1344:
949:, with the precise intent of avoiding a pitched battle and of dispersing Ranulf's army with a series of marches through difficult terrain. While the Count of Alife hesitated, Roger, now supported by Benevento, destroyed all the rebels' castles in the region, capturing an immense booty. In April 1139, at the Second Council of the Lateran, Innocent II declared Roger excommunicated. Ranulf himself, who had taken refuge in his capital Troia, died of malarial fever on 30 April 1139. Roger exhumed his body from his grave in Troia cathedral and threw it in a ditch, only to repent subsequently and rebury him decently.
1045:
49:
549:
451:
1188:
1094:
660:, with thousands outlining each section of the embroidery. Pearls were a common decoration on pan-Mediterranean textiles, but were also used and admired on clothing of the Byzantine Empire. The enameled surfaces are also attributed to the Byzantine Empire, as they had many craftsmen specializing in this type of work. The gold embroidery was most likely created by Muslim craftsmen, given the
850:
759:
965:
942:), the younger Roger and his father, with Sergius of Naples, met the defensive army of Duke Ranulf. It was the greatest defeat of Roger II's career. Sergius died and Roger fled to Salerno. It capped Ranulf's meteoric career: twice victor over Roger. Anacletus II died in January 1138, but Innocent II refused to reconcile with the king.
1146:. Sicily, in the center of the Mediterranean and a natural stopping point for people traveling across it, had been run by several different groups in its history, and Roger welcomed the learned and practiced tolerance toward the several religions, ethnicities and languages of his realm. To administer his domain he hired many
1075:; others included foods like cheese and vine fruits. Unlike other states, Sicily also had a strong political and military standing, so its merchants were supported and to some extent protected. This standing allowed for an increase in internal trade and a stronger market, which led to noticeable developments in agriculture.
676:
hopes, the pleasure of days and nights, without cease or change, of glory, devotion, preservation of protection, luck, salvation, victory and capability, in the capital of Sicily, in the year 528 H. " This mantle was made to promote status, bring the wearer good fortune, and to emphasize Roger II's regal power.
1059:
In 1140 at his assembly at Ariano he introduced new coinage including smaller denominations, to facilitate trade with the rest of the
Mediterranean. However, although this new coinage made long-distance trade easier, it was detrimental to local trade, which spread "hatred throughout Italy". By the
798:
The next year, Lothair III came down to Rome for his imperial coronation. The rebel leaders met him there, but they were refused help because
Lothair's force was too small. With the emperor's departure, divisions in his opponents' ranks allowed Roger to reverse his fortunes. By July 1134, his troops
688:
on either side of a central palm tree. The lions are stylized rather than realistically portrayed. There are also evocations of the cosmos and constellations in the star shapes on the lions' heads. The mantle's pan-Mediterranean influence is brought out in the materials used to create it, the way it
675:
The inscription written in the tiraz band along the bottom of the piece states, "Here is what was created in the princely treasury, filled with luck, eminence, majesty, perfection, long-suffering, superiority, welcome, prosperity, liberality, brilliance, pride, beauty, the fulfillment of desires and
825:, each of whom feared the growth of a powerful Norman kingdom. A Pisan fleet led by the exiled prince of Capua dropped anchor off Naples in 1135. Ranulf joined Robert and Sergius there, encouraged by news coming from Sicily that Roger was fatally ill or even already dead. The important fortress of
655:
The mantle is an example of the
Normans' multicultural court and a mark of trade in Palermo. It is a luxury object made from red silk imported from the Byzantine Empire, its outer panels embellished with gold embroidery, pearls, enamel and jewels. The lining panels are separated into five sections
1063:
Nevertheless, the controversy over the coinage did not hinder the
Kingdom's prosperity. Roger II had acquired large wealth not only through his royal patrimony but also through his military campaigns and their financial rewards. For example, gold and silver were gained through the campaigns in
919:, Alife, Capua, and Avellino. Sergius was forced to acknowledge him as overlord of Naples and switch his allegiance to Anacletus. This moment marked the fall of an independent Neapolitan duchy, and thereafter the ancient city was fully integrated into the Norman realm.
640:(1133â34); therefore it could not have been used for his coronation. This lavish item, made for special events to show power and regality, was most likely worn as a symbol of the Norman's victory and new dynasty in Sicily. It was later used as a coronation cloak by the
833:. On 5 June, however, Roger disembarked in Salerno, much to the surprise of all the mainland provinces. The royal army, split into several forces, easily conquered Aversa and even Alife, the base of the natural rebel leader, Ranulf. Most of the rebels took refuge in
1029:
affairs. It invested the king and his bureaucracy with absolute powers and reduced the authority of the often rebellious vassals. While there, centralising his kingdom, Roger declared a new standard coinage, named after the duchy of Apulia: the
1278:, where he pillaged the silk factories and carried off the Jewish damask, brocade, and silk weavers, taking them back to Palermo where they formed the basis for the Sicilian silk industry. George capped the expedition with a sack of
903:, after the victorious campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as Duke of Apulia in August 1137, and the emperor then retired to Germany. Roger, freed from the utmost danger, immediately disembarked in Calabria, at
1014:, who had led the rebellion of the city, was hanged, along with many of his followers, but the city avoided being sacked. Roger's execution of the prince and his counsellors was perhaps the most violent act of his life.
