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603:(NYU). This was his first recognition as a physicist. Though his work had been considered important by chemists, it clearly was on the borderline between the two sciences and both would claim him from this point on. Then he returned to the University of Chicago as an associate professor of physics, being promoted to full professor in 1931. He ultimately held a position jointly in both the physics and chemistry departments. At both NYU and Chicago, he continued to refine his molecular-orbital theory.
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method), was very popular. In attempting to calculate the properties of excited states (molecules that have been excited by an energy source), the VB method does not always work well. With its description of the electron wave functions in molecules as delocalized molecular orbitals that possess the
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that would eventually supersede the old quantum theory. Mulliken was particularly influenced by Hund, who had been working on quantum interpretation of band spectra of diatomic molecules, the same spectra which
Mulliken had investigated at Harvard. In 1927 Mulliken worked with Hund and as a result
512:(NRC) which had paid for much of his work on isotope separation. The NRC grant was extended in 1923 for two years so he could study isotope effects on band spectra of such diatomic molecules as boron nitride (BN) (comparing molecules with B and B). He went to
655:, proved to be more flexible and applicable to a vast variety of types of molecules and molecular fragments, and has eclipsed the valence-bond method. As a result of this development, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966.
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In high school in
Newburyport, Mulliken followed a scientific curriculum. He graduated in 1913 and succeeded in getting a scholarship to MIT which had earlier been won by his father. Like his father, he majored in
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well enough to skip the course in scientific German in college, but could not remember the name of his high school German teacher. He also made the acquaintance, while still a child, of the physical chemist
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Note
Longuet-Higgins' amusing title "Selected ploddings of Robert S Mulliken" for reference B238 1965 on page 354 of this Biographical Memoir. The title should be "Selected papers of Robert S Mulliken."
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theory, in which electrons are assigned to states that extend over an entire molecule. In consequence, molecular orbital theory was also referred to as the
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Mulliken helped with some of the editorial work when his father wrote his four-volume text on organic compound identification, and thus became an expert on
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In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as
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project. Afterward, he developed mathematical formulas to enable the progress of the molecular-orbital theory.
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classification of plants and, in general, had an excellent, but selective, memory. For example, he learned
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same symmetry as the molecule, Hund and
Mulliken's molecular-orbital method, including contributions by
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in 1936, the youngest member in the organization's history at the time. He was elected to the
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1091:(Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press, 2000), pages 146–165. Available on-line at:
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Historical
Perspective of Early Twentieth Century Carboniferous Paleobotany in North America
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http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mulliken-robert.pdf
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At the age of 90, Mulliken died of congestive heart failure at his daughter's home in
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to learn spectrographic technique from
Frederick A. Saunders and quantum theory from
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This article is about the Nobel laureate chemist. For Nobel laureate in physics, see
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Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken
Scientific Offprints Collection ca. 1930s-1985
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Platt, J. R. (1966). "1966 Nobel
Laureate in Chemistry: Robert S. Mulliken".
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1930:
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692:, a geology professor at the University of Chicago. They had two daughters.
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Mulliken got his doctorate in 1921 based on research into the separation of
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741:.) In 1961, he became Distinguished Professor of Physics and Chemistry at
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is named after him, a method of assigning charges to atoms in a molecule.
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Linus
Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History
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courses in his curriculum and spent a summer touring chemical plants in
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in any molecule could be described in a manner similar to the bond in H
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Biographical
Memoirs, Vol. 78: Robert Sanderson Mulliken, 1896-1986
474:, and continued in his isotope separation by this method. While at
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Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
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On December 24, 1929, he married Mary Helen von Noé, daughter of
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of elements. This does not entirely correlate with the scale of
626:) in 1927. With the conception of hybridized atomic orbitals by
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
1063:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
197:
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571:, who was at the time Born's assistant. They all, as well as
757:. In 1983, Mulliken received the Golden Plate Award of the
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After the war, he took a job investigating the effects of
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1112:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
836:"Robert Sanderson Mulliken. 7 June 1896-31 October 1986"
299:(June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American
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Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding
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Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRs) in 1967
307:, primarily responsible for the early development of
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
431:. After nine months, he was drafted into the Army's
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606:Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the
567:(all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes) and
351:. As a child, Robert Mulliken learned the name and
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
700:In 1934, he derived a new scale for measuring the
1108:Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken Papers 1908-1985
504:Robert Mulliken, Chicago 1929 (third from right)
993:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1966
3441:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
768:on October 31, 1986. His body was returned to
3456:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2767:
2541:
1141:
1006:Darrah, William Culp; Lyons, Paul C. (1995).
