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installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly over the worn layer. While this method is faster, it does not allow the roof sheathing to be inspected and water damage, often associated with worn shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingles under a new layer causes roofing nails to be located further from the sheathing, weakening their hold. The greatest concern with this method is that the weight of the extra material could exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and cause collapse. Because of this, jurisdictions which use the
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737:) have good insulating properties and are increasingly encouraged as a way of "greening" the Earth. The soil and vegetation function as living insulation, moderating building temperatures. Adobe roofs are roofs of clay, mixed with binding material such as straw or animal hair, and plastered on lathes to form a flat or gently sloped roof, usually in areas of low rainfall.
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425:, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof.
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Similar problems, although on a very much larger scale, confront the builders of modern commercial properties which often have flat roofs. Because of the very large nature of such roofs, it is essential that the outer skin be of a highly impermeable material. Most industrial and commercial structures
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There are regional building styles which contradict this trend, the stone roofs of the Alpine chalets being usually of gentler incline. These buildings tend to accumulate a large amount of snow on them, which is seen as a factor in their insulation. The pitch of the roof is in part determined by the
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roofs are made from huge slabs of stone, several inches thick. The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install – in the US, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the
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4. To perform for the expected service life. All standard roofing materials have established histories of their respective longevity, based on anecdotal evidence. Most roof materials will last long after the manufacturer's warranty has expired, given adequate ongoing maintenance, and absent storm
504:(generally if the angle exceeds 10 degrees). Pitched roofs, including gabled, hipped and skillion roofs, make up the greatest number of domestic roofs. Some roofs follow organic shapes, either by architectural design or because a flexible material such as thatch has been used in the construction.
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have been developed. Steel shingle or standing-seam roofs last about 50 years or more depending on both the method of installation and the moisture barrier (underlayment) used and are between the cost of shingle roofs and slate roofs. In the 20th century, a large number of roofing materials were
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which can last from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When a layer of shingles wears out, they are usually stripped, along with the underlay and roofing nails, allowing a new layer to be
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around the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing water from melted snow on upper parts of the roof to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams occur when heat escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those points melts, refreezing as it drips along the shingles, and
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1. To shed water i.e., prevent water from standing on the roof surface. Water standing on the roof surface increases the live load on the roof structure, which is a safety issue. Standing water also contributes to premature deterioration of most roofing materials. Some roofing manufacturers'
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Forms of insulation are felt or plastic sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities.
748:. While the shape and colour of tiles was once regionally distinctive, now tiles of many shapes and colours are produced commercially, to suit the taste and pocketbook of the purchaser. Concrete roof tiles are also a common choice, being available in many different styles and shapes.
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as well as cover the roof. There are also solar systems available that generate hot water or hot air and which can also act as a roof covering. More complex systems may carry out all of these functions: generate electricity, recover thermal energy, and also act as a roof covering.
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3. To provide thermal insulation. Most modern commercial/industrial roof assemblies incorporate insulation boards or batt insulation. In most cases, the
International Building Code and International Residential Code establish the minimum R-value required within the roof
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Flat roof of adobe dwellings generally have a very slight slope. In a Middle
Eastern country, where the roof may be used for recreation, it is often walled, and drainage holes must be provided to stop water from pooling and seeping through the porous roofing material.
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5. Provide a desired, unblemished appearance. Some roofs are selected not only for the above functions, but also for aesthetics, similar to wall cladding. Premium prices are often paid for certain systems because of their attractive appearance and "curb appeal."
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The water repelled by the roof during a rainstorm is potentially damaging to the building that the roof protects. If it runs down the walls, it may seep into the mortar or through panels. If it lies around the foundations it may cause seepage to the interior,
414:. Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition and aesthetics. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities.
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with a life of perhaps 40 years. In many Asian countries bamboo is used both for the supporting structure and the outer layer where split bamboo stems are laid turned alternately and overlapped. In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden
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rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail sickness". Because of this problem, fixing nails made of
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installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a ceiling is to insulate against heat and cold, noise, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
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to improve its resistance to rust, became a light-weight, easily transported, waterproofing material. Its low cost and easy application made it the most accessible commercial roofing, worldwide. Since then, many types of
1040:, for example, being roof-dominated architecture, the high roofs sweeping almost to the ground. The high steeply-pitched roofs of Germany and Holland are typical in regions of snowfall. In parts of North America such as
1031:
In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of precipitation. Houses in areas of low rainfall frequently have roofs of low pitch while those in areas of high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs. The
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prohibit the installation of new roofing on top of an existing roof that has two or more applications of any type of roof covering; the existing roofing material must be removed before installing a new roof.