497:, returned to Sicily, since the patriarch of Jerusalem had declared the marriage invalid. Roger seems to have felt the slight, and this might explain his later reluctance to go crusading. Roger married his first wife,
679:
In addition to its lavish decoration and color, the mantle uses striking imagery to convey Roger II's power and victory over the previous dynasty. In a scene evoking domination through primal violence, two lions, a
422:, who effectively exercised sovereign power in their own localities. These counts at least nominally owed allegiance to one of these three Norman rulers, but such allegiance was usually weak and often ignored.
383:. As mercenaries they fought the enemies of the Italian city-states, sometimes fighting for the Byzantines and sometimes against them, but in the following century they gradually became the rulers of the major
2592:
493:
In 1112, at the age of sixteen, Roger began his personal rule, being named "now knight, now count of Sicily and
Calabria" in a charter document dated 12 June 1112. In 1117, his mother, who had married
1254:, the island capitulated thanks to George's bribes (and the tax burden of the imperial government), welcoming the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sailed on to the
976:
After the death of
Anacletus in January 1138, Roger had sought the confirmation of his title from Innocent. However, the pope wanted an independent Principality of Capua as a buffer state between the
462:
Upon the death in 1105 of his elder brother, Simon of
Hauteville, Roger inherited the County of Sicily under the regency of his mother, Adelaide del Vasto. His mother was assisted by such notables as
751:
in a show of force in support of
Anacletus. While they were away, Roger's half-sister Matilda, Ranulf's wife, fled to Roger claiming abuse. Simultaneously, Roger annexed Ranulf's brother's County of
1290:
against
Constantinople, but could not land and instead defied the Byzantine emperor by firing arrows against the palace windows. Despite this act, his expedition left no enduring effects.
922:
From there Roger moved to
Benevento and northern Apulia, where Duke Ranulf, although steadily losing his bases of power, had some German troops plus some 1,500 knights from the cities of
895:
sent subsidies to Lothair. Salerno surrendered, and the large army of Germans and Normans marched to the very south of Apulia. There, in June 1137, Lothair besieged and took
1131:
Roger had now become one of the greatest kings in Europe. At Palermo, he gathered round him distinguished men from a variety of ethnicities and cultures, such as the famous
3068:
883:, descended the peninsula to support the three rebels. Henry, Robert, and Ranulf took a large contingent of troops to besiege the peninsular capital of the kingdom,
2306:
Bauer, Rotraud (2004). "Der Mantel Rogers II. und die siculo-normannischen GewÀnder aus den königlichen HofwerkstÀtten in Palermo". In Seipel, Wilfried (ed.).
1004:
were only later fixed by a truce with the pope in October 1144. These lands were for the next seven centuries to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
2747:
668:
script. The piece was made in a private royal workshop, dedicated to creating tiraz fabric and other royal garments. It is one of few surviving mementos of
505:
and, later, his fourth wife, Isabella, who may be identical to his former concubine, the converted Moor, Zaida, who was baptized with the name of Isabella.
1215:
in 1148. These conquests were lost in the reign of Roger's successor William, however, and never formed an integral part of the kingdom in southern Italy.
1007:
In 1139, Bari, the 50,000 inhabitants of which had remained unscathed behind its massive walls during the wars of the past year, decided to surrender. The
2408:
Dolezalek, Isabelle (2013). "Textile Connections? Two Ifrīqiyan Church Treasuries in Norman Sicily and the Problem of Continuity across Political Change"
3043:
1025:, a town central to the peninsular possessions (and a center of rebellion under his predecessors). There he promulgated the great law regulating all
1017:
While his sons overcame pockets of resistance on the mainland, on 5 November 1139 Roger returned to Palermo to plan a great act of legislation: the
1199:
A powerful fleet was built up under several admirals, or "emirs", of whom the greatest was George, formerly in the service of the Muslim prince of
1154:, who were trained in long-established traditions of centralized government. He was served by men of several nationalities, such as the Englishman
1021:, an attempt to establish his dominions in southern Italy as a coherent state. He returned to check on his sons' progress in 1140 and then went to
490:. The story in Icelandic sources suggests that Sigurd called Roger the king of Sicily twenty years before the latter actually obtained this title.
1604:
Dominus noster Sycilie et Ytalie nec non et tocius Africe serenissimus et invictissimus rex a Deo coronatus pius felix triumphator semper augustus
984:, something Roger would not accept. In the summer of 1139, Innocent II invaded the kingdom with a large army, but was ambushed on 22 July 1139 at
379:
adventurers had arrived in southern Italy. By 1016, they were involved in the complex local politics, where Lombards were fighting against the
3038:
3028:
1842:
1242:. Roger himself never went on an expedition against Byzantium, instead handing command to the skillful George. In 1147, George set sail from
1223:
1343:
755:. Ranulf demanded the restitution of both wife and countship. Both were denied, and Ranulf left Rome against orders, with Robert following.
2872:
2391:
Schipa, Michaelangelo (1957). "Italy and Sicily under Frederick II". In Tanner, J.R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Zachary Nugent (eds.).
1052:
Roger's reforms in laws and administration aimed not only to strengthen his rule but also to improve the economic standing of Sicily and
498:
2443:
2315:
Britt, Karen C. (2007). "Roger II of Sicily: Rex, Basileus, and Khalif? Identity, Politics, and Propaganda in the Cappella Palatina".
