Rodrigues night heron - Knowledge (XXG)

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and the lower mandible was 147 mm (5.8 in) long. The sternum was 64–88 mm (2.5–3.5 in) long, the scapula 72 mm (2.8 in), the coracoid 59–67 mm (2.3–2.6 in), the humerus 118–180 mm (4.6–7.1 in), the ulna 121 mm (4.8 in), the radius 117 mm (4.6 in), and the metacarpal 62–98 mm (2.4–3.9 in). The pelvis was 63 mm (2.5 in) long, the femur 90–92 mm (3.5–3.6 in), the tibiotarsus 140–210 mm (5.5–8.3 in), the tarsometatarsus 95–162 mm (3.7–6.4 in), and the second phalanx bone 20 mm (0.79 in).

727:(turned to bone), whereas it was incompletely ossified in the Réunion species, and unknown in that of Mauritius. The wing-bones of the Rodrigues and Mauritis species, including the humeri, ulnae, and carpometacarpi, were quite reduced, and the legs, the femora in particular, were longer than in extant species. The short and thick proportions of the tarsometatarsi in the Mascarene species were closest to the black-crowned night heron within their genus, this robustness probably being accentuated by the reduced flight abilities of the Rodrigues and Mauritius species. 929:). This gave them the impression that the wings of the Rodrigues night heron were unusually small; Cowles noted they are not when compared to the European subspecies. He instead found that the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus of the Rodrigues night heron were broader, longer, and more robust than those of the European black-crowned night heron, showing that its legs had become stronger as its need to fly decreased, an adaptation which can also be seen in other species endemic to oceanic islands. 856: 756: 88: 1008:

was no longer viable by the 1770s, and although the hunters probably also killed the birds, it was probably the introduction of cats in 1750 that led to their extinction, most likely by Pingré's 1761 visit a decade later. Hume noted that night herons have proven adept at colonising remote islands (with populations still reaching new islands) but are vulnerable when switching from aquatic to terrestrial life, which increases the impact of overhunting,

960: 937:(grooves) for the tendons that would have given it strong control over the flexion of its toes when it walked and ran. He concluded that although the Rodrigues night heron was still capable of weak flight, it was on the way to flightlessness, and that its adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle in the forest (stronger than those of the other Mascarene herons) was influenced by the lack of standing water and wetlands on Rodrigues. 694: 31: 62: 975:

2023 that the night herons of the Mascarenes appear to have survived alongside introduced rats for centuries, and were common until the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These large birds would have been able to defend themselves and their offspring from rats with their strong bills. Cats were introduced to counter the rats, but went feral, and became a threat to the herons, especially the juveniles.

898:), finding them to be proportionally smaller. On the other hand, they found the leg bones to be better developed and the body size equal to the extant night heron, since they could compare the pelvis, which had been unknown to Milne-Edwards. They found the foot-bones to be very well-developed, thicker than in the black-crowned night heron, and considered this a sign that the bird was much more 951: 794:, which reached 23 cm (9.1 in) in length. Leguat and his companions were fond of these quite tame lizards, letting them feed from their tables, and therefore tried to protect them from the aggressive herons. In 2023, Hume interpreted Leguat's account as indicating that the bird was very tame and confiding, and not afraid of humans, as is common in many island birds. 902:(adapted to running), and would have chased swift, terrestrial animals (such as lizards) rather than aquatic prey. They concluded that the bird had become short-winged without losing the power of flight but it compensated for this by the increased development of the legs, especially by enlarging the metatarsus so it could receive and serve as a base for the foot's tendons. 739:, which are white, so Hachisuka thought this a contradiction of Leguat, if it also referred to colouration. One 1674 account stated that the related Réunion night heron had "grey plumage, each feather tipped with white, the neck and beak like a heron and the feet green", which is similar to juveniles of extant 974:

The night heron species that inhabit continents and large islands are not threatened, but those restricted to small islands have been vulnerable to human activities, and six out of nine species and a subspecies are therefore extinct (three more unnamed extinct species are known). Hume pointed out in

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In 2007, Cheke and Hume called the night herons of Rodrigues and Mauritius "behaviourally flightless", though still able to fly when required. Hume stated in 2023 that the hypotarsus (a process on the hind side of the tarsometatarsus that support the tendons of the toes) of the Rodrigues night heron

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Cheke and Hume suggested in 2007 that the Rodrigues night heron fed on snails as well as the geckos, and that it and the Mauritius night heron fed on land rather than wetlands or shores, as some extant herons do on Cuba. Hume and colleagues listed the Rodrigues night heron as a possible predator of