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Because the purpose of a roof is to secure people and their possessions from climatic elements, the insulating properties of a roof are a consideration in its structure and the choice of roofing material.
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involved in the mining and handling of asbestos products means that it is no longer used as a new roofing material. However, many asbestos roofs continue to exist, particularly in South
America and Asia.
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Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from a metal roof because their smooth surfaces shed the weight of snow more easily and resist the force of wind better than a wood shingle or a concrete tile roof.
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damage. Metal and tile roofs may last fifty years or more. Asphalt shingles may last 30–50 years. Coal tar built-up roofs may last forty or more years. Single-ply roofs may last twenty or more years.
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The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience.
272:'boat shed'). There are no apparent connections outside the Germanic family. "English alone has retained the word in a general sense, for which the other languages use forms corresponding to OE.
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of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.
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There are two parts to a roof: its supporting structure and its outer skin, or uppermost weatherproof layer. In a minority of buildings, the outer layer is also a self-supporting structure.
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differs greatly from region to region. The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering.
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1348:
1827:"Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia"
717:, usually in bonded corrugated panels, has been used widely in the 20th century as an inexpensive, non-flammable roofing material with excellent insulating properties.
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roofing material available, a pitch of 3 in 12 (1:4) or greater slope generally being covered with asphalt shingles, wood shake, corrugated steel, slate or tile.
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collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This can result in structural damage from stress, including the destruction of gutter and drainage systems.
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Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. The timber structure can fulfil an aesthetic as well as practical function, when left exposed to view.
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Some roofing materials, particularly those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra
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Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed leaving a space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce heating caused by the sun.
766:, oxidised to a pale green colour, having been in place for hundreds of years. Lead, which is sometimes used for church roofs, was most commonly used as
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The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of
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602:, with or without ribs, dominated the roof structures of major architectural works for about 2,000 years, only giving way to iron beams with the
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163:, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against
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1321:
1825:
Farhan, Syed Ahmad; Ismail, Fouad Ismail; Kiwan, Osamah; Shafiq, Nasir; Zain-Ahmed, Azni; Husna, Nadzhratul; Hamid, Afif Izwan Abd (2021).
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are commonly employed for this purpose. Most modern roofs and many old ones have systems of valleys, gutters, waterspouts, waterheads and
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to remove the water from the vicinity of the building. In many parts of the world, roofwater is collected and stored for domestic use.
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1064:. For this reason most buildings have a system in place to protect the walls of a building from most of the roof water. Overhanging
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are becoming increasingly popular, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high
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developed, including roofs based on bitumen (already used in previous centuries), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as
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of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof is
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have been the major form of roofing. The casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with
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The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly rigid material such as
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in valleys and around chimneys on domestic roofs, particularly those of slate. Copper was used for the same purpose.
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500:. There are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of flat sections that are sloped are referred to as
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period and in variant forms could be used to span spaces up to 45 m (140 ft) across. The stone arch or
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2. To protect the building interior from the effects of weather elements such as rain, wind, sun, heat and snow.
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extensively, the flexibility of the material causes a distinctive curving line to the roof, characteristic of
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have been the predominant roofing material for centuries, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include
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may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a
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has also been used for many hundreds of years. Both are expensive but durable, the vast copper roof of
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is often installed under the outer layer. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a
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The roof structure is generally supported upon walls, although some building styles, for example,
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A roof assembly has more than one function. It may provide any or all of the following functions:
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640:. Roof decking are spaces within the roof structure that is converted into a room of some sort.
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mounting on a flat roof with a construction and additional weight to prevent uplift from wind.
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Poorly insulated and ventilated roofing can suffer from problems such as the formation of
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This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In
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1048:, Quebec, Canada, there is a required minimum slope of 6 in 12 (1:2, a pitch of 30°).
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beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength under
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is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to its highest point. Most US
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235:, top, summit; heaven, sky', also figuratively, 'highest point of something', from
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of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing.