1352:
198:
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799:
had forced Ranulf, Sergius, and the other ringleaders to submit. Robert was expelled from Capua and Roger installed his third son,
2354:
569:
The popes had long been suspicious of the growth of Norman power in southern Italy, and at Capua in December, the pope preached a
3033:
2842:
2740:
952:
At this time, with Sergius dead, Alfonso was elected to replace him and together with his brother Roger went off to conquer the
597:, and other cities whose aim was civic freedom, gave way. In September 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke of Apulia by
536:, which had been nominally given to Apulia almost thirty years earlier. However, the union of Sicily and Apulia was resisted by
2992:
837:, which was besieged in July, but despite poor health conditions within the city, Roger was unable to take it, and returned to
710:
2982:
2296:
1913:"Textile Connections? Two Ifrīqiyan Church Treasuries in Norman Sicily and the Problem of Continuity across Political Change"
1866:"Textile Connections? Two Ifrīqiyan Church Treasuries in Norman Sicily and the Problem of Continuity across Political Change"
1483:
1408:
437:. Simon died four years later in 1105 at the age of 12. Adelaide continued as regent to her younger son Roger, who was nine.
2947:
2308:
Nobiles Officinae. Die königlichen HofwerkstÀtten zu Palermo zur Zeit der Normannen und Staufer im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert
1084:
601:, Robert of Capua, and the rest. He began at once to enforce order in the duchy, where ducal power had long been fading.
2837:
972:
Ducalis, dated year 10 (1140), after the king's victory on 25 July. Obverse: Christ. Reverse: King Roger and Duke Roger.
1407:
Adelisia (1226 - post 1184), regnant duchess of Florence. She married firstly Jozzelino, Count of Loreto, and secondly
482:
in recognition of his knowledge of the Byzantine court. In the summer of 1110, Roger was visited by the Norwegian king
3083:
3013:
2733:
2656:
1359:. When she died, rumors flew that Roger had died as well, as his grief had made him a recluse. They had six children:
1132:
407:
350:
2520:
2480:
Queens of Sicily 1061â1266: The queens consort, regent and regnant of the Norman-Swabian era of the Kingdom of Sicily
1117:, is perhaps the most striking product of the brilliant and mixed civilization over which the grandson of the Norman
1796:
3058:
2832:
2649:
254:
1563:
1423:
1363:
1011:
804:
645:
558:
249:
234:
3078:
3053:
3048:
1231:
780:
767:
259:
2598:
2004:
1044:
701:, Innocent's champion, organized a coalition against Anacletus and his "half-heathen king". He was joined by
604:
On the death of Pope Honorius in February 1130 there were two claimants to the papal throne. Roger supported
581:(his own brother-in-law) against him. After this coalition failed, in August 1128 Honorius invested Roger at
2887:
2862:
2817:
2693:
1442:
1377:
784:
721:
458:
at the time of Roger's death in 1154 is indicated by a thicker black line encircling most of southern Italy.
239:
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2937:
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633:
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342:
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1393:
1356:
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1118:
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1230:, the traditional Norman enemy to the East. It also afforded him an opportunity, through the agency of
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2807:
2717:
2666:
2549:
2535:
2467:
1449:
1419:
1383:
1302:
1287:
1207:(1146â1153). From 1135 Roger II started to conquer the coast of Tunisia and enlarge his dominions:
1102:
483:
426:
411:
274:
203:
128:
2426:
Sokoly, Jochen (2017). "Textiles and Identity". In Flood, Finbarr Barry; NecipoÄlu, GĂŒlru (eds.).
934:, and Bari, who were "ready to die rather than lead a miserable life". On 30 October 1137, at the
48:
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2912:
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2332:
1940:
1893:
1438:
1332:
1283:
1135:
864:
744:
740:
706:
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641:
578:
574:
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430:
294:
208:
31:
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L'invenzione del regno, dalla conquista normanna alla fondazione del Regnum Siciliae (1061/1154)
1286:
were stolen, and then returned to Sicily. In 1149, however, Corfu was retaken. George went on a
548:
2977:
2972:
2942:
2932:
2793:
2773:
2683:
2638:
2439:
2292:
2183:
2173:
1932:
1885:
1838:
1471:
1320:
1251:
1239:
1204:
1169:
1143:
1098:
1088:
1018:
993:
977:
935:
819:
815:
729:
725:
669:
529:
520:. Roger, in exchange, provided William with 600 knights and access to money for his campaign.
455:
338:
334:
330:
318:
284:
218:
169:
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2431:
2324:
1924:
1877:
1830:
1529:
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1227:
892:
860:
855:
822:
811:
792:
637:
609:
537:
513:
391:
380:
310:
244:
1060:
1150s most of this coinage was no longer in use and soon after, it disappeared altogether.
2778:
2629:
1558:
1397:
1271:
1114:
888:
880:
876:
829:, among others, passed to the rebels and only Capua resisted, under the royal chancellor,
717:
415:
346:
93:
887:. Roger remained in Sicily, leaving its mainland garrisons helpless under the chancellor
728:
to join up with a royal troop from Apulia and Calabria and march on Amalfi by land while
2707:
2605:
2486:
1401:
1387:
1367:
1275:
1263:
1219:
1208:
1053:
989:
772:
354:
326:
100:
75:
1331:. Studiorum Universitas Ruggero II, a private non-traditional university connected to
1234:, a cardinal ever-vigilant for Crusade supporters, to strike up a correspondence with
3007:
2453:
2165:
1970:
1944:
1897:
1212:
1068:
1022:
931:
927:
1071:
favored trade with Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Its primary export was
1056:. He was "very concerned to gain money, but hardly very prodigal in expending it".
