410:
368:, was used as a school starting in 1798. Ten years later the school was moved to the African Meeting House. In the 1820s, the city government provided two primary schools for black children. School conditions and teacher quality was not maintained by the Boston School Committee, and children of color were excluded from Boston's high school and Latin school. The efforts to create a separate but equal school system in Boston failed.
33:
404:
The Morris family eventually began worshipping at the Church of the
Immaculate Conception in Boston’s South End, which was connected to Boston College. Morris established connections with early Boston College leaders, including Father Robert J. Fulton, S.J. In the summer of 1868, Morris traveled
249:
for the afternoon. The case generated national publicity, large demonstrations, protests and an attack on US Marshals at the courthouse. Federal troops were used to ensure Burns was transported to a ship for return to
Virginia after the trial. He was eventually ransomed from slavery, with his
359:
in Boston schools: "It is very hard to retain self-respect if we see ourselves set apart and avoided as a degraded race by others ... Do not say to our children that however well-behaved their very presence is in a public school, is contamination to your children." Lastly, they said that black
363:
Boston's
African American community worked for educational opportunities as early as 1787, when Prince Hall petitioned for equal access to public schools to the legislature of Massachusetts. His and other attempts to gain access to schools were also denied. The Beacon Hill home of Hall's son,
405:
across Europe with his family and reminisced later about their experience riding in trains and staying in hotels without facing racial discrimination. During the trip, Morris, Catharine, and Robert Jr. stayed in Rome and had a personal audience with the Pope at the
Vatican.
435:. The Morris family had a strong relationship with Boston College in its earliest days. These books went to Boston College either after Morris's death in 1882, his widow Catharine's death in 1895, or both. His law books, mentioned in his will, have not been located.
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311:, Minkins escaped and fled to Canada. Nine abolitionists were indicted, and charges were dismissed for some individuals. Morris and Lewis Hayden, who had stormed the courtroom to get Minkins, were tried and acquitted.
127:. When Loring's regular copyist, a white youth, neglected his duties, Morris took over for him. Impressed with Morris's intellect, Loring tutored him in the law, and in 1847 presented him for admission to the
957:
335:. Morris repeatedly petitioned the Massachusetts legislature on their behalf, but the Massasoit Guards were never officially recognized or supported by the state. The group was a precursor to the
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284:. Upon his arrest at the restaurant where he worked, Minkins was taken to a hearing at the Boston courthouse. Morris worked with attorneys Samuel E. Sewall, Ellis Gray Loring, and
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Morris was a book collector, and the extant part of his library is held by the John J. Burns
Library (over 80 in number) and the Law Library (2 books) at
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1365:
442:. Over 135 titles have been identified so far, including the extant books at Boston College and other titles listed in one of Morris's account books.
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Morris was born on June 8, 1823, in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of 15, Morris went to work as a household servant for the abolitionist lawyer,
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schools did not provide the same level of education as the multiple forms of white schools, including primary, grammar, Latin and high schools.
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and Morris acted as Burns' attorneys, but were unsuccessful. With the ruling made against Burns, the government effectively held Boston under
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ruling in 1896, which codified the "separate but equal" standard. "Separate but equal" was ultimately overturned by the high court in
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from
Norfolk, Virginia, who escaped in 1850 to Boston, Massachusetts and worked as a waiter. He was captured and held under the
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710:. Boston African American National Historic Site (National Park Service); Museum of African American History
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collaborated to obtain
Minkins' release. He was rescued by white and black members of the anti-slavery
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to defend
Minkins. Seeking to have Minkins released from custody, they filed a petition for writ of
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380:, by the governor, making him the second black lawyer to hold a judicial post. He ran for mayor of
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After his admission to the bar in 1847, Morris may have been the first black male lawyer to file a
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Sara's Long Walk The Free Blacks of Boston and How Their
Struggle for Equality Changed America
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764:"Site 13: Abiel Smith School, Museum of African American History, 46 Joy Street, Beacon Hill"
705:"Black Heritage Trail (Boston African American National Heritage Site Park Brochure, Side 2)"
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Morris was married to
Catherine Mason Morris, and they had a son, Robert Jr. Though raised a
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White, Arthur O. (1973). "The Black Leadership Class and Education in Antebellum Boston".
