasse
2115:Bagasse
2103:Related
2035:Culture
1948:History
1761:Engenho
1729:Boilery
1695:Tuzemák
1660:Caramel
1587:Sucanat
1537:Jaggery
1527:Gelling
1477:Treacle
1452:Mizuame
1315:Coconut
1288:Sources
1262:Sucrose
1257:Maltose
1252:Lactose
1235:Glucose
1049:4592517
989:3828681
891:4822166
837:4078442
740:3649103
653:Bibcode
452:3715098
431:Bibcode
395:(2021)
381:(2017)
367:(2013)
360:(2013)
353:(2010)
284:obesity
280:sucrose
165:.lustig
163:/robert
152:Website
124:, UCSF
87:, 2013)
2234:(1972)
2162:Nectar
2150:Jallab
1934:Hawaii
1876:Uganda
1844:Rwanda
1622:Toffee
1567:Panela
1385:Cheong
1357:Syrups
1240:Xylose
1146:, ABC
1097:
1056:
1046:
1038:
996:
986:
978:
939:
898:
888:
844:
834:
788:
747:
737:
681:
673:
645:Nature
486:Fed Up
459:
449:
403:
389:
2145:Grape
1829:India
1824:Kenya
1771:Zafra
1766:Batey
1644:White
1607:Candy
1542:Misri
1498:Brown
1432:Honey
1330:Maple
1310:Birch
1196:Sugar
679:S2CID
348:Books
159:.ucsf
110:Field
1929:Fiji
1814:Cuba
1612:Hard
1340:Malt
1335:Palm
1320:Date
1095:PMID
1054:PMID
1036:ISSN
994:PMID
976:ISSN
937:PMID
896:PMID
842:PMID
786:PMID
745:PMID
671:PMID
457:PMID
427:1281
401:ISBN
387:ISBN
188:and
161:.edu
50:Born
1802:CSR
1675:Rum
1557:Nib
1085:doi
1044:PMC
1028:doi
984:PMC
968:doi
964:103
927:doi
886:PMC
878:doi
832:PMC
824:doi
776:doi
772:120
735:PMC
727:doi
661:doi
649:482
447:PMC
439:doi
302:."
219:in
85:MSL
2280::
1157:,
1135:,
1124:,
1093:.
1081:21
1079:.
1075:.
1052:.
1042:.
1034:.
1024:66
1022:.
1018:.
1006:^
992:.
982:.
974:.
962:.
958:.
935:.
923:79
921:.
917:.
894:.
884:.
874:53
872:.
868:.
854:^
840:.
830:.
820:27
818:.
814:.
798:^
784:.
770:.
766:.
743:.
733:.
721:.
717:.
699:,
677:.
669:.
659:.
647:.
643:.
627:^
618:,
590:,
526:^
455:.
445:.
437:.
425:.
421:.
339:.
259:.
1188:e
1181:t
1174:v
1101:.
1087::
1060:.
1030::
1000:.
970::
943:.
929::
902:.
880::
848:.
826::
792:.
778::
751:.
729::
723:4
685:.
663::
655::
622:.
594:.
463:.
441::
433::
83:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
