Roman censor - Knowledge

1459:("chastisers"). It naturally grew out of the right which they possessed of excluding persons from the lists of citizens; for, as has been well remarked, "they would, in the first place, be the sole judges of many questions of fact, such as whether a citizen had the qualifications required by law or custom for the rank which he claimed, or whether he had ever incurred any judicial sentence, which rendered him infamous: but from thence the transition was easy, according to Roman notions, to the decisions of questions of right; such as whether a citizen was really worthy of retaining his rank, whether he had not committed some act as justly degrading as those which incurred the sentence of the law." 640:, power of the censor was limited in subject matter but absolute within his sphere: in matters reserved for the censors, no magistrate could oppose his decisions, and only another censor who succeeded him could cancel those decisions. Censors were also given unusually long terms of office; unlike other elected offices of the Republic, which (excluding certain priests elected for life) had terms of 12 months or less, censors' terms were generally 18 months to 5 years (depending on the era). The censorate was thus highly prestigious, preceding all other regular magistracies in dignity if not in power and reserved with rare exceptions for former 1915: 1238:

higher valuation on the property than the citizens themselves gave, but given the discretionary nature of the censors' powers, and the necessity almost that existed, in order to prevent fraud, that the right of making a surcharge should be vested in somebody's hands, it is likely that the censors had this power. It is moreover expressly stated that on one occasion they made an extravagant surcharge on articles of luxury; and even if they did not enter in their books the property of a person at a higher value than he returned it, they accomplished the same end by compelling him

1115:" This can be translated as: "The Censors are to determine the generations, origins, families, and properties of the people; they are to (watch over/protect) the city's temples, roads, waters, treasury, and taxes; they are to divide the people into three parts; next, they are to (allow/approve) the properties, generations, and ranks ; they are to describe the offspring of knights and footsoldiers; they are to forbid being unmarried; they are to guide the behavior of the people; they are not to overlook abuse in the Senate." 1231:

census, but public land, the possession of which only belonged to a citizen, was excluded as not being Quiritarian property. Judging from the practice of the imperial period, it was the custom to give a most minute specification of all such land as a citizen held according to the Quiritarian law. He had to state the name and location of the land, and to specify what portion of it was arable, what meadow, what vineyard, and what olive-ground: and of the land thus described, he had to give his assessment of its value.

1276: 1124: 1858:), and to meet the expenses connected with this part of their duties, the Senate voted them a certain sum of money or certain revenues, to which they were restricted, but which they might at the same time employ according to their discretion. They had to see that the temples and all other public buildings were in a good state of repair, that no public places were encroached upon by the occupation of private persons, and that the 50: 1219:, and he was likewise obliged to state his age. He was then asked, "You, declaring from your heart, do you have a wife?" and if married he had to give the name of his wife, and likewise the number, names, and ages of his children, if any. Single women and orphans were represented by their guardians; their names were entered in separate lists, and they were not included in the sum total of heads. 1499:

reach of the positive laws of a country; as often said, "immorality does not equal illegality". Even in cases of real crimes, the positive laws frequently punish only the particular offence, while in public opinion the offender, even after he has undergone punishment, is still incapacitated for certain honours and distinctions which are granted only to persons of unblemished character.

1950:, harbours, bridges, cloacae, roads, etc. These works were either performed by them jointly, or they divided between them the money, which had been granted to them by the Senate. They were let out to contractors, like the other works mentioned above, and when they were completed, the censors had to see that the work was performed in accordance with the contract: this was called 1491:("censorial reproach"). In inflicting it, they were guided only by their conscientious convictions of duty; they had to take an oath that they would act biased by neither partiality nor favour; and, in addition to this, they were bound in every case to state in their lists, opposite the name of the guilty citizen, the cause of the punishment inflicted on him, 1911:. The censors had also to superintend the expenses connected with the worship of the gods, even for instance the feeding of the sacred geese in the Capitol; these various tasks were also let out on contract. It was ordinary for censors to expend large amounts of money (“by far the largest and most extensive” of the state) in their public works. 4884: 1698:. The latter course seems to have been seldom adopted; the ordinary mode of inflicting the punishment was simply this: the censors in their new lists omitted the names of such senators as they wished to exclude, and in reading these new lists in public, quietly omitted the names of those who were no longer to be senators. Hence the expression 1337:, or appointed a new one. The princeps himself had to be a former censor. After the lists had been completed, the number of citizens was counted up, and the sum total announced. Accordingly, we find that in the account of a census, the number of citizens is likewise usually given. They are in such cases spoken of as 1191:, in which mention was made of the different kinds of property subject to the census, and in what way their value was to be estimated. According to these laws, each citizen had to give an account of himself, of his family, and of his property upon oath, "declared from the heart". First he had to give his full name ( 1829:, and even of selling the land belonging to the state. It would thus appear that it was the duty of the censors to bring forward a budget for a five-year period, and to take care that the income of the state was sufficient for its expenditure during that time. In part, their duties resembled those of a modern 1462:

In this manner, the censors gradually assumed at least nominal complete superintendence over the whole public and private life of every citizen. They were constituted as the conservators of public morality; they were not simply to prevent crime or particular acts of immorality, but rather to maintain

1320:

Besides the division of the citizens into tribes, centuries, and classes, the censors had also to make out the lists of the senators for the ensuing five years, or until new censors were appointed, striking out the names of such as they considered unworthy, and making additions to the body from those

1294:

After the censors had received the names of all the citizens with the amount of their property, they then had to make out the lists of the tribes, and also of the classes and centuries; for by the legislation of Servius Tullius the position of each citizen in the state was determined by the amount of

1230:

law. At first, each citizen appears to have merely given the value of his whole property in general without entering into details; but it soon became the practice to give a minute specification of each article, as well as the general value of the whole. Land formed the most important article of the

1109:

The original business of the censorship was at first of a much more limited kind, and was restricted almost entirely to taking the census, but the possession of this power gradually brought with it fresh power and new duties, as is shown below. A general view of these duties is briefly expressed in

1498:

This part of the censors' office invested them with a peculiar kind of jurisdiction, which in many respects resembled the exercise of public opinion in modern times; for there are innumerable actions which, though acknowledged by everyone to be prejudicial and immoral, still do not come within the

842:

believes that "there is no authority for this supposition, and the truth of it depends entirely upon the correctness of views respecting the election of the consuls". Both censors had to be elected on the same day, and accordingly if the voting for the second was not finished in the same day, the

1572:

A person might be branded with a censorial mark in a variety of cases, which it would be impossible to specify, as in a great many instances it depended upon the discretion of the censors and the view they took of a case; and sometimes even one set of censors would overlook an offence which was

1237:

and cattle formed the next most important item. The censors also possessed the right of calling for a return of such objects as had not usually been given in, such as clothing, jewels, and carriages. It has been doubted by some modern writers whether the censors possessed the power of setting a

1258:

period he might be sold by the state as a slave. In the later period of the Republic, a person who was absent from the census might be represented by another, and be thus registered by the censors. Whether the soldiers who were absent on service had to appoint a representative is uncertain. In

1112:

Censores populi aevitates, soboles, familias pecuniasque censento: urbis templa, vias, aquas, aerarium, vectigalia tuento: populique partes in tribus distribunto: exin pecunias, aevitates, ordines patiunto: equitum, peditumque prolem describunto: caelibes esse prohibento: mores populi regunto:

1680:

The punishments inflicted by the censors generally differed according to the station which a man occupied, though sometimes a person of the highest rank might suffer all the punishments at once, by being degraded to the lowest class of citizens. The punishments are generally divided into four

1980:

had likewise a superintendence over the public buildings, and it is not easy to define with accuracy the respective duties of the censors and aediles, but it may be remarked in general that the superintendence of the aediles had more of a police character, while that of the censors were more

1789:, or property-tax, had to be paid by each citizen according to the amount of his property registered in the census, and, accordingly, the regulation of this tax naturally fell under the jurisdiction of the censors. They also had the superintendence of all the other revenues of the state, the 718:

could be elected consuls, while some military tribunes were plebeians. To prevent the possibility of plebeians obtaining control of the census, the patricians removed the right to take the census from the consuls and tribunes, and appointed for this duty two magistrates, called

1706:(those removed from the Senate). In some cases, however, the censors did not acquiesce to this simple mode of proceeding, but addressed the senator whom they had noted, and publicly reprimanded him for his conduct. As in ordinary cases an ex-senator was not disqualified by his 867:

As a general principle, the only ones eligible for the office of censor were those who had previously been consuls, but there were a few exceptions. At first, there was no law to prevent a person being censor twice, but the only person who was elected to the office twice was

956:, and the censor a purple toga peculiar to him, but other writers speak of their official dress as being the same as that of the other higher magistrates. The funeral of a censor was always conducted with great pomp and splendour, and hence a "censorial funeral" ( 1263:

that in later times the censors sent commissioners into the provinces with full powers to take the census of the Roman soldiers there, but this seems to have been a special case. It is, on the contrary, probable from the way in which Cicero pleads the absence of

749:

The reason for having two censors was that the two consuls had previously taken the census together. If one of the censors died during his term of office, another was chosen to replace him, just as with consuls. This happened only once, in 393 BC. However, the

1692:("ejection from the Senate"), or the exclusion of a man from the ranks of senators. This punishment might either be a simple exclusion from the list of senators, or the person might at the same time be excluded from the tribes and degraded to the rank of an 1161:

had been taken, the citizens were summoned by a public crier to appear before the censors. Each tribe was called up separately, and the names in each tribe were probably taken according to the lists previously made out by the tribunes of the tribes. Every

1582:

Living in celibacy at a time when a person ought to be married to provide the state with citizens. The obligation of marrying was frequently impressed upon the citizens by the censors, and the refusal to fulfil it was punished with a fine

1925:

Besides keeping existing public buildings and facilities in a proper state of repair, the censors were also in charge of constructing new ones, either for ornament or utility, both in Rome and in other parts of Italy, such as temples,

1995:, a solemn purification of the people, followed. When the censors entered upon their office, they drew lots to see which of them should perform this purification; but both censors were of course obliged to be present at the ceremony. 1242:

upon the property at a higher rate than others. The tax was usually one per thousand upon the property entered in the books of the censors, but on one occasion the censors compelled a person to pay eight per thousand as a punishment.

1544:

was thus only a transitory reduction of status, which does not even appear to have deprived a magistrate of his office, and certainly did not disqualify persons labouring under it for obtaining a magistracy, for being appointed as

860:. The assembly was held by the new consuls shortly after they began their term of office; and the censors, as soon as they were elected and the censorial power had been granted to them by a decree of the Centuriate Assembly ( 758:(five-year period), and the Romans thereafter regarded such replacement as "an offense against religion". From then on, if one of the censors died, his colleague resigned, and two new censors were chosen to replace them. 1672:, might, if he considered himself wronged, endeavour to prove his innocence to the censors, and if he did not succeed, he might try to gain the protection of one of the censors, that he might intercede on his behalf. 818:(five-year period), and the office of censor, subsequently entrusted with various important duties, eventually attained one of the highest political statuses in the Roman Republic, second only to that of the consuls. 929:, or general control over the conduct and the morals of the citizens. In the exercise of this power, they were regulated solely by their own views of duty, and were not responsible to any other power in the state. 1303:, under which name were included all the documents connected in any way with the discharge of the censors' duties. These lists, insofar as they were connected with the finances of the state, were deposited in the 4871:

Suder, W., Góralczyk, E. Sezonowość epidemii w Republice Rzymskiej. Vitae historicae, Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana profesorowi Lechowi A. Tyszkiewiczowi w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin. Wrocław, 2001.

925:), to which the deepest reverence was due. The high rank and dignity which the censorship obtained was due to the various important duties gradually entrusted to it, and especially to its possessing the 1775:"—i.e., officials who review published material and forbid the publication of material judged to be contrary to "public morality" as the term is interpreted in a given political and social environment. 1759:, and might be inflicted on any person who was thought by the censors to deserve it. This degradation, properly speaking, included all the other punishments, for an equestrian could not be made an 1814:, and seems to have taken place in the month of March, in a public place in Rome The terms on which they were let, together with the rights and duties of the purchasers, were all specified in the 1222:

After a citizen had stated his name, age, family, etc., he then had to give an account of all his property, so far as it was subject to the census. Only such things were liable to the census (

1651:

A variety of actions or pursuits which were thought to be injurious to public morality, might be forbidden by an edict, and those who acted contrary to such edicts were branded with the

1455:) was the second most important branch of the censors' duties, and the one which caused their office to be one of the most revered and the most dreaded; hence they were also known as 1259:

ancient times, the sudden outbreaks of war prevented the census from being taken, because a large number of the citizens would necessarily be absent. It is supposed from a passage in

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In one important department, the public works, the censors were entrusted with the expenditure of the public money (though the actual payments were no doubt made by the quaestors).

999:, and required that the censors be in agreement to exact this punishment. This law, however, was repealed in the third consulship of Pompey in 52 BC, on the urging of his colleague 1375:, who made out the lists, etc. In Rome, the census was still taken under the Empire, but the old ceremonies connected with it were no longer performed, and the ceremony of the 600: 1595:

Improper conduct towards one's wife or children, as well as harshness or too great indulgence towards children, and disobedience of the latter towards their parents.

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to fill the office. This was the last time that such magistrates were appointed; the emperors in future discharged the duties of their office under the name of

1000: 1105:

The administration of the finances of the state, under which were classed the superintendence of the public buildings and the erection of all new public works.

5492: 5534: 5522: 5581: 3444:"The Romans: From Village to Empire: A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire" by M. Boatwright, et al. 2nd edition. 2011. 984:'s first consulship (82–70 BC), and any strict "imposition of morals" would have been found inconvenient to the aristocracy that supported Sulla. 1598:

Inordinate and luxurious mode of living, or an extravagant expenditure of money. A great many instances of this kind are recorded. At a later time the

4898: 5497: 976:. Although the authority on which this statement rests is not of much weight, the fact itself is probable, since there was no census during the two 6869: 5507: 1506:) in case he had been convicted of a crime in an ordinary court of justice, and had already suffered punishment for it. The consequence of such a 1010:

which followed soon afterwards, no censors were elected; it was only after a long interval that they were again appointed, namely in 23 BC, when

6814: 5502: 5236: 593: 197: 6784: 5609: 5136: 1736:

were originally the same, but when in the course of time a distinction was made between the rural or rustic tribes and the urban tribes, the

187: 31: 1573:

severely chastised by their successors. But the offences which are recorded to have been punished by the censors are of a threefold nature.

