639:...(Berytus) was made a Roman colony about 14 B.C. Herod the Great, Agrippa I and II, and Queen Berenice built exedras, porticos, temples, a forum, a theater, amphitheater, and baths here. In the 3d c. A.D. the city became the seat of a famous school of law and continued to flourish until the earthquake of A.D. 551 ravaged the city....Its streets, laid out on a grid plan, are spaced at roughly the same intervals as those of Damascus and Laodicea. The new Roman city spread farther S and W (of the port), with its Forum near the (actual) Place de l'Etoile. On its N side was a civic basilica 99 m long with a Corinthian portico of polychrome materials..., dating from the 1st c. A.D. Some large baths have been uncovered on the E slope of the (actual) Colline du Sérail, and the hippodrome lay on the NW side of the same hill. Some villas in a S suburb facing the sea had mosaic floors (now in the Beirut Museum).Some 12 km upstream on the Beirut river are the ruined arches of an aqueduct.
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century....In 450 CE Berytus obtained from
Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre; but in 451 CE the "Council of Chalcedon" restored these to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis (Mansi, VII, 85–98). Thus, from 451 CE Berytus was an exempt metropolis depending directly on the Patriarch of Antioch.
987:(hence the name of the place). These ruins underwent a thorough cleaning and further excavation in 1995–1997. Designed by the British landscaping firm Gillespies, the Gardens' layout is dominated by low-slung glass walls and lookout platforms that can be turned into concert venues, thus giving a 21st-century touch without harming the area's historical fabric.
742:, who was the chief god of the city. He was especially revered by the Berytian merchants, who would call themselves "Poseidonistes". Up until the third century CE, Poseidon was commonly depicted on coins minted in Berytus. On these coins, he was usually depicted in a similar fashion to the Phoenician god
1011:
identified structural elements of the
Anastasis cathedral, but they were restricted to an area of 316 square metres (3,400 sq ft) and failed to unearth the school. In the 5th century, Zacharias Rhetor reported that the school stood next to the "Temple of God", the description of which
916:
Berytus became a "Christian See" at an early date, and was a suffragan of Tyre in "Phoenicia Prima", a province of the "Patriarchate of
Antioch". In antiquity its most famous bishop was Eusebius, afterwards Bishop of Nicomedia, the courtier-prelate and strong supporter of Arianism in the fourth
710:
and porticoes, inaugurating them with games and spectacles of every kind, including shows of gladiators. Now only minor ruins remain, in front of the
Catholic Cathedral of Beirut. Four large bath complexes as well as numerous private baths increased the city's water consumption: the Romans
1002:
etched with an epitaph to a man named
Patricius, "whose career was consecrated for the study of law". The epitaph was identified as being dedicated to the famous 5th-century law school professor. In 1994, archaeological diggings underneath the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in
737:
The gods worshipped by the
Berytians were not limited to a single pantheon from a single culture. There is evidence that indicates that gods of many cultures were all worshipped in their own pantheons. Berytus had a closer relationship with
635:. The city quickly became Romanized, with two third of the inhabitants being descendants of the Roman veterans. Large public buildings and monuments were erected and Berytus enjoyed full status as a part of the empire.
976:. Their shaded colonnades became busy markets on festival days. At other times, these streets would have been frequented by Law School students and citizens passing to the Forum or visiting temples and churches.
849:
in the sixth century, a large part of the "Corpus of Laws" -all in Latin- was derived from these two jurists, and in 533 CE Justinian recognized the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire.
884:
Since the third century, the city had an important law college. It was here that the great codification of Roman Law, which was to be propagated by emperors like
Theodosius II and Justinian, was prepared.
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871:
The law school of Beirut supplied the Roman Empire, especially its eastern provinces, with lawyers and magistrates for three centuries until the school's destruction in a powerful earthquake. After the
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was the largest known in the Levant, while literary sources indicate there was a theatre. Scholars like Linda Hall write that the hippodrome was still working in the fifth century.
643:
Berytus was considered the most Roman city in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. It was one of four Roman colonies in the Syria-Phoenicia region and the only one with full
711:
constructed an aqueduct fed by the Beirut River whose main source was 10 km from the city. The aqueduct crossed the river at
Qanater Zbaydeh and the water finally reached
2521:
912:). Furthermore, the ecumenical Christian councils of the fifth and sixth centuries CE were unsuccessful in settling religious disagreements within the surviving community.
773:. According to Kevin Butcher, the Latin character of Berytus remained dominant until the fifth century: the city was a center for the study of Latin literature and – after
1846:
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The Civil Law, Including the Twelve Tables: The
Institutes of Gaius, the Rules of Ulpian, the Opinions of Paulus, the Enactments of Justinian, and the Constitutions of Leo
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Berytus had a monumental "Roman Gate" with huge walls (recently discovered) and was a trade center of silk and wine production, well connected by efficient
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1807:. Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation (9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia) (in French). Getty Publications.
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Une nouvelle approche pour la préservation in situ des mosaïques et vestiges archéologiques au Liban: La crypte de l'église Saint-Georges à Beyrouth
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Under the
Eastern Roman Empire, some intellectual and economic activities in Berytus continued to flourish for more than a century, even if the
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This turbulent Byzantine period weakened the already Hellenised (and fully Christian) population and made it easy prey to the newly converted
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Skaf, Isabelle; Assaf, Yasmine Makaroun Bou (November 29 – December 3, 2005). Aïcha Ben Abed Ben Khader; Martha Demas; Thomas Roby (eds.).
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city in the Syria-Phoenicia region until the fourth century. Although Berytus was still an important city after earthquakes, around 400 CE
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Berit. Poseidon was not the only Graeco-Roman god to be given Phoenician qualities. An inscription written in Greek and Latin gives
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The flag of Beirut features an open book with the motto "Berytus Nutrix Legum" (Beirut, Mother of Laws) on one side and its
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Roman emperors promoted the development of high-level culture in the fully Romanized city (even in Greek language as with
378:
723:. An intricate network of lead or clay pipes and channels distributed the water to the various pools of the Roman Baths.