1534:
1255:
981:
657:
463:
450:
1822:
1821:
Kapitaikin, Lev A. (20 June 2017), Flood, Finbarr Barry; NecipoÄlu, GĂŒlru (eds.),
810:
Meanwhile, Lothair's contemplated attack upon Roger had gained the backing of the
1928:
1881:
1187:
1155:
1093:
1072:
868:
403:
2435:
1834:
1000:(King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and commander of Capua). The boundaries of his
1540:
1315:
867:
for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. North is at the bottom, the reverse of modern
849:
758:
656:
made from three separate silks, each woven with gold. The pearls are from the
613:
553:
115:
2187:
1936:
1889:
2359:. Translated by Loud, Graham A.; Milburn, Diane. Cambridge University Press.
1324:
1026:
985:
964:
788:
779:
First Roger dealt with a rebellion in Apulia, where he defeated and deposed
621:
582:
487:
62:
2212:
2857:
969:
916:
912:
762:
752:
685:
681:
528:
When William II of Apulia died childless in July 1127, Roger claimed all
517:
399:
358:
148:
2415:
Kapitaikin, Lev A. (2017). "Sicily and the Staging of Multiculturalism"
2336:
911:. After having been welcomed by the Salernitans, he recovered ground in
516:, offered to renounce his remaining claims to Sicily as well as part of
17:
2593:
Adrian Fletcherâs Paradoxplace â Palermo and the First Normans â Photos
2576:
Roger II of Sicily, Rex-Tyrannus, In Twelfth-Century Political Thought.
2575:
2564:
2532:, Constable & Robinson, London, 2008 (translated by Howard Curtis).
1294:
1279:
1243:
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953:
939:
908:
884:
838:
617:
594:
570:
562:
471:
434:
376:
269:
165:
66:
1184:). Roger made Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean.
2725:
2557:
2543:
2328:
1452:(born posthumously, 2 November 1154 â 28 November 1198), who married
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1177:
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2368:. Vol. 4, c. 1024âc. 1198, Part II. Cambridge University Press.
552:
Royal mantle of Roger II, bearing an inscription in Arabic with the
1371:
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1247:
1186:
1092:
1043:
1032:
963:
923:
848:
757:
733:
665:
661:
547:
449:
419:
418:. Alongside these three major rulers were a large number of minor
2430:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 275â299.
1160:
1151:
896:
875:
In 1136, the long-awaited imperial army, led by Lothair and the
748:
612:. The reward was a crown, and, on 27 September 1130, Anacletus'
590:
532:
possessions in the peninsula as well as the overlordship of the
467:
30:"Roger II" redirects here. For the Viscount of Carcassonne, see
2729:
2422:"Quantara â Mantle of Roger II of Sicily" www.qantara-med.org.
1168:, and in the fleet by two Greeks, first Christodulus and then
697:
Roger's backing of Anacletus plunged him into a ten-year war.
61:
in Greek letters) receiving the crown from Jesus Christ (IC),
329:: ΥογÎÏÎčÎżÏ; 22 December 1095 â 26 February 1154) was King of
1335:
was incorporated in the U.S. on 30 April 2001 in his honor.
992:, by Roger's son and was captured. Three days later, by the
1606:. The definitive source of Sicilian diplomas is K.A. Kehr,
1101:, at Palermo, the most wonderful of Roger's churches, with
2454:"Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period"
1971:"Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period"
1829:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 384,
1048:
Coin of Roger II of Sicily, silver Ducale, Brindisi mint.
2088:
2086:
394:
at the time of the birth of his youngest son, Roger, at
2254:
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2250:
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2246:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1700:
684:
symbol of a powerful, male ruler, each attack a camel,
1734:
1732:
1730:
1687:
1685:
1586:
1584:
585:
as Duke of Apulia. The baronial resistance, backed by
2364:
Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004).
1619:
Abulafia, "Norman Kingdom", 35, quoting Ibn al-Athīr.
907:, with 400 knights and other troops, probably mostly
2792:
2763:
2237:
1323:. The last months of his life are also featured in
1067:Sicily's geographic situation at the centre of the
290:
280:
268:
217:
191:
175:
155:
138:
134:
124:
114:
106:
99:
89:
81:
74:
41:
2402:The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1205:series of conquests were made on the African coast
998:rex Siciliae ducatus Apuliae et principatus Capuae
791:. Roger went to meet them but was defeated at the
2571:, Vol. 28, No. 3. (Sep., 1959), pp. 310â327.
1460:Roger also had five known illegitimate children:
2565:The Papacy and the Greeks (1122â1153) (Part II).
2505:The Oxford IllustratedHistory of Medieval Europe
2384:The Papacy, 1073â1198: Continuity and Innovation
1489:A daughter, wife of the Neapolitan nobleman Adam
2582:, Vol. 38, No. 1. (Jan., 1963), pp. 46â78.
2356:Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West
1608:Die Urkunden der normannisch-sizilischen Könige
732:blockaded the town by sea and set up a base on
2741:
1463:âBy a daughter of Hugues I, Count of Molise:
672:-style royal garb preserved in its entirety.
616:made Roger king of Sicily. He was crowned in
8:
1823:"Sicily and the Staging of Multiculturalism"
1492:Clemenza, married Hugues II, Count of Molise
1222:(1147â1148) offered Roger an opportunity to
1180:. (This title later became the English word
803:, as Prince of Capua. Roger II's eldest son
2428:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2417:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2395:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press.
1827:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
945:In spring 1138, the royal army invaded the
787:. Meanwhile, Robert and Ranulf took papal
664:bands, the Arabic text in calligraphy, and
2748:
2734:
2726:
2611:
1482:A daughter, wife of Rodrigo Garcés (later
1297:on 26 February 1154 and was buried in the
795:on 25 July 1132. He retreated to Salerno.