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integration in a flat roof membrane using heat welding (e.g. PVC) or
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are recommended, and even these must be protected from the weather.
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A roof may also provide additional living space, for example, a
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Roof support can also serve as living spaces as can be seen in
202:. In most countries, a roof protects primarily against rain. A
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protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
410:, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or
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and practice, and may also be governed by local or national
428:
A person that specializes in roof construction is called a
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1703:"Roofing Materials to Protect You From the Elements"
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The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition
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in
Paradise Palms in the southwestern United States
1255:integration in the covering of pitched roofs, e.g.
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warranties are rendered void due to standing water.
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1668:
1327:Säteri roof (with vertical break in pitch), Sweden
740:In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked
698:is an ideal, and durable material, while in the
658:, roofing material is often vegetation, such as
1312:Pitched roof with decorated gable, Chiang Mai,
1251:Solar systems can be integrated with roofs by:
650:List of commercially available roofing material
267:
773:In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with
523:, blur the distinction between wall and roof.
30:"Rooftop" redirects here. For other uses, see
2921:
1870:
1728:Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
729:Roofs made of cut turf (modern ones known as
8:
1207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
903:Repairing thatch, Gassho-zukuri farmhouse,
451:Terminology of some parts of a Western roof
252:
2928:
2914:
2906:
1877:
1863:
1855:
286:The elements in the design of a roof are:
1842:
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1769:"Six Steps to Building a 150 Year Roof"
1629:
1419:
1284:
1077:
793:
606:and the designing of such buildings as
1079:Insulation, drainage and solar roofing
1028:have conventional roofs of low pitch.
675:are used, while in some countries the
590:have been used to support roofs since
1640:, New York, McGraw Hill, 2000, p. 775
7:
1689:participating institution membership
1205:adding citations to reliable sources
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1262:mounting on an existing roof, e.g.
1108:The flat roofs of the Middle East,
417:Some types of roofing, for example
148:
918:Stone used as roofing material in
564:, and since the mid-19th century,
25:
1580:Building-integrated photovoltaics
1123:Steeply pitched, gabled roofs in
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2889:
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1548:
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1512:
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1458:
1449:The glazed ceramic tiles of the
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257:'deckhouse, cabin, coffin-lid',
45:
617:With continual improvements in
56:needs additional citations for
468:The basic shapes of roofs are
1:
1740:"Chapter 9 - Roof Assemblies"
342:. In many parts of the world
1773:kocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com
1429:The polychrome tiles of the
1416:Gallery of significant roofs
1657:. Online Etymology Library.
1636:Harris, Cyril M. (editor).
1339:Mansard roof, county jail,
689:International Building Code
159:) is the top covering of a
3295:
1744:publicecodes.cyberregs.com
1585:Domestic roof construction
1093:on the roofs of houses in
836:Thatch, using rice straw,
647:
533:Domestic roof construction
530:
454:
29:
27:Top covering of a building
3074:
2884:
1676:Oxford English Dictionary
1590:List of Greco-Roman roofs
1392:Sloped flat roof, house,
1138:The overhanging eaves of
662:, the most durable being
541:The roof of a library in
307:of a roof may range from
2598:Multi-family residential
572:. In countries that use
552:Roofs in the central of
387:wood shakes and shingles
183:. A roof is part of the
32:Rooftop (disambiguation)
1681:Oxford University Press
1503:The marble dome of the
1470:Great Mosque of Kairoun
1297:Five roofs of Toji-ji,
656:vernacular architecture
274:
268:
266:'penthouse', Old Norse
262:
241:
227:
3274:Structural engineering
1798:"Green and Cool Roofs"
1555:The glass roof of the
1281:Gallery of roof shapes
1239:Newer systems include
733:, traditional ones as
557:
545:
452:
253:
194:and wider concepts of
3093:Air conditioning unit
1537:King's College Chapel
1487:tiles on the dome of
604:Industrial Revolution
578:Oriental architecture
551:
540:
450:
408:domestic architecture
36:Roof (disambiguation)
1618:Thin-shell structure
1613:Tensile architecture
1201:improve this section
1044:, United States, or
196:architectural design
65:improve this article
2044: / Guest room
1679:(Online ed.).