5148:
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908:) and destroyed the city of Berytus, leveling its famous law school and killing nearly 30,000 inhabitants (according to
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In 1968 were discovered the "Roman Baths" Gardens, a landscaped public space that lies on the eastern slope of the
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in the Syria-Phoenicia region, because of the Roman colonists who promoted agriculture in the fertile lands around
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was identified. Archaeological excavations in the area between the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral and
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However, in the sixth century a series of earthquakes demolished most of the temples of Heliopolis (actual
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789:(born in Berytus around CE 25), was known in all the empire as a Latin grammarian and literature master
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greatly favoured the city of Berytus, and adorned it with a splendid theatre and amphitheatre, beside
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1360:"CNG: The Coin Shop. PHOENICIA, Berytus. Claudius. CE 41-54. Æ 20mm (8.92 g, 12h). Legionary issue"
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1963:
1945:
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1746:, in "Aufstieg und Niedergang des römischen Welt", vol. II, 8, New York-Berlin, 1977, p. 135-163.
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2012:
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Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE: A Landscape Transformed
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932:. Eastern Roman Berytus -reduced to the size of a village- fell to the Arabs in 635 CE.
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Donner, Fred McGraw (1981), "The Early Islamic Conquests". Princeton University Press,
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Beyrouth, Archéologie et Histoire I : période hellénistique et Haut-Empire romain
585:, many veteran soldiers were sent there, and large building projects were undertaken.
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663:
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278:
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plan—the exact date is unclear but prosperous Berytian merchants were recorded in
1802:
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1702:
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1168:
1131:
6864:
6676:
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5078:
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2884:
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2089:
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1927:
1889:
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790:
762:
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691:
678:. From the 1st century BCE the Bekaa valley served as a source of grain for the
510:
35:
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3210:
3115:
3090:
3085:
3040:
3035:
2778:
2758:
2718:
2683:
2658:
2068:
2045:
263:
239:
Roman republic (merchants from early Laodicea/Berytus recorded by 110–109 BCE)
1483:
1202:
1187:
206:
193:
17:
6995:
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6980:
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5268:
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4171:
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1899:
1698:
1096:
829:
778:
6772:
6731:
6227:
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1824:
948:
726:
Roman Berytus was a city of nearly 50,000 inhabitants during the reign of
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3325:
3190:
3030:
2864:
2823:
2653:
2413:
2339:
2174:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2004:
1953:
1917:
821:
739:
675:
659:
612:
468:
457:
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6949:
6934:
6924:
6884:
6859:
6813:
6751:
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6607:
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6393:
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6103:
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6003:
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5691:
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2240:
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2149:
1523:
1120:
Theodore Mommsen."The Provinces of the Roman Empire" Chapter: Phoenicia
905:
820:("Beirut, Mother of Laws"). Indeed, two of Rome's most famous jurists,
577:
in 64 BCE. It renamed "Berytus", as a reference to the name of the old
509:, the codification of Roman law ordered early in the 6th century CE by
495:. "Of the great law schools of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus", the
3911:
983:. It consists of a garden and a set of uncovered ruins of the ancient
6985:
6939:
6929:
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1707:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1012:
permitted its identification with the Byzantine Anastasis cathedral.
922:
825:
727:
700:, where are located the famous Niha temples with Latin inscriptions.
683:
574:
429:
178:
119:
1515:
990:
At the turn of the 20th century, the area where existed the famous
526:
In 140 BCE the Phoenician village called "Biruta" was destroyed by
6943:
6919:
6808:
6803:
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2184:
2159:
2035:
1994:
999:
962:
947:
939:
925:
877:
852:
752:
694:): Roman colonists created there even a "country district" called
649:
543:
1776:. Publications de la Direction des Antiquités du Liban, Beyrouth.
627:
were established in the city of Berytus by emperor Augustus: the
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1191:
513:
and fully written in Latin) was mostly created in this school.
6438:
4257:
3450:
62:
1760:
The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian
383:
340:
334:
325:
313:
301:
1497:"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century"
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
The Prodigal Empire: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
307:
428:
from the 2nd century to 64 BCE, was the ancient city of
363:
1597:"Beirut Shakes Off Rubble, Dons Slick New Architecture"
30:"Berytos" redirects here. For the defunct airline, see
690:(today the valley makes up to 40 percent of Lebanon's
538:
monarchy. Later it was rebuilt on a more conventional
1693:(in French). Paris: Société Anonyme du Recueil Sirey.
343:
316:
337:
331:
322:
310:
304:
298:
6973:
6852:
6796:
6665:
6626:
6510:
6457:
6421:
6331:
6210:
6154:
6123:
6087:
5911:
5720:
5614:
5427:
5019:
5012:
4934:
4846:
4751:
4626:
4578:
4456:
4406:
4345:
4336:
4218:
4170:
4090:
4007:
3968:
2832:
2609:
2542:
2451:
2398:
2355:
2325:
2278:
2269:
2228:
2137:
2106:
2097:
2059:
2021:
2003:
1980:
1962:
1944:
1926:
1908:
1880:
1873:
328:
295:
270:
243:
235:
230:
222:
185:
174:
155:
7027:Populated places disestablished in the 7th century
7022:Populated places established in the 2nd century BC
1378:"Possible Roman gate and road found in Beirut dig"
1243:, DownTownBeirut.com. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
34:. For the women's association football club, see
1762:. Press Holdings International. New York, 2004.
1318:"Roman wall removed from Beirut Hippodrome site"
1084:An Elementary Dictionary of the English Language
48:
1086:, Boston: Swan, Brewer & Tileston, page 326
914:
882:
637:
1752:The settlement of veterans in the Roman Empire
5884:
3927:
2977:
2522:
1840:
1293:"Data with map of Roman Berytus (in Spanish)"
1101:older settlement centred on a Phoenician port
960:, the two main streets of Roman Berytus, the
647:(meaning: exemption from imperial taxation).
