107:
1145:
190:
31:
1242:
486:
289:
1254:
508:
with a vertical loop. Until then, all roller coasters with any inversions were steel. After structural problems caused an incident in July 2006 that injured several riders, Son of Beast's loop was removed in
December 2006 to make it possible to use lighter trains.
177:, an early modern coaster that opened in 1976), and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway. As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing
327:
became the first coaster with interlocking loops. It is still the only coaster with this feature, as the only other coasters containing interlocking loops are now defunct: Lightnin' Loops, built by Arrow in
140:
13 feet (4.0 m) in diameter. During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world. These early loops had a major design flaw: the circular structure produced intense
77:, reviving interest in the inversion during the modern age of steel roller coasters. Elements have since evolved from simple corkscrews and vertical loops to more complex inversions such as
524:, capable of rotating riders upside-down independently of any track elements. This adds difficulty in delineating the number of inversions such rides have. As the riders physically rotate
931:
559:, which rotates riders 14 times. Counting only track elements, however, Alton Tower's The Smiler has the world record for number of inversions, also rotating riders 14 times.
173:
in shape like modern loops. Although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders per hour on
65:
that was often dangerous to riders. As a result, the element eventually became non-existent with the last rides to feature the looping inversions being dismantled during the
53:
in which the track turns riders upside-down and then returns them to an upright position. Early forms of inversions were circular in nature and date back to 1848 on the
1073:
169:, another looping coaster, was built later in Coney Island as well. This time the loops were slightly oval-shaped rather than circular, though not
562:
Two or more wooden roller coasters with inversions opened in each of 2013, 2014, and 2017. As opposed to the vertical loop that Son of Beast had,
165:, had a 25-foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger's necks, and the ride soon closed.
649:
1119:
710:
961:
1093:
439:
257:
1155:
591:
320:
217:
35:
939:
775:
575:
340:
was demolished in 2003. The first
Schwarzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978. Arrow's Revolution,
308:
1280:
1134:
1129:
871:
613:
194:
361:
333:
1227:
1114:
1066:
521:
166:
110:
531:
forward and backwards, proponents insist the number of inversions should not include only track elements. According to
475:
268:, United States, which became the world's first complete circuit looping roller coaster. Another roller coaster named
678:
1258:
1202:
1124:
536:
384:
324:
292:
39:
1185:
329:
1246:
1212:
517:
345:
261:
220:, the first of its kind. The prototype proved that a tubular steel track, first pioneered by Arrow to create
1109:
1059:
1046:
906:
857:
607:
579:
443:
373:
316:
312:
269:
174:
106:
1217:
552:
532:
459:
300:
237:
229:
74:
50:
228:
in 1959, could execute inversions both safely and reliably. The full model of the prototype, aptly named
1144:
1042:
505:
431:
369:
137:
740:
233:
387:
coaster model, which became the most duplicated roller coaster ever. The first
Boomerang was built at
1015:
683:
265:
213:
969:
657:
513:
420:
392:
225:
122:
54:
1000:
583:
189:
771:
540:
455:
412:
253:
146:
70:
765:
353:
178:
66:
598:
which occasionally turn riders beyond 90 degrees, are not typically considered inversions.
244:, making history as the world's first modern inverting roller coaster (it was relocated to
1207:
595:
548:
208:
The concept of inverting riders was not revisited until the 1970s. In 1968, Karl Bacon of
133:, built in 1848. It consisted of a 43-foot (13-meter) sloping track leading into a nearly
252:
in 1990). In 1976, the previously disastrous vertical loop was successfully revived when
17:
1197:
1082:
528:
430:
The record for number of inversions was broken quickly in the following years. Arrow's
388:
209:
78:
299:
The next few years brought innovations that are still popular in modern coasters. The
30:
1274:
1222:
1173:
365:
337:
241:
162:
58:
879:
1180:
501:
493:
489:
479:
435:
376:(not to be confused with a boomerang), a single track element with two inversions.
304:
154:
150:
114:
90:
93:
holds the world record for the number of inversions on a roller coaster with 14.
936:
Fun World: International
Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Magazine
587:
571:
463:
447:
424:
396:
273:
799:
485:
990:
563:
416:
288:
245:
221:
86:
82:
689:
295:
has been cloned over 50 times and is the most duplicated roller coaster ever.
1192:
1163:
567:
357:
198:
303:(non-complete circuit) was invented by Schwarzkopf in 1977 and realized at
828:
467:
170:
158:
349:
142:
62:
482:
in
Staffordshire, England, broke the record again with 14 inversions.
525:
471:
400:
380:
341:
134:
130:
403:
in 1982. The
Boomerang has had over 50 clones built worldwide from
1051:
556:
535:, the roller coaster with the most inversions counted this way is
484:
451:
408:
287:
249:
202:
188:
126:
105:
29:
404:
277:
1055:
901:
419:. 1982 also brought the first five-inversion coaster, Arrow's
121:
The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the
547:, Ain't it great?), another 4th Dimension roller coaster, in
1143:
594:. Other elements which partially invert riders, such as the
438:, built in 1987, was the first to have six. The next year,
280:
in the same year, became the first with three inversions.
