559:
Nyasaland police of brutality and heavily criticised
British correspondents for distorting events. Southworth's stinging attacks, less on the integrity of the journalists involved than about their personalities and apparent preconceptions about the use of force damaged his claim to be impartial. The British Government was concerned by Southworth's attacks on the press and minimise its adverse impact by having the report published as a Nyasaland Government document, not a British Government one, and by only making a short written parliamentary statement, avoiding any parliamentary debate. The press coverage highlighted to the British public and parliament the strength of African opposition to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the degree of coercion needed to preserve the Federation, and served to discredited Armitage.
551:
witnessed by
British and other journalists, some of whom reported that the police provoked a riot, which they suppressed with excessive and indiscriminate violence against demonstrators and spectators in which European officers were directly involved. Several British newspapers called for an impartial inquiry into the so-called "Blantyre riot", which Armitage resisted that the journalists had exaggerated, if not invented, claims of police brutality. However, the Colonial Secretary, Ian Macleod agreed under parliamentary pressure to a judge-led inquiry and instructed Armitage to arrange it.
308:
use it for development plans. Armitage was prepared to face opposition from cocoa producers, but prayed for five years of rising world prices to solve all economic problems. Armitage recommended appointment of a first-rate economic expert to manage the economy during the cocoa boom. He said the country "is rapidly moving out of the extremely restricted economy of the years before the war and so the holder should be someone who has experience of financial and economic matters, at least in other parts of Africa and possibly experience from other parts of the world".
485:
banned the next day. Those arrested were detained without trial, and the total number detained for
Congress membership finally rose to over 1,300. Over 2,000 more were imprisoned for offences against the Emergency Regulations, including rioting and criminal damage. The stated aim of these measures was to allow the Nyasaland government to restore law and order after the increasing lawlessness following Dr Banda's return. Rather than calming the situation immediately, in the emergency that followed fifty-one Africans were killed and many more were wounded.
406:, which had come into being in 1953. He resisted proposals to "federalize" administration of European farming by the creation of a Federal ministry, while leaving African agriculture a responsibility of each of the three territories. He considered that this would result in the diversion of resources away from African agriculture, a serious concern for the indigenous population. He also resisted moves to make the Federation independent. He said that moving too quickly towards the status of a
519:'s report is the only example of a British judge examining whether the actions of a colonial administration in suppressing dissent were appropriate. Devlin's conclusions that excessive force was used and that Nyasaland was a "police state" caused political uproar. His report was largely rejected and the state of emergency lasted until June 1960. Macmillan not only broadly rejected the Devlin Report, which had taken several months to prepare, but engineered the production of the rival
436:. Dr Banda announced he would only return if given the presidency of Congress: after this was agreed he returned to Nyasaland in July 1958 and T D T Banda was ousted. Banda and Congress Party leaders started a campaign of direct action against federation, for immediate constitutional change and eventual independence. As this included resistance to Federal directives on farming practices; protests were widespread and sometimes violent.
304:. After the governor had said he was willing to consider the creation of an agricultural bank, Armitage said his government was "deeply committed in principle" to taking action and "would find it difficult to retreat". In 1949, Armitage was chairman of a committee to consider establishing a national bank. He tried to dampen nationalist demands by ruling out the idea of a Reserve Bank, but did not succeed.
523:, which was prepared very quickly so it could be released on the same day as the Devlin Report. The Colonial Office obtained an early draft of the Devlin Commission's report and passed a copy to Armitage, which he used to prepare a document attacking its findings. Armitage then joined a high level working party in London which drafted a despatch to counter the Devlin Report.
425:'s Progressive Party, who were seeking to follow a more moderate path, with nominated representatives to work with the government. He summarised the views of Matinga's party as: "In other words they wanted a lot of friendly Africans and Europeans to collaborate with friendly officials. But, of course, politics cannot be this easily organized".