761:. He retired in 1985. His wife died in 1975.
520:. At the time, he was able to associate with
508:At Chicago, he had received a grant from the
8:
708:, but is generally in close correspondence.
610:of molecules was based on a calculation by
524:and many future Nobel laureates, including
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27:American physicist and chemist (1896–1986)
853:
458:Graduate and early postdoctoral education
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3401:Fellows of the American Physical Society
726:to the analysis of the reaction between
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966:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
818:
3421:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
826:
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668:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
349:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
315:method of computing the structure of
7:
3396:Foreign members of the Royal Society
648:Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling (HLSP)
595:From 1926 to 1928, he taught in the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
745:, and continued in his studies of
419:, and Mulliken took a position at
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1099:Key Participants: Robert Mulliken
3381:20th-century American physicists
1378:
658:Mulliken became a member of the
41:
1071:American Academy of Achievement
759:American Academy of Achievement
403:in chemistry from MIT in 1917.
52:needs additional citations for
3461:20th-century American chemists
664:American Philosophical Society
311:, i.e. the elaboration of the
1:
3446:University of Chicago faculty
1014:Geological Society of America
480:Nobel Prize-winning physicist
478:, he took a course under the
369:organic chemical nomenclature
323:in Chemistry in 1966 and the
3431:University of Chicago alumni
3416:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1012:. United States of America:
892:10.1126/science.154.3750.745
678:Mulliken population analysis
660:National Academy of Sciences
335:Robert Mulliken was born in
224:Mulliken population analysis
3451:New York University faculty
962:"Robert Sanderson Mulliken"
787:Adiabatic electron transfer
739:Acid-base reaction theories
485:, which exposed him to the
3477:
3426:American physical chemists
766:Arlington County, Virginia
722:In 1952 he began to apply
670:in 1965. He was elected a
575:, were developing the new
427:, making poison gas under
337:Newburyport, Massachusetts
220:Mulliken electronegativity
186:Arlington County, Virginia
167:Newburyport, Massachusetts
29:
3391:Harvard University alumni
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2679:
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792:Bonding molecular orbital
510:National Research Council
319:. Mulliken received the
292:Robert Sanderson Mulliken
285:
264:
153:Robert Sanderson Mulliken
18:Robert Sanderson Mulliken
3386:American Nobel laureates
2782:Founding members of the
2302:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1581:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1161:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
743:Florida State University
433:Chemical Warfare Service
309:molecular orbital theory
243:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
212:Molecular orbital theory
2843:André Frédéric Cournand
2670:Charles Brenton Huggins
591:Early scientific career
341:Samuel Parsons Mulliken
32:Robert Andrews Millikan
2784:World Cultural Council
2685:Nobel Prize recipients
2656:Physiology or Medicine
2466:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2454:M. Stanley Whittingham
1425:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1042:World Cultural Council
855:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0015
832:Longuet-Higgins, H. C.
755:World Cultural Council
536:, who had worked with
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491:Hermann I. Schlesinger
3099:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3094:William A. Nierenberg
3054:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2863:Jean-François Denisse
2795:Christian B. Anfinsen
1836:Christian B. Anfinsen
1476:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
586:Hund-Mulliken theory.