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The Rodrigues night heron is estimated to have been 60 cm (24 in) long. Measurements of the bones available by the late 19th century show that the skull was 154 mm (6.1 in) long, the upper mandible was 94 mm (3.7 in) long and 22 mm (0.87 in) wide at the base,

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Hume stated in 2023 that the Rodrigues night heron had been numerous during Leguat's and Tafforet's visits, but that when a small French population colonised the island in 1736 to hunt giant tortoises, this marked the beginning of the end for the heron and other terrestrial birds. Tortoise hunting

775:

We had Bitterns as big and as fat as capons. They are tamer and more easily caught than the 'gelinotes' ... The lizards often serve as prey for the birds, especially for the Bitterns. When we shook them down from the branches with a pole, these birds ran up and gobbled them down in front of us, in

710:

in the Rodrigues night heron, which is also present in the black-crowned night heron, and the male was the largest. There is a 17.5% length difference in the tibiotarsus between male and female specimens, 9.3% difference in the tarsometatarsus, and a 9.1% difference in the available mandibles. The

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No later visitors mentioned the Rodrigues night heron, and it had probably gone extinct by this time. Milne-Edwards suggested in 1873 that the bird was unable to escape the destruction that threatened it due to its diminished flight capabilities. Hume and the British ornithologist Michael Walters

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eggs and hatchlings in 2021. Hume speculated in 2023 that the increased sexual dimorphism in the species was a result of competition between the sexes. This kind of difference is mainly an effect of food availability, and each sex may have exploited different food items due to living on an island

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The Réunion night heron was the largest of the three Mascarene night heron species in most features, except for in the tarsometatarsus, which was almost the same size as in the Rodrigues night heron, and the femur, which was smaller than in the Rodrigues species. In the Rodrigues night heron, the

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to examine the interrelationships of the Mascarene herons, the Rodrigues and Mauritius species appear to have been closely related. Hume added that a complete Rodrigues night heron sternum he had found in Caverne Dora in Plaine Corail near other subfossil bird bones was the only known specimen of

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stated in 2007 that although the Mascarene night herons may have originated in Madagascar, the black-crowned night heron that they probably descended from is so widespread that they could also have colonised from Asia. Due to the diminished flight capabilities of the Rodrigues and Mauritius night

586:"Rodriguez flightless heron", due to his conviction that it had lost the ability to fly. In 1953, Hachisuka used the name "flightless heron" and added that this species was "quite remarkable" among herons, and not closely related to any other heron, extant or extinct. The American ornithologist 924:

Cowles argued in 1987 that Hachisuka's claim of flightlessness was dubious, and pointed out that Günther and Newton had thought they were using the bones of the European subspecies of the black-crowned night heron for comparison, but they had actually used the bones of the large South American

1012:, invasive predators, and loss of food. He therefore considered the fossil record important to the understanding of extinctions of island avifauna, but cautioned that many islands have inadequate records, and that more extinct island herons await discovery, the group having a much higher 803:

with limited resources. He also noted that the comparatively long and wide jaws suggest that the bird fed on larger prey. It may have inhabited and foraged in open forests containing palms with geckos, which is also the main habitat of invertebrates that live in leaf-litter, such as

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I heard said of neither gélinottes , nor butors , nor alouettes , nor bécassines ; there may have been some at the time of François Leguat, but they have either retreated from their homes or, more likely, the races no longer survive, since the island has been populated with

882:, or egrets), and the wings were weak as well, since their bones were not particularly large. He also found the legs to be proportionally short in relation to the large head, but with a well-developed femur, which he inferred to mean that the body of the bird was bulky. 672:. This led to increased size and robustness in their legs, with a corresponding shortening of the wings, which led to lesser flight capabilities compared to their ancestral populations, as well as more robust jaws. Hume stated that while there had been no 214: 770:

Little is known about the behaviour of the Rodrigues night heron apart from the two contemporary descriptions, but it was better documented that its Mauritius relative. Leguat's 1708 description reads as follows, referring to these birds as "bitterns":

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The life appearance of the Rodrigues night heron is uncertain. Hachisuka speculated that Leguat referred to these birds as "bitterns" because their colouration may have reminded him of the plumage of the bitterns native to France, whose feathers are

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The Rodrigues night heron was robust, its bill was comparatively large, stout and straight, and its legs were short and strong. It is estimated to have been 60 cm (24 in) long, and its appearance in life is uncertain. There was marked