382:
361:
insurgents opened a violent campaign for self-determination. Armitage asked for permission to declare a state of emergency in July 1955, in response to the EOKA insurrection, but this was not granted. He was nervous of loss of control, wanted to "nip trouble in the bud" by detaining leading members
307:
By 1950, Armitage was
Minister of Finance of the Gold Coast. At the end of 1950 the colonial government proposed to increase export duties on cocoa. The world price for the crop was rising, and the government felt that the planters would waste increased profits on luxuries, while the government would
475:
were flown into
Nyasaland and, in the days immediately following, police or troops opened fire on rioters in several places, leading to four deaths. In deciding to make widespread arrests covering almost the whole Congress organisation, Armitage was influenced by a report received by the police from
562:
Armitage had imprisoned Banda, not realising that he was the only
African politician who could negotiate a credible constitution for the protectorate. Devlin's conclusion that there was no murder plot and that Banda was not involved in promoting violence opened the way for the British government to
558:
by
Justice Frederic Southworth of the Nyasaland High Court was appointed by Armitage to inquire into the disturbances and, in particular into allegations of police brutality, including by two named senior European policeman. It was not mandated to inquire into press coverage. Southworth cleared the
439:
In
January 1959, Banda presented the Congress proposals for constitutional reform to Armitage. These were for an African majority in the Legislative Council and at least parity with non-Africans in the Executive Council. Armitage rejected these proposals, and this led to demands within Congress for
311:
In his budget speech in 1953, Armitage explained the policy he had followed: "(Sterling) balances have accrued ... largely because the raw materials produced in the Gold Coast, mainly cocoa, have brought in large earnings and the
Government ... increased taxation partly in an endeavor to lessen the
567:
replaced him at the
Colonial Office late in 1959, Devlin was approached for advice. Armitage, on the other hand, was discredited and he was seen by Macleod as an obstacle to progress. Although Macleod gave Armitage instructions to arrange for rapid constitutional advancement in May 1960, which set
480:
that the indiscriminate killing of Europeans and Asians, and of those Africans opposed to Congress was planned, the so-called "murder plot". There is no evidence that such a plan existed, and the Nyasaland government took no immediate action against Banda or other Congress leaders but continued to
484:
On 3 March 1959 Sir Robert Armitage, as governor of Nyasaland, declared a State of Emergency over the whole of the protectorate and arrested Dr. Banda, the president of the Nyasaland African Congress, other members of its executive committee and over a hundred local party officials: Congress was
550:
Before Band's release, Armitage was involved in a further controversy. During the visit of Harold Macmillan to Blantyre in January 1960 as part of his African tour, a demonstration led by Malawi Congress Party activists against continued emergency restrictions and the Banda's imprisonment was
497:, the Colonial Secretary, stated that it was clear from information received that Congress had planned the widespread murder of Europeans, Asians and moderate Africans, “…in fact, a massacre was being planned" and, later in the same debate, the
448:. As Congress supporters became more violent and Congress leaders made increasingly inflammatory statements, Armitage decided against offering concessions, but prepared for mass arrests. Armitage had discussions with
1646:
354:. Few of the Greek Cypriots were willing to compromise. In September 1954, Armitage said that the self-styled moderates had "no organisation, no party, no funds, no agents and they will win nothing".
505:, reinforced what Lennox-Boyd had said with talk of a “…conspiracy of murder" and "a massacre… on a Kenyan scale". It was subsequently difficult for ministers to repudiate these statements.
197:
32:
428:
Several of the younger members of the Nyasaland African Congress had little faith in the ability of T D T Banda, who they also accused of dishonesty, and wished to replace him with Dr
362:
of EOKA and he was allowed to try to detain its more militant members under the Detention of Persons Law of 15 July 1955. For several months Armitage tried to find a way to deport
366:
and the Bishop of Kyrenia, both of whom publicly supported union with Greece. Existing laws did not cover the situation of the Archbishop, who advocated a peaceful approach.
1641:
1636:
494:
399:
370:
1279:
Coffee, Richard (2015). "'Does the Daily Paper rule Britannia?' The British Press, British Public Opinion, and the End of Empire in Africa, 1957-60".
312:
amount of money which would exert an inflationary pressure ... and partly to build reserves." Armitage did not mention that the project to build the
421:, who asked for legislative reforms including an elected legislative assembly with most members elected by Africans. He also met representatives of
502:
369:
A state of emergency was eventually declared, which allowed for deportation without cause. By then, Armitage had been replaced as governor by
1468:
1423:
1341:
1322:
1248:
619:
536:
464:. These meetings coordinated plans to for mass arrests of members of the nationalist parties of each of the three territories, declaring a
403:
333:
43:
1602:
1573:
1552:
1531:
1489:
1404:
1383:
1362:
1303:
1269:
1214:
1193:
1153:
1442:
Power, Robert (2012). "Federation to New Nationhood: The Development of Nationalism in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1950-64".