522:J. Robert Oppenheimer
503:
452:University of Chicago
343:, was a professor of
202:University of Chicago
3194:William G. Schneider
3189:Menahem Max Schiffer
3173:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
3147:Chintamani N. R. Rao
2885:Jacques-Émile Dubois
2498:Karl Barry Sharpless
1995:Dudley R. Herschbach
1820:Luis Federico Leloir
942:search.amphilsoc.org
938:"APS Member History"
914:"Robert S. Mulliken"
608:electronic structure
386:chemical engineering
76:"Robert S. Mulliken"
61:improve this article
3127:Comlan A. A. Quenum
3089:Bernhard H. Neumann
2986:Vassos Karageorghis
2923:José Rafael Estrada
2851:Eduardo de Robertis
2664:Francis Peyton Rous
2490:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2402:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2139:Jens Christian Skou
2107:F. Sherwood Rowland
2019:Charles J. Pedersen
1983:Herbert A. Hauptman
1676:Vincent du Vigneaud
1293:Richard Willstätter
1177:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1067:www.achievement.org
884:1966Sci...154..745P
747:molecular structure
601:New York University
421:American University
3320:Eugene van Tamelen
3309:Jean L. F. Tricart
3299:Jan Peter Toennies
3285:Peter C. Thonemann
3247:Heikki Suomalainen
3185:Stuart J. Saunders
3163:Stanley K. Runcorn
3159:Abraham J. A. Roux
3137:G. N. Ramachandran
3074:Jayant V. Narlikar
3069:Ilie G. Murgulescu
3059:Robert S. Mulliken
3018:William D. McElroy
2860:Guy Blaudin de Thé
2818:Christiaan Barnard
2599:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
2575:Robert S. Mulliken
2450:John B. Goodenough
2378:William E. Moerner
2258:Richard R. Schrock
2230:Roderick MacKinnon
2202:K. Barry Sharpless
2027:Johann Deisenhofer
1856:Geoffrey Wilkinson
1852:Ernst Otto Fischer
1776:Robert S. Mulliken
1712:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1660:Hermann Staudinger
1480:Irène Joliot-Curie
1087:R. Stephen Berry,
987:on Nobelprize.org
985:Robert S. Mulliken
653:John Lennard-Jones
514:Harvard University
506:
487:old quantum theory
483:Robert A. Millikan
411:At this time, the
396:. He received his
3358:
3357:
3335:William J. Whelan
3294:Alexander R. Todd
3289:Phillip V. Tobias
3243:Frederick Stewart
3213:Leonard T. Skeggs
3039:Desmond J. Morris
3006:Georges B. Koelle
2973:Adrian Kantrowitz
2968:Reginald V. Jones
2950:Alfred D. Hershey
2920:Kenneth O. Emergy
2866:Venancio Deulofeu
2856:Cornelis de Jager
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2506:Moungi G. Bawendi
2426:Richard Henderson
2270:Roger D. Kornberg
2238:Aaron Ciechanover
2071:Rudolph A. Marcus
1975:Robert Merrifield
1911:Peter D. Mitchell
1684:Cyril Hinshelwood
1445:Friedrich Bergius
1369:Richard Zsigmondy
1285:Theodore Richards
1233:Ernest Rutherford
918:www.nasonline.org
878:(3750): 745–747.
724:quantum mechanics
702:electronegativity
644:Valence-Bond (VB)
582:molecular orbital
577:quantum mechanics
553:Werner Heisenberg
545:Erwin Schrödinger
526:John H. Van Vleck
415:had just entered
362:Arthur Amos Noyes
345:organic chemistry
313:molecular orbital
289:
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266:Scientific career
237:Peter Debye Award
216:Quantum chemistry
137:
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16:(Redirected from
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3345:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3340:Karel F. Wiesner
3325:Ulf S. von Euler
3304:Andrzej Trautman
3229:Leonard Sosnowky
3199:Glenn T. Seaborg
3168:Donald H. Sadler
3123:Jens J. Pindborg
3109:Arthur B. Pardee
3104:George E. Palade
3079:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
3044:Giuseppe Moruzzi
3029:Jerrold Meinwald
3009:Walther Manshard
2978:Nathan O. Kaplan
2955:Gerhard Herzberg
2946:Carl G. Gahmberg
2912:Mohammed El Fasi
2847:William J. Darby
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903:
867:
861:
859:
857:
828:
782:Mulliken symbols
666:in 1940 and the
557:Louis de Broglie
549:Paul A. M. Dirac
425:Washington, D.C.