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say there is "no direct knowledge that ever met", nor is such a partnership mentioned in
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Schooling Citizens: The Struggle for African American Education in Antebellum America
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876:"Religion and the Irish Community - Robert Morris - Law Library - Boston College"
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with the Supreme Judicial Court, which was refused by Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw.
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664:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1998 paperback reprint). pp. 83-87.
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pressed the case, which is believed to be the first legal challenge to the "
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110:, and was called "the first really successful colored lawyer in America."
417:(Boston, 1852). Morris Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College.
258:
809:
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An ongoing reconstruction of Morris's personal library is available on
255:
250:
freedom purchased by Boston sympathizers. Afterward he was educated at
140:
150:
opened America's first black law office in Boston, but the authors of
103:
801:
916:"The Library of Robert Morris, Civil Rights Lawyer & Activist."
900:
899:
Bauer, Avi, Mary Sarah Bilder, Laurel Davis, and Nick Szydlowski.
408:
143:
in the U.S. He was also the first black lawyer to win a lawsuit.
901:"Robert Morris: Civil Rights Lawyer & Antislavery Activist."
946:
319:
After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, clothing retailer
413:
Morris bookplate and signature on his copy of J. A. Carnes's
694:
Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
637:
Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
415:
Journal of a Voyage from Boston to the West Coast of Africa
187:
challenge to segregated public schools in the 1848 case of
237:
was a fugitive slave who was captured and tried under the
768:
Museum of African American History (Boston and Nantucket)
973:
Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
99:(June 8, 1823 – December 12, 1882) was one of the first
1201:(abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)
517:
Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944
490:
Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944
156:
Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944
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founded an African-American militia unit called the
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1428:Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
183:causes, notably filing and trying the first U.S.
662:Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen
520:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 96.
582:Kendrick, Stephen & Kendrick, Paul (2004).
487:Smith Jr., J. Clay; Marshall, Thurgood (1999).
1498:Boston African American National Historic Site
983:Boston African American National Historic Site
735:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 154–.
620:
618:
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482:
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396:, Morris converted to his wife's religion of
8:
1489:(Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
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376:Morris was commissioned as a magistrate of
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1207:(abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)
1183:(abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
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943:
856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
307:. After having been hidden in an attic in
201:" practice of segregation in America. The
31:
20:
1366:Massachusetts General Colored Association
914:Davis, Laurel E., and Mary Sarah Bilder.
586:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. pp. 6–7.
651:BlackPast.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
1165:(dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
1135:(Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
451:
209:later cited the case in support of its
849:
828:. C. Peter Ripley. Chapel Hill. 2015.
146:According to some sources, Morris and
1662:19th-century African-American lawyers
993:Slavery in the colonial United States
427:The Morris Library and Boston College
7:
493:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
203:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
1642:Lawyers from Chelsea, Massachusetts
1105:(abolitionist, author, businessman)
1647:African-American history in Boston
1372:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1360:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1354:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
729:Moss, Hilary J. (April 15, 2010).
561:"Allen, Macon Bolling (1816-1894)"
205:ruled against Morris in 1850. The
14:
1627:Lawyers from Salem, Massachusetts
1045:(slave memoirists, abolitionists)
559:Manos, Nick (December 31, 2008).
463:"Morris, Robert, Sr. (1823–1882)"
1482:African Meeting House and Museum
1087:(abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
546:Massachusetts Historical Society
1153:(teacher, abolitionist, author)
1075:(abolitionist, slave memoirist)
932:"Robert Morris Legacy Library."
179:Morris was active in black and
1632:African-American abolitionists
1513:Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
790:The Journal of Negro Education
683:The Ordeal of Shadrach Minkins
626:The Ordeal of Shadrach Minkins
1:
1652:19th-century American lawyers
1141:(lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
825:The black abolitionist papers
1503:Charles Street Meeting House
1133:George Middleton (1735–1815)
514:Smith, Jay Clay Jr. (1999).
1268:1857 Supreme Court decision
1033:(minister, slave memoirist)
599:"Anthony Burns (1834–1862)"
378:Essex County, Massachusetts
337:54th Massachusetts Regiment
331:and protect residents from
218:Brown v. Board of Education
1678:
1657:African-American Catholics
1581:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
1286:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1177:(abolitionist, politician)
1099:(abolitionist, politician)
904:Boston College Law School.