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Günther and A. Newton agreed with Milne-Edwards in 1879 after comparing the sternum and wing-bones of the Rodrigues night heron with bones they thought belonged to the European subspecies of black-crowned night heron

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is heavily damaged. Before humans arrived, forests covered the island entirely, but very little remains today. The Rodrigues night heron lived alongside other recently extinct birds, such as the Rodrigues solitaire,

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Hume explained in 2023 that night herons have successfully colonised oceanic islands and archipelagos, the island endemic species becoming increasingly adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle due to a lack of terrestrial

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The Rodrigues night heron was robust, its bill was comparatively large, stout and straight, and its legs were short and strong, and more robust than those of the related Mauritius night heron. There was marked

909:(while he quoted but ignored Günther and Newton's statement that it had not lost the power of flight). He concluded that take-off would only have been possible from sloping ground. The American ornithologists 349:

but this idea has not been accepted by others. The species could not be found by 1763, and it is thought to have been driven to extinction by human-related factors such as the introduction of cats.

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Hachisuka disregarded Tafforet's account in 1937, believing it unlikely that the bird would have been able to rise from the ground because its sternum and wing remains indicated it had become

640:), to belong to that genus. In 1999, the French palaeontologist Cécile Mourer-Chauviré and colleagues considered the tarsometatarsi of the Mascarene night herons closer in proportion to the 1400: 885:

After studying Tafforet's 1725–26 account, A. Newton stated in 1875 that it confirmed Milne-Edwards' observation that the bird was short-winged. Tafforet's account reads as follows:

407:, whose large head and short legs made it understandable that it was compared to a bittern. He considered the skull different from all other herons in size and shape, but found the 345:), was adapted to running, and although able to fly, rarely did so. Examinations of the known remains have confirmed its terrestrial adaptations; one researcher thought the species 1004:, such as cats. Cheke responded in 2013 that there was no deforestation at the time, the species appeared to have survived introduced rats, and that cats were the main culprits. 664:

herons, they suggested that the Mascarenes must have been colonised twice in any case, as these birds could not have been the ancestors of the longer-winged Réunion night heron.

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There are not a few Bitterns which are birds which only fly a very little, and run uncommonly well when they are chased. They are of the size of an egret and something like them.

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Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).

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there. Leguat's observations on the local fauna are considered some of the first cohesive accounts of animal behaviour in the wild. In 1873, the French zoologist

2233: 1298:"Osteological and historical data on extinct island night herons (Aves: Ardeidae), with special reference to Ascension Island, the Mascarenes and Bonin Islands" 428:

is Greek for "great-headed", and references the large head and jaws of this species. The bones examined by Milne-Edwards included the skull, tarsometatarsus,

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Milne-Edwards concluded in 1873 that the sternum of the Rodrigues night heron was weak, and therefore did not belong to a bird with powerful wings (like the

1714:"Avian paleontology at the close of the 20th century: The avifauna of Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands) at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans" 659:

An associated but incomplete skeleton preserving the skull and jaws was discovered in Caverne Poule Rouge in 2006. Cheke and the British paleontologist

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Milne-Edwards correlated the bones with the "bitterns" of Leguat's account, but found that they were instead consistent with belonging to a species of

2007:"Extinct birds of the Mascarenes and Seychelles – a review of the causes of extinction in the light of an important new publication on extinct birds" 1659: 2123: 1549: 325:

is Greek for "great-headed". Two related extinct species from the other Mascarene islands have also been identified from accounts and remains: the

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In 1875, A. Newton correlated references to "bitterns" with the heron in the then recently rediscovered 1725–26 account of the French sailor

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spite of all we could do to prevent them; and even if we only pretended to do so they came in the same manner and always followed us about.

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and E. Newton in 1879, with the benefit of bones not known at the time of Milne-Edwards's original description. They included the two last

341:, males being larger. Little is known about the bird's behaviour, but the contemporary accounts indicate that it ate lizards (probably the 527:. Günther and Newton did not find it necessary to describe these bones, as they were the same form as in other herons, particularly the 560:

in 1907, while noting that he was inclined to believe the three extinct Mascarene herons (which had previously been assigned to either

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pointed out in 1976 that the fossils of this heron did not indicate it was entirely flightless, contrary to Hachisuka's claim, as its

1937:

Hume, J. P. (2019). "Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species".

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remains found and described in the latter part of the 19th century. The bones showed that the bird was a heron, first named

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difference was almost the same in the Mauritius night heron, and there was little dimorphism in the Réunion night heron.

