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bacteria. Cattle can harbor the bacteria without ill effects and be asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. Lettuce becomes contaminated with the bacterium as the result of cattle manure being used to fertilize crop fields, or the proximity of cattle pastures and feedlots to water sources used to
89:
that grows in a tall head of sturdy dark green leaves with firm ribs down their centers. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat. In North
America, romaine is often sold as whole heads or as "hearts" that have had the outer leaves removed and are often packaged together.
287:, growing region. On May 22, 2018, after a month-long warning, the CDC announced it was now safe to consume romaine again. The outbreak killed five people and caused 89 hospitalizations across 32 states. In June 2018, the
1013:
93:
Commercially sold romaine lettuce has occasionally been the subject of product warnings by both U.S. and
Canadian health authorities warning that consumer supplies can become contaminated with or host
302:
In
November 2018, the CDC and PHA issued a warning to consumers that romaine lettuce should not be consumed in any form, and that they should dispose of any currently on hand. The same strain of
897:
775:
283:
O157:H7 outbreak, which probably began in mid-March 2018, the CDC recommended in April 2018 that consumers not buy or eat romaine lettuce unless they could confirm it was not from the
62:
870:
267:
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identified in the 2017-2018 outbreak was implicated. At least 43 people became ill in this outbreak, which the FDA traced to one of six counties in central
California:
1001:
837:
1242:
276:. The most recent illness started on December 12, 2017; the PHA declared the outbreak over on January 10, 2018, and the CDC declared it over on January 25.
354:
crossing the border from Mexico. Much of the romaine lettuce sold in northern Europe is grown in southern Spain, relying on migrant laborers from Africa.
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or made into soup. The thick ribs, especially on the older outer leaves, have a milky fluid that gives the romaine its typically bitter herb taste.
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in 41 persons in Canada. A probably related outbreak affected 25 people in 15 states of the U.S. who ate leafy greens, but the U.S.
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In North
American supermarkets, romaine is widely available year-round. Many US growers of romaine lettuce farm in
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For 3,000 years (from at least 2700 BC), lettuce was associated with the ancient
Egyptian god of fertility,
1348:
1286:
923:
566:
270:
94:
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266:(CDC) were unable to confirm that it was romaine in particular. There was one death. The disease agent was
1154:
396:
Pruimboom-Brees IM, Morgan TW, Ackermann MR, Nystrom ED, Samuel JE, Cornick NA, Moon HW (September 2000).
239:
114:
54:
1273:
1221:
790:
O157:H7 Infections Linked to Leafy Greens (Final Update)", Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
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in French, both meaning "Roman lettuce," hence the name "romaine", the common term in North
America.
749:
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1064:
Kate Cimini (November 30, 2018). "Border shutdown worries ag industry: Trump threats come amid
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Bradshaw, Paul; Hoffman, Lawrence (August 19, 2000). "Towards a
History of the Paschal Meal".
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259:
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the names "cos" lettuce and "romaine" lettuce are both used. Many dictionaries trace the word
1260:
583:
Cos lettuces are probably not named for the island of Kos but for the Arabic word for lettuce
540:
460:
1358:
898:"Five dead, nearly 200 sick in E. coli outbreak from lettuce. And investigators are stumped"
808:
O157:H7 Infections Linked to
Romaine Lettuce | Investigation Notice: Multistate Outbreak of
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871:"Our national romaine lettuce crisis is over, says the CDC. Here's how to celebrate"
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151:. The first mention of cos lettuce in English dates from the late 17th century in
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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129:, from which the lettuce was presumably introduced. Other authorities trace
1312:
445:
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242:. Romaine, like other lettuces, may also be cooked. For example, it can be
1307:
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The lettuce apparently reached Western Europe via Rome, as it is called
1208:
774:
infections linked to romaine lettuce", Public Health Agency of Canada,
545:"Etymology: The name (Greek Κῶς) of an island in the Ægean." "In full
514:
187:
86:
39:
1234:
928:
O157:H7 Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce from Yuma Growing Region"
368:
243:
1148:
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Public Health Agency of Canada, "Public Health Notice - Outbreak of
201:. It symbolises the bitterness inflicted by the Egyptians while the
1195:
838:"E. coli outbreak warning expands to all types of romaine lettuce"
198:
61:
53:
1045:
Eduardo Cuevas (November 30, 2018). "County a possible source of
1152:
1014:"Romaine lettuce is not safe to eat, CDC warns U.S. consumers"
126:
1085:"Spain's salad growers are modern-day slaves, say charities"
1000:
infections linked to romaine lettuce", November 20, 2018
985:
Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce", November 20, 2018
549:. A variety of lettuce introduced from the island of Cos.
981:
United States Centers for Disease Control, "Outbreak of
640:
Passover and Easter: Origin and History to Modern Times
700:
The Monarchy of France: its rise, progress, and fall
135:
1161:
38:
21:
748:
513:
1049:: At least 43 have been sickened in outbreak".
812:O157:H7 Infections April 2018 | E. coli | CDC"
786:"Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing
254:From November 2017 through January 2018, the
8:
258:(PHA) identified romaine as being linked to
217:
168:
141:
673:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 286.
58:Cross section of a heart of romaine lettuce
1149:
1108:Kirschmann, John D. & Dunne, Lavon J.
924:"FDA Investigating Multistate Outbreak of
716:
714:
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555:
295:outbreak to water from a canal located in
27:
18:
703:. London: Sampson Low & Son. p.