8:
1203:Czech excavations in Beirut, Martyrs' Square
1099:in the 2nd century BCE over the ruins of an
862:
90:
41:
76:
5891:
5877:
5869:
5016:
4342:
3974:
3934:
3920:
3912:
2984:
2970:
2962:
2529:
2515:
2507:
2275:
2103:
1877:
1847:
1833:
1825:
108:
40:
1637:
730:and had a huge forum and necropolis. The
1772:Mouterde, René et Lauffray, Jean (1952)
1690:Histoire de l'école de droit de Beyrouth
1649:
1625:
1613:
573:the city was conquered by the Romans of
2890:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
1868:With correspondence to modern geography
1725:Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity
1472:Holy places visited by Antoninus martyr
1279:
1205:, Institute for Classical Archaeology,
1156:
1072:
996:Saint George Cathedral of the Maronites
952:General view of the Roman Baths Garden
2947:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
2905:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
2537:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
944:Roman ruins in the Roman Baths Garden
442:Early Byzantine period/late antiquity
116:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
7:
1418:– via www.fulltextarchive.com.
1346:
1334:
1221:
597:, Berytus became an important Roman
581:. The city was assimilated into the
356:
114:Roman ruins of Berytus, in front of
49:
1672:. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
1051:Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut
863:
605:Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus
421:
401:
91:
1990:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
471:were established in the city (the
25:
2824:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
1095:The city had been rebuilt by the
876:the students were transferred to
816:;: it was famous the Latin motto
546:by 110–109 BCE—under the name of
534:for the throne of the Macedonian
479:), that afterward quickly became
432:(in modern-day Lebanon) from the
5899:
2993:
2600:
2088:
2081:
1704:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
1234:About Beirut and Downtown Beirut
1169:About Beirut and Downtown Beirut
654:Map showing the Berytus district
623:, II, 119). The veterans of two
579:original Phoenician port-village
291:
138:
131:
7032:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
6533:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
3000:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
2951:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
1755:London University. London, 1956
785:, the son of a Roman colonist,
750:the Phoenician epithet "Baal".
593:In 14 BCE, during the reign of
569:During the late decades of the
139:
27:Ancient city of Beirut, Lebanon
5905:Phoenician cities and colonies
3856:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
2724:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
1130:Scott, Samuel Parsons (1973).
992:school of Roman law at Berytus
897:started to be replaced by the
670:; it was the only area mostly
252:Early Byzantine/late antiquity
1:
1669:Roman Syria and the Near East
910:Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza
901:and become Hellenised again.
658:Its territory/district under
4506:Frontiers and fortifications
1728:. London: Psychology Press.
1557:A Short History of the World
1495:Ostrogorsky, George (1959).
757:Roman coin minted in Berytus
715:; there, at the foot of the
491:was made the capital of the
448:that would be the center of
384:
364:
4565:Decorations and punishments
3541:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
3501:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2880:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
2860:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2799:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
2639:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
2629:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
2592:Roman Law school of Berytus
2587:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2489:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1936:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
493:Roman province of Phoenicia
7078:
6885:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
5472:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4047:historiography of the fall
2900:Catholic Church in Lebanon
2496:Legacy of the Roman Empire
1056:Phoenicia under Roman rule
413:
373:
164:
63:
29:
6638:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
6202:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
5853:External wars and battles
3977:
3950:
3791:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
3441:Phoenician port of Beirut
3361:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
3006:
2943:
2845:Phoenice (Roman province)
2704:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
2598:
2577:Berytus Colonnaded street
2567:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
2484:
2079:
1866:
1188:Beirut Travel Information
972:, were discovered in the
832:, taught there under the
804:The Law School of Berytus
555:
499:stood "pre-eminent". The
126:
107:
46:
6384:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
3161:Canalizations of Zenobia
2804:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
2744:Monastery of Saint Maron
2694:Canalizations of Zenobia
1780:Paturel, Simone (2019).
812:was widely known in the
483:. It was the only fully
167:) or Laodicea in Canaan
5848:Roman–Iranian relations
4323:Optimates and populares
3346:Kouachra megalith field
3236:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
2895:Christianity in Lebanon
2659:Ain Harcha roman temple
2634:Temples of Mount Hermon
2572:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
2491:; Proposed; in Danger
2285:Palestinian territories
1722:Hall, Linda J. (2004).
1687:Collinet, Paul (1925).
1666:Butcher, Kevin (2003).
1559:. New York: Macmillan.
1005:Beirut Central District
974:Beirut Central District
621:Res gestae divi Augusti
611:, the only daughter of
562:in honor of a Seleucid
207:33.895778°N 35.505139°E
169:(2nd century to 64 BCE)
159:Laodicea in Phoenicia (
7062:Roman towns and cities
7057:Roman sites in Lebanon
5858:Civil wars and revolts
5124:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4771:Conflict of the Orders
4130:Legislative assemblies
3846:Temple of the Obelisks
3496:Roman Forum of Berytus
3396:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
3146:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
2930:6th century in Lebanon
2925:5th century in Lebanon
2920:4th century in Lebanon
2915:3rd century in Lebanon
2910:2nd century in Lebanon
2870:Marcus Valerius Probus
2557:Roman Forum of Berytus
2031:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
1774:Beyrouth ville romaine
1555:(1922). "Chapter 33".
1416:"History of Phoenicia"
1209:July 23, 2013, at the
1028:Marcus Valerius Probus
953:
945:
919:
886:
868:
787:Marcus Valerius Probus
781:. During the reign of
758:
686:and even for the same
655:
641:
556:Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ
414:Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ
393:
165:Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ
77:
6228:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
5567:Simplicius of Cilicia
5319:Quintus Curtius Rufus
4548:Siege in Ancient Rome
4157:Executive magistrates
3506:Roman temple of Bziza
3051:Akkar plain foothills
2935:551 Beirut earthquake
2875:Eudokia of Heliopolis
2809:Tripolis in Phoenicia
1638:Skaf & Assaf 2005
1553:Wells, Herbert George
1504:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1482:Catholic E.:Berytus (
1252:Princeton E.: Berytus
1178:, DownTownBeirut.com.