476:. This specimen since appears to have lost a humerus, a dorsal rib, both femora, a tibiotarsus, and both tarsometatarsi. 466: 487:, which he thought confirmed Milne-Edwards's conclusions. More fossils were obtained from caves by the palaeontologist 2223: 811:

colonies and giant tortoise breeding grounds. Hume suggested that it probably nested on the ground or in low bushes.

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noted the absence of the Rodrigues night heron and other birds by the time of his visit on Rodrigues to observe the

701:(G, middle two, from below and above) compared to that of the black-crowned night heron (H, at left and right), 1879 87: 1885:"Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in the Hawaiian Islands" 641: 602: 1230:"In the footsteps of the bone collectors: nineteenth-century cave exploration on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean" 1847:"Discovery of the first Mascarene giant tortoise nesting site on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean (Testudinidae: 979: 422: 319: 1439:"IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier" 372:

about his stay on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues from 1691–93. Leguat was the leader of a group of nine

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concluded in 1937 that this species was little related to any other heron, and moved it to a new genus as

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herons. Hume stated in 2023 that this probably means that the Mascarene herons retained their juvenile (

625: 326: 183: 1713: 396:, by the police magistrate George Jenner, who found the specimens in a cave on the Plaine Corail, near 1438: 1056: 755: 2110: 2066: 1409: 1356: 1001: 824: 480: 1515: 2208: 1009: 934: 791: 763: 682: 649: 397: 342: 51: 1395: 1962: 1249: 1085:

The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope

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The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names [electronic resource]: from AALGE to ZUSII

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of the inner toe, and first of the hind toe. These bones are now part of the collection of the

2154: 1985: 1954: 1904: 1822: 1771:"Stratigraphy and chronology of karst features on Rodrigues Island, southwestern Indian Ocean" 1682: 1633: 1491: 1332: 1165: 1127: 1089: 914: 859: 814:

Many other species endemic to Rodrigues became extinct after humans arrived, and the island's

804: 707: 575: 553: 492: 457: 338: 251: 1946: 1896: 1790: 1782: 1725: 1674: 1666: 1625: 1617: 1450: 1417: 1305: 1241: 1051: 836: 820: 617: 392:. These had been excavated in 1865 under the supervision of his brother, Colonial Secretary 2079: 1756:

Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution

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night heron. He also considered the two extinct herons of the other Mascarene islands, the

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stated that a then recently rediscovered skull in the NHM confirmed that the species was a

1013: 910: 587: 500: 488: 445: 408: 373: 358: 2180: 1413: 1033: 693: 1454: 918: 828: 799: 660: 139: 30: 2197: 2149: 2006: 1966: 1795: 1770: 1751: 1667: 1618: 1253: 1229: 1042: 997: 393: 389: 72: 1924: 1195: 921:(or keel) was still rather well-developed, and the wing-elements not very reduced. 879: 744: 413: 293: 2089: 1310: 1297: 1162:

Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues

870:, showing his settlement on Rodrigues; a lizard can be seen in a palm-tree (right) 1678: 1629: 1245: 2136: 1846: 959: 583: 528: 453: 429: 309: 213: 1884: 467: 300:" in two accounts from 1691–1693 and 1725–1726, and these were correlated with 2175: 1950: 1769:

Burney, D.; Hume, J.; Middleton, G.; Steel, L.; Burney, L.; Porch, N. (2015).

1574:"Catalogue of fossil birds, part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)" 906: 875: 545: 533: 346: 314: 273: 159: 66: 2052: 1908: 1495: 1093: 899: 815: 566: 441: 385: 377: 301: 289: 285: 222: 99: 38: 1958: 1422: 2046: 786: 759: 724: 362: 297: 119: 388:

bird bones from Rodrigues he had received via the British ornithologist

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Hume, J.P.; Griffiths, O.; Andre, A. A.; Meunier, A.; Bour, R. (2021).

1786: 808: 732: 669: 520: 508: 449: 437: 281: 42: 2141: 1729: 950: 807:, and at other times of the year it could have scavenged from coastal 747:) plumage into adulthood, as is the case for some other island birds. 867: 790:(there were six gecko species on Mauritius), such as the now extinct 781: 736: 720: 698: 516: 504: 366: 109: 2102: 2023: 1126:(2 ed.). Croydon: Bloomsbury Natural History. pp. 80–82. 2097: 854: 754: 735:, mottled with black. On the other hand, Tafforet likened them to 692: 606: 596: 433: 404: 277: 149: 677:

this species photographed in the location it was found, and that

537:, and they therefore transferred the Rodrigues species there, as 2115: 512: 129: 2027: 1752:"A synopsis of the pre-human avifauna of the Mascarene Islands" 996:

stated in 2012 that the extinction was a consequence of severe

612:

The British ecologist Anthony S. Cheke referred to the bird as

1164:. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 49–52, 78, 88, 131. 766:, based on contemporary accounts, remains, and related species 1712:

Mourer-Chauvire, C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S.; Moutou, F. (1999).