609:
1621:
1224:
Baker, Colin (2007). "The Mechanics of Rebuttal: The British and Nyasaland Governments' Response to The Devlin Report, 1959".
515:, which exposed the failings of the Nyasaland administration, and concluded it had lost the support of those it governed. The
440:
an escalation of anti-government protests and more violent action. On 18 February 1959 there was an attack on the airstrip at
572:
became acting Governor until Armitage retired in April 1961. Armitage retired without returning to Nyasaland in April 1961.
410:
could "stimulate early and violent African opposition, which would at best discredit Federation and at the worst break it".
1261:
Recession in Africa: background papers to the seminar Africa-which way out of the recession? : Uppsala, September 1982
395:
132:
320:
was starting to seem feasible, and funds would be needed for that purpose. The Gold Coast gained independence in 1957 as
1416:
Bills of Rights and Decolonization, The Emergence of Domestic Human Rights Instruments in Britain's Overseas Territories
512:
350:. The Greek government supported the movement, but the British did not want to give up an important base in the eastern
433:
301:
210:
468:
in any of them where this was considered necessary, and to send European troops from Southern Rhodesia to Nyasaland.
746:
418:
414:
568:
the country on the road to one-party rule., he advised Armitage to go on leave pending retirement in August 1960.
102:
336:
from February 1954 until 25 September 1955. At the time of his appointment there was growing agitation by the
222:
1145:
L'ère des décolonisations: Colloque Décolonisations comparées, Aix-en-Provence, 29 septembre – 3 octobre 1993
544:
472:
90:
381:
357:
An attempt was made on Armitage's life on 1 April 1955. Bombs exploded all over the island on that day as
555:
532:
109:
1499:
Simpson, Brian (2002). "The Devlin Commission (1959): Colonialism, Emergencies, and the Rule of Law".
547:
retained power. Under pressure from the press, the government decided to release Banda in March 1960.
1631:
1626:
569:
238:
144:
465:
258:
57:
1565:
So far and no further!: Rhodesia's bid for independence during the retreat from empire 1959-1965
1598:
1569:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1485:
1479:
1464:
1419:
1400:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1337:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1265:
1244:
1238:
1210:
1189:
1183:
1149:
615:
516:
498:
461:
453:
1563:
1521:
1394:
1352:
1259:
1204:
1143:
1508:
508:
347:
257:, where he was captain of the cricket team in his final year. From 1920 to 1925 he attended
1459:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964
520:
422:
265:
241:, the first child of Frank and Muriel Armitage. His father was commissioner of police in
1240:
Executive measures, terrorism and national security: have the rules of the game changed?
540:
477:
429:
337:
285:
202:
1615:
1457:
588:
476:
an informer of a meeting of Congress leaders at which, it was claimed by the Head of
457:
445:
351:
531:
The Nyasaland African Congress, which had been banned in 1958, was re-formed as the
564:
449:
363:
313:
234:
78:
42:
1592:
747:"Sweet and Bitter Island: A History of the British in Cyprus - PDF Free Download"
317:
1163:
580:
254:
218:
1512:
563:
deal with him. Despite Lennox-Boyd's rejection of the Devlin Report, once
584:
576:
407:
441:
269:
250:
246:
1292:
Fieldhouse, David Kenneth; Burroughs, Peter; Stockwell, A. J. (1998).
1295:
Managing the business of empire: essays in honour of David Fieldhouse
342:
289:
281:
242:
214:
1523:
Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires
402:. One of the main issues he had to face was the unpopularity of the
380:
321:
277:
273:
206:
1185:
State of emergency: crisis in Central Africa, Nyasaland 1959-1960
394:
Armitage arrived in Nyasaland on 9 April 1956 to take over from
358:
1164:"The Descendants of Sir Walter HUNGERFORD, 1st Lord born 1378"
1594:
Retreat from Empire: Sir Robert Armitage in Africa and Cyprus
583:, England, on 7 June 1990 at the age of 83. He was buried in
276:. Their children were Robert Jeremy, born on 16 June 1932 in
685:
673:
535:
in 1959. Banda's detention became a political issue in the
1647:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
346:, or union with Greece, although this was opposed by the
261:. He became a district and secretariat officer in Kenya.