6874: 6749: 5902: 894:(a period of five years), but as early as ten years after its institution (433 BC) their office was limited to eighteen months by a law of 5455: 872:

in 265 BC. In that year, he originated a law stating that no one could be elected censor twice. In consequence of this, he received the

358: 6905: 5126: 3246: 180: 163: 3335: 1839:, which was entirely under the jurisdiction of the Senate; and all disbursements were made by order of this body, which employed the 734:

required that one censor had to be a plebeian. Despite this, no plebeian censor performed the solemn purification of the people (the

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A census was sometimes taken in the provinces, even under the Republic. The emperor sent into the provinces special officers called

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transferred a person from the rustic tribes to the less respectable city tribes, and if the further degradation to the rank of an

1630:

Improper conduct towards a magistrate, or the attempt to limit his power or to abrogate a law which the censors thought necessary.

1272:, as a sufficient reason for his not having been enrolled in the census, that service in the army was a valid excuse for absence. 890:

The censorship differed from all other Roman magistracies in the length of office. The censors were originally chosen for a whole

6809: 5482: 5131: 5058: 2002:

has survived, and been adopted in some modern languages, in the derived sense of a period of five years, i.e., half a decennium.

1721:. This punishment might likewise be simple, or combined with the exclusion from the tribes and the degradation to the rank of an 175: 4878:

Melnichuk Y. Birth of the Roman censorship: Exploring the ancient tradition of the civil control of ancient Rome. - Moscow, 2010

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If a magistrate acted in a manner not befitting his dignity as an officer, if he was accessible to bribes, or forged auspices.

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for holding any of the magistracies which opened the way to the Senate, he might at the next census again become a senator.

1391:

each wrote works on the census in the imperial period; and several extracts from these works are given in a chapter in the

1029:

Some of the emperors sometimes took the name of censor when they held a census of the Roman people; this was the case with

6900: 6325: 4893: 1128: 839: 940:), but some doubt exists with respect to their official dress. A well-known passage of Polybius describes the use of the 6165: 5769: 5221: 4936: 1558: 895: 765: 573: 6864: 1407:, besides the conventional meaning of "valuation" of a person's estate, has other meaning in Rome; it could refer to: 6789: 6548: 5604: 5487: 5033: 3743: 1914: 1007: 4759: 1345:("of the citizens"), and sometimes not. Hence, to be registered in the census was the same thing as "having a head" ( 6824: 6488: 6380: 6150: 5922: 5744: 5652: 5517: 5460: 4907: 3953: 1144: 1069:

The duties of the censors may be divided into three classes, all of which were closely connected with one another:

371: 6844: 5937: 5892: 5819: 5739: 5687: 5677: 5629: 4976: 3884: 1931: 1216: 1148: 917:

Notwithstanding this, the censorship was regarded as the highest dignity in the state, with the exception of the

436: 138: 995:(58 BC), which prescribed certain regular forms of proceeding before the censors in expelling a person from the 987:

If the censorship had been done away with by Sulla, it was at any rate restored in the consulship of Pompey and

6445: 6355: 5864: 5844: 5839: 5824: 5777: 5717: 5672: 5474: 3256: 1771:

It was this authority of the Roman censors which eventually developed into the modern meaning of "censor" and "

1479:("command"). The punishment inflicted by the censors in the exercise of this branch of their duties was called 1239: 1019: 715: 40: 1429:

the tax which depended upon the valuation in the census. The Lexicons will supply examples of these meanings.

6920: 6910: 6854: 6834: 6774: 6764: 6754: 6160: 5849: 5749: 5729: 5644: 5634: 5339: 5279: 4971: 4753: 4373: 4026: 3573: 3261: 1825:

The censors also possessed the right, though probably not without the assent of the Senate, of imposing new

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The repairs of the public works and the keeping of them in proper condition were let out by the censors by

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The administration of the state's finances was another part of the censors' office. In the first place the

1275: 6859: 6849: 6799: 6779: 6593: 6568: 6533: 6415: 6140: 5787: 5549: 5080: 4706: 1970: 1918: 1833:. The censors, however, did not receive the revenues of the state. All the public money was paid into the 1660: 1265: 1211: 1123: 972:

passed by without any censor being chosen at all. According to one statement, the office was abolished by

831: 769: 644:. Attaining the censorship would thus be considered the crowning achievement of a Roman politician on the 4245: 6829: 6759: 6583: 6335: 6135: 6130: 5927: 5834: 5759: 5722: 5707: 5682: 5662: 5564: 4132: 4087: 3973: 3526: 968:

The censorship continued in existence for 421 years, from 443 BC to 22 BC, but during this period, many

869: 727: 3579: 1153: 1023: 4868:

Virlouvet, C. Famines et émeutes à Rome, des origines de la République à la mort de Néron. Roma, 1985;

3768: 3753: 3591: 3585: 1818:, which the censors published in every case before the bidding commenced. For further particulars see 1622:

Offences committed in public life, either in the capacity of a public officer or against magistrates,

650:. However, the magistracy as a regular office did not survive the transition from the Republic to the 6839: 6804: 6493: 6483: 6360: 6260: 6185: 6050: 6013: 5389: 5053: 3672: 3504: 1908: 1732:, or the exclusion of a person from his tribe. This punishment and the degradation to the rank of an 814:. With these efforts and reforms, Appius Claudius Caecus was able to hold the censorship for a whole 116: 6769: 6618: 6420: 6290: 6240: 5559: 5156: 3773: 3597: 1830: 827: 251: 1879: 1471:

also encompassed this protection of traditional ways, which was called in the times of the Empire

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unless he was previously deprived of his horse, nor could a member of a rustic tribe be made an

1512: 1177: 1151:. An account of the formalities with which the census was opened is given in a fragment of the 1079:, or register of the citizens and of their property, in which were included the reading of the 6453: 6305: 6060: 6020: 5998: 5206: 3395: 1314: 1198: 428: 421: 224: 1795:, such as the tithes paid for the public lands, the salt works, the mines, the customs, etc. 854:, so the censors were not regarded as their colleagues, although they likewise possessed the 772:(312–308 BC) the prestige of the censorship massively increased. Caecus built the first-ever 6518: 6478: 6410: 6345: 6270: 6265: 6037: 5960: 5907: 5702: 5697: 5586: 5445: 5394: 5354: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5304: 5226: 5173: 5166: 5151: 5146: 5070: 4998: 4841: 4658: 3747: 3654: 3531: 3387: 3241: 1943: 1859: 1655:

and degraded. For an enumeration of the offences that might be punished by the censors with

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The dissolution of matrimony or betrothment in an improper way, or for insufficient reasons.