1357:"Additional evidence as to the original fauna of Rodriguez" 1228:

Hume, J. P.; Steel, L.; André, A. A.; Meunier, A. (2015).

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in 1874, and these were described by the German zoologist

1624:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. 1581:

Bulletin of the Florida State Museum: Biological Sciences

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

1821:. New York: Facts On File Publications. pp. 41–43. 1196:"Recherches sur la faune ancienne des Iles Mascareignes" 685:

humerus gave a range of 3060–2870 years before present.

1984:(1 ed.). London: A & C Black. pp. 71–72. 648:) than to other members of the genus, particularly the 1750:

Hume, J. P. (2013). Göhlich, U. B.; Kroh, A. (eds.).

1673:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 94. 616:

in 1987; in the same book, the British ornithologist

1561:. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. pp. 170–175. 1443:

The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London

1088:. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 81. 411:

foot bone similar to that of the extant heron genus

2036: 1889:

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

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Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

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Leguat's 1708 maps of Rodrigues and his settlement.

376:refugees who settled on Rodrigues after they were 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1490:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 111–115. 1057:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728787A94996659.en 1509: 1507: 1505: 1389: 1387: 1385: 544:In 1893, E. Newton and the German ornithologist 1361:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 988: 887: 773: 318:in 1879 after more remains were described. The 464:is attached to) is an incomplete but probably 1653: 1651: 1649: 1479: 1477: 1475: 933:was particularly distinct and had very large 460:(the specimen the specific name and original 8: 1611: 1609: 1555:, The Extinct Birds of the Mascarene Islands 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1840: 1838: 1707: 1705: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 2024: 1350: 1348: 212: 60: 29: 20: 1794: 1718:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 1421: 1331:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 245. 1309: 1200:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 1055: 1516:"On the flightless heron from Rodriguez" 1024: 472:specimen catalogued as UMZC 572 at the 845:saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 780:The "lizards" mentioned were probably 719:supratendinal bridge ("bridge" over a 474:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology 417:, and therefore named the new species 296:. The species was first mentioned as " 2219:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands 614:Nycticorax ('Megaphoyx') megacephalus 7: 2234:Taxa named by Alphonse Milne-Edwards 762:of a Rodrigues night heron eating a 1594:from the original on 5 January 2023 1043:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1883:Olson, S. L.; Wetmore, A. (1976). 1455:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x 1160:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008). 723:) of the tibiotarsus was entirely 14: 1980:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). 1775:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 1669:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds 1620:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds 605:, an extant relative in the same 1396:"The extinct birds of Rodriguez" 1394:Günther, A.; Newton, E. (1879). 958: 949: 851:Flight and terrestrial abilities 86: 1915:from the original on 2023-08-04 1865:from the original on 2021-02-16 1530:from the original on 2018-10-12 1461:from the original on 2017-09-11 1371:from the original on 2017-10-02 1210:from the original on 2017-02-27 1032:BirdLife International (2016). 978:In 1763, the French astronomer 847:, and the Rodrigues day gecko. 839:. Extinct reptiles include the 370:A New Voyage to the East Indies 1437:Newton, E.; Gadow, H. (1893). 841:domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 550:Ardea (Nycticorax) megacephala 525:Natural History Museum, London 1: 2204:IUCN Red List extinct species 1311:10.1016/j.geobios.2023.01.009 574:. The Japanese ornithologist 1679:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.004 1630:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003 1551:The Dodo and Kindred Birds, 1246:10.1080/08912963.2014.886203 552:, and the British zoologist 2214:Bird extinctions since 1500 1665:. In Diamond, A. W. (ed.). 2250: 1927:(Accessed 6 November 2023) 1194:Milne-Edwards, A. (1873). 485:Relation de l'Ile Rodrigue 308:in 1873, but moved to the 1951:10.11646/zootaxa.4626.1.1 642:black-crowned night heron 603:black-crowned night heron 519:(lower arm bone), second 235: 228: 220: 211: 189: 182: 83:Scientific classification 81: 69: (mid-18th century) 58: 49: 37: 28: 23: 1202:. Series 5 (in French). 1050:: e.T22728787A94996659. 548:referred to the bird as 2229:Birds described in 1874 2181:Nycticorax-megacephalus 2038:Nycticorax megacephalus 1484:Rothschild, W. (1907). 1325:Jobling, J. A. (2010). 1036:Nycticorax megacephalus 831:, Rodrigues scops owl, 556:used the original name 539:Nycticorax megacephalus 269:Nycticorax megacephalus 196:Nycticorax megacephalus 41:skull, limb bones, and 16:Extinct species of bird 1658:Cowles, G. S. (1987). 1548:Hachisuka, M. (1953). 1514:Hachisuka, M. (1937). 1423:10.1098/rstl.1879.0043 1016:than currently known. 993: 891: 871: 778: 767: 702: 697:Rodrigues night heron 609: 462:scientific description 452:(upper arm bone), and 382:Alphonse Milne-Edwards 24:Rodrigues night heron 2163:Paleobiology Database 2005:Cheke, A. S. (2013). 1796:10536/DRO/DU:30074121 1572:Brodkorb, P. (1963). 984:1761 transit of Venus 858: 758: 751:Behaviour and ecology 696: 626:Mauritius night heron 600: 580:Megaphoyx megacephala 499:(of the neck), fifth 327:Mauritius night heron 264:Rodrigues night heron 248:Megaphoyx megacephala 1296:Hume, J. P. (2023). 1122:Hume, J. P. (2017). 1002:introduced predators 980:Alexandre Guy Pingré 590:kept the species in 456:("hand" bones). The 357:The French traveler 175:N. megacephalus 1817:Fuller, E. (1987). 1660:"The fossil record" 1414:1879RSPT..168..423G 1355:Newton, A. (1875). 1078:Leguat, F. (1891). 1010:habitat destruction 792:Rodrigues day gecko 764:Rodrigues day gecko 683:Rodrigues scops owl 650:nankeen night heron 634:Réunion night heron 582:. He also used the 398:Rodrigues solitaire 343:Rodrigues day gecko 331:Réunion night heron 52:Conservation status 2224:Fauna of Rodrigues 1787:10.4311/2013PA0132 1234:Historical Biology 872: 833:Rodrigues starling 768: 703: 679:radiocarbon dating 674:molecular analysis 610: 570:) all belonged in 515:(lower arm bone), 511:(shoulder blade), 497:cervical vertebrae 432:(lower leg bone), 2191: 2190: 2030:Taxon identifiers 1991:978-1-4081-5725-1 1855:Herpetology Notes 1828:978-0-670-81787-0 1639:978-0-521-11331-1 1171:978-0-7136-6544-4 1133:978-1-4729-3744-5 915:Alexander Wetmore 825:Newton's parakeet 805:terrestrial crabs 708:sexual dimorphism 576:Masauji Hachisuka 558:Ardea megacephala 554:Walter Rothschild 458:holotype specimen 419:Ardea megacephala 339:sexual dimorphism 306:Ardea megacephala 260: 259: 255: 245: 238:Ardea megacephala 76: 2241: 2184: 2183: 2171: 2170: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2144: 2132: 2131: 2119: 2118: 2106: 2105: 2093: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2069: 2067:9BF5478334F5BEDF 2057: 2056: 2055: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1814: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1672: 1664: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1623: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1481: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1391: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1293: 1258: 1257: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1191: 1176: 1175: 1157: 1138: 1137: 1119: 1098: 1097: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1029: 962: 953: 896:N. n. nycticorax 837:Rodrigues pigeon 821:Rodrigues parrot 618:Graham S. Cowles 469: 250: 240: 216: 198: 194: 91: 90: 70: 64: 63: 33: 21: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2179: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2032: 2022: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1918: 