1604:Rubber shingle roof
1595:List of roof shapes
1519:The copper roof of
1380:City, Hainan, China
1156:with solar panels,
627:reinforced concrete
457:List of roof shapes
208:garden conservatory
2520:Servants' quarters
1844:10.3390/su13094665
1489:Florence Cathedral
1451:Sydney Opera House
1431:Hospices de Beaune
1341:Mount Gilead, Ohio
821:Terracotta tiles,
764:Chartres Cathedral
614:, completed 1851.
558:
546:
453:
259:Middle High German
3279:Structural system
3256:
3255:
2903:
2902:
2321:Janitorial closet
2055:Bedsit / Miniflat
1709:. 12 January 2016
1687:(Subscription or
1535:The lead roof of
1485:Imbrex and tegula
1394:Western Australia
1237:
1236:
1229:
1042:Buffalo, New York
1002:thermal emittance
592:prehistoric times
367:polyurethane foam
340:pre-cast concrete
185:building envelope
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3286:
3080:
3018:Half-hipped roof
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2861:Home improvement
2633:Studio apartment
2425:Kitchen-related
2101:Conversation pit
1888:and spaces of a
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:Project Drawdown
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1775:. Archived from
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:. Archived from
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1552:
1532:
1521:Speyer Cathedral
1516:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1446:
1426:
1404:
1389:
1373:
1351:
1336:
1324:
1309:
1294:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1181:
1173:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1105:
1087:
1038:Papua New Guinea
934:
920:Himachal Pradesh
915:
900:
888:Metal sheeting,
885:
863:
848:
833:
818:
803:
684:asphalt shingles
311:leaves, wheaten
277:
271:
265:
256:
244:
230:
150:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3081:
3072:
2939:
2934:
2904:
2899:
2895:Category: Rooms
2880:
2824:
2645:
2637:
2603:Secondary suite
2554:
2429:butler's pantry
2401:
2344:Mechanical room
2297:Electrical room
2256:
2244:
2074:
2018:
1992:Recreation room
1892:
1883:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1571:
1564:
1553:
1544:
1533:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1427:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1283:
1243:which generate
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1198:
1182:
1171:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1125:Northern Europe
1121:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1018:
970:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
948:
941:
935:
926:
916:
907:
901:
892:
886:
877:
864:
855:
851:Banana leaves,
849:
840:
834:
825:
819:
810:
804:
754:in the form of
705:stainless steel
652:
646:
535:
529:
510:
459:
445:
321:laminated glass
284:
282:Design elements
223:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Butterfly roof
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Servants' hall
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2302:Equipment room
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2216:Secret passage
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1831:Sustainability
1814:
1789:
1760:
1731:
1726:C. M. Harris,
1719:
1694:
1660:
1655:etymonline.com
1642:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1466:Ashlar masonry
1464:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1408:Butterfly roof
1406:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1359:Nanhai Academy
1353:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1257:solar shingles
1241:solar shingles
1235:
1234:
1217:September 2021
1185:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1017:
1014:
969:
966:
947:
944:
943:
942:
936:
929:
927:
917:
910:
908:
902:
895:
893:
887:
880:
878:
865:
858:
856:
850:
843:
841:
835:
828:
826:
820:
813:
811:
805:
798:
796:
648:Main article:
645:
642:
612:Crystal Palace
531:Main article:
528:
525:
509:
506:
463:shape of roofs
455:Main article:
444:
441:
355:coal tar pitch
330:copper roofing
301:
300:
299:the durability
297:
291:
283:
280:
237:Proto-Germanic
222:
219:
175:, extremes of
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Roof sheeting
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Lightning rod
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:Roof elements
3084:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Sawtooth roof
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Pavilion roof
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:Architectural
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Semi-detached
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Swimming pool
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Great chamber
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Wiring closet