992:
The Smiler is the world's first 14 looping rollercoaster
590:
and a 153° over-banked turn, and Hades 360 has a single
496:, the first wooden roller coaster to have an inversion
360:
as the first roller coaster with four inversions. The
853:
1154:
1102:
446:broke that record with seven inversions. In 1995,
372:, United States, in 1980, with the newly invented
319:methods) to launch the trains. Built in 1978, the
344:'s first looping coaster, was built in 1979 at
582:) have more complex inversions. Outlaw Run at
1067:
8:
474:, England was the first with ten. In 2013,
311:coaster. These early incarnations used the
1074:
1060:
1052:
711:"Most track inversions in a rollercoaster"
181:, the early looping coasters disappeared.
458:became the first to have eight. In 2002,
962:"Coasters: Parks: Six Flags Darien Lake"
822:
820:
770:. Rutgers University Press. p. 96.
614:List of roller coaster inversion records
117:, one of the first oval-looping coasters
625:
516:, now X2, designed by Arrow, opened in
925:
923:
520:. It is marketed as the world's first
767:Coney Island: The People's Playground
34:The famous interlocking loops on the
7:
1253:
734:
732:
730:
728:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
315:mechanism (as opposed to the later
741:"Roller Coaster History: Timeline"
25:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1003:from the original on 2021-12-21.
764:Immerso, Michael (21 Oct 2002).
1016:"Millennium Force: Cedar Point"
966:Richard Bannister: Track Record
610:– includes a list of inversions
522:Fourth dimension roller coaster
960:Bannister, Richard F. (2007).
650:"The History of the Inversion"
1:
829:"History of Roller Coasters"
500:In 2000, Kings Island built
679:"Roller coaster dictionary"
1297:
1094:Roller coasters by country
325:Busch Gardens Williamsburg
69:. In 1975, designers from
40:Busch Gardens Williamsburg
1236:
1141:
1089:
1020:ultimaterollercoaster.com
798:Pescovitz, David (2003).
745:ultimaterollercoaster.com
544:
330:Six Flags Great Adventure
284:Inversions (1977–present)
258:Great American Revolution
197:roller coaster (1985) at
36:Loch Ness Monster coaster
18:Roller coaster inversions
713:. Guinness World Records
518:Six Flags Magic Mountain
346:Blackpool Pleasure Beach
332:, was sold in 1992, and
262:Six Flags Magic Mountain
232:, was then installed in
47:roller coaster inversion
1281:Roller coaster elements
1047:Roller Coaster Database
1043:Element Cross Reference
907:Roller Coaster Database
858:Roller Coaster DataBase
608:Roller coaster elements
580:Six Flags Great America
444:Six Flags Great America
1148:
930:Marden, Duane (2004).
900:Marden, Duane (2007).
878:. 2007. Archived from
827:Bowers, David (2007).
688:. 2007. Archived from
533:Guinness World Records
497:
301:shuttle roller coaster
296:
205:
145:(hereafter "Gs"). The
118:
102:Prototypes (1848–1903)
51:roller coaster element
42:
27:Roller coaster element
1147:
1014:Gieszl, Eric (1999).
506:wooden roller coaster
488:
427:in Darien, New York.
291:
192:
185:Corkscrew (1968–1976)
153:and built in 1895 on
109:
33:
504:, the world's first
214:steel roller coaster
212:created a prototype
854:"Loch Ness Monster"
648:Kay, James (2007).
226:Matterhorn Bobsleds
123:Centrifugal Railway
55:Centrifugal railway
1149:
932:"Versatile Vekoma"
584:Silver Dollar City
498:
297:
234:Knott's Berry Farm
206:
193:Corkscrews on the
119:
43:
1268:
1267:
872:"Lightnin' Loops"
684:Six Flags Houston
321:Loch Ness Monster
254:Anton Schwarzkopf
147:Flip Flap Railway
71:Arrow Development
61:produced massive
16:(Redirected from
1288:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1004:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
968:. Archived from
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
938:. Archived from
927:
918:
917:
915:
914:
902:"Orient Express"
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
868:
862:
861:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
824:
815:
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795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
761:
755:
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751:
736:
723:
722:
720:
718:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
656:. Archived from
645:
546:
393:Six Flags México
354:Carolina Cyclone
256:constructed the
179:Great Depression
67:Great Depression
57:in Paris. These
21:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1232:
1208:Stadium seating
1150:
1139:
1098:
1085:
1083:Roller coasters
1080:
1039:
1034:
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1024:
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1013:
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852:Marden, Duane.
851:
850:
846:
837:
835:
826:
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808:
806:
797:
796:
792:
782:
780:
778:
763:
762:
758:
749:
747:
739:Gieszl (2006).
738:
737:
726:
716:
714:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
647:
646:
627:
622:
604:
596:overbanked turn
549:Fuji-Q Highland
309:Screamin' Demon
286:
246:Silverwood Park
187:
104:
99:
79:Immelmann loops
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
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1272:
1266:
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1263:
1262:
1250:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1228:Wheel assembly
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:On-ride camera
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1177:
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1038:
1037:External links
1035:
1032:
1031:
1006:
999:. 9 May 2013.