298:
181:
178:October 31, 1986
162:
160:
139:
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69:
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21:
3476:
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3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3316:Constantin Vago
3281:Harold Thompson
3256:Charles Tanford
3233:Roger W. Sperry
3225:George D. Snell
3221:George J. Smets
3209:Frederick Seitz
3204:Ernest R. Sears
3119:Jacques Piccard
2999:Seymour S. Kety
2994:Donald W. Kerst
2937:David J. Finney
2927:Hans J. Eysenck
2916:Ernest L. Eliel
2894:Francisco J. Dy
2880:Audouin Dollfus
2875:Richard S. Doll
2823:Colin Blakemore
2786:
2780:
2750:
2745:
2683:
2675:
2672:(United States)
2666:(United States)
2650:
2631:
2610:
2580:
2577:(United States)
2561:
2554:
2524:
2519:
2503:
2487:
2478:David MacMillan
2475:
2470:Jennifer Doudna
2463:
2447:
2431:
2415:
2406:Fraser Stoddart
2399:
2390:Paul L. Modrich
2383:
2367:
2351:
2339:
2331:
2326:Ei-ichi Negishi
2318:Richard F. Heck
2315:
2299:
2286:Osamu Shimomura
2283:
2275:
2267:
2251:
2235:
2223:
2207:
2194:William Knowles
2191:
2180:
2171:Alan MacDiarmid
2164:
2156:
2144:
2128:
2123:Richard Smalley
2112:
2099:Paul J. Crutzen
2096:
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2052:
2040:
2024:
2015:Jean-Marie Lehn
2008:
1992:
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1876:Vladimir Prelog
1869:
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1768:Robert Woodward
1765:
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1573:James B. Sumner
1570:
1562:
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1520:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1516:Adolf Butenandt
1513:
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1493:
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1453:Irving Langmuir
1450:
1438:
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1418:
1410:
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1394:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1366:
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1338:Frederick Soddy
1335:
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1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1265:Victor Grignard
1262:
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1241:Wilhelm Ostwald
1238:
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1016:. p. 175.
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625:
593:
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429:James B. Conant
409:
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333:
325:Priestley Medal
294:
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255:Priestley Medal
222:
218:
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194:Alma mater
189:
183:
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143:Robert Mulliken
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3175:
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3142:Gunnar Randers
3139:
3134:
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3114:David Phillips
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3064:Walter H. Munk
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Nevill F. Mott
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Harry Melville
3031:
3026:
3025:John McMichael
3023:
3022:Henry McIlwain
3020:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:Prem N. Kirpal
3001:
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2960:David H. Hubel
2957:
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2932:Don W. Fawcett
2929:
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2898:John C. Eccles
2895:
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2890:Gerald Durrell
2887:
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2870:Frank J. Dixon
2867:
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2833:Norman Borlaug
2830:
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2809:M. Balasegaram
2807:
2805:James Baddiley
2802:
2797:
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2438:Gregory Winter
2434:Frances Arnold
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2358:Michael Levitt
2354:Martin Karplus
2349:
2337:
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2313:
2297:
2294:Roger Y. Tsien
2290:Martin Chalfie
2281:
2273:
2265:
2249:
2233:
2221:
2205:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2167:Alan J. Heeger
2162:
2154:
2142:
2135:John E. Walker
2126:
2110:
2094:
2086:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2038:
2035:Hartmut Michel
2022:
2011:Donald J. Cram
2006:
1990:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1951:Roald Hoffmann
1942:
1935:Walter Gilbert
1926:
1914:
1906:
1903:Ilya Prigogine
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:John Cornforth
1867:
1859:
1847:
1840:Stanford Moore
1831:
1823:
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1795:
1788:Ronald Norrish
1779:
1771:
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1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1696:Alexander Todd
1691:
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1636:Edwin McMillan
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1496:Norman Haworth
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1330:Walther Nernst
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1310:
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1225:Eduard Buchner
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1201:William Ramsay
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1082:External links
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690:Adolf Carl Noé
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628:John C. Slater
623:
612:Walter Heitler
599:department at
592:
589:
580:developed his
573:Wolfgang Pauli
569:Friedrich Hund
534:John C. Slater
532:. He also met
530:Harold C. Urey
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339:. His father,
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50:This article
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3276:Howard Temin
3152:Rex Richards
3132:Hermann Rahn
3058:
2942:Val L. Fitch
2903:Paul Ehrlich
2828:Aage N. Bohr
2800:Werner Arber
2715:
2574:
2442:George Smith
2322:Akira Suzuki
2278:Gerhard Ertl
2262:Yves Chauvin
2210:John B. Fenn
2198:Ryoji Noyori
2185:2001–present
2159:Ahmed Zewail
2119:Harold Kroto
2103:Mario Molina
2031:Robert Huber
2003:John Polanyi
1987:Jerome Karle
1923:Georg Wittig
1808:Derek Barton
1800:Lars Onsager
1775:
1752:Giulio Natta
1748:Karl Ziegler
1740:John Kendrew
1508:Richard Kuhn
1433:Hans Fischer
1249:Otto Wallach
1185:Emil Fischer
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1047:November 12,
1045:. Retrieved
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917:
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839:
802:Halogen bond
772:for burial.