1039:Eudokia of Heliopolis
998:unearthed a funerary
958:Garden of Forgiveness
951:
943:
874:551 Beirut earthquake
856:
756:
732:Hippodrome of Berytus
653:
603:. The city was named
548:Laodicea in Phoenicia
532:Antiochus VII Sidetes
497:law school of Berytus
454:Eastern Mediterranean
406:Laodicea in Phoenicia
156:Alternative name
6905:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
6743:Carthage (Cartagena)
6131:Callista (Santorini)
6069:Tipasa in Mauretania
6029:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
5577:Stephanus Byzantinus
5482:Eusebius of Caesaria
5344:Sidonius Apollinaris
5034:Ammianus Marcellinus
4373:Tribune of the plebs
2794:Schleem roman temple
2774:Qal'at Bustra temple
2739:Monastery of Qozhaya
2734:Libbaya roman temple
1414:Archive, Full Text.
1080:Worcester, Joseph E.
1024:(fl. 2nd century CE)
1022:Hermippus of Berytus
889:Early Byzantine rule
818:Berytus Nutrix Legum
798:Hermippus of Berytus
530:in his contest with
506:Corpus Juris Civilis
463:The veterans of two
444:. Berytus became a
404:), briefly known as
212:33.895778; 35.505139
147:Shown within Lebanon
6642:Olissipona (Lisbon)
5753:Distinguished women
5404:Velleius Paterculus
5244:Nicolaus Damascenus
5224:Marcellus Empiricus
4613:Republican currency
3761:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
2855:Phoenice Libanensis
2729:Labweh Roman temple
2562:Berytus Roman Baths
1758:Mommsen, Theodore.
1640:, pp. 224–229.
1349:, pp. 129–160.
1324:. October 25, 2013.
1034:Vindonius Anatolius
1030:(c. 20/30 – 105 CE)
810:Berytian law school
719:, it was stored in
713:Riad Al Solh Square
203: /
43:
6814:Balanaea (Baniyas)
6044:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
5527:Phlegon of Tralles
5334:Seneca the Younger
4808:Naming conventions
4538:Personal equipment
4071:Later Roman Empire
3801:Tell Sultan Yakoub
3751:Tell Neba'a Litani
3746:Tell Neba'a Chaate
3111:Baidar ech Chamout
2850:Palaestina Secunda
2749:Nahle roman temple
2719:Kafr Zabad temples
2312:: Emmaus Nicopolis
2295:: Aelia Capitolina
2107:Of legion veterans
1964:Gallia Narbonensis
1946:Gallia Lugdunensis
1910:Britannia Inferior
1882:Britannia Superior
1434:2009-06-28 at the
1429:History of Berytus
1239:2009-04-23 at the
1174:2009-04-23 at the
954:
946:
936:Recent discoveries
869:
828:, both natives of
759:
656:
560:Laodicea in Canaan
426:Laodicea in Canaan
7047:Seleucid colonies
7042:History of Beirut
7004:
7003:
6634:Portus Hannibalis
6523:Arambys (Mogador)
6408:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
6389:Porphyreon (Jieh)
6258:Kapara (Soluntum)
6074:Tipasa in Numidia
6024:Rusicade (Skikda)
5866:
5865:
5828:Pontifices maximi
5610:
5609:
5467:Diogenes Laërtius
5289:Pliny the Younger
5044:Asconius Pedianus
5004:Romance languages
4876:Civil engineering
4618:Imperial currency
4491:Political control
4452:
4451:
4086:
4085:
3909:
3908:
3841:Temple of Jupiter
3831:Temple of Bacchus
3591:Tell Ain Ghessali
3586:Tell Ain el Meten
3516:Saraain El Faouqa
2959:
2958:
2789:Saraain El Faouqa
2624:Temple of Bacchus
2582:Byzantine mosaics
2504:
2503:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2305:Caesarea Maritima
2229:Possible colonies
2119:Caesarea Maritima
2077:
2076:
2036:Castra Taurinorum
1982:Germania Inferior
1735:978-1-134-44013-9
1679:978-0-89236-715-3
1652:, pp. 63–73.
1628:, pp. 61–73.
1566:978-0-06-492674-4
1448:"Livius: Berytus"
1261:Morgan, James F.
930:Arabian Peninsula
775:Septimius Severus
503:(one part of the
501:Code of Justinian
382:
362:
284:
283:
170:
16:(Redirected from
7069:
7037:Coloniae (Roman)
6773:Tagilit (Tíjola)
6548:Shalat (Chellah)
6518:Azama (Azemmour)
5903:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5870:
5818:Magistri equitum
5733:Cities and towns
5726:
5652:Constantinopolis
5462:Diodorus Siculus
5394:Valerius Maximus
5329:Seneca the Elder
5249:Nonius Marcellus
5017:
4570:Hippika gymnasia
4533:Infantry tactics
4439:Consular tribune
4429:Magister equitum
4378:Military tribune
4343:
4303:Pontifex maximus
4298:Princeps senatus
4288:Magister militum
4054:Byzantine Empire
3975:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3836:Temple of Eshmun
3446:Plain of Zgharta
3386:Maronite mummies
3341:Khirbet El-Knese
3296:Kamouh el Hermel
3226:Haret ech Cheikh
3196:Douris (Baalbek)
3176:Deir El Aachayer
2998:
2997:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2754:Nebi Safa temple
2709:Hebbariye temple
2664:Amioun Monastery
2612:(actual Lebanon)
2604:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2276:
2256:Emmaus Nicopolis
2124:Aelia Capitolina
2104:
2092:
2085:
1878:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1797:
1739:
1718:
1694:
1683:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1534:. Archived from
1501:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1450:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:, Britannica.com
1392:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:www.cngcoins.com
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1295:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1093:
1087:
1077:
956:Recently at the
866:
865:
864:بيروت أم الشرائع
629:fifth Macedonian
617:Theodore Mommsen
557:
528:Diodotus Tryphon
473:fifth Macedonian
456:shores south of
423:
415:
403:
387:
377:
375:
367:
361:romanized:
360:
358:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
168:
166:
142:
141:
135:
112:
102:
94:
93:
88:
80:
74:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
44:
32:Berytos Airlines
21:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6969:
6860:Aspis (Kelibia)
6848:
6792:
6661:
6647:Ossonoba (Faro)
6622:
6506:
6453:
6417:
6354:Athar (Tripoli)
6327:
6206:
6150:
6119:
6083:
5959:Iol (Cherchell)
5907:
5897:
5867:
5862:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5606:
5442:Aëtius of Amida
5423:
5409:Verrius Flaccus
5389:Valerius Antias
5349:Silius Italicus
5284:Pliny the Elder
5229:Marcus Aurelius
5104:Cornelius Nepos
5054:Aurelius Victor
5008:
4930:
4842:
4776:Secessio plebis
4747:
4622:
4574:
4448:
4402:
4332:
4214:
4166:
4082:
4003:
3964:
3946:
3940:
3910:
3905:
3861:Tyre Necropolis
3756:Tell Qasr Labwe
3706:Tell Kabb Elias
3676:Tell Hoch Rafqa
3656:Tell El Ghassil
3626:Tell Bir Dakoue
3601:Tell Ain Saouda
3596:Tell Ain Nfaikh
3546:Tahun ben Aissa
3511:Sands of Beirut
3251:Jabal es Saaïdé
3201:Elaea (Lebanon)
3186:Deir Mar Maroun
3002:
2992:
2990:
2960:
2955:
2939:
2828:
2819:Tyre Necropolis
2784:Castra El Banat
2654:Ain Aata temple
2611:
2610:Roman Phoenicia
2605:
2596:
2545:(actual Beirut)
2544:
2538:
2535:
2505:
2500:
2472:
2447:
2438:: Philippopolis
2394:
2367:: Arca Caesarea
2351:
2321:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2224:
2133:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2055:
2017:
2013:Augusta Emerita
1999:
1976:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1904:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1822:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1779:
1742:Lauffray,Jean.
1736:
1721:
1715:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1516:10.2307/1291127
1499:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1436:Wayback Machine
1427:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1384:. May 17, 2013.
1376:
1375:
1371:
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1357:
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1241:Wayback Machine
1232:
1228:
1220:
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1211:Wayback Machine
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1176:Wayback Machine
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1103:dating back to
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1047:
1018:
938:
891:
867:" on the other.
806:
680:Roman provinces
609:Julia the Elder
595:Herod the Great
591:
524:
519:
321:
294:
290:
258:dating back to
211:
209:
205:
202:
197:
194:
192:
190:
189:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
122:
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96:
89:
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68:
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54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7009:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6977:
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6971:
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6962:
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6947:
6937:
6932:
6930:Sicca (El Kef)
6927:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6775:
6770:
6760:
6755:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6690:
6680:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6497:Ras il-Wardija
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6469:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6379:Gebal (Byblos)
6376:
6374:Botrys (Teros)
6371:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6260:
6255:
6253:Heraclea Minoa
6250:
6240:
6230:
6225:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6011:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Kissi (Djinet)
5981:
5971:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Pomponius Mela
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Aelius Donatus
5025:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4997:Ecclesiastical
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4738:Toys and games
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Vigintisexviri
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Cursus honorum
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4037:Western Empire
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Temnin el-Foka
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Tell Taalabaya
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Tell Nahariyah
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Tell Majdaloun
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Tell El Hadeth
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Tell Derzenoun
3638:
3636:Tell Delhamieh
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Tell Bar Elias
3613:
3608:
3606:Tell Ain Sofar
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Tell Ain Cerif
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Qalaat Tannour
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Nahle, Lebanon
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Khallet Michte
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Anjar, Lebanon
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2273:
2270:Locations with
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2138:Of late Empire
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:Lindum Colonia
1892:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1770:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1588:
1572:
1565:
1544:
1541:on 2020-07-27.
1487:
1475:
1464:
1439:
1421:
1406:
1400:2012-05-24 at
1387:
1369:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1309:
1284:
1282:, p. 230.
1267:
1254:
1245:
1226:
1214:
1195:
1180:
1161:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1113:
1088:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1016:Notable people
1014:
937:
934:
899:Greek language
895:Latin language
890:
887:
843:assembled his
805:
802:
721:large cisterns
697:Pagus Augustus
672:Latin-speaking
615:(according to
590:
587:
571:Roman Republic
523:
520:
518:
515:
485:Latin-speaking
450:Roman presence
434:Roman Republic
282:
281:
272:
268:
267:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
187:
183:
182:
176:
172:
171:
157:
153:
152:
146:
137:
136:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
118:in modern-day
113:
105:
104:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7074:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6809:Marat (Amrit)
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:Gadir (Cadiz)
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Caricus Murus
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6482:Gaulos (Gozo)
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6323:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
6321:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Julius Paulus
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Fabius Pictor
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:Amphitheatres
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Deforestation
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Siege engines
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Establishment
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:Extraordinary
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Promagistrate
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Twelve Tables
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Tell Shamsine
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Tell Mureibit
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Tell Khardane
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Tell el-Burak
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Ras Baalbek I
3474:
3472:
3471:Qasr el Banat
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Qal'at Bustra
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Hermel plains
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Deir Al-Ahmar
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Dahr El Ahmar
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Augusti Pagus
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Antelias cave
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Roman Lebanon
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Dakoue temple
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Augusti Pagus
2672:
2670:
2669:Arca Caesarea
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:Roman Berytus
2541:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Philippopolis
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Arca Caesarea
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:Narbo Martius
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1793:9789004400733
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1768:9781410211675
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1650:Collinet 1925
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1626:Collinet 1925
1622:
1619:
1616:, p. 73.
1615:
1614:Collinet 1925
1610:
1607:
1603:. 2010-08-11.
1602:
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1585:0-691-05327-8
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1454:on 2016-03-04
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1407:
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1402:archive.today
1399:
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1382:Beirut Report
1379:
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1361:
1355:
1352:
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1343:
1340:
1337:, p. 68.