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Semi-basement
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:Private rooms
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:billiard room
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:dirty kitchen
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1779:on 2021-08-18
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1750:on 2015-09-03
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Solar shingle
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Roof cleaning
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:This section
1184:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
986:
983:
979:
974:
967:
965:
945:
940:
937:Turf roof in
933:
928:
925:
921:
914:
909:
906:
899:
894:
891:
884:
879:
876:
872:
868:
862:
857:
854:
847:
842:
839:
832:
827:
824:
817:
812:
809:
802:
797:
794:
792:
790:
786:
785:thermoplastic
781:
780:metal roofing
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
690:
685:
680:
678:
674:
671:, shakes and
670:
665:
661:
657:
651:
643:
641:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:steel girders
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:ancient Roman
593:
589:
584:
581:
579:
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82: –
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76:Find sources:
70:
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60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3233:Solar panels
3197:
3148:Hanging beam
3043:Rhombic roof
3033:Mansard roof
3013:Gambrel roof
2988:Conical roof
2936:
2773:Roof lantern
2767:
2525:Smoking room
2495:Long gallery
2475:Drawing room
2461:Conservatory
2368:Storm cellar
2339:Storage room
2335:Utility room
2331:Laundry room
2307:Furnace room
1898:Shared rooms
1834:
1830:
1806:. Retrieved
1804:. 2020-02-06
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1772:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
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1663:
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1645:
1637:
1632:
1557:Grand Palais
1468:dome of the
1376:Flat roofs,
1355:Conical roof
1250:
1238:
1223:
1214:
1199:Please help
1187:
1074:
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998:reflectivity
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871:Neot Semadar
772:
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723:legal issues
713:
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638:roof decking
635:
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394:construction
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295:construction
290:the material
285:
225:Old English
224:
212:
192:construction
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118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3243:Weathervane
3218:Roof window
3188:Roof garden
3183:Roof batten
3113:Collar beam
3068:Tented roof
3053:Saddle roof
3048:Ridged roof
3008:Gablet roof
2968:Bochka roof
2958:Barrel roof
2953:Arched roof
2945:Roof shapes
2866:Home repair
2663:Belt course
2571:Hidden room
2500:Lumber room
2416:Antechamber
2407:Great house
2387:Wine cellar
2358:Root cellar
2311:Boiler room
2292:Crawl space
1963:Living room
1956:kitchenette
1941:Home cinema
1926:Family room
1921:Dining room
1911:Common room
1837:(9): 4665.
1286:Roof shapes
1264:solar panel
1245:electricity
1169:Solar roofs
1058:rising damp
795:Outer layer
752:Sheet metal
731:green roofs
644:Outer layer
359:EPDM rubber
215:roof garden
200:legislation
177:temperature
3263:Categories
3248:Wind brace
3213:Roof truss
3208:Roof tiles
3198:Roof ridge
3178:Ridge vent
3138:Green roof
3028:Onion dome
3003:Gable roof
2983:Clerestory
2963:Board roof
2876:Tree house
2846:Front yard
2778:Sill plate
2726:Foundation
2668:Bressummer
2581:house plan
2550:Undercroft
2535:State room
2485:Great hall
2454:still room
2121:dumbwaiter
2106:Cubby-hole
1936:Great room
1906:Bonus room
1808:2020-12-05
1783:2021-08-18
1754:2015-08-31
1713:2018-11-07
1691:required.)
1670:"roof, n."
1624:References
1523:, Germany.
1154:Green roof
1070:drainpipes
1034:longhouses
994:Cool roofs
978:insulation
968:Insulation
869:branches,
789:fibreglass
746:brickworks
700:Swiss Alps
437:durability
347:roof tiles
91:newspapers
18:Roof ridge
3063:Shed roof
2998:Flat roof
2800:Threshold
2683:Colonnade
2628:Townhouse
2566:Furniture
2470:Courtyard
2372:Safe room
2282:Cloakroom
2250:Technical
2240:Vestibule
2225:Staircase
2164:Inglenook
2137:Fireplace
2096:Breezeway
1968:Gynaeceum
1575:Blue roof
1505:Taj Mahal
1472:, Tunisia
1188:does not
1000:and high
958:assembly.
946:Functions
867:Date palm
735:sod roofs
664:sea grass
566:cast iron
490:butterfly
336:aluminium
278:thatch".
