438:. Compound words can have simple or complex morphological structures. Usually, only the head requires inflection for agreement. Compounding may result in lexemes of unwieldy proportion. This is compensated by mechanisms that reduce the length of words. A similar phenomenon has been recently shown to feature in social media also where hashtags compound to form longer-sized hashtags that are at times more popular than the individual constituent hashtags forming the compound. Compounding is the most common of word formation strategies cross-linguistically.
1153:
152:
Items in the lexicon are called lexemes, lexical items, or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both phonological and morphological components. When describing the lexicon, a reductionist approach is used, trying to remain general while using a minimal description. To describe the
217:
is the process by which new words, having gained widespread usage, enter the lexicon. Since lexicalization may modify lexemes phonologically and morphologically, it is possible that a single etymological source may be inserted into a single lexicon in two or more forms. These pairs, called a
450:
view of the lexicon. The evolution of lexicons in different languages occurs through a parallel mechanism. Over time historical forces work to shape the lexicon, making it simpler to acquire and often creating an illusion of great regularity in language.
320:
are new lexeme candidates which, if they gain wide usage over time, become part of a language's lexicon. Neologisms are often introduced by children who produce erroneous forms by mistake. Other common sources are slang and advertising.
173:, since these must be learned to use the words correctly. Lexemes derived from a word by derivational morphology are considered new lemmas. The lexicon is also organized according to open and closed categories.
458:, the modification of loanwords to fit a new language's sound structure more effectively. If, however, a loanword sounds too "foreign", inflection or derivation rules may not be able to transform it.
809:
491:
The term "lexicon" is generally used in the context of a single language. Therefore, multi-lingual speakers are generally thought to have multiple lexicons. Speakers of language variants (
398:
Semanticized phonetic matching (SPM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item phonetically, and only in a loose way semantically.
340:
Borrowing using a target language lexical items as the basic material for the neologization: phono-semantic matching, semanticized phonetic matching and phonetic matching.
353:
lexical item as the basic material for the neologization, listed in decreasing order of phonetic resemblance to the original lexical item (in the source language):
613:
430:
A compound word is a lexeme composed of several established lexemes, whose semantics is not the sum of that of their constituents. They can be interpreted through
112:
Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a
1049:
843:
Suman Kalyan Maity, Ritvik Saraf and
Animesh Mukherjee (2016). #Bieber + #Blast = #BieberBlast: Early Prediction of Popular Hashtag Compounds. In
401:
Phonetic matching (PM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item phonetically but not semantically.
924:
785:
711:
1130:
1064:
388:
lexical items as the basic material for the neologization but still resembling the sound of the lexical item in the source language:
116:, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include
873:
758:
684:
656:
337:
Borrowing using the source language lexical item as the basic material for the neologization: guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords
1188:
989:
395:(PSM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item both phonetically and semantically.
610:
513:
in
American English would be understood by both American and British speakers, despite each group using different dialects.
385:
350:
330:
144:
are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included.
1178:
1140:
1054:
646:
917:
455:
564:
857:
586:
533:
486:
299:
178:
31:
464:, where new words undergo inflection and derivation analogous to that of words with a similar sound structure.
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1029:
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1004:
506:
392:
170:
1135:
1099:
1069:
1034:
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447:
267:
1039:
1019:
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219:
814:
329:
There are two types of borrowings (neologisms based on external sources) that retain the sound of the
1183:
1109:
999:
541:
492:
467:
415:
82:
1193:
1014:
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1079:
1074:
1059:
994:
818:
581:
411:
158:
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Various models of how lexicons are organized and how words are retrieved have been proposed in
516:
When linguists study a lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word; the word/
1114:
869:
781:
754:
707:
680:
652:
556:
1044:
560:
1089:
617:
419:
384:
The following are examples of simultaneous external and internal lexical expansion using
777:
Kid's slips: what young children's slips of the tongue reveal about language development
501:
942:
892:
521:
214:
174:
117:
1172:
862:
747:
305:
166:
125:
933:
591:
273:
446:
Comparative historical linguistics studies the evolution of languages and takes a
775:
701:
414:
devices that combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the
965:
536:-word relationship; vocabulary structure within a given language; language use (
253:
Innovation, the planned creation of new roots (often on a large-scale), such as
133:
70:
864:
The
Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind's Greatest Invention
981:
950:
727:
537:
435:
293:
162:
141:
50:
970:
545:
525:
317:
230:
224:
198:
58:
380:
Phono-semantic matches, semanticized phonetic matches and phonetic matches
1104:
955:
576:
473:
279:
137:
62:
54:
236:
17:
517:
461:
431:
182:
113:
66:
287:
242:
197:, have highly active generation mechanisms and their lexemes are more
529:
499:, for example) may be considered to possess a single lexicon. Thus a
186:
154:
74:
677:
The grammar of words : an introduction to linguistic morphology
283:
165:. Lemmas are represented in dictionaries by headwords that list the
648:
Morphological structure, lexical representation, and lexical access
349:
The following are examples of external lexical expansion using the
510:
129:
121:
30:
This article is about the linguistic concept. For other uses, see
296:, a morphology change with a category, such as a number or tense.
270:(composition), the combination of lexemes to make a single word.
194:
190:
906:
902:
282:, the reduction of compounds to their initial letters, such as
630:
625:
548:); and the relationships between words, often studied within
104:
98:
92:
86:
679:. Oxford textbooks in linguistics. Oxford University Press.