454:Southern Italy in 1112. The border of the
47:
38:
2289:The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050â1320
1538:, written in the 1220s. According to the
1386:(1120/1121 â 7 May 1166), his successor,
540:and by the subjects of the duchy itself.
425:When Roger I died in 1101, his young son
2199:
2077:
1750:
1380:(1120â1138), Prince of Bari (from 1135).
1347:Roger's tomb in the Cathedral of Palermo
1238:in an effort to break his alliance with
2152:
1652:
1580:
1521:
1495:Marina or Martina, married the admiral
1418:Roger's second marriage was in 1149 to
1414:Henry (1130 - 1143), prince of Taranto.
807:was given the title of Duke of Apulia.
2323:. Penn State University Press: 21â45.
2270:
2258:
2225:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
1991:
1957:
1721:
1706:
1691:
1664:
1640:
1628:
1590:
1437:Roger's third marriage was in 1151 to
1351:Roger's first marriage was in 1117 to
1301:. He was succeeded by his fourth son,
713:. Meanwhile, southern Italy revolted.
2170:A History of the World in Twelve Maps
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1738:
1676:
7:
1370:(from 1135), possibly also Count of
1176:or "Emir of Emirs", in effect prime
783:, replacing him with his second son
110:27 September 1130 â 26 February 1154
3069:People of the ByzantineâNorman wars
1911:Dolezalek, Isabelle (30 May 2013).
1864:Dolezalek, Isabelle (30 May 2013).
1433:Stillborn child (16 September 1150)
1430:Henry (29 August 1149 â died young)
1064:Apulia in 1133 and Greece in 1147.
891:, while even the Byzantine emperor
2540:The Normans in the South 1016â1130
2366:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1319:, a 1926 opera by Polish composer
25:
2602:, written by Frances Carney Gies.
1266:. He ravaged the coast all along
720:revolted and in 1131, Roger sent
371:Norman conquest of southern Italy
3044:Christians of the Second Crusade
2554:The Kingdom in the Sun 1130â1194
2419:John Wiley and Sons Inc. 378â404
1801:Quantara: Mediterranean Heritage
1602:Abulafia, "Norman Kingdom", 41:
1191:Roger II's "Kingdom of Africa" (
27:King of Sicily from 1130 to 1154
2513:The Kingdom of Sicily 1130â1860
2377:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks.
2238:Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004
1246:with seventy galleys to attack
996:, the pope proclaimed Roger II
711:Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor
524:Rise to power in southern Italy
478:bestowed upon him the title of
2393:The Cambridge Medieval History
2005:"Manto de Roger II de Sicilia"
1797:"Mantle of Roger II of Sicily"
1484:Henry, Count of Montescaglioso
1409:Robert III, Count of Loritello
512:, who was fighting with Count
429:became count, with his mother
1:
2522:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
2386:. Cambridge University Press.
2382:Robinson, Ian Stuart (1990).
1456:and was later Queen of Sicily
1085:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
474:. In 1109, Byzantine Emperor
402:, in 1095. Roger I's nephew,
341:and successor to his brother
3039:Burials at Palermo Cathedral
3029:12th-century kings of Sicily
2456:. Metropolitan Museum. 2015.
2375:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1973:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
1929:10.1080/09503110.2013.767009
1882:10.1080/09503110.2013.767009
1366:(1118 â 12 May 1148), heir,
1262:and quickly moved on to the
628:The Royal Mantle of Roger II
2657:Duke of Apulia and Calabria
2344:Chibnall, Marjorie (2006).
2213:"The Ruggero II University"
988:, southeast of present-day
736:. Amalfi soon capitulated.
632:Roger II's elaborate royal
408:Duke of Apulia and Calabria
351:Duke of Apulia and Calabria
224:
3100:
2599:Al-Idrisi And Rogerâs Book
2436:10.1002/9781119069218.ch11
2400:Takayama, Hiroshi (1993).
1835:10.1002/9781119069218.ch15
1478:âWith unknown mistresses:
1396:(1122 â 10 October 1144),
1203:. Mainly thanks to him, a
1082:
689:was made, and its design.
636:bears the year 528 of the
368:
255:Constance, Queen of Sicily
29:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2681:
2673:
2663:
2654:
2646:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2478:Alio, Jacqueline (2018).
1445:. They had one daughter:
1426:. They had two children:
1424:Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy
1282:, in which the relics of
1274:and penetrated as far as
1211:was captured in 1146 and
1009:excellentissimus princeps
960:Consolidation of kingship
559:Imperial Treasury, Vienna
250:William I, King of Sicily
235:Roger III, Duke of Apulia
46:
2373:Matthew, Donald (1992).
2287:Barber, Malcolm (2004).
1313:Roger is the subject of
1113:, and roof adorned with
781:Grimoald, Prince of Bari
768:Liber ad honorem Augusti
765:riding to war, from the
486:, who was on his way to
410:, and his great nephew,
260:Simon, Prince of Taranto
85:1105 â 27 September 1130
3034:Medieval child monarchs
2511:Mendola, Louis (2015).
2353:Houben, Hubert (2002).
1443:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
1441:, a grandniece of King
1172:, whom he made in 1132
1124:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1121:ruled." (From the 1911
573:against Roger, setting
446:Rise to power in Sicily
345:. He began his rule as
322:
240:Tancred, Prince of Bari
2608:Both codices in Latin.