1916: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1640: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1295: 1294: 1261: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1193: 1192: 1179: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1141: 1134: 1121: 1120: 1101: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014:extinction rate 972: 971: 970: 969: 965: 964: 963: 955: 954: 943: 911:Storrs L. Olson 864:François Leguat 853: 753: 691: 588:Pierce Brodkorb 503:(of the back), 501:dorsal vertebra 489:Henry H. Slater 481:Julien Tafforet 471: 446:shoulder-girdle 440:(breast-bone), 409:tarsometatarsal 374:French Huguenot 359:Francois Leguat 355: 246: 207: 200: 192: 191: 178: 85: 77: 65: 61: 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2172: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2094: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2020: 1997: 1990: 1972: 1929: 1925:Alternate Link 1875: 1834: 1827: 1802: 1761: 1742: 1701: 1687: 1645: 1638: 1605: 1564: 1540: 1501: 1471: 1449:(7): 281–302. 1429: 1381: 1344: 1338:978-1408133262 1337: 1317: 1259: 1240:(2): 265–286. 1220: 1177: 1170: 1139: 1132: 1099: 1070: 1023: 1021: 1018: 967: 966: 957: 956: 948: 947: 946: 945: 944: 942: 939: 927:N. n. obscurus 919:sternal carina 852: 849: 829:Rodrigues rail 800:giant tortoise 752: 749: 690: 687: 661:Julian P. Hume 654:N. caledonicus 630:N. mauritianus 493:Albert Günther 465: 436:(thigh-bone), 365:" in his 1708 354: 351: 258: 257: 233: 232: 226: 225: 218: 217: 209: 208: 201: 187: 186: 180: 179: 171: 169: 165: 164: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 140:Pelecaniformes 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 79: 78: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2246: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1982:Extinct Birds 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1819:Extinct Birds 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1688:9780511735769 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487:Extinct Birds 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1124:Extinct Birds 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1080:Oliver, S. P. 1074: 1071: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 998:deforestation 992: 987: 985: 981: 976: 961: 952: 940: 938: 936: 930: 928: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 890: 886: 883: 881: 877: 869: 865: 861: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 812: 810: 806: 801: 795: 793: 789: 788: 784:of the genus 783: 777: 772: 765: 761: 757: 750: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 728: 726: 722: 716: 712: 709: 700: 695: 688: 686: 684: 680: 675: 671: 665: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 646:N. nycticorax 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 608: 604: 599: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 470: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 444:(part of the 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 423:specific name 420: 416: 415: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 394:Edward Newton 391: 390:Alfred Newton 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 352: 350: 348: 344: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 321: 320:specific name 317: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270: 265: 256: 253: 249: 243: 242:Milne-Edwards 239: 234: 231: 227: 224: 219: 215: 210: 205: 204:Milne-Edwards 199: 197: 188: 185: 184:Binomial name 181: 177: 176: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 105: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 89: 84: 80: 74: 68: 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 2037: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1981: 1975: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1917:. Retrieved 1892: 1888: 1878: 1867:. Retrieved 1858: 1854: 1849:Cylindraspis 1848: 1818: 1781:(1): 37–51. 