1336:
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1323:
1322:Beirut Report
1319:
1313:
1310:
1299:on 2009-09-16
1298:
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1223:
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1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:Lonely Planet
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1162:
1159:, p. 72.
1158:
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1150:
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1143:9780404110321
1139:
1136:. AMS Press.
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861:translation "
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622:
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522:Early history
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410:Ancient Greek
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370:Ancient Greek
366:
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86:
79:
72:
71:Ancient Greek
58:
45:
37:
33:
19:
18:Roman Berytus
7052:Razed cities
6613:Thymiaterium
6487:Għajn Qajjet
6363:
6312:Sant'Antioco
5934:Hippo Regius
5798:Institutions
5662:Leptis Magna
5636:
5615:Major cities
5522:Philostratus
5309:Quadrigarius
5129:Rufus Festus
4992:Contemporary
4713:Romanization
4636:Architecture
4243:Collegiality
4092:Constitution
3943:Ancient Rome
3821:Tell Zeitoun
3811:Tell Wardeen
3781:Tell Saoudhi
3776:Tell Safiyeh
3771:Tell Saatiya
3736:Tell Murtafa
3726:Tell Meouchi
3721:Tell Mekhada
3696:Tell Jezireh
3681:Tell Karmita
3671:Tell Hazzine
3646:Tell Dibbine
3621:Tell Beshara
3426:Neba'a Faour
3376:Majdal Anjar
3291:Kamid el-Loz
3276:Joub Jannine
3271:Jeita Grotto
3266:Jebel Aabeby
3221:Hadeth south
3151:Bustan Birke
3145:
3141:Belat temple
2779:Castra Chbib
2769:Qalaat Faqra
2689:Bziza temple
2679:Bakka temple
2644:Aaqbe temple
2551:
2419:Dura-Europos
2379:: Heliopolis
2272:modern names
2220:Dura-Europos
2113:
1860:Ancient Rome
1821:
1803:
1782:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1724:
1703:
1689:
1668:
1660:Bibliography
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1575:
1556:
1547:
1536:the original
1507:
1503:
1490:
1478:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1442:
1424:
1409:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1287:
1280:Butcher 2003
1262:
1257:
1248:
1229:
1217:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1157:Paturel 2019
1152:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1105:Iron Age III
1091:
1083:
1075:
989:
978:
967:
961:
955:
920:
915:
903:
892:
883:
870:
844:
838:
817:
814:Roman Empire
807:
795:
760:
736:
725:
702:
695:
664:Bekaa valley
662:reached the
657:
645:Ius Italicum
644:
642:
638:
633:third Gallic
620:
607:in honor of
604:
598:
592:
583:Roman Empire
568:
559:
547:
525:
504:
477:third Gallic
462:
438:Roman Empire
436:through the
425:
422:لاذقية كنعان
405:
286:
285:
260:Iron Age III
198:35°30′18.5″E
195:33°53′44.8″N
50:𐤁𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤕𐤀
6865:Bulla Regia
6413:Umm al-Amad
6298:Pantelleria
6167:Akka (Acre)
6053:Aïn Oulmene
6034:Rusubbicari
6018:Tamentfoust
5978:Constantine
5793:Geographers
5477:Dioscorides
5457:Cassius Dio
5079:Cassiodorus
4982:Renaissance
4588:Agriculture
4560:Auxiliaries
4501:Engineering
4338:Magistrates
4190:Citizenship
4185:Mos maiorum
4120:Late Empire
3881:Wadi Yaroun
3871:Umm al-Amad
3816:Tell Zenoub
3786:Tell Serhan
3716:Tell Masoud
3666:Tell Fadous
3486:Ras El Kelb
3416:Nachcharini
3316:Kafr Tebnit
3066:Amlaq Qatih
2885:Coele-Syria
2714:Iaat column
2301:: Ptolemais
1995:Mogontiacum
1928:Roman Dacia
1890:Camulodunum
1749:Mann, J.C.
985:Roman Baths
981:Serail Hill
791:philologist
763:Roman roads
717:Serail Hill
692:arable land
540:Hellenistic
511:Justinian I
210: /
186:Coordinates
7011:Categories
6875:Hadrumetum
6693:Akra Leuka
6572:Casablanca
6404:Sur (Tyre)
5682:Mediolanum
5622:Alexandria
5587:Themistius
5552:Porphyrius
5379:Tertullian
5314:Quintilian
5304:Propertius
5199:Lactantius
5149:Fulgentius
5084:Censorinus
4906:Sanitation
4891:Metallurgy
4848:Technology
4813:Demography
4761:Patricians
4728:Spectacles
4686:Literature
4681:Hairstyles
4518:Technology
4268:Praefectus
4220:Government
4210:Litigation
4195:Auctoritas
4140:Centuriate
4027:Principate
4022:Pax Romana
3982:Foundation
3896:Ain W Zain
3876:Wadi Koura
3766:Tell Rayak
3691:Tell Kirri
3611:Tell Ayoub
3571:Tell Addus
3566:Tell Ablah
3561:Tell Aalaq
3531:Sin el Fil
3481:Ras Beirut
3381:Mansourieh
3371:Lion Tower
3286:Kafr Zabad
3211:Fadous Sud
3116:Batroumine
3091:Ard Tlaili
3086:Ard Saouda
3041:Ain Harcha
3036:Ain Choaab
2684:Batroumine
2619:Heliopolis
2494:See also:
2469:: Seleucia
2432:: Laodicea
2318:: Neronias
2165:Heliopolis
2069:Singidunum
2046:Mediolanum
1699:Gil, Moshe
1458:2020-03-26
1303:2015-08-19
836:emperors.