284:, England and Richard Hugh Lyon, born on 30 May 1937 in
1544:
Volume 2 of Readings in the Applied Economics of Africa
493:
In the debate in the House of Commons on 3 March 1959,
1481:
W. Arthur Lewis and the birth of development economics
1108:
1106:
300:
In July 1948, Armitage was financial secretary of the
264:
Armitage married Gwladys Lyona Meyler (b. 2 May 1906,
511:
decided to set up a Commission of Inquiry headed by
205:
colonial administrator who held senior positions in
179:
167:
159:
154:
138:
126:
108:
96:
84:
74:
56:
23:
1456:
1375:Central Africa: Crisis and dissolution, 1959-1965
657:
655:
1317:(4th ed.). Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield.
413:In September 1957 he met a delegation from the
1463:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
268:) on 18 February 1930 in Highlands Cathedral,
1142:Ageron, Charles-Robert; Michel, Marc (1995).
733:
8:
782:
1541:Whetham, Edith H.; Currie, Jean I. (1967).
794:
686:Fieldhouse, Burroughs & Stockwell 1998
674:Fieldhouse, Burroughs & Stockwell 1998
70:February 1954 – 25 September 1955
20:
16:British colonial administrator (1906–1990)
1396:Closer association: 1945 - 1958, Volume 9
1007:
971:
911:
806:
770:
481:negotiate with them until late February.
233:Armitage was born on 21 December 1906 in
1435:Malawi: A Political and Economic History
721:
452:, the Prime Minister of the Federation,
1418:. Oxford University Press. p. 36.
923:
887:
600:
471:On 21 February, European troops of the
371:Field Marshal Lord Harding of Petherton
201:(21 December 1906 – 7 June 1990) was a
1642:British people of the Cyprus Emergency
1031:
851:
839:
818:
709:
697:
122:10 April 1956 – 10 April 1961
1637:People educated at Winchester College
1206:Sir Glyn Jones: a proconsul in Africa
1112:
1043:
1019:
995:
983:
935:
899:
875:
863:
646:
634:
7:
1124:
959:
947:
404:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
385:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
373:, leaving office in September 1955.
661:
245:. At the age of ten he was sent to
432:(no relation), then living in the
14:
1315:Historical Dictionary off Malawi
41:
1501:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1082:Coffey (2015), pp. 175-6, 178-9
611:Historical Dictionary of Malawi
489:The Devlin and Armitage reports
1547:. Cambridge University Press.
1484:. Princeton University Press.
1334:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
1:
1226:The Society of Malawi Journal
390:Unrest and State of Emergency
133:Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby
1336:. Woodbridge, James Currey.
614:. Rowman & Littlefield.
608:Kalinga, Owen J. M. (2012).
194:Sir Robert Perceval Armitage
1414:Parkinson, Charles (2007).
1351:Mallinson, William (2005).
1264:. Nordic Africa Institute.
1243:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1663:
1478:Tignor, Robert L. (2006).
1455:Rotberg, Robert I (1965).
1437:. London: Pall Mall Press.
1064:Coffey (2015), pp.161, 172
415:Nyasaland African Congress
1520:Springhall, John (2001).
1399:. The Stationery Office.
1378:. The Stationery Office.
1258:Carlsson, Jerker (1983).
1073:Kalinga (2012), pp. 435-7
734:Whetham & Currie 1967
187:
150:
115:
103:John Alan Francis Harding
63:
52:
40:
1591:Baker, Colin A. (1998).
1393:Murphy, Philip (2005b).
1354:Cyprus: a modern history
1332:McCracken, John (2012).
1182:Baker, Colin A. (1997).
1055:Coffey (2015), pp. 158-9
830:Simpson (2002), pp. 20-1
783:Ageron & Michel 1995
501:at the Colonial Office,
417:headed by its president
223:period of decolonisation
47:Sir Robert Armitage KCMG
1568:. Trafford Publishing.
1372:Murphy, Philip (2005).
91:Andrew Barkworth Wright
1622:Governors of Nyasaland
1526:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1313:Kalinga, Owen (2012).
1237:Bonner, David (2007).