435:
425:
117:it is known as "romaine" lettuce, and in
1083:Lawerence, Felicity (7 February 2011).
954:"It Was The Water, FDA Says Of Romaine
388:
617:"When Lettuce Was a Sacred Sex Symbol"
495:
485:
291:(FDA) traced the source of the latest
238:. Romaine lettuce is commonly used in
216:was dedicated to romaine lettuce, as "
146:
7:
770:"Public Health Notice – Outbreak of
615:Smith, K. Annabelle (16 July 2013).
541:participating institution membership
398:"Cattle lack vascular receptors for
596:A Dictionary of English Plant Names
234:and is the typical lettuce used in
193:Romaine lettuce may be used in the
142:
125:to the name of the Greek island of
723:"The Charms of the Loser Lettuces"
14:
1287:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3235051-4
896:Phillips, Kristine (2018-06-02).
459:Walker, Norman Wardhaugh (1970).
1134:
952:Chappell, Bill (June 29, 2018).
367:
157:Acetaria. A discourse of sallets
133:to the Arabic word for lettuce,
1012:Achenbach, Joel; Sun, Lena H.
747:Bittman, Mark (2 April 2010).
721:Bittman, Mark (2 April 2010).
670:Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide
644:University of Notre Dame Press
256:Public Health Agency of Canada
1:
1139:The dictionary definition of
667:Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2010).
186:, for its resemblance to the
869:Judkis, Maura (2018-05-22).
568:The Oxford Companion to Food
462:Cos or Romaine Lettuce Juice
350:, in the winter, relying on
289:Food and Drug Administration
1068:outbreak tied to romaine".
836:Sun, Lena H. (2018-04-20).
571:. Oxford University Press.
465:. Book Publishing Company.
264:Centers for Disease Control
136:
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958:Outbreak That Killed Five"
214:French Republican Calendar
197:ritual feast as a type of
1274:Lactuca sativa longifolia
521:Oxford English Dictionary
26:
1072:. USA Today. p. A1.
1053:. USA Today. p. A1.
804:"Multistate Outbreak of
750:"Braised Romaine Hearts"
342:, in the summer and the
792:posted January 25, 2018
526:Oxford University Press
279:In response to another
427:10.1073/pnas.190329997
240:Middle Eastern cuisine
218:
205:were slaves in Egypt.
169:
115:North American English
67:
59:
402:O157:H7 Shiga toxins"
268:Shiga toxin-producing
178:Cultural significance
65:
57:
1354:Food plant cultivars
619:. Smithsonian Museum
230:Romaine is a common
109:Origin and etymology
1070:Salinas Californian
1051:Salinas Californian
903:The Washington Post
876:The Washington Post
524:(Online ed.).
418:2000PNAS...9710325P
340:Salinas, California
250:Food safety issues
85:) is a variety of
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60:
16:Variety of lettuce
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1256:Open Tree of Life
1155:Taxon identifiers
1110:Nutrition Almanac
594:Grigson G. 1974.
578:978-0-19-211579-9
539:(Subscription or
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119:British English
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934:. 2018-06-01
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529:. Retrieved
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1230:iNaturalist
816:www.cdc.gov
547:cos lettuce
496:|work=
232:salad green
199:bitter herb
95:pathogenic
75:cos lettuce
1343:Categories
1167:longifolia
1102:References
1031:2021-02-24
938:2018-06-03
909:2018-06-03
882:2018-05-22
855:2018-04-21
822:2018-04-21
756:27 January
732:27 January
623:27 January
543:required.)
478:2 December
324:Santa Cruz
312:San Benito
203:Israelites
155:1699 work
83:longifolia
1093:. London.
1026:0190-8286
850:0190-8286
498:ignored (
488:cite book
1313:50289558
1308:Tropicos
1182:Q1762893
1176:Wikidata
967:June 29,
697:(1855).
565:(1999).
446:10973498
358:See also
308:Monterey
210:Germinal
81:L. var.
1359:Lettuce
1326:1156805
1261:5921059
1248:1759395
1209:6304858
1142:romaine
1066:E. coli
1047:E. coli
998:E. coli
983:E. coli
956:E. coli
926:E. coli
810:E. coli
806:E. coli
772:E. coli
414:Bibcode
334:Growers
328:Ventura
304:E. coli
293:E. coli
281:E. coli
274:O157:H7
272:E. coli
260:illness
244:braised
226:Cuisine
219:Romaine
212:in the
188:phallus
87:lettuce
71:Romaine
40:Species
1300:159495
1235:537503
1119:
1024:
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469:
444:
434:
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1321:WoRMS
1222:21362
1196:LACSO
537:
515:"Cos"
437:27023
383:Notes
1282:POWO
1269:PfaF
1243:NCBI
1217:GRIN
1204:GBIF
1191:EPPO
1165:var.
1117:ISBN
1114:s.v.
1022:ISSN
969:2018
846:ISSN
758:2018
734:2018
675:ISBN
648:ISBN
625:2018
600:ISBN
573:ISBN
533:2020
500:help
480:2013
467:ISBN
442:PMID
346:and
330:.
326:and
137:khus
101:coli
1295:RHS
962:NPR
932:FDA
705:634
432:PMC
422:doi
222:".
190:.
184:Min
159:.
131:cos
127:Cos
123:cos
113:In
73:or
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486:{{
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