353:'s right to say that Paxton has become a pillar of the French establishment ... Historians will one day move beyond Paxton. In some ways, it's been hard for French people to do that because it seems as if you're making an apology for the Vichy government ... But even when people do turn against Paxton, they'll still say that this is a wonderful book, a classic example of how you might do a certain kind of history.
326:
would object to Paxton's portrayal of them as "heirs of the regime they fought against" and that it would disturb all those who believed that PĂ©tain had played a "double game" between the Axis and the Allies. Communists welcomed the book for buttressing their belief that Vichy had been the product of
293:
There was little recognition in French scholarship on the active participation of the Vichy regime in the deportation of French Jews, until Paxton's 1972 book appeared. The book received a French translation within a year and sold thousands of copies in France. In the words of French historian
266:, Paxton did not play down Vichy's achievements in his explanation of its domestic agenda. He argued that the reforms undertaken by the Vichy government prefigured the reforms of the 1950s and 1960s and derived from Vichy's aim to transform French society.
321:
would make the left feel uneasy by its contradiction of their belief that only the Ă©lite had betrayed France in 1940, "whereas in reality heroic resistance to the last man from
Bayonne to Africa made no sense for anyone". He also noted that the
298:, the book "had the effect of a bombshell, because it showed, with supporting evidence, that the French state had participated in the deportation of Jews to the Nazi concentration camps, a fact that had been concealed by historians until then."
301:
The "Paxtonian revolution", as the French called it, had a profound effect on French historiography. In 1997, Paxton was called as an expert witness to testify about collaboration during the Vichy period, at the trial in France of
338:, which sharpened my animosity against nationalist conformism of all kinds. Writing in the late 1960s, what concerned me was not the comparison with defeated France but the confident swagger of the Germans in the summer of 1940."
289:
For decades prior to the 1970s modern period, French historiography was dominated by conservative or pro-Communist thinking, neither of them very inclined to consider the grass-roots pro-democracy developments at liberation.
1039:
fit l'effet d'une bombe, car il montrait, preuves à l'appui, que l'État français avait participé à la déportation des Juifs dans les camps de concentration nazis, ce qui avait été occulté par les historiens
327:
state monopoly capitalism, and it was also applauded by Jewish groups. The reaction among
Resistance groups was mixed due to Paxton's argument that there was no serious Resistance until well into 1941.
1533:
334:, Paxton disagreed with the assertion of his opponents that he had written in "easy moral superiority" from the perspective of a "victor": "In fact was written in the shadow of the
431:. Instead, he focuses on fascism's political context and functional development. The article identifies five paradigmatic stages of a fascist movement, although he notes that only
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Exercise of power, where the movement and its charismatic leader control the state in balance with state institutions such as the police and traditional elites such as the
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Today, the book is considered a historical classic and one of the best studies on France in the Vichy era. It is so influential that
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with Manuel Bragança, and
Fransiska Louwagie. "Interview with Robert O. Paxton, on the Writing of History and Ego-history." in
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Radicalization or entropy, where the state either becomes increasingly radical, as did Nazi
Germany, or slips into traditional
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Intellectual exploration, where disillusionment with popular democracy manifests itself in discussions of lost national vigor
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It was published at a time when French historians and filmmakers were also exploring history under the Vichy regime, as in
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called him a liar. However, the translation sold thousands of copies, particularly to the young generation shaped by the
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Rooting, where a fascist movement, aided by political deadlock and polarization, becomes a player on the national stage
1143:"VICHY FRANCE AND THE JEWS By Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton. 432 pp. New York: Basic Books New York. $ 20.95"
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was a fascist, after insisting for several years that he was instead a right-wing populist. Trump's incitement of the
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Arrival to power, where conservatives seeking to control rising leftist opposition invite fascists to share power
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Upon the book's publication in French translation in 1973, Paxton became the subject of intense vitriol from
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In his 1998 paper "The Five Stages of
Fascism," he suggests that fascism cannot be defined solely by
1056:[When History Becomes Scandal : Vichy France]. La Fabrique de l'histoire (in French).
806:
167:, which precipitated intense debate in France, and led to a paradigm shift in how the events of the
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French
Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgere's Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939
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60:
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interpretation is completely orthodox, perhaps excessively orthodox, in France. In a funny way,
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in 1969. He served there for the remainder of his career, retiring in 1997. He remains a
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and commentators. During a televised debate with Paxton in 1976, the Vichy naval leader
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era. He is Mellon
Professor Emeritus of Social Science in the Department of History at
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The Moment of
Liberation in Western Europe: Power Struggles and Rebellions, 1943–1948
1227:
916:
817:
636:
Another new introduction prefaced the 2001 publication by
Columbia University Press,
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342:
303:
71:
831:"Entering the Profession at the End of the Cold War" (2004, revised for H-DIPLO 2020
562:
534:
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259:
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146:
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713:
With Mame Warren. "Oral
History Interview with Robert O. Paxton, April 18, 1996."
504:, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons
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with co-author Julie Hessler, (1st ed. 1975; 5th edition, Wadsworth/Cengage 2011)
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Une histoire populaire de la France : De la guerre de Cent Ans Ă nos jours
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196:
690:"The Nazis and the Jews in Occupied Western Europe, 1940-1944" (1982), with
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183:. After attending secondary school in New England, he received a B.A. from
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ed. by Denis Lacorne et al. (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990) pp. 55–66.
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and did not practice "passive resistance" to German rule. Unlike Aron and
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and who were uninterested in the "cozy mythologies" of Vichy apologists.
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In 1981, Paxton and historian Michael R. Marrus co-published the book,
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A Popular History of France: from the 100 Years War to the Present Day
494:
453:
706:"Anti-Americanism in the Years of Collaboration and Resistance." in
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behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline,
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516:
1411:"Robert O. Paxton - Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Sciences"
1124:"Vichy France and the Jews, Michael R Marrus and Robert O Paxton"
649:
with W. J. Boyle Jr, and D. A. Cutler. "Hudson-Delaware region."
622:
A new introduction prefaced the Morningside Edition published by
490:
523:
restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.
1448:"I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now."
1355:
The Vichy Syndrome. History and Memory in France since 1944
812:"American Duce: Is Donald Trump a Fascist or a Plutocrat?"
656:"The German Opposition to Hitler: A Non-Germanist's View."
1266:"I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now"
1054:"Quand l'histoire fait scandale : La France de Vichy"
1019:]. MĂ©moires sociales (in French). Agone. p. 547.
1385:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 21–34.
1166:[Robert Paxton gives a damning history lesson].
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599:(Paris: Tallandier Éditions, 2004), French translation.
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In 1997 he testified at the trial of Vichy bureaucrat
378:
regime's policy towards the Jews during World War II.
1357:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1163:"Robert Paxton donne une accablante leçon d'histoire"
250:In opposition to the traditional view pioneered by
118:
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77:
67:
39:
32:
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549:In 2009, the French government awarded Paxton the
541:was the deciding factor in him changing his view.
866:Dictionnaire des Ă©trangers qui ont fait la France
248:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944.
231:. He has contributed more than twenty reviews to
1534:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
1399:, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 291–306.
825:Ego-histories of France and the Second World War
605:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944
389:As an expert on the Vichy era, Paxton co-wrote
347:
238:beginning in 1978 and continuing through 2017.
195:, where he studied under historians including
1291:"The French-American Foundation Weekly Brief"
941:
939:
386:, a Harvard professor and scholar on France.
8:
1395:: The Paxtonian Trauma in France, 1973-74′,
905:
903:
901:
1539:Academics and writers on far-right politics
497:, in which a mass-based party of committed
221:State University of New York at Stony Brook
1509:University of California, Berkeley faculty
1111:(Interview). Interviewed by Benedict King.
539:2021 storming of the United States Capitol
29:
16:American political scientist and historian
1373:: Robert Paxton and the French, from the
1109:"The best books on Modern French History"
412:Paxton has focused his work on exploring
1524:Officers of the Ordre national du MĂ©rite
827:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018. 19–22).
792:ed by R.J.B. Bosworth (2010) pp 547–565.
533:in which he stated that he now believed
1383:France at War: Vichy and the Historians
855:
673:A new edition was published in 1995 by
246:Paxton is best known for his 1972 book
191:and spent two years earning an M.A. at
1264:Paxton, Robert O. (January 11, 2021).
1247:
1141:Hoffmann, Stanley (November 1, 1981).
1094:
1082:
1070:
977:
892:
330:In the preface to the 1982 edition of
1446:Paxton, Robert O. (11 January 2021).
1430:Paxton, Robert O. (January 7, 2016).
1413:. Columbia University. Archived from
708:The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism
553:, the highest French order of merit.
489:, or victim-hood and by compensatory
179:Paxton was born on June 15, 1932, in
164:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order
161:. He is best known for his 1972 book
7:
1514:State University of New York faculty
1494:Washington and Lee University alumni
1450:Newsweek. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
1315:Horn, Gerd-Rainer (March 19, 2020).
989:
869:(in French). Groupe Robert Laffont.
481:Fascism may be defined as a form of
137:(born June 15, 1932) is an American
1160:Paxton, Robert (November 1, 1997).
527:In 2021, Paxton wrote an op-ed for
361:' influential two-part documentary
1122:Fogg, Shannon (December 4, 2020).
382:review of the book was written by
217:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1549:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
1346:Merton College Register 1900-1964
1289:Hansen, Andrew (April 10, 2009).
317:, a French historian, wrote that
1529:Officers of the Legion of Honour
1504:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
1381:′, in S. Fishman et al. (eds.),
910:Evans, Martin (September 2001).
863:Ory, Pascal (October 17, 2013).
414:models and definition of fascism
1544:People from Lexington, Virginia
1397:Journal of Contemporary History
796:Europe in the Twentieth Century
784:"Comparisons and definitions."
1052:Lagarde, Yann (July 2, 2018).