386:
213:, and was Governor of
1562:Wood, J.R.T. (2005).
1433:Pike, John G (1969).
1203:Baker, Colin (2000).
1148:. KARTHALA Editions.
1100:Coffey (2015), p. 186
556:Southworth Commission
537:1959 general election
533:Malawi Congress Party
384:
110:Governor of Nyasaland
1513:10.1093/ojls/22.1.17
1168:Airgale Pty. Limited
1091:Power (2012), p. 194
570:Glyn Smallwood Jones
444:by a mob armed with
145:Glyn Smallwood Jones
842:, pp. 171–172.
712:, pp. 131–132.
364:Archbishop Makarios
974:, pp. 349–51.
466:State of Emergency
460:, the Governor of
387:
334:Governor of Cyprus
259:Winchester College
58:Governor of Cyprus
1470:978-0-674-77191-8
1425:978-0-19-923193-5
1343:978-1-84701-050-6
1324:978-0-81085-961-6
1250:978-0-7546-4756-0
998:, pp. 224–5.
962:, pp. 135–7.
938:, pp. 98–99.
926:, pp. 296–7.
914:, pp. 344–5.
621:978-0-8108-5961-6
575:Armitage died in
527:Leaving Nyasaland
517:Devlin Commission
499:Minister of State
473:Rhodesia Regiment
462:Northern Rhodesia
458:Sir Arthur Benson
454:Southern Rhodesia
191:
190:
1654:
1608:
1579:
1558:
1537:
1516:
1495:
1474:
1462:
1451:
1438:
1429:
1410:
1389:
1368:
1347:
1328:
1309:
1288:
1275:
1254:
1233:
1220:
1199:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1022:, pp. 36–8.
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
625:
605:
509:Harold Macmillan
495:Alan Lennox-Boyd
348:Turkish Cypriots
247:Highfield School
200:
174:
163:21 December 1906
155:Personal details
141:
129:
120:
99:
87:
68:
45:
35:
21:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1590:
1587:
1585:Further reading
1582:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1454:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1236:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:, pp. 233.
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
902:, pp. 211.
898:
894:
886:
882:
878:, pp. 205.
874:
870:
866:, pp. 180.
862:
858:
854:, pp. 173.
850:
846:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:, pp. 161.
817:
813:
805:
801:
795:Springhall 2001
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
755:
753:
745:
744:
740:
736:, pp. 110.
732:
728:
720:
716:
708:
704:
700:, pp. 119.
696:
692:
688:, pp. 105.
684:
680:
676:, pp. 104.
672:
668:
660:
653:
645:
641:
637:, pp. 1–8.
633:
629:
622:
607:
606:
602:
597:
543:, although the
529:
521:Armitage Report
491:
456:officials, and
423:Charles Matinga
392:
379:
330:
298:
231:
196:
172:
139:
127:
121:
116:
97:
85:
69:
64:
48:
36:
31:
29:
28:Robert Armitage
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1597:. I.B.Tauris.
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1496:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1357:. I.B.Tauris.
1348:
1342:
1329:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1209:. I.B.Tauris.
1200:
1194:
1188:. I.B.Tauris.
1179:
1160:
1154:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1127:, pp. 38.
1117:
1115:, pp. 90.
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1036:
1034:, pp. 79.
1024:
1012:
1010:, pp. 36.
1008:Parkinson 2007
1000:
988:
986:, pp. 28.
976:
972:McCracken 2012
964:
952:
950:, pp. 16.
940:
928:
916:
912:McCracken 2012
904:
892:
890:, pp. 64.
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
823:
811:
809:, pp. 22.
807:Mallinson 2005
799:
797:, pp. 97.
787:
785:, pp. 44.
775:
773:, pp. 20.
771:Mallinson 2005
763:
738:
726:
724:, pp. 56.
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
651:
649:, pp. xi.
639:
627:
620:
599:
598:
596:
593:
541:United Kingdom
528:
525:
490:
487:
478:Special Branch
430:Hastings Banda
396:Geoffrey Colby
391:
388:
378:
375:
338:Greek Cypriots
329:
326:
297:
294:
286:Canford Cliffs
230:
227:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
175:(aged 83)
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
113:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
61:
60:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
30:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1604:1-86064-223-3
1600:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:1-4120-4952-0
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1554:0-521-09438-0
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1533:0-333-74600-7
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1491:0-691-12141-9
1487:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:0-11-290586-2
1402:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1385:0-11-290587-0
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1364:1-85043-580-4
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:0-7146-4826-4
1301:
1298:. Routledge.