2574:Wieruszowski, Helen. "
1497:Margaritus of Brindisi
1348:
1196:
1142:Nilus Doxopatrius or
1128:
1049:
973:
872:
776:
566:
556:date of 528 (1133â34).
495:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
459:
314:
2317:Mediterranean Studies
1357:Alfonso VI of Castile
1355:, a daughter of King
1346:
1236:Conrad III of Germany
1190:
1174:ammiratus ammiratorum
1096:
1047:
967:
947:Principality of Capua
852:
801:Alfonso of Hauteville
761:
693:Peninsular rebellions
606:Antipope Anacletus II
599:Sergius VII of Naples
551:
534:Principality of Capua
503:Alfonso VI of Castile
453:
2563:Rowe, John Gordon. "
2550:Norwich, John Julius
2536:Norwich, John Julius
2310:(in German). Milano.
1509:Palazzo dei Normanni
1299:Cathedral of Palermo
739:In 1132, Roger sent
699:Bernard of Clairvaux
510:William II of Apulia
181:Cathedral of Palermo
2468:Alexander of Telese
2348:. Wiley & Sons.
1994:, pp. 291â292.
1960:, pp. 275â299.
1765:, pp. 115â123.
1329:A Sultan in Palermo
1288:punitive expedition
1195:) pinpointed in red
642:Holy Roman Emperors
501:, daughter of King
484:Sigurd the Crusader
412:Richard II of Capua
204:Sibylla of Burgundy
3084:People from Mileto
3014:Roger II of Sicily
2757:Monarchs of Sicily
2491:Roger II de Sicile
2472:The Deeds of Roger
2462:General references
1610:(Innsbruck, 1902).
1439:Beatrice of Rethel
1349:
1333:Accademia Normanna
1197:
1138:and the Byzantine
1136:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1129:
1050:
974:
873:
865:Muhammad al-Idrisi
841:late in the year.
777:
745:Ranulf II of Alife
741:Robert II of Capua
707:Henry I of England
703:Louis VI of France
648:(Schatzkammer) in
644:and is now in the
579:Ranulf II of Alife
575:Robert II of Capua
567:
476:Alexios I Komnenos
460:
431:Adelaide del Vasto
390:Roger I ruled the
295:Adelaide del Vasto
209:Beatrice of Rethel
57:showing Roger II (
32:Roger II Trencavel
3059:Hauteville family
3001:
3000:
2794:Kingdom of Sicily
2724:
2723:
2715:Succeeded by
2691:Succeeded by
2684:Prince of Taranto
2664:Succeeded by
2639:Kingdom of Sicily
2606:Assizes of Ariano
2528:Francois Neveux.
2525:(Edinburgh, 2009)
1844:978-1-119-06921-8
1777:, pp. 85â95.
1472:Prince of Taranto
1321:Karol Szymanowski
1252:Nicetas Choniates
1240:Manuel I Comnenus
1170:George of Antioch
1144:Neilos Doxapatres
1099:Cappella Palatina
1089:Kingdom of Africa
1019:Assizes of Ariano
994:Treaty of Mignano
978:Kingdom of Sicily
936:Battle of Rignano
861:ancient world map
845:Imperial invasion
820:Byzantine emperor
816:Republic of Genoa
730:George of Antioch
726:Strait of Messina
646:Imperial Treasury
544:Royal investiture
530:Hauteville family
480:protonobilissimos
456:Kingdom of Sicily
339:Roger I of Sicily
300:
299:
285:Roger I of Sicily
199:Elvira of Castile
170:Kingdom of Sicily
16:(Redirected from
3091:
2765:County of Sicily
2750:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2674:Preceded by
2647:Preceded by
2620:Preceded by
2612:
2516:
2503:Holmes, George,
2496:Hamel, Pasquale
2483:
2457:
2449:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2349:
2340:
2329:10.2307/41167003
2311:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1530:Snorri Sturluson
1526:
1454:Emperor Henry VI
1400:(from 1135) and
1228:Byzantine Empire
1107:Saracenic arches
893:John II Comnenus
856:Tabula Rogeriana
812:Republic of Pisa
793:Battle of Nocera
638:Islamic calendar
538:Pope Honorius II
514:Jordan of Ariano
392:County of Sicily
387:south of Rome.
381:Byzantine Empire
349:in 1105, became
245:Alfonso of Capua
228:
162:
159:26 February 1154
142:22 December 1095
120:25 December 1130
51:
39:
21:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3079:Counts of Malta
3054:Norman warriors
3049:Dukes of Apulia
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2788:
2759:
2754:
2720:
2711:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2652:
2633:
2630:Count of Sicily
2625:
2589:
2510:
2500:(Palermo, 2009)
2477:
2464:
2452:
2446:
2425:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2352:
2343:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2180:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:, p. xvii.
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1559:William of Tyre
1557:Houben quoting
1556:
1552:
1528:Houben quoting
1527:
1523:
1518:
1505:
1398:Prince of Capua
1341:
1311:
1272:Gulf of Corinth
1250:. According to
1140:Greek historian
1133:Arab geographer
1091:
1081:
1042:
962:
889:Robert of Selby
881:Henry the Proud
877:Duke of Bavaria
847:
773:Petrus de Ebulo
722:John of Palermo
718:Duchy of Amalfi
695:
630:
557:
546:
526:
448:
443:
416:Prince of Capua
373:
367:
347:Count of Sicily
307:Roger the Great
264:
222:
221:
213:
187:
164:
160:
143:
76:Count of Sicily
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Victor Amadeus
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:King of Sicily
2704:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:Regnal titles
2610:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2587:External links
2585:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2569:Church History
2561:
2547:
2533:
2526:
2519:Alex Metcalfe
2517:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2445:978-1119069218
2444:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2350:
2341:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:, p. 131.