763:
721:
713:World War II
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616:Fritz London
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518:E. C. Kemble
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444:carbon black
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407:Early career
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180:(1986-10-31)
163:June 7, 1896
123:
114:
104:
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71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3376:1986 deaths
3371:1896 births
3261:Henry Taube
3181:Abdus Salam
2605:Nelly Sachs
2558:Nobel Prize
2410:Ben Feringa
2394:Aziz Sancar
2374:Stefan Hell
2370:Eric Betzig
2147:Walter Kohn
2115:Robert Curl
2091:George Olah
2079:Kary Mullis
2055:Elias Corey
2047:Thomas Cech
1999:Yuan T. Lee
1967:Henry Taube
1500:Paul Karrer
1488:Peter Debye
1468:Harold Urey
1354:Fritz Pregl
1315:Fritz Haber
1257:Marie Curie
696:Later years
622:molecule (H
472:evaporation
417:World War I
331:Early years
321:Nobel Prize
3365:Categories
3330:Alan Walsh
3251:Pol Swings
3156:Jean Rösch
2586:Literature
2246:Irwin Rose
2226:Peter Agre
2151:John Pople
1959:Aaron Klug
1864:Paul Flory
1812:Odd Hassel
1736:Max Perutz
1617:Kurt Alder
1613:Otto Diels
1441:Carl Bosch
1038:"About Us"
971:2023-05-03
947:2023-05-03
923:2023-05-03
813:References
797:Delta bond
728:Lewis acid
538:Niels Bohr
440:zinc oxide
159:1896-06-07
87:newspapers
3313:Ioan Ursu
2567:Chemistry
2560:laureates
1931:Paul Berg
1886:1976–2000
1627:1951–1975
1557:Otto Hahn
1388:1926–1950
1168:1901–1925
1157:Laureates
735:molecules
717:Plutonium
382:chemistry
375:Education
353:botanical
327:in 1983.
317:molecules
301:physicist
276:chemistry
117:June 2018
2647:(France)
2607:(Sweden)
2601:(Israel)
900:17745979
834:(1990).
776:See also
620:hydrogen
561:Max Born
495:diborane
464:isotopes
296:ForMemRS
249:ForMemRS
2637:Physics
1159:of the
1119:at the
1110:at the
880:Bibcode
872:Science
848:: 328.
770:Chicago
751:spectra
737:. (See
618:on the
597:physics
476:Chicago
468:mercury
347:at the
305:chemist
280:physics
101:scholar
2504:2023:
2488:2022:
2476:2021:
2464:2020:
2448:2019:
2432:2018:
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1247:1910:
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1215:1906:
1207:1905:
1199:1904:
1191:1903:
1183:1902:
1175:1901:
1020:
898:
563:, and
448:rubber
401:degree
357:German
272:Fields
257:(1983)
251:(1967)
245:(1966)
239:(1963)
230:Awards
188:, U.S.
169:, U.S.
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2716:1966
2616:Peace
2556:1966
636:bonds
398:B. S.
394:Maine
108:JSTOR
94:books
2741:1971
2736:1970
2731:1969
2726:1968
2721:1967
2711:1965
2706:1964
2701:1963
2696:1962
2691:1961
2628:None
2620:1966
2590:1966
1541:1942
1534:1941
1527:1940
1460:1933
1361:1924
1322:1919
1307:1917
1300:1916
1049:2022
1018:ISBN
896:PMID
749:and
732:base
730:and
630:and
614:and
528:and
442:and
392:and
303:and
175:Died
149:Born
80:news
888:doi
876:154
850:doi
711:In
646:or
493:on
470:by
466:of
446:on
423:in
198:MIT
63:by
3367::
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1101:-
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846:35
844:.
838:.
821:^
674:.
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278:,
2775:e
2768:t
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2622:)
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902:.
890::
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858:.
852::
640:2
624:2
161:)
157:(
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124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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