1333: 1310: 1280: 1034: 835: 657:

The censor's regulation of public morality is the origin of the modern meaning of the words

550: 544: 537: 523: 352: 331: 276: 261: 256: 241: 125: 1989:

After the censors had performed their various duties and taken the five-yearly census, the

1534:, for its effects were not lasting, but might be removed by the following censors, or by a 6613: 6425: 6405: 6365: 6300: 6250: 6245: 6120: 6070: 5978: 5812: 5792: 5712: 5161: 4986: 4920: 4747: 1313:; but the regular depository for all the archives of the censors was in earlier times the 1251: 856: 798: 695: 680: 630: 266: 1540:(roughly "law"). A censorial mark was moreover not valid unless both censors agreed. The 706:

had responsibility for the census until 443 BC. In 442 BC, no consuls were elected, but

6668: 6310: 6045: 5993: 5965: 5912: 5897: 5877: 5692: 5667: 5624: 5614: 5440: 5414: 5344: 5329: 5294: 5254: 5015: 4877: 4425: 3251: 1947: 1870: 1641: 1600: 1566: 1255: 1164: 1136: 946: 918: 781: 762: 731: 699: 646: 637: 555: 502: 346: 321: 230: 78: 6889: 6200: 6170: 6085: 5619: 5596: 5409: 5264: 5249: 5196: 5003: 4888: 4861: 4260: 3453: 3391: 1939: 1384: 1172:, and those names were taken first which were considered to be of good omen, such as 1140: 451: 301: 69: 1254:

is said to have threatened such individuals with imprisonment and death, and in the

6678: 6538: 5983: 5932: 5887: 5882: 5734: 5544: 5430: 5369: 5259: 5141: 5025: 4959: 4415: 4306: 1854:

The censors had the general superintendence of all the public buildings and works (

1445: 1169: 1080: 1075: 1003:, but the office of the censorship never recovered its former power and influence. 996: 933: 793: 789: 730:

was appointed the first plebeian censor. Twelve years later, in 339 BC, one of the

703: 684: 651: 641: 622: 364: 286: 212: 87: 3822: 1645:(a horse kept by patrician equestrian militia at public expense) in bad condition. 1613:

The carrying on of a disreputable trade or occupation, such as acting in theatres.

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Cicero de Legibus iii.3; Liv. xxiv.18; Plut. Cat. Maj. 16; Cic. de Leg. Agr. i.2.

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contrasted with one another. The persons who undertook the contract were called

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The Census, the first and principal duty of the censors, was always held in the

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at funerals; we may conclude that a consul or praetor wore the purple-bordered

914:, and in that respect they were inferior in power to the consuls and praetors. 6698: 6638: 6603: 6395: 6330: 6320: 6215: 6100: 5988: 5571: 5539: 5284: 5211: 5043: 5038: 4455: 4440: 4003: 3967: 3866: 1966: 1863: 1791: 1772: 1554: 1331:), and added and removed names as they judged proper. They also confirmed the 952: 785: 773: 746:

13) until 280 BC. In 131 BC, for the first time, both censors were plebeians.

663: 618: 488: 218: 98: 3315:"censorship | Etymology, origin and meaning of censorship by etymonline" 3314: 1798:

The censors typically auctioned off to the highest bidder for the space of a

1053:), but this example was not imitated by succeeding emperors. In the reign of 898:. The censors were also unique with respect to rank and dignity. They had no 761:

The office of censor was limited to eighteen months by a law proposed by the

6728: 6723: 6683: 6608: 6578: 6558: 6435: 6375: 6285: 6235: 6230: 6155: 6115: 6003: 5973: 5782: 5657: 5450: 5334: 5309: 5188: 4874:

Suolahti, J. The Roman Censors: A Study on Social Structure. Helsinki, 1963.

4652: 4620: 4616: 4183: 3988: 1962: 1819: 1380: 1193: 1038: 908:. Their rank was granted to them by the Centuriate Assembly, and not by the 777: 742: 711: 560: 530: 396: 378: 341: 17: 838:, and that the Assembly's selections were confirmed by the Centuriate, but 726:

The magistracy continued to be controlled by patricians until 351 BC, when

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to take the census; but the duty was sometimes discharged by the Imperial

843:

election of the first was invalidated, and a new assembly had to be held.

6688: 6673: 6663: 6648: 6563: 6553: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6498: 6400: 6315: 6195: 6180: 6110: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6055: 5854: 5435: 5399: 5289: 5216: 5048: 4693: 3521: 1927: 1840: 1835: 1785: 1305: 1269: 1246:

A person who voluntarily absented himself from the census was considered

1227: 1205: 1173: 1158: 1046: 1030: 1011: 900: 874: 807: 495: 385: 296: 207: 105: 1502:

Hence, the Roman censors might brand a man with their "censorial mark" (

6708: 6703: 6693: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6588: 6573: 6390: 6385: 6370: 6340: 6295: 6275: 6255: 6210: 5942: 5797: 5576: 5384: 5379: 5269: 4205: 3720: 3650: 1991: 1935: 1718: 1694: 1550: 1518: 1420: 1363: 1323: 1317:, near the Villa publica, and in later times the temple of the Nymphs. 1088: 851: 847: 736: 707: 481: 460: 311: 291: 4928: 4853: 846:

The assembly for the election of the censors was held under different

6718: 6598: 6528: 6468: 6463: 6430: 6190: 6175: 6125: 6105: 5527: 5404: 5299: 3555: 3499: 1977: 1388: 1168:

had to appear in person before the censors, who were seated in their

1054: 981: 905: 803: 626: 516: 306: 4196:

Dig. 50 tit.15 s4 § 1; Cassiod. Var. ix.11; Orelli, Inscr. No. 3652.

1143:, which was erected for that purpose by the second pair of censors, 4887: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 4845: 1907:, etc., and the duties they had to discharge were specified in the 1183:

The Census was conducted according to the judgement of the censor (

710:

with consular power were appointed instead. This was a move by the

6503: 6225: 5952: 5244: 3880: 1913: 1274: 1122: 1042: 973: 910: 751: 1321:

who were qualified. In the same manner they held a review of the

1139:, and from the year 435 BC onwards, in a special building called 6713: 6280: 6220: 5802: 5178: 3359: 1998:

Long after the Roman census was no longer taken, the Latin word

1260: 4932: 4832:

Wiseman, T. P. (1969). "The Census in the First Century B.C.".

1877:

were let out to the highest bidder. These expenses were called

633:, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances. 5274: 467: 414: 4523:

Livy xxxviii.28, xxvii.11, xxxiv.44; Festus, s.v. Praeteriti.

4217:

Capitol. Gordian. 12; Symmach. Ep. x.43; Cod. Theod. 8 tit.2.

3614:

vol. ii p516; Livy iv.24, xxix.37; Valerius Maximus vii.2 §6.

3336:"Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 4, chapter 8" 1636:

Neglect, disobedience, and cowardice of soldiers in the army.

1187:), but the censors laid down certain rules, sometimes called 723:(censors), elected exclusively from the patricians in Rome. 4230:

iii.3; Livy iv.8, xxiv.18, xl.46, xli.27, xlii.3; Suetonius

1061:

was nominated to the censorship, but declined the position.

788:), both named after him. He changed the organisation of the 4828:

Brunt, P. A. Italian Manpower 225 BC – AD 14. Oxford, 1971;

4419:

12; Livy xxxix. 42; Valerius Maximus ii. 9. § 3; Plutarch

991:. Its power was limited by one of the laws of the tribune 4468:

Valerius Maximus ii. 9. § 7; Livy. xxiv. 18, xxvii. 11.

1717:, or the taking away the publicly funded horse from an 1578:

Such as occurred in the private life of individuals:

1561:

was thus, notwithstanding the reproach of the censors (

834:

suggests that the censors were at first elected by the

4444:

ii. 64; Valerius Maximus ii. 9. § 5; Gellius, iv. 20.

4050: 4048: 1607:

Neglect and carelessness in cultivating one's fields.