790:The Oxford Handbook of Fascism
786:The Oxford Handbook of Fascism
565:and a former president of the
258:was eager to collaborate with
223:before joining the faculty of
23:. For the British bowler, see
1:
1199:The Journal of Modern History
912:"Robert Paxton: The Outsider"
740:The Journal of Modern History
697:The Journal of Modern History
579:Parades and Politics at Vichy
439:progressed through all five:
185:Washington and Lee University
21:Robert Paxton (figure skater)
1344:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
1191:"The Five Stages of Fascism"
951:The New York Review of Books
803:The New York Review of Books
778:The New York Review of Books
700:vol. 54, no. 4. pp 687–714.
567:Linnaean Society of New York
511:and pursues with redemptive
234:The New York Review of Books
1519:Columbia University faculty
1321:. Oxford University Press.
467:rule, as did Fascist Italy.
19:For the figure skater, see
1565:
1484:Historians of Vichy France
1348:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1189:Paxton, Robert O. (1998).
728:The Five Stages of Fascism
583:Princeton University Press
310:French reaction and debate
18:
1499:Harvard University alumni
1371:Chaque livre un événement
801:"Vichy Lives!—In a way."
675:Stanford University Press
664:Vichy France and the Jews
624:Columbia University Press
372:Vichy France and the Jews
203:. He earned a Ph.D. from
187:in 1954. Later, he won a
128:
101:
1489:American Rhodes Scholars
733:August 27, 2018, at the
658:Central European History
279:civil unrest of May 1968
153:, and Europe during the
1393:Avec un certain malaise
364:The Sorrow and the Pity
1379:iconoclaste tranquille
1353:Rousso, Henry (1991).
1009:(November 19, 2019) .
750:The Anatomy of Fascism
525:
493:of unity, energy, and
474:The Anatomy of Fascism
355:
193:Merton College, Oxford
1474:Historians of fascism
1237:on February 12, 2022.
773:"Vichy vs. the Nazis"
660:14.4 (1981): 362–368.
479:
374:, which examined the
254:, he argued that the
215:Paxton taught at the
25:Robert Paxton (bowls)
1479:Historians of Nazism
393:'s 1993 documentary
285:Paxtonian revolution
1434:. Project Syndicate
1073:, pp. 253–254.
653:32 (1978): 326–331.
225:Columbia University
181:Lexington, Virginia
159:Columbia University
139:political scientist
113:Columbia University
92:Political scientist
61:Lexington, Virginia
1432:"Is Fascism Back?"
1278:on March 12, 2021.
1147:The New York Times
947:"Robert O. Paxton"
561:Paxton is an avid
380:The New York Times
229:professor emeritus
205:Harvard University
189:Rhodes Scholarship
135:Robert Owen Paxton
82:Harvard University
44:Robert Owen Paxton
1328:978-0-19-958791-9
1026:978-2-7489-0301-0
814:Harper's Magazine
805:(April 25, 2013)
471:In his 2004 book
458:business magnates
271:French historians
171:are interpreted.
132:
131:
103:Scientific career
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1274:. Archived from
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597:L'Armée de Vichy
551:LĂ©gion d'honneur
396:The Eye of Vichy
384:Stanley Hoffmann
256:Vichy government
145:specializing in
119:Notable students
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1417:on May 18, 2017
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1436:. Retrieved
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
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1369:J. Sweets, ′
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155:World War II
147:Vichy France
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109:Institutions
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1464:1932 births
1248:Paxton 2004
1206:(1): 1–23.
1170:(in French)
1095:Rousso 1991
1083:Rousso 1991
1071:Rousso 1991
992:, pp.
978:Rousso 1991
956:January 22,
893:Levens 1964
816:(May 2017)
563:birdwatcher
499:nationalist
487:humiliation
252:Robert Aron
68:Nationality
1458:Categories
1337:1160072047
1250:, p.
1174:August 29,
1168:L'Humanité
1040:jusque-lĂ .
1035:1057326362
850:References
737:" (1998),
683:0804724997
642:0231124694
632:0231054270
506:democratic
315:Marc Ferro
197:James Joll
175:Early life
50:1932-06-15
1438:March 21,
1228:143862302
990:Horn 2020
509:liberties
502:militants
483:political
429:socialism
425:communism
324:Gaullists
207:in 1963.
143:historian
96:historian
1271:Newsweek
838:See also
775:(2008),
758:. 2004.
731:Archived
626:, 1982,
607:(1972),
581:(1966),
530:Newsweek
513:violence
367:(1969).
219:and the
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723:(1997).
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408:Fascism
151:fascism
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495:purity
454:clergy
211:Career
1235:(PDF)
1224:S2CID
1216:JSTOR
1194:(PDF)
1015:[
573:Works
521:legal
491:cults
376:Vichy
242:Vichy
1440:2016
1423:2012
1333:OCLC
1323:ISBN
1302:2013
1176:2016
1031:OCLC
1021:ISBN
958:2014
930:2012
871:ISBN
760:ISBN
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638:ISBN
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456:and
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