982:
952:
919:
892:
876:Amusement Pics
863:
844:
816:
804:britannica.com
800:"History:1880"
790:
776:
756:
724:
702:
670:
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
611:
603:
600:
389:Reino Aventura
362:Orient Express
334:Orient Express
285:
282:
210:Arrow Dynamics
195:Magic Mountain
186:
183:
149:, designed by
103:
100:
98:
95:
59:vertical loops
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1293:
1282:
1279:
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1276:
1261:
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1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Underfriction
1221:
1219:
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1214:
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1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
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1179:
1175:
1174:Vertical loop
1172:
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1120:Manufacturers
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1021:
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1007:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
986:
983:
972:on 2007-07-30
971:
967:
963:
956:
953:
942:on 2007-09-28
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
920:
909:
908:
903:
896:
893:
882:on 2011-07-07
881:
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834:
830:
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777:9780813531380
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769:
768:
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746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
725:
712:
706:
703:
692:on 2007-08-29
691:
687:
685:
680:
674:
671:
660:on 2007-09-28
659:
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634:
632:
630:
626:
619:
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612:
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589:
586:has a double
585:
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569:
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527:
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510:
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481:
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469:
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457:
456:Port Aventura
453:
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441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:invented the
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:Worlds of Fun
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Worlds of Fun
335:
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242:United States
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215:
211:
204:
200:
196:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Loop the Loop
164:
163:United States
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
138:vertical loop
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
112:
111:Loop the Loop
108:
101:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1257:
1245:
1181:Launch track
1168:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
996:
991:
985:
974:. Retrieved
970:the original
965:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
935:
911:. Retrieved
905:
895:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
875:
866:
847:
836:. Retrieved
833:Coasterville
832:
807:. Retrieved
803:
793:
781:. Retrieved
766:
759:
748:. Retrieved
744:
715:. Retrieved
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:the original
682:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
654:CoasterGlobe
653:
561:
511:
502:Son of Beast
499:
494:Kings Island
490:Son of Beast
480:Alton Towers
436:Kings Island
429:
378:
305:Kings Island
298:
207:
155:Coney Island
151:Lina Beecher
120:
115:Coney Island
91:Alton Towers
73:created the
46:
44:
1203:Single-rail
588:barrel roll
572:Mine Blower
553:Fujiyoshida
464:Thorpe Park
448:Dragon Khan
425:Darien Lake
397:Mexico City
370:Kansas City
352:. In 1980,
313:weight-drop
274:Cedar Point
272:, built in
113:(1903), at
83:cobra rolls
1156:Technology
1025:2007-08-23
976:2007-08-23
946:2007-08-23
913:2007-08-23
886:2007-08-23
838:2007-08-23
750:2007-08-23
696:2007-08-23
664:2007-08-23
620:References
564:Outlaw Run
492:(2000) at
476:The Smiler
417:Uzbekistan
364:opened at
356:opened at
238:Buena Park
222:Disneyland
87:The Smiler
1193:Lift hill
1169:Inversion
1164:Brake run
592:corkscrew
568:Hades 360
537:Eejanaika
512:In 2002,
440:Shockwave
385:Boomerang
379:In 1981,
358:Carowinds
307:with the
293:Boomerang
270:Corkscrew
230:Corkscrew
218:corkscrew
199:Gardaland
175:Corkscrew
75:corkscrew
1275:Category
1247:Category
1186:Rollback
1130:Rankings
1110:Elements
1103:Overview
1001:Archived
809:10 April
783:10 April
686:fan site
602:See also
541:Japanese
468:Chertsey
460:Colossus
413:Tashkent
317:flywheel
266:Valencia
171:clothoid
159:Brooklyn
143:g-forces
135:circular
1259:Commons
1213:Station
1125:Physics
1115:History
997:YouTube
576:Goliath
545:ええじゃないか
529:degrees
374:batwing
350:England
216:with a
97:History
63:g-force
774:
717:16 May
472:Surrey
432:Vortex
401:Mexico
381:Vekoma
342:Europe
131:France
1218:Train
1135:Types
557:Japan
452:Spain
421:Viper
411:, to
409:Qatar
395:) of
391:(now
250:Idaho
203:Italy
127:Paris
49:is a
811:2012
785:2012
772:ISBN
719:2013
578:(at
574:and
566:and
405:Doha
278:Ohio
81:and
1045:at
551:of
526:360
478:at
466:in
462:at
454:'s
450:in
442:at
434:at
423:at
368:of
348:of
336:of
323:in
276:of
264:of
260:at
248:of
236:in
224:'s
201:in
157:of
125:of
89:at
38:at
1277::
1018:.
995:.
964:.
934:.
922:^
904:.
874:.
856:.
831:.
819:^
802:.
743:.
727:^
681:.
652:.
628:^
570:,
555:,
543::
470:,
415:,
407:,
399:,
240:,
161:,
129:,
85:.
45:A
1075:e
1068:t
1061:v
1028:.
979:.
949:.
916:.
889:.
860:.
841:.
813:.
787:.
753:.
721:.
699:.
667:.
539:(
514:X
20:)
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