221:Etymology
121:June 2012
3223:Skylight
3193:Roofline
3128:Flashing
3103:Catslide
3023:Hip roof
2973:Bow roof
2841:Driveway
2836:Backyard
2795:Skylight
2758:Plumbing
2753:Ornament
2748:Lighting
2658:Baluster
2646:elements
2618:Detached
2613:Terraced
2465:Orangery
2444:scullery
2421:Ballroom
2397:Workshop
2382:Wardrobe
2370: /
2337: /
2333: /
2309: /
2272:Basement
2204:sleeping
2199:screened
2184:Overhang
2128:Entryway
2116:Elevator
2030:Bathroom
1985:man cave
1707:HuffPost
1569:See also
1314:Thailand
1162:Scotland
1158:Findhorn
1046:Montreal
1016:Drainage
1009:ice dams
853:Cameroon
768:flashing
715:Asbestos
669:shingles
660:thatches
517:geodesic
423:pantiles
317:seagrass
305:material
204:verandah
173:sunlight
161:building
3108:Chimney
2829:Related
2805:Transom
2697:Cornice
2687:Portico
2678:Chimney
2673:Ceiling
2505:Parlour
2490:Library
2449:spicery
2439:saucery
2434:buttery
2277:Carport
2259:storage
2254:utility
2235:Veranda
2230:Terrace
2159:Hallway
2091:Balcony
2070:Nursery
2065:Cabinet
2060:Boudoir
2042:Bedroom
2014:Sunroom
1946:Kitchen
1541:England
1209:removed
1194:sources
1062:dry rot
982:ceiling
890:Namibia
823:Hungary
806:Slate,
787:and on
631:tension
625:is the
588:lintels
527:Support
521:A-frame
482:mansard
412:pitched
398:pitched
363:Hypalon
351:asphalt
344:ceramic
242:khrofam
233:ceiling
231:'roof,
105:scholar
3228:Soffit
3173:Rafter
3168:Purlin
3143:Gutter
3118:Dormer
2893:
2851:Garden
2820:Window
2763:Quoins
2741:Portal
2692:Column
2608:Duplex
2586:styles
2545:Turret
2377:Studio
2353:Pantry
2326:Larder
2316:Garage
2287:Closet
2221:Stairs
2179:Loggia
2142:hearth
2132:Genkan
2086:Atrium
2079:Spaces
2048:closet
2035:toilet
2004:Shrine
1980:Andron
1931:Garret
1651:"Roof"
1435:France
1378:Haikou
1363:Taipei
1110:Israel
1095:Poland
939:Norway
875:Israel
808:Jersey
756:copper
719:Health
709:copper
673:boards
623:girder
608:Paxton
586:Stone
574:bamboo
562:timber
543:Sweden
494:arched
486:hipped
478:gabled
430:roofer
419:thatch
400:. The
385:, and
328:(see:
325:copper
309:banana
179:, and
157:rooves
107:
100:
93:
86:
80:"Roof"
78:
3269:Roofs
3238:Spire
3153:Joist
3133:Gable
3123:Eaves
3098:Attic
2937:Roofs
2810:Vault
2783:Style
2731:Gable
2721:Floor
2701:Eaves
2591:types
2576:House
2559:Other
2530:Solar
2510:Sauna
2409:areas
2348:floor
2267:Attic
2194:Porch
2189:Patio
2169:Lanai
2149:Foyer
2009:Study
1973:harem
1890:house
1886:Rooms
1685:
1561:Paris
1299:Kyoto
1270:roof,
1266:on a
1140:China
1066:eaves
924:India
905:Japan
838:Japan
742:tiles
696:Slate
600:vault
570:steel
556:2022.
554:Ystad
508:Parts
498:domed
403:pitch
375:slate
313:straw
250:Dutch
240:*
153:roofs
112:JSTOR
98:books
3163:Loft
2993:Dome
2871:Shed
2856:Home
2815:Wall
2788:list
2768:Roof
2736:Gate
2711:Door
2706:Dome
2653:Arch
2257:and
2211:Ramp
2174:Loft
2154:Hall
2111:Deck
1268:tile
1192:any
1190:cite
1091:Snow
775:zinc
760:lead
758:and
721:and
677:bark
519:and
496:and
470:flat
461:The
443:Form
435:The
392:The
303:The
293:the
269:hrof
254:roef
228:hrof
181:wind
169:snow
165:rain
145:roof
84:news
34:and
2716:Ell
1916:Den
1839:doi
1361:in
1203:by
1060:or
1036:of
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610:'s
568:or
383:TPO
371:PVC
319:to
315:or
275:þæc
263:rof
247:cf.
155:or
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