1463:

the traditional Roman character, ethics, and habits (

1411:

the amount of a person's property (hence we read of

6737: 6631: 6444: 6036: 6029: 5951: 5863: 5768: 5643: 5595: 5473: 5423: 5362: 5353: 5235: 5187: 5107: 5024: 4985: 1341:("heads"), sometimes with the addition of the word 1299:). These lists formed a most important part of the 932:

The censors possessed the official stool called a "

4814:vi.86; Livy xxix.37, xxxv.9, xxxviii.36, xlii.10. 4794:i.57; Livy iv.22, xlv.15; Lex Puteol. p73, Spang. 3382:Swithinbank, Hannah J. (October 2012). "Censor". 1604:were made to check the growing love of luxuries. 1969:, were all constructed under the censorship of 4558:Livy xxiv.18, 43, xxvii.11, xxix.37, xliii.16. 3845:The Roman Censors: A Study on Social Structure 3302:The Roman Censors: A Study on Social Structure 1371:were assisted by subordinate officers, called 850:from those at the election of the consuls and 830:, which met under the presidency of a consul. 4944: 792:and was the first censor to draw the list of 594: 8: 4362:18; Gellius, iv.8; Valerius Maximus ii.9 §4. 1779:Administration of the finances of the state 1087:) and the recognition of who qualified for 980:which elapsed from Sulla's dictatorship to 714:to try to attain higher magistracies: only 6033: 5359: 4991: 4951: 4937: 4929: 3819:"An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors" 1866:, drains, etc. were properly attended to. 1767:unless he was previously excluded from it. 1702:("senators passed over") is equivalent to 1209:) and that of his father, or if he were a 1127:Scene of census-taking from the so-called 1041:, who likewise had a colleague in his son 796:. He also advocated the founding of Roman 601: 587: 35: 4899:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 1049:assumed the title of "perpetual censor" ( 864:), were fully installed in their office. 27:Roman magistrate and census administrator 4715:, Livy xxiv.18, xxix.37, xlii.3, xlv.15. 2009: 1802:the collection of the tithes and taxes ( 1616:Legacy-hunting, defrauding orphans, etc. 1327:who received a horse from public funds ( 1250:and subject to the severest punishment. 625:who was responsible for maintaining the 3293: 1973:, one of the most influential censors. 810:to support the Roman war effort in the 443: 395: 330: 275: 240: 196: 147: 60: 38: 4916: 4905: 4459:i. 13; Livy xxiv. 18; Gellius vii. 18. 3431: 3429: 1102:, or keeping of the public morals; and 3714: 3712: 1921:, one of the most influential censors 1668:A person who had been branded with a 896:Dictator Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus 32:List of censors of the Roman Republic 7: 3817:Weigel, Richard D. (3 August 1998). 3423:Livy vi.27, ix.34, xxiv.43, xxvii.6. 3330: 3328: 1965:, and the first Roman aqueduct, the 1526:and the censorial verdict was not a 1379:was not performed after the time of 1226:) as were property according to the 950:, one who triumphed the embroidered 3384:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 3247:Birth registration in Ancient Rome 1873:to the lowest bidder, just as the 1610:Cruelty towards slaves or clients. 1110:the following passage of Cicero: " 960:) was voted even to the emperors. 25: 3641:Zonar. vii.19; Athen. xiv. p660c. 1751:The fourth punishment was called 1748:, it was always expressly stated. 1113:probrum in senatu ne relinquunto. 4882: 4567:Liv. xlv.15, Plin. H.N. xviii.3. 3392:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20027 1157:, preserved by Varro. After the 921:; it was a "sacred magistracy" ( 826:The censors were elected in the 48: 4760:pro Sexto Roscio Amerino Oratio 1961:The first ever Roman road, the 1883:, and hence we frequently find 982:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) 694:BC. After the abolition of the 671:Early history of the magistracy 3971:ii.64; Tab. Heracl. 142 (68); 3267:Political institutions of Rome 1806:). This auctioning was called 1268:from Rome with the army under 1: 1981:financial in subject matter. 1129:Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus 688: 5523:Frontiers and fortifications 4598:Livy iv.24, xxiv.18, &c. 1559:Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus 1001:Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio 766:Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus 5582:Decorations and punishments 4696:vi.13; Livy xl.46, xliv.16. 4024:32; Gell. vii.11; Plutarch 3772:16; Tacitus Annales xii.4, 1440:Keeping the public morals ( 1415:, the estate of a senator; 1037:as his colleague, and with 1026:("prefect of the morals"). 768:. During the censorship of 6937: 6489:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 5064:historiography of the fall 4499:causam agere apud censores 3725:World History Encyclopedia 1145:Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus 1033:, who appointed the elder 29: 6906:Ancient Roman occupations 6870:External wars and battles 4994: 4967: 4371:Auli Gellii iv.12; Pliny 4328:Valerius Maximus ii.9 §2. 4319:Valerius Maximus ii.9 §1. 2016:Number of Roman citizens 1426:the lists of the censors. 1215:("freedman") that of his 1149:Marcus Geganius Macerinus 437:Senatus consultum ultimum 332:Extraordinary magistrates 4834:Journal of Roman Studies 4736:Livy xxxix.44, xliii.16. 4727:, Livy xlii.3, xliii.16. 4054:Livy xxxix.44; Plutarch 4001:Dionysius iv.15; Cicero 3257:Lex Caecilia de censoria 2024: 2021: 2015: 2012: 1553:, or for serving in the 1020:Aemilius Lepidus Paullus 698:and the founding of the 679:was first instituted by 41:Politics of ancient Rome 6865:Roman–Iranian relations 5340:Optimates and populares 4489:, vol. ii p399, &c. 3669:ad Cic. Div. in Caecil. 3490:Livy xxiv.10, xxxix.41. 3262:Outline of ancient Rome 1847:Overseeing public works 1757:facere aliquem aerarium 1016:Lucius Munatius Plancus 993:Publius Clodius Pulcher 989:Marcus Licinius Crassus 6875:Civil wars and revolts 6141:Sextus Pompeius Festus 5788:Conflict of the Orders 5147:Legislative assemblies 4902:. London: John Murray. 4360:Life of Cato the Elder 4358:14, xxxix.4; Plutarch 4339:Life of Cato the Elder 4243:Livy xxxix.42; Cicero 4163:Liv. xliii.16, xlv.15. 4056:Life of Cato the Elder 4027:Life of Cato the Elder 3900:vi.86, 87, ed. Müller. 3785:Suet. Vesp. 8, Tit. 6. 3757:16; Cassius Dio liv.2. 3574:Life of Cato the Elder 1971:Appius Claudius Caecus 1922: 1919:Appius Claudius Caecus 1744:was combined with the 1291: 1132: 974:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 770:Appius Claudius Caecus 754:captured Rome in that 636:Established under the 198:Political institutions 6916:Governmental auctions 6896:Ancient Roman censors 6584:Simplicius of Cilicia 6336:Quintus Curtius Rufus 5565:Siege in Ancient Rome 5174:Executive magistrates 4576:Livy xxiv.18; Cicero 3956:iv.15; Livy xliii.14. 3340:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1917: 1563:animadversio censoria 1489:animadversio censoria 1278: 1189:leges censui censendo 1185:ad arbitrium censoris 1131:, late 2nd century BC 1126: 904:, and accordingly no 870:Gaius Marcius Rutilus 728:Gaius Marcius Rutilus 6901:Ancient Roman titles 6594:Stephanus Byzantinus 6499:Eusebius of Caesaria 6361:Sidonius Apollinaris 6051:Ammianus Marcellinus 5390:Tribune of the plebs 4781:Liv. xl.51, xliv.16. 4675:Livy xxix.37, xl.51. 