2263:
2242:
2240:, p. 760.
2230:
2218:
2204:
2192:
2178:
2166:Brotton, Jerry
2157:
2155:, p. 190.
2145:
2143:, p. 106.
2133:
2131:, p. 163.
2121:
2119:, p. 164.
2109:
2107:, p. 161.
2097:
2095:, p. 159.
2082:
2080:, p. 386.
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1996:
1984:
1962:
1950:
1903:
1856:
1843:
1813:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1631:, p. 209.
1621:
1612:
1595:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1458:
1457:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1422:, daughter of
1416:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1402:Duke of Naples
1391:
1388:Duke of Apulia
1381:
1375:
1368:Duke of Apulia
1340:
1337:
1310:
1307:
1293:Roger died at
1284:Saint Theodore
1264:Aegean Islands
1224:revive attacks
1220:Second Crusade
1193:Regno d'Africa
1115:Arabic scripts
1111:Byzantine dome
1080:
1077:
1054:southern Italy
1041:
1038:
961:
958:
846:
843:
694:
691:
629:
626:
563:Hofburg Palace
545:
542:
525:
522:
508:In 1122, Duke
447:
444:
442:
439:
366:
363:
359:King of Africa
355:King of Sicily
353:in 1127, then
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
201:
195:
193:
189:
188:
179:
177:
173:
172:
163:(aged 58)
157:
153:
152:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
101:King of Sicily
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3096:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Sons of kings
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Italo-Normans
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2993:Ferdinand III
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Frederick III
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:. OUP, 1988.
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:. E.J. Brill.
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:. Routledge.
2290:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2261:, p. 96.
2260:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2228:, p. 65.
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2202:, p. 37.
2201:
2200:Takayama 1993
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:9780670023394
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Robinson 1990
2074:
2071:
2068:, p. 71.
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:, p. 70.
2055:
2050:
2047:
2044:, p. 63.
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:, p. 60.
2031:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1753:, p. 86.
1752:
1751:Chibnall 2006
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 25.
1740:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:, p. 37.
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:, p. 29.
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:, p. 26.
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:, p. 24.
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:, p. 24.
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:, p. 21.
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 30.
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1470:, who became
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:Modern legacy
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Mediterranean
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
966:
959:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
940:Monte Gargano
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:In 1130, the
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
690:
687:
683:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
560:
555:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
452:
445:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
227:
226:
220:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2938:Ferdinand II
2888:Frederick II
2873:Constance II
2802:
2783:
2706:
2701:
2682:
2655:
2637:
2628:
2597:
2579:
2568:
2553:
2542:. Longmans:
2539:
2529:
2521:
2515:. Trinacria.
2512:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2487:Aubé, Pierre
2482:. Trinacria.
2479:
2471:
2427:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2288:
2266:
2233:
2221:
2207:
2195:
2169:
2160:
2153:Matthew 1992
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2011:(in Spanish)
2008:
1999:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1965:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1848:, retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1672:
1660:
1653:Matthew 1992
1648:
1636:
1624:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1562:
1553:
1546:Jarl Rogeirr
1545:
1544:, Roger was
1539:
1535:Heimskringla
1533:
1524:
1477:
1462:
1459:
1436:
1417:
1390:(from 1148).
1350:
1328:
1314:
1312:
1292:
1258:. He sacked
1256:Peloponnesus
1217:
1198:
1192:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1130:
1123:
1103:Norman doors
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1031:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
982:Papal States
975:
951:
944:
921:
901:San Severino
874:
871:conventions.
869:cartographic
854:
809:
797:
778:
766:
738:
715:
696:
678:
674:
658:Persian Gulf
654:
631:
603:
568:
527:
507:
492:
479:
466:, the Greek
464:Christodulus
461:
424:
389:
374:
357:in 1130 and
306:
302:
301:
225:Among others
223:
161:(1154-02-26)
59:Rogerios Rex
58:
53:Detail of a
36:
3024:1154 deaths
3019:1095 births
2968:Charles III
2923:Ferdinand I
2843:Frederick I
2833:Constance I
2828:William III
2796:(1130â1816)
2767:(1071â1130)
2677:Bohemond II
2556:. Longman:
2530:The Normans
2346:The Normans
2281:Works cited
2271:Schipa 1957
2259:Houben 2002
2226:Houben 2002
2141:Houben 2002
2129:Houben 2002
2117:Houben 2002
2105:Houben 2002
2093:Houben 2002
2066:Houben 2002
2054:Houben 2002
2042:Houben 2002
2030:Houben 2002
1992:Sokoly 2017
1958:Sokoly 2017
1722:Houben 2002
1707:Houben 2002
1692:Houben 2002
1665:Houben 2002
1641:Houben 2002
1629:Barber 2004
1591:Houben 2002
1156:Thomas Brun
1079:Later reign
1073:durum wheat
724:across the
610:Innocent II
404:Roger Borsa
90:Predecessor
3008:Categories
2983:Charles IV
2963:Philip III
2948:Charles II
2813:William II
2712:1130â1154
2688:1128â1132
2661:1127â1134
2650:William II
2634:1105â1130
2298:0415174155
2172:, Viking,
1977:7 November
1923:(1): 101.