1297:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:91-7106-218-1
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1216:1-86064-461-9
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1195:1-86064-068-0
1191:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:2-86537-579-X
1151:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
803:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
767:
764:
752:
748:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
722:Carlsson 1983
718:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
623:
617:
613:
612:
604:
601:
594:
592:
590:
589:Herefordshire
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
560:
557:
552:
548:
546:
545:Conservatives
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
488:
486:
482:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
383:
376:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
355:
353:
352:Mediterranean
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
332:Armitage was
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
309:
305:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
186:
182:
178:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
143:
137:
134:
131:
125:
119:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
95:
92:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
34:
22:
19:
1593:
1564:
1543:
1522:
1507:(1): 17–52.
1504:
1500:
1480:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1415:
1395:
1374:
1353:
1333:
1314:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1260:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1205:
1184:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1120:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
924:Rotberg 1965
919:
907:
895:
888:Murphy 2005b
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:. Retrieved
750:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
642:
630:
610:
603:
574:
565:Iain Macleod
561:
554:The ensuing
553:
549:
530:
507:
503:Julian Amery
492:
483:
470:
450:Roy Welensky
438:
427:
412:
393:
368:
356:
341:
331:
314:Akosombo Dam
310:
306:
299:
263:
235:Nungambakkam
232:
217:and then of
193:
192:
173:(1990-06-07)
140:Succeeded by
117:
98:Succeeded by
79:Elizabeth II
65:
18:
1632:1990 deaths
1627:1906 births
1281:Etheses@lse
1032:Murphy 2005
852:Bonner 2007
840:Bonner 2007
819:Bonner 2007
756:18 December
710:Tignor 2006
698:Tignor 2006
513:Lord Devlin
318:Volta River
292:, England.
243:Madras city
229:Early years
221:during the
180:Nationality
171:7 June 1990
128:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
1616:Categories
1113:Baker 2000
1044:Baker 1997
1020:Baker 2007
996:Baker 1998
984:Baker 2007
936:Baker 2007
900:Baker 1998
876:Baker 1998
864:Baker 1998
647:Baker 1998
635:Baker 1998
595:References
434:Gold Coast
302:Gold Coast
296:Gold Coast
211:Gold Coast
1125:Wood 2005
960:Pike 1969
948:Wood 2005
581:Wiltshire
442:Fort Hill
419:TDT Banda
377:Nyasaland
316:over the
255:Hampshire
219:Nyasaland
118:In office
66:In office
1448:37440864
1173:13 March
751:epdf.pub
585:Bridstow
577:Amesbury
408:Dominion
400:Governor
209:and the
1444:Kclpure
1135:Sources
662:Airgale
539:in the
270:Nairobi
251:Liphook
203:British
183:British
75:Monarch
1601:
1572:
1551:
1530:
1488:
1467:
1422:
1403:
1382:
1361:
1340:
1321:
1302:
1268:
1247:
1213:
1192:
1152:
618:
446:pangas
343:enosis
328:Cyprus
290:Dorset
282:Dorset
239:Madras
215:Cyprus
322:Ghana
278:Poole
274:Kenya
266:Natal
207:Kenya
1599:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1450:(1).
1420:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1287:(1).
1285:3271
1266:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1232:(2).
1211:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1175:2011
1150:ISBN
758:2023
616:ISBN
359:EOKA
340:for
198:KCMG
168:Died
160:Born
33:KCMG
1509:doi
398:as
249:at
25:Sir
1618::
1505:22
1503:.
1446:.
1283:.
1230:60
1228:.
1166:.
1105:^
749:.
654:^
591:.
587:,
579:,
324:.
288:,
280:,
272:,
253:,
237:,
225:.
1607:.
1578:.
1557:.
1536:.
1515:.
1511::
1494:.
1473:.
1428:.
1409:.
1388:.
1367:.
1346:.
1327:.
1308:.
1274:.
1253:.
1219:.
1198:.
1177:.
1158:.
760:.
664:.
624:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