767:Heliopolis
668:Heliopolis
353:Phoenician
275:Phoenician
226:Settlement
57:Phoenician
6996:Tahpanhes
6991:Gibraltar
6986:Phoenicus
6981:Myriandus
6890:Kerkouane
6767:Almunecar
6578:Volubilis
6449:Tsabratan
6303:Selinunte
6273:Lilybaeum
6040:El Bahri)
6014:Rusguniae
5989:Macomades
5924:Cartennae
5838:Quaestors
5768:Empresses
5758:Dynasties
5748:Dictators
5723:and other
5712:Volubilis
5707:Vindobona
5667:Londinium
5592:Theodoret
5562:Procopius
5542:Polyaenus
5517:Pausanias
5419:Vitruvius
5364:Symmachus
5359:Suetonius
5269:Petronius
5254:Obsequens
5219:Macrobius
5214:Lucretius
5139:Frontinus
5114:Eutropius
5099:Columella
5049:Augustine
5039:Appuleius
4987:Neo-Latin
4962:Classical
4953:Versions
4861:Aqueducts
4803:Patronage
4723:Sexuality
4696:Mythology
4671:Education
4661:Cosmetics
4486:Campaigns
4481:Structure
4434:Decemviri
4293:Imperator
3992:overthrow
3701:Tell Jisr
3631:Tell Deir
3576:Tell Ahle
3436:Hosn Niha
3431:Nebi Safa
3411:Nabi Zair
3401:Moukhtara
3351:Ksar Akil
3321:Kfar Qouq
3301:Karak Nuh
3216:Hebbariye
3136:Beit Mery
3126:Bechamoun
2764:Hosn Niha
2463:: Antioch
2444:: Palmyra
2373:: Berytus
2293:Jerusalem
2129:Ptolemais
2051:Placentia
2041:Florentia
1900:Londinium
1786:. Brill.
1701:(1997) .
1601:Co.Design
1532:165376375
1347:Hall 2004
1335:Hall 2004
1265:, page 87
1222:Hall 2004
1097:Seleucids
969:decumanus
841:Justinian
830:Phoenicia
779:Roman Law
481:Romanized
402:بَيرُوتَة
379:romanized
181:, Lebanon
6955:Thysdrus
6899:Monastir
6870:Carthage
6778:Toscanos
6758:Saguntum
6748:Rushadir
6697:Alicante
6627:Portugal
6593:Oualidia
6553:Tamusida
6502:Tas-Silġ
6466:Cospicua
6464:Maleth (
6283:Neapolis
6267:Cagliari
6233:Drepanum
6192:Shikmona
6110:Lapathus
6038:Zemmouri
6008:Azeffoun
5999:Rachgoun
5949:Igilgili
5919:Camarata
5843:Tribunes
5833:Praetors
5783:Generals
5763:Emperors
5672:Lugdunum
5657:Eboracum
5647:Carthage
5632:Aquileia
5547:Polybius
5537:Plutarch
5507:Libanius
5497:Josephus
5492:Herodian
5384:Tibullus
5299:Priscian
5274:Phaedrus
5234:Manilius
5179:Jordanes
5164:Hydatius
5094:Claudian
5074:Catullus
5064:Boëthius
5059:Ausonius
4977:Medieval
4949:Alphabet
4921:Theatres
4896:Numerals
4881:Concrete
4871:Circuses
4838:Bagaudae
4828:Adoption
4823:Marriage
4796:Assembly
4701:Religion
4676:Folklore
4656:Clothing
4651:Calendar
4608:Currency
4598:Commerce
4496:Strategy
4458:Military
4444:Triumvir
4424:Dictator
4419:Interrex
4398:Governor
4383:Quaestor
4346:Ordinary
4328:Province
4318:Tetrarch
4308:Augustus
4273:Vicarius
4263:Officium
4200:Imperium
4150:Plebeian
4110:Republic
4032:Dominate
3999:Republic
3960:Timeline
3886:Yammoune
3391:Mayrouba
3336:Kharayeb
3326:Kfarhata
3191:Dekwaneh
3056:Al-Bireh
3031:Ain Aata
2865:Ulpianus
2467:Samandağ
2414:Damascus
2410:: Bostra
2348:: Gerasa
2342:: Gadara
2340:Umm Qais
2261:Neronias
2210:Neapolis
2175:Damascus
2155:Seleucia
2145:Laodicea
2005:Hispania
1954:Lugdunum
1918:Eboracum
1856:Colonies
1432:Archived
1398:Archived
1237:Archived
1207:Archived
1172:Archived
1045:See also
846:Pandects
822:Papinian
771:Caesarea
740:Poseidon
676:Yammoune
660:Claudius
631:and the
613:Augustus
536:Seleucid
475:and the
469:Augustus
458:Anatolia
271:Cultures
175:Location
36:ÓBerytus
7017:Berytus
6959:El Djem
6950:Thapsus
6940:Tayinat
6935:Tabarka
6925:Ruspina
6853:Tunisia
6788:Tyreche
6752:Melilla
6713:Iboshim
6618:Rusibis
6588:Rusadir
6583:Mogador
6562:Tangier
6542:Larache
6511:Morocco
6443:Tripoli
6394:Sarepta
6359:Baalbek
6332:Lebanon
6318:Tharros
6237:Trapani
6104:Larnaca
6059:Thagora
6004:Rusazus
5968:Tigzirt
5964:Iomnium
5943:Algiers
5939:Icosium
5912:Algeria
5813:Legions
5773:Fiction
5743:Consuls
5738:Climate
5692:Ravenna
5687:Pompeii
5677:Lutetia
5642:Bononia
5637:Berytus
5627:Antioch
5602:Zosimus
5597:Zonaras
5572:Sozomen
5557:Priscus
5532:Photius
5374:Terence
5369:Tacitus
5354:Statius
5339:Servius
5324:Sallust
5279:Plautus
5259:Orosius
5239:Martial
5194:Juvenal
5169:Hyginus
5154:Gellius
5013:Writers
4944:History
4926:Thermae
4916:Temples
4866:Bridges
4833:Slavery
4781:Equites
4753:Society
4733:Theatre