1876:(1): 109.
1850:7 November
1775:Bauer 2004
1763:Bauer 2004
1739:Britt 2007
1677:Britt 2007
1575:References
1541:Fagrskinna
1316:King Roger
1083:See also:
915:, sacking
818:, and the
624:Day 1130.
614:papal bull
414:, was the
406:, was the
369:See also:
365:Background
323:Ruggeru II
315:Ruggero II
275:Hauteville
116:Coronation
2988:Charles V
2973:Philip IV
2958:Philip II
2928:Alfonso I
2918:Martin II
2868:Charles I
2858:Conrad II
2823:Roger III
2808:William I
2718:William I
2702:New title
2667:Roger III
2410:Al-Masaq.
2188:864745260
1945:153723275
1937:0950-3110
1898:153723275
1890:0950-3110
1564:Chronicon
1450:Constance
1384:William I
1364:Roger III
1325:Tariq Ali
1213:Cape Bona
1012:Jaquintus
986:Galluccio
938:(next to
863:drawn by
789:Benevento
622:Christmas
583:Benevento
561:, in the
488:Jerusalem
361:in 1148.
337:, son of
129:William I
125:Successor
63:Martorana
2953:Philip I
2913:Martin I
2893:Peter II
2853:Conrad I
2848:Henry II
2803:Roger II
2784:Roger II
2641:created
2580:Speculum
2337:41167003
2168:(2013),
2015:18 April
1917:Al-MasÄq
1870:Al-MasÄq
1806:18 April
1511:(palace)
1503:See also
1327:'s book
1270:and the
1232:Theodwin
1027:Sicilian
980:and the
970:Scyphate
917:Pozzuoli
913:Campania
763:Roger II
753:Avellino
686:addorsed
682:heraldic
608:against
518:Calabria
400:Calabria
385:polities
375:By 999,
319:Sicilian
303:Roger II
149:Calabria
42:Roger II
18:Roger II
2883:James I
2878:Peter I
2863:Manfred
2838:Henry I
2818:Tancred
2774:Roger I
2694:Tancred
2560:, 1970.
2546:, 1967.
2493:. 2001.
2009:Qantara
1474:in 1144
1420:Sibylla
1394:Alfonso
1378:Tancred
1303:William
1295:Palermo
1280:Corinth
1244:Otranto
1226:on the
1209:Tripoli
1182:admiral
1164:of the
1119:Tancred
1040:Economy
990:Cassino
954:Abruzzi
909:Muslims
885:Salerno
839:Messina
823:John II
785:Tancred
775:, 1196.
670:Fatimid
618:Palermo
595:Salerno
571:crusade
472:Palermo
311:Italian
166:Palermo
67:Palermo
2943:Joanna
2558:London
2544:London
2442:
2412:92â112
2335:
2295:
2186:
2176:
1943:
1935:
1896:
1888:
1841:
1353:Elvira
1339:Family
1276:Thebes
1268:Euboea
1260:Athens
1201:Mahdia
1178:vizier
1148:Greeks
1023:Ariano
905:Tropea
835:Naples
831:Guarin
827:Aversa
814:, the
709:, and
650:Vienna
634:mantle
587:Naples
554:Hijrah
499:Elvira
435:regent
420:counts
396:Mileto
377:Norman
335:Africa
331:Sicily
291:Mother
281:Father
192:Spouse
185:Sicily
176:Burial
145:Mileto
55:mosaic
2908:Maria
2898:Louis
2779:Simon
2623:Simon
2333:JSTOR
1941:S2CID
1894:S2CID
1567:xi.29
1516:Notes
1468:Simon
1372:Lecce
1248:Corfu
1166:Curia
1152:Arabs
1097:"The
1033:ducat
1002:regno
932:Troia
928:Trani
924:Melfi
899:. At
859:, an
805:Roger
734:Capri
666:Kufic
662:tiraz
441:Reign
427:Simon
343:Simon
327:Greek
270:House
219:Issue
107:Reign
94:Simon
82:Reign
2933:John
2440:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2184:OCLC
2174:ISBN
2017:2021
1979:2020
1933:ISSN
1886:ISSN
1852:2020
1839:ISBN
1808:2021
1218:The
1161:kaid
1158:, a
1150:and
1087:and
897:Bari
853:The
749:Rome
743:and
591:Bari
577:and
468:emir
333:and
156:Died
139:Born
2432:doi
2325:doi
1925:doi
1878:doi
1831:doi
968:AR
771:of
747:to
620:on
470:of
433:as
305:or
3010::
2578:"
2567:"
2552:.
2538:.
2489:.
2470:,
2438:.
2331:.
2321:16
2319:.
2245:^
2182:,
2085:^
2007:.
1939:.
1931:.
1921:25
1919:.
1915:.
1892:.
1884:.
1874:25
1872:.
1868:.
1837:,
1825:,
1799:.
1782:^
1729:^
1714:^
1699:^
1684:^
1583:^
1561:,
1532:,
1305:.
1127:).
1109:,
1105:,
956:.
930:,
926:,
879:,
705:,
652:.
593:,
589:,
398:,
325:,
321::
317:,
313::
183:,
168:,
65:,
2749:e
2742:t
2735:v
2474:.
2448:.
2434::
2339:.
2327::
2301:.
2215:.
2019:.
1981:.
1947:.
1927::
1900:.
1880::
1833::
1810:.
1548:.
1486:)
1411:.
1404:.
1374:.
1035:.
565:.
309:(
151:)
147:(
69:.
34:.
20:)
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