4438:Livy iv. 24; Cicero 4007:iii.3; Festus, s.v. 3965:Gell. iv.20; Cicero 3843:Suolahti, J. (1963) 3794:Cassius Dio liii.18. 3673:Johann Caspar Orelli 3300:Suolahti, J. (1963) 1700:praeteriti senatores 1493:subscriptio censoria 1483:("mark, letter") or 1399:Other uses of census 1329:equites equo publico 277:Ordinary magistrates 6770:Distinguished women 6421:Velleius Paterculus 6261:Nicolaus Damascenus 6241:Marcellus Empiricus 5630:Republican currency 4713:sarta tecta exigere 4578:pro Cluentio Oratio 4543:pro Cluentio Oratio 4345:iv.6; Dionys. xx.3. 4275:pro Cluentio Oratio 4249:42‑48; Gell. iv.20. 4246:pro Cluentio Oratio 3935:Livy iv.8, xxix.15. 3920:s.v. Lacus Lucrinus 3687:xxxviii.13; Cicero 1956:in acceptum referre 1831:minister of finance 1753:referre in aerarios 1639:The keeping of the 1475:("supervision") or 1419:, the estate of an 1283:, which housed the 923:sanctus magistratus 828:Centuriate Assembly 6544:Phlegon of Tralles 6351:Seneca the Younger 5825:Naming conventions 5555:Personal equipment 5088:Later Roman Empire 4607:cf. Livy xxxix.44. 4133:pro Licinio Archia 4088:pro Caecina Oratio 4040:Digesta Iustiniani 3974:Digesta Iustiniani 3924:ad Cic. pro Scaur. 3719:Cartwright, Mark. 3706:Cassius Dio xl.57. 3527:Life of Coriolanus 3435:Livy iv.24, ix.33. 3319:www.etymonline.com 1923: 1353:Census beyond Rome 1297:Comitia Centuriata 1292: 1133: 1093:recognitio equitum 812:Second Samnite War 510:Triumvir monetalis 444:Titles and honours 6883: 6882: 6845:Pontifices maximi 6627: 6626: 6484:Diogenes Laërtius 6306:Pliny the Younger 6061:Asconius Pedianus 6021:Romance languages 5893:Civil engineering 5635:Imperial currency 5508:Political control 5469: 5468: 5103: 5102: 4915:Missing or empty 4908:cite encyclopedia 4172:Cic. pro Mil. 27. 3926:p374, ed. Orelli. 3580:Life of Flaminius 3233: 3232: 2006:Census statistics 1843:as its officers. 1601:leges sumptuariae 1453:praefectura morum 1413:census senatorius 1315:Atrium Libertatis 1309:, located in the 1301:Tabulae Censoriae 1154:Tabulae Censoriae 1024:Praefectura Morum 611: 610: 429:Quaestio perpetua 422:Senatus consultum 225:Roman citizenship 16:(Redirected from 6928: 6835:Magistri equitum 6750:Cities and towns 6743: 6669:Constantinopolis 6479:Diodorus Siculus 6411:Valerius Maximus 6346:Seneca the Elder 6266:Nonius Marcellus 6034: 5587:Hippika gymnasia 5550:Infantry tactics 5456:Consular tribune 5446:Magister equitum 5395:Military tribune 5360: 5320:Pontifex maximus 5315:Princeps senatus 5305:Magister militum 5071:Byzantine Empire 4992: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4886: 4885: 4865: 4815: 4812:De lingua Latina 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4659:De Natura Deorum 4644: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4232:Life of Augustus 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4208:Ann. i.31, ii.6. 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102:De lingua Latina 4098: 4092: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4018: 4012: 3999: 3993: 3986:cf. Livy iii.3, 3984: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898:De lingua Latina 3895: 3889: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3825:on 11 April 2023 3821:. Archived from 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3769:Life of Claudius 3764: 3758: 3754:Life of Claudius 3748:Life of Augustus 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3716: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3592:Life of Aemilius 3586:Life of Camillus 3569: 3563: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3532:Valerius Maximus 3519: 3513: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3242:Authoritarianism 2019:Economic crises 2010: 1690:ejectio e senatu 1417:census equestris 1334:princeps senatus 1311:Temple of Saturn 1289:aerarium sanctum 1285:aerarium Saturni 1281:Temple of Saturn 1051:censor perpetuus 1035:Lucius Vitellius 836:Curiate Assembly 832:Barthold Niebuhr 780:) and the first 693: 690: 603: 596: 589: 545:Pontifex maximus 538:Princeps senatus 524:Magister militum 359:Consular tribune 353:Magister equitum 181:Augustan reforms 52: 36: 21: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6623: 6459:Aëtius of Amida 6440: 6426:Verrius Flaccus 6406:Valerius Antias 6366:Silius Italicus 6301:Pliny the Elder 6246:Marcus Aurelius 6121:Cornelius Nepos 6071:Aurelius Victor 6025: 5947: 5859: 5793:Secessio plebis 5764: 5639: 5591: 5465: 5419: 5349: 5231: 5183: 5099: 5020: 4981: 4963: 4957: 4927: 4914: 4904: 4892: 4883: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772:Polybius 6.13.3 4771: 4767: 4754:Natural History 4748:Roman Questions 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4645: 4641: 4635:de Lege Agraria 4632: 4628: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4487:History of Rome 4485: 4481: 4477:Gellius, xv.11. 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4437: 4433: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395:Dionysius, l.c. 4394: 4390: 4386:Dionysius xx.3. 4385: 4381: 4374:Natural History 4370: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4341:17; cf. Cicero 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4019: 4015: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3683: 3679: 3667:Schol. Gronov. 3666: 3662: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3612:Mai, Nova Coll. 3609: 3605: 3570: 3566: 3560:de Lege Agraria 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3520: 3516: 3505:de Lege Agraria 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3238: 2008: 1987: 1909:Leges Censoriae 1849: 1816:leges censoriae 1781: 1704:e senatu ejecti 1688:("removal") or 1678: 1666: 1648: 1623: 1619: 1438: 1401: 1355: 1252:Servius Tullius 1224:censui censendo 1121: 1067: 966: 958:funus censorium 888: 857:maxima auspicia 824: 702:in 509 BC, the 691: 681:Servius Tullius 673: 631:public morality 607: 578: 574:Other countries 565: 434: 391: 326: 271: 236: 192: 169:Sullan republic 134: 130: 121: 112: 108: 101: 91: 82: 73: 43: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6921:Heads of state 6918: 6913: 6911:Cursus honorum 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6311:Pomponius Mela 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Aelius Donatus 6042: 6040: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6014:Ecclesiastical 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5755:Toys and games 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:Vigintisexviri 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5255:Cursus honorum 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5054:Western Empire 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4896:, ed. (1870). 4894:Smith, William 4880: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4846:10.2307/299848 4840:(1/2): 59–75. 4829: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4804:lustrum facere 4796: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4738: 4729: 4717: 4698: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4662:iii.19, Varro 4639: 4626: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4589:Livy xliii.43. 4582: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4547:Life of Cicero 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4491: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4446: 4431: 4426:De Divinatione 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4364: 4347: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4297: 4288: 4286:(Livy xxiv.18. 