4706:Deities
4666:Cuisine
4646:Bathing
4628:Culture
4603:Finance
4580:Economy
4471:Borders
4466:History
4368:Tribune
4363:Praetor
4253:Legatus
4248:Emperor
4135:Curiate
4105:Kingdom
4100:History
4076:History
4059:decline
4017:History
3987:Kingdom
3970:History
3955:Outline
3536:Sarepta
3491:Rashaya
3466:Qaraoun
3406:Mtaileb
3366:Libbaya
3311:Kefraya
3306:Kaukaba
3261:Jdeideh
3231:Hashbai
3121:Batroun
3106:Baalbek
3046:Akbiyeh
3011:Aadloun
2833:Related
2552:Berytus
2461:Antakya
2430:Latakia
2426:: Emesa
2391:: Tyrus
2385:: Sidon
2377:Baalbek
2357:Lebanon
2282:and the
2241:Ascalon
2195:Sebaste
2170:Palmyra
2150:Antioch
2114:Berytus
1524:1291126
1111:periods
1109:Persian
1082:(1861)
928:of the
906:Baalbek
834:Severan
748:Jupiter
704:Agrippa
682:of the
600:colonia
564:Laodice
517:History
452:in the
394:Bērȳtus
385:Bērytós
381::
374:Βηρυτός
287:Berytus
266:periods
264:Persian
244:Periods
236:Founded
231:History
78:Bērȳtus
64:Βηρυτός
42:Berytus
6914:Djerba
6910:Meninx
6895:Lepcis
6879:Sousse
6844:Ugarit
6834:Shuksi
6829:Safita
6824:Paltus
6732:Málaga
6728:Malake
6673:Abdera
6656:Tavira
6538:Likush
6492:Mtarfa
6429:Lepcis
6368:Beirut
6263:Karaly
6187:Reshef
6177:Michal
6162:Achzib
6155:Israel
6141:Rhodes
6124:Greece
6115:Marion
6100:Kition
6088:Cyprus
6079:Timici
6063:Taoura
5994:Malaca
5823:Nomina
5808:Legacy
5788:Gentes
5725:topics
5721:Lists
5702:Smyrna
5582:Strabo
5512:Lucian
5502:Julian
5452:Arrian
5447:Appian
5437:Aelian
5414:Vergil
5189:Justin
5174:Jerome
5159:Horace
5144:Fronto
5134:Florus
5109:Ennius
5089:Cicero
5069:Caesar
4967:Vulgar
4791:Tribes
4718:Romans
4528:Legion
4511:castra
4388:Aedile
4358:Censor
4353:Consul
4313:Caesar
4283:Lictor
4205:Status
4145:Tribal
4125:Senate
4115:Empire
4009:Empire
3945:topics
3556:Tayibe
3521:Shheem
3356:Labweh
3206:Flaoui
3171:Dakoue
3156:Byblos
3131:Beirut
3081:Apheca
3061:Amioun
3021:Aammiq
2453:Turkey
2442:Tadmur
2436:Shahba
2371:Beirut
2346:Jerash
2327:Jordan
2316:Banias
2280:Israel
2251:Gadara
2246:Gerasa
2200:Bostra
2099:Levant
2061:Moesia
2023:Italia
1874:Europe
1811:
1790:
1766:
1732:
1711:
1676:
1583:
1563:
1530:
1522:
1510:: 21.
1395:Beirut
1140:
923:Muslim
859:Arabic
826:Ulpian
728:Trajan
684:Levant
575:Pompey
467:under
430:Beirut
418:Arabic
398:Arabic
365:Biruta
357:𐤁𐤓𐤕
179:Beirut
120:Beirut
99:Arabic
95:
92:بيروتة
81:
67:
53:
6974:Other
6965:Utica
6944:Thyna
6920:Ruspe
6839:Sumur
6819:Carne
6804:Arwad
6797:Syria
6782:Velez
6738:Onoba
6723:Mahón
6717:Ibiza
6708:Herna
6687:Ceuta
6683:Abyla
6666:Spain
6652:Balsa
6603:Gadir
6598:Zilil
6558:Tinga
6476:Mdina
6458:Malta
6433:Khoms
6422:Libya
6399:Sidon
6364:Birut
6308:Sulci
6293:Olbia
6278:Motya
6247:Erice
6218:Bitan
6211:Italy
6196:Haifa
6182:Jaffa
6146:Delos
6095:Dhali
6049:Sarai
5974:Cirta
5953:Jijel
5928:Tenes
5487:Galen
5429:Greek
5399:Varro
5209:Lucan
5021:Latin
4936:Latin
4911:Ships
4901:Roads
4886:Domes
4818:Women
4766:Plebs
4691:Music
4233:Forum
4228:Curia
3901:Zahlé
3891:Yanta
3851:Toron
3551:Taire
3526:Sidon
3026:Aaqbe
3016:Aaiha
2814:Tyrus
2408:Bosra
2400:Syria
2383:Saida
2335:Petra
2310:Imwas
2205:Petra
2190:Tyrus
2185:Sidon
2160:Emesa
1539:(PDF)
1528:S2CID
1520:JSTOR
1500:(PDF)
1067:Notes
1000:stele
963:cardo
926:Arabs
878:Sidon
839:When
777:– of
708:baths
558:) or
552:Greek
544:Delos
424:) or
390:Latin
279:Roman
248:Roman
85:Latin
6763:Sexi
6677:Adra
6608:Sala
6568:Anfa
6439:Oyat
6349:Arqa
6344:Ampi
6339:Amia
6288:Nora
6243:Eryx
6222:Chia
6172:Dora
6136:Paxi
5803:Laws
5778:Film
5697:Roma
5264:Ovid
5204:Livy
4972:Late
4786:Gens
4743:Wine
4555:Navy
4523:Army
4162:SPQR
4064:fall
4042:fall
3866:Tyre
3281:Jieh
3256:Jbaa
3246:Iaat
3096:Arqa
2759:Niha
2649:Afqa
2424:Homs
2389:Tyre
2365:Arqa
2299:Acre
2236:Gaza
1809:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1107:and
966:and
824:and
808:The
783:Nero
769:and
744:Baal
688:Rome
489:Tyre
440:and
262:and
250:and
223:Type
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4957:Old
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4258:Dux
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