305:Boston Vigilance Committee
282:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
239:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
172:
1637:Abolitionists from Boston
1451:(Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
1093:(freemason, abolitionist)
978:
690:October 27, 2017, at the
355:argued the importance of
295:Morris collaborated with
30:
1542:Influential publications
1368:(abolitionism, equality)
1195:(minister, abolitionist)
1171:(college grad., teacher)
1081:(abolitionist, minister)
1069:(abolitionist, minister)
1455:Prince Hall Freemasonry
1378:Prince Hall Freemasonry
1239:Back-to-Africa movement
1043:Ellen and William Craft
1039:(abolitionist, soldier)
601:. Encyclopedia Virginia
1596:Abolition Riot of 1836
1586:William Lloyd Garrison
1518:George Middleton House
1433:Twelfth Baptist Church
1265:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1223:associated individuals
1147:(abolitionist, writer)
648:Edwin Garrison Walker.
418:
407:
382:Chelsea, Massachusetts
286:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
243:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
1523:William C. Nell House
1423:African Meeting House
1400:African Meeting House
1002:Prominent individuals
921:, Fall 2019: 461-508.
860:) CS1 maint: others (
633:May 12, 2013, at the
412:
402:
72:Boston, Massachusetts
1493:Black Heritage Trail
1049:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
988:Black Heritage Trail
542:"Fugitive Slave law"
54:Salem, Massachusetts
1533:John J. Smith House
1394:Home of Primus Hall
1221:Relevant topics and
1169:John Brown Russwurm
1145:William Cooper Nell
1017:(college professor)
1009:Macon Bolling Allen
919:Law Library Journal
353:William Cooper Nell
148:Macon Bolling Allen
1477:Abiel Smith School
1406:Abiel Smith School
1309:History of slavery
1117:(Rev. War soldier)
419:
343:School integration
225:Fugitive Slave Act
212:Plessy v. Ferguson
207:U.S. Supreme Court
199:separate but equal
1604:
1603:
1550:Freedom's Journal
1508:John Coburn House
1487:Black Beacon Hill
1463:
1462:
1335:
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1276:Elizabeth Freeman
1231:Black nationalism
930:Davis, Laurel E.
835:978-1-4696-2438-9
742:978-0-226-54251-5
597:Finkleman, Paul.
500:978-0-8122-1685-1
190:Roberts v. Boston
175:Roberts v. Boston
168:Roberts v. Boston
152:Sarah's Long Walk
129:Massachusetts bar
125:Ellis Gray Loring
94:
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64:December 12, 1882
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1470:or neighborhoods
1449:Bucks of America
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1294:Shadrach Minkins
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1211:Phillis Wheatley
1199:Edward G. Walker
1181:Maria W. Stewart
1015:William G. Allen
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1123:(escaped slave)
1055:Lucy Lew Dalton
1025:Boston Massacre
1023:(killed during
1021:Crispus Attucks
1011:(lawyer, judge)
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321:John P. Coburn
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1109:Thomas James
1097:Lewis Hayden
1073:Moses Grandy
1067:Hosea Easton
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66:(1882-12-12)
50:June 8, 1823
18:
1622:1882 deaths
1617:1823 births
1591:Isaac Knapp
1402:(1806–1835)
1396:(1798–1806)
1298:Thomas Sims
1257:Legal cases
1157:Thomas Paul
1091:Prince Hall
1085:Primus Hall
1051:(physician)
885:January 31,
398:Catholicism
384:, in 1866.
366:Primus Hall
357:integration
329:Beacon Hill
309:Beacon Hill
247:martial law
241:in Boston.
1611:Categories
1243:Paul Cuffe
1189:(minister)
1187:Baron Stow
1159:(minister)
1151:Susan Paul
1111:(minister)
880:www.bc.edu
844:1062298283
446:References
327:to police
119:Early life
79:Occupation
46:1823-06-08
1387:Education
852:cite book
748:April 23,
605:August 5,
567:April 24,
469:April 25,
221:in 1954.
114:Biography
104:attorneys
1416:Religion
1408:(1835-?)
773:July 13,
714:July 13,
688:Archived
631:Archived
347:Morris,
259:preacher
135:Attorney
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810:2966563
256:Baptist
141:lawsuit
106:in the
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351:, and
276:was a
82:Lawyer
1442:Other
1241:(See
806:JSTOR
708:(PDF)
887:2023
862:link
858:link
840:OCLC
830:ISBN
775:2020
750:2013
737:ISBN
716:2020
666:ISBN
607:2015
569:2013
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495:ISBN
471:2013
299:and
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