4279: 4266: 4251: 4236: 4219: 4210: 4198: 4189: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4093: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4044: 4032: 4013: 3994: 3979: 3958: 3946: 3944:Liv. xliii.14. 3937: 3928: 3922:; Schol. Bob. 3911: 3902: 3890: 3872: 3858: 3849: 3847:(Helsinki) 58f 3836: 3809: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3759: 3736: 3708: 3699: 3695:de Prov. Cons. 3677: 3660: 3658:iv.15, xiii.2. 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3603: 3564: 3548: 3536: 3514: 3492: 3483: 3471: 3462: 3446: 3437: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3374: 3365: 3351: 3324: 3306: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3252:Cursus honorum 3249: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2007: 2004: 1986: 1983: 1871:public auction 1848: 1845: 1780: 1777: 1769: 1768: 1749: 1726: 1711: 1677: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1642:equus publicus 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1400: 1397: 1383:. The jurists 1354: 1351: 1295:his property ( 1165:pater familias 1137:Campus Martius 1120: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1096: 1085:lectio senatus 1066: 1063: 965: 962: 947:toga praetexta 887: 884: 862:lex centuriata 823: 820: 782:Roman aqueduct 732:Publilian laws 692: 575–535 672: 669: 647:cursus honorum 638:Roman Republic 629:, supervising 609: 608: 606: 605: 598: 591: 583: 580: 579: 577: 576: 570: 567: 566: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 503:Vigintisexviri 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 456: 455: 454: 446: 445: 441: 440: 433: 432: 425: 418: 411: 403: 400: 399: 393: 392: 390: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 356: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 328: 327: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 238: 237: 235: 234: 231:Cursus honorum 227: 222: 215: 210: 204: 201: 200: 194: 193: 191: 190: 185: 184: 183: 173: 172: 171: 161: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 143: 142: 133: 132: 123: 113: 111: 110: 103: 102:27 BC – AD 284 95: 94: 93: 92:27 BC – AD 395 84: 79:Roman Republic 75: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6933: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Julius Paulus 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Fabius Pictor 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873:Amphitheatres 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Deforestation 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Siege engines 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Establishment 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424:Extraordinary 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Promagistrate 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Twelve Tables 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4922: 4909: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4889:public domain 4881: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4757:x.22; Cicero 4756: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4684:Livy xxxii.7. 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4664:de re rustica 4661: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545:42, Plutarch 4544: 4538: 4535: 4532:Livy xxiv.18. 4529: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4514:Liv. xxiv.18. 4511: 4508: 4504: 4503:de re Rustica 4500: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4343:de Re Publica 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4261:De re publica 4255: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4154:Liv. xxix.37. 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4042:50 tit.15 s4. 4041: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3977:50 tit.15 s3. 3976: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3909:Dionys. v.75. 3906: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3885:de Re Rustica 3882: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3671:3, p384, ed. 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3598:ad Familiares 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:Aulus Gellius 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3401:9781444338386 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3372:Livy viii.12. 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3272:Pauly–Wissowa 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2075:499 or 496 BC 2074: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2011: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:opera publica 1852: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746:motio e tribu 1743: 1739: 1738:motio e tribu 1735: 1731: 1730:motio e tribu 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:ademptio equi 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1670:nota censoria 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1504:nota censoria 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469:regimen morum 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442:regimen morum 1436: 1435:Regimen morum 1433: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:curule chairs 1167: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Villa publica 1138: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1101: 1100:Regimen Morum 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 963: 961: 959: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 939: 938:sella curulis 935: 930: 928: 927:regimen morum 924: 920: 915: 913: 912: 907: 903: 902: 897: 893: 885: 883: 881: 877: 876: 871: 865: 863: 859: 858: 853: 849: 844: 841: 840:William Smith 837: 833: 829: 821: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 764: 759: 757: 753: 747: 745: 744: 739: 738: 733: 729: 724: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 686: 682: 678: 670: 668: 666: 665: 660: 655: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 604: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 584: 582: 581: 575: 572: 571: 569: 568: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 546: 542: 540: 539: 535: 533: 532: 528: 526: 525: 521: 519: 518: 514: 512: 511: 507: 505: 504: 500: 498: 497: 493: 491: 490: 486: 484: 483: 479: 477: 476: 472: 470: 469: 465: 463: 462: 458: 457: 453: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 439: 438: 431: 430: 426: 424: 423: 419: 417: 416: 412: 410: 409: 405: 404: 402: 401: 398: 394: 388: 387: 383: 381: 380: 376: 374: 373: 369: 367: 366: 362: 360: 357: 355: 354: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 337: 336: 333: 329: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 302:Promagistrate 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 282: 281: 278: 274: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 246: 243: 239: 233: 232: 228: 226: 223: 221: 220: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 199: 195: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 153: 150: 146: 141: 140: 136: 135: 129: 128: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 107: 104: 100: 97: 96: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 70:Roman Kingdom 67: 66: 65: 64: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 42: 37: 33: 19: 6815:Institutions 6679:Leptis Magna 6632:Major cities 6539:Philostratus 6326:Quadrigarius 6146:Rufus Festus 6009:Contemporary 5730:Romanization 5653:Architecture 5374: 5260:Collegiality 5109:Constitution 4960:Ancient Rome 4917:|title= 4897: 4837: 4833: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4741: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4709:sacras tueri 4705: 4701: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4454: 4449: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4420: 4416:de Senectute 4414: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4307:De senectute 4305: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4213: 4201: 4192: 4182: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4086: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3879:Livy iv.22; 3875: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3827:. 