1778: 1774: 1764: 1755: 1745: 1733:. Retrieved 1721: 1717: 1692:. Retrieved 1668: 1619: 1596:. Retrieved 1584: 1580: 1567: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1532:. Retrieved 1523: 1519: 1486: 1463:. Retrieved 1446: 1442: 1432: 1405: 1399: 1373:. Retrieved 1364: 1360: 1327: 1320: 1301: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1212:. Retrieved 1203: 1199: 1161: 1123: 1084: 1073: 1061:. Retrieved 1047: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1006: 994: 989: 977: 973: 931: 926: 925:subspecies ( 923: 904: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880:purple heron 873: 860:Frontispiece 813: 796: 785: 779: 774: 769: 745:paedomorphic 740: 729: 717: 713: 704: 681:of a nearby 666: 658: 653: 645: 637: 629: 621: 613: 611: 591: 579: 571: 565: 561: 557: 549: 543: 538: 532: 484: 478: 425: 418: 412: 402: 369: 356: 335: 322: 313: 305: 294:Indian Ocean 268: 267: 263: 261: 247: 237: 236: 221:Location of 195: 190: 174: 173: 160: 18: 2137:iNaturalist 1901:10088/12823 1895:(18): 250. 1526:: 145–150. 1408:: 423–437. 1063:12 November 760:Restoration 689:Description 584:common name 529:night heron 454:metacarpals 430:tibiotarsus 426:megacephala 361:mentioned " 323:megacephala 310:night heron 276:species of 2209:Nycticorax 2198:Categories 2176:Xeno-canto 1919:2023-08-04 1869:2023-08-04 1758:: 195–237. 1735:6 November 1730:10088/2005 1694:6 November 1598:6 November 1587:(4): 283. 1534:2023-07-05 1465:2018-01-13 1375:2023-07-05 1214:2018-02-21 1020:References 941:Extinction 907:flightless 876:grey heron 835:, and the 741:Nycticorax 638:N. duboisi 632:) and the 622:Nycticorax 592:Nycticorax 572:Nycticorax 546:Hans Gadow 534:Nycticorax 468:associated 400:remains. 384:described 347:flightless 315:Nycticorax 288:island of 161:Nycticorax 1967:198258434 1945:(1): 37. 1909:0006-324X 1496:191907718 1367:: 39–43. 1254:128901896 1094:560907441 900:cursorial 816:ecosystem 594:in 1963. 567:Butorides 442:coracoids 386:subfossil 302:subfossil 290:Rodrigues 286:Mascarene 280:that was 252:Hachisuka 223:Rodrigues 168:Species: 106:Kingdom: 100:Eukaryota 39:Subfossil 2155:22728787 2080:22728787 2075:BirdLife 2047:Wikidata 2011:Phelsuma 1959:31712544 1913:Archived 1863:Archived 1724:: 5–11. 1589:Archived 1528:Archived 1459:Archived 1369:Archived 1208:Archived 1206:: 1–31. 866:'s 1708 787:Phelsuma 725:ossified 378:marooned 363:bitterns 353:Taxonomy 329:and the 298:bitterns 272:) is an 230:Synonyms 150:Ardeidae 146:Family: 120:Chordata 116:Phylum: 110:Animalia 96:Domain: 73:IUCN 3.1 2129:5789309 2116:7242851 2103:rodnih1 2090:rodnih1 2062:Avibase 2053:Q862063 2017:: 4–19. 1939:Zootaxa 1861:(112). 1410:Bibcode 1302:Geobios 1082:(ed.). 809:seabird 733:buffish 670:mammals 521:phalanx 509:scapula 450:humerus 438:sternum 292:in the 284:to the 282:endemic 274:extinct 206:, 1873) 193:† 172:† 156:Genus: 136:Order: 126:Class: 71: ( 67:Extinct 45:, 1873 43:sternum 2168:371553 2142:107322 1988: 1965: 1957: 1907: 1825: 1685: 1636: 1494: 1335: 1252: 1168: 1130: 1092: 868:memoir 843:, the 782:geckos 737:egrets 721:tendon 699:pelvis 531:genus 517:radius 505:pelvis 421:. The 367:memoir 312:genus 254:, 1937 244:, 1873 2098:eBird 2087:BOW: 1963:S2CID 1663:(PDF) 1592:(PDF) 1577:(PDF) 1559:(PDF) 1250:S2CID 991:cats. 935:sulci 607:genus 562:Ardea 434:femur 414:Ardea 405:heron 278:heron 2150:IUCN 2124:GBIF 1986:ISBN 1955:PMID 1943:4626 1905:ISSN 1823:ISBN 1737:2023 1696:2023 1683:ISBN 1634:ISBN 1600:2023 1492:OCLC 1365:1875 1333:ISBN 1166:ISBN 1128:ISBN 1090:OCLC 1065:2021 1048:2016 1000:and 913:and 656:). 601:The 513:ulna 262:The 130:Aves 2111:EoL 1947:doi 1897:hdl 1791:hdl 1783:doi 1726:hdl 1675:doi 1626:doi 1451:doi 1418:doi 1406:168 1306:doi 1242:doi 1052:doi 862:to 564:or 448:), 2200:: 2178:: 2165:: 2152:: 2139:: 2126:: 2113:: 2100:: 2077:: 2064:: 2049:: 2015:21 2013:. 2009:. 1961:. 1953:. 1941:. 1911:. 1903:. 1893:89 1891:. 1887:. 1859:14 1857:. 1853:. 1851:)" 1837:^ 1805:^ 1789:. 1779:77 1777:. 1773:. 1754:. 1722:89 1720:. 1716:. 1704:^ 1681:. 1648:^ 1632:. 1608:^ 1583:. 1579:. 1553:or 1524:50 1522:. 1518:. 1504:^ 1474:^ 1457:. 1447:13 1445:. 1441:. 1416:. 1404:. 1398:. 1384:^ 1363:. 1359:. 1347:^ 1304:. 1300:. 1262:^ 1248:. 1238:27 1236:. 1232:. 1204:19 1198:. 1180:^ 1142:^ 1102:^ 1046:. 1040:. 986:: 878:, 827:, 823:, 541:. 507:, 483:, 333:. 1994:. 1969:. 1949:: 1922:. 1899:: 1872:. 1831:. 1799:. 1793:: 1785:: 1739:. 1728:: 1698:. 1677:: 1642:. 1628:: 1602:. 1585:7 1537:. 1498:. 1468:. 1453:: 1426:. 1420:: 1412:: 1378:. 1341:. 1314:. 1308:: 1256:. 1244:: 1217:. 1174:. 1136:. 1096:. 1067:. 1054:: 1038:" 1034:" 894:( 652:( 644:( 636:( 628:( 266:( 202:( 75:)

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