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Cicero 3807:iv.29, v.9) 3685:Cassius Dio 3623:Livy xl.45. 3610:Dionys. in 3595:38; Cicero 3469:Livy ix.34. 2795:176–175 BC 2768:182–180 BC 2450:293/292 BC 1905:susceptores 1901:redemptores 1893:conductores 1804:tax farming 1676:Punishments 1586:aes uxorium 1477:praefectura 1465:mos majorum 1395:(50 15). 1176:, Salvius, 1006:During the 802:throughout 408:Mos maiorum 188:Late Empire 131:AD 395–1453 6890:Categories 6699:Mediolanum 6639:Alexandria 6604:Themistius 6569:Porphyrius 6396:Tertullian 6331:Quintilian 6321:Propertius 6216:Lactantius 6166:Fulgentius 6101:Censorinus 5923:Sanitation 5908:Metallurgy 5865:Technology 5830:Demography 5778:Patricians 5745:Spectacles 5703:Literature 5698:Hairstyles 5535:Technology 5285:Praefectus 5237:Government 5227:Litigation 5212:Auctoritas 5157:Centuriate 5044:Principate 5039:Pax Romana 4999:Foundation 4751:98; Pliny 4725:loca tueri 4648:ad Qu. Fr. 4621:Saturnalia 4456:de Oratore 4441:de Oratore 4421:Cato Major 4228:de Legibus 4187:ii.53, 56. 4076:Livy i.44. 4022:pro Flacc. 4004:de Legibus 3968:de Oratore 3867:De legibus 3856:Livy iv.8. 3766:Suetonius 3730:2023-07-13 3690:pro Sestio 3414:Livy v.31. 3345:2023-05-02 3304:(Helsinki) 3283:References 2820:171–167 BC 2726:192–188 BC 2699:200–195 BC 2630:211–210 BC 2627:211–210 BC 2532:264–241 BC 2490:280–275 BC 2421:298–290 BC 2381:326–304 BC 2368:340–338 BC 2353:343–341 BC 2213:440–439 BC 2116:492–491 BC 2048:505–504 BC 2025:Epidemics 1967:Aqua Appia 1948:town walls 1885:vectigalia 1875:vectigalia 1827:vectigalia 1792:vectigalia 1773:censorship 1719:equestrian 1555:Roman army 1449:cura morum 1369:censitores 1359:censitores 1256:Republican 1089:equestrian 1083:'s lists ( 1008:civil wars 953:toga picta 886:Attributes 880:Censorinus 786:Aqua Appia 774:Roman road 716:patricians 664:censorship 619:magistrate 489:Praefectus 397:Public law 252:Centuriate 242:Assemblies 219:Auctoritas 122:AD 395–476 109:AD 284–641 99:Principate 74:753–509 BC 30:See also: 6855:Quaestors 6785:Empresses 6775:Dynasties 6765:Dictators 6740:and other 6729:Volubilis 6724:Vindobona 6684:Londinium 6609:Theodoret 6579:Procopius 6559:Polyaenus 6534:Pausanias 6436:Vitruvius 6381:Symmachus 6376:Suetonius 6286:Petronius 6271:Obsequens 6236:Macrobius 6231:Lucretius 6156:Frontinus 6131:Eutropius 6116:Columella 6066:Augustine 6056:Appuleius 6004:Neo-Latin 5979:Classical 5970:Versions 5878:Aqueducts 5820:Patronage 5740:Sexuality 5713:Mythology 5688:Education 5678:Cosmetics 5503:Campaigns 5498:Structure 5451:Decemviri 5310:Imperator 5009:overthrow 4862:163672978 4792:In Verrem 4745:Plutarch 4653:In Verrem 4650:i.1 §12, 4617:Macrobius 4356:Periochae 4337:Plutarch 4184:In Verrem 3989:Periochae 3954:Dionysius 3803:Symmach. 3744:Suetonius 3571:Plutarch 3546:. vii.19. 3456:xiii.15; 3288:Citations 3223:4,937,000 3183:4,233,000 3155:4,063,000 1963:Via Appia 1944:aqueducts 1936:porticoes 1928:basilicae 1860:aqueducts 1841:quaestors 1820:Publicani 1708:ignominia 1681:classes: 1657:ignominia 1542:ignominia 1513:ignominia 1510:was only 1403:The word 1381:Vespasian 1377:lustratio 1373:censuales 1228:Quiritary 1194:praenomen 1178:Statorius 1039:Vespasian 964:Abolition 778:Via Appia 743:Periochae 712:plebeians 531:Imperator 379:Decemviri 372:Triumviri 342:Corrector 83:509–27 BC 6860:Tribunes 6850:Praetors 6800:Generals 6780:Emperors 6689:Lugdunum 6674:Eboracum 6664:Carthage 6649:Aquileia 6564:Polybius 6554:Plutarch 6524:Libanius 6514:Josephus 6509:Herodian 6401:Tibullus 6316:Priscian 6291:Phaedrus 6251:Manilius 6196:Jordanes 6181:Hydatius 6111:Claudian 6091:Catullus 6081:Boëthius 6076:Ausonius 5994:Medieval 5966:Alphabet 5938:Theatres 5913:Numerals 5898:Concrete 5888:Circuses 5855:Bagaudae 5845:Adoption 5840:Marriage 5813:Assembly 5718:Religion 5693:Folklore 5673:Clothing 5668:Calendar 5625:Currency 5615:Commerce 5513:Strategy 5475:Military 5461:Triumvir 5441:Dictator 5436:Interrex 5415:Governor 5400:Quaestor 5363:Ordinary 5345:Province 5335:Tetrarch 5325:Augustus 5290:Vicarius 5280:Officium 5217:Imperium 5167:Plebeian 5127:Republic 5049:Dominate 5016:Republic 4977:Timeline 4810:, Varro 4694:Polybius 4501:, Varro 4377:xviii.3. 4122:xxix.37. 4009:Censores 3918:Festus, 3774:Historia 3721:"Censor" 3534:iv.1 §3. 3522:Plutarch 3481:xiii.15. 3236:See also 3132:49–46 BC 2507:276 BC? 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The 1364:legati 1343:civium 1339:capita 1235:Slaves 1217:patron 1203:, and 1119:Census 1091:rank ( 1081:Senate 1076:Census 1065:Duties 1055:Decius 978:lustra 970:lustra 911:curiae 804:Latium 677:census 659:censor 652:Empire 627:census 617:was a 615:censor 556:Caesar 517:Lictor 317:Censor 307:Aedile 287:Consul 267:Tribal 176:Empire 6504:Galen 6446:Greek 6416:Varro 6226:Lucan 6038:Latin 5953:Latin 5928:Ships 5918:Roads 5903:Domes 5835:Women 5783:Plebs 5708:Music 5250:Forum 5245:Curia 4858:S2CID 4850:JSTOR 4707:aedes 4666:ii.1. 4624:i.12. 4354:Livy 4264:iv.6. 3881:Varro 3544:Zonar 3278:Notes 3180:8 BC 3173:23–22 3170:23–22 3143:43 BC 3119:54 BC 3104:65 BC 3091:67 BC 3066:75 BC 2022:Wars 1864:roads 1686:Motio 1487:, or 1421:eques 1200:nomen 1043:Titus 784:(the 776:(the 752:Gauls 6820:Laws 6795:Film 6714:Roma 6281:Ovid 6221:Livy 5989:Late 5803:Gens 5760:Wine 5572:Navy 5540:Army 5179:SPQR 5081:fall 5059:fall 4921:help 4711:and 4505:i.7. 3831:2023 3776:i.9. 3751:37, 3693:25, 3583:18, 3577:16, 3510:Livy 3458:Livy 3396:ISBN 3360:Livy 1976:The 1940:fora 1887:and 1728:The 1713:The 1653:nota 1508:nota 1481:nota 1473:cura 1387:and 1279:The 1261:Livy 1147:and 1098:The 1073:The 1018:and 806:and 675:The 661:and 613:The 5974:Old 5658:Art 5431:Rex 5275:Dux 5189:Law 4842:doi 4806:or 4763:20. 4580:43. 4549:17. 4310:12. 4277:42. 4234:27. 4091:34. 4058:18. 4030:18. 3992:59. 3805:Ep. 3697:15. 3530:1; 3388:doi 3200:5–6 1954:or 1810:or 1755:or 1537:lex 1530:or 1451:or 1349:). 936:" ( 878:of 621:in 468:Dux 415:Ius 365:Rex 6892:: 4912:: 4910:}} 4906:{{ 4856:. 4848:. 4838:59 4836:. 4136:5. 4047:^ 3723:. 3711:^ 3558:, 3524:, 3502:, 3428:^ 3394:. 3386:. 3338:. 3327:^ 3317:. 3213:10 1958:. 1946:, 1942:, 1938:, 1934:, 1930:, 1903:, 1899:, 1895:, 1862:, 1822:. 1589:). 1569:. 1557:. 1522:. 1495:. 1467:)— 1423:). 1197:, 1095:); 1045:. 882:. 689:c. 687:, 667:. 654:. 4952:e 4945:t 4938:v 4923:) 4919:( 4864:. 4844:: 4011:. 3833:. 3733:. 3675:. 3404:. 3390:: 3348:. 3321:. 1725:. 1663:. 1583:( 602:e 595:t 588:v 20:)

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