375:): totally assimilated borrowing, e.g. morphemic adaptation.
185:, are rarely given new lexemes; their function is primarily
325:
Neologisms that maintain the sound of their external source
302:, a morphological change resulting in a change of category.
897:
832:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
810:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
703:
209:
A central role of the lexicon is documenting established
732:
The Final Word — Mechanism For Hebrew Word
Generation
1123:
979:
940:
749:
Predicting New Words — The
Secrets of Their Success
861:
834:, by Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
746:
308:, the compounding of morphemes into a single word.
205:Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon
120:, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most
222:, are often close semantically. Two examples are
140:are also considered to be part of the lexicon.
27:Vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge
470:, the modification of words' stress or accent.
918:
249:The mechanisms, not mutually exclusive, are:
8:
734:(in Hebrew). Haifa: Haifa University Press.
670:
668:
651:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
925:
911:
903:
368:): foreign word, e.g. phonetic adaptation.
524:and lexical access failure; how a word's
73:, a lexicon is a language's inventory of
436:common sense and, most commonly, context
645:Dominiek, Sandra; Taft, Marcus (1994).
620:in Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
603:
544:; the history and evolution of words (
422:, as in "readable" but not "cryable".
345:Guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords
7:
753:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1131:International scientific vocabulary
161:is a group of lexemes generated by
25:
505:(British English) as well as an
418:"-able" is usually only added to
1151:
706:. Forgotten Books. p. 648.
624:(Perseus Digital Library). Sc.
476:, a form of semantic extension.
1050:Language-for-specific-purposes
1:
532:, and meaning intersect; the
211:lexical norms and conventions
109:) meaning 'of or for words'.
899:Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
700:Skeat, Walter (2010-04-17).
631:
105:
93:
1141:List of online dictionaries
410:Another mechanism involves
361:): unassimilated borrowing.
264:Borrowing of foreign words.
189:. Open categories, such as
157:are grouped into lemmas. A
1210:
626:
484:
99:
87:
29:
1149:
565:computational linguistics
456:Phonological assimilation
774:Jaeger, Jeri J. (2005).
587:Lexical Markup Framework
507:automatic teller machine
487:Bilingual lexical access
32:Lexicon (disambiguation)
1189:Linguistics terminology
745:Metcalf, Allan (2002).
622:A Greek–English Lexicon
481:Second-language lexicon
393:Phono-semantic matching
364:Foreignism (in German:
163:inflectional morphology
128:and certain classes of
1136:List of lexicographers
868:. Metropolitan Books.
550:philosophy of language
357:Guestword (in German:
313:Neologisms (new words)
1065:Monolingual learner's
675:Geert, Booij (2005).
442:Diachronic mechanisms
371:Loanword (in German:
148:Size and organization
124:). In some analyses,
847:, San Francisco, CA.
780:. Psychology Press.
542:language acquisition
493:Brazilian Portuguese
288:laser (from "LASER")
1179:Lexis (linguistics)
1105:Spelling dictionary
1015:Defining vocabulary
497:European Portuguese
153:size of a lexicon,
1157:Linguistics portal
990:Advanced learner's
819:Palgrave Macmillan
815:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
616:2021-05-14 at the
582:Grammaticalization
406:Role of morphology
1163:
1162:
787:978-0-8058-3579-3
713:978-1-4400-5722-9
557:psycholinguistics
175:Closed categories
16:(Redirected from
1201:
1155:
1055:Machine-readable
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920:
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880:
879:
867:
860:(May 19, 2005).
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420:transitive verbs
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943:reference works
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893:Aitchison, Jean
889:
887:Further reading
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171:irregular forms
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118:bound morphemes
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522:lexical access
520:relationship;
502:cash dispenser
485:Main article:
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167:citation forms
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126:compound words
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306:Agglutination
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276:of compounds.
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97:), neuter of
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57:or branch of
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19:
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1095:Single-field
1030:Etymological
1025:Encyclopedic
1005:Biographical
982:dictionaries
960:
934:Lexicography
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863:
852:
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808:
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791:. Retrieved
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592:Lexicography
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274:Abbreviation
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142:Dictionaries
134:collocations
111:
78:
46:
42:
38:
36:
1184:Linguistics
1100:Specialized
1070:Multi-field
1035:Explanatory
966:Phrase book
728:Ornan, Uzzi
426:Compounding
268:Compounding
201:in nature.
179:determiners
77:. The word
71:linguistics
1194:Vocabulary
1173:Categories
1040:Historical
1020:Electronic
1010:Conceptual
951:Dictionary
830:Page 8 in
807:Page 8 in
598:References
538:pragmatics
534:morphology
448:diachronic
412:generative
333:material:
318:Neologisms
300:Derivation
294:Inflection
177:, such as
136:and other
51:vocabulary
1110:Sub-field
1000:Bilingual
980:Types of
971:Thesaurus
941:Types of
546:etymology
526:phonology
366:Fremdwort
187:syntactic
138:phrasemes
130:idiomatic
61:(such as
59:knowledge
49:) is the
45:, rarely
41:(plural:
956:Glossary
845:ACM CSCW
730:(2003).
614:Archived
577:Glossary
571:See also
474:Metaphor
468:Emphasis
373:Lehnwort
359:Gastwort
280:Acronyms
259:branding
231:attitude
225:aptitude
199:semantic
183:pronouns
169:and any
63:nautical
55:language
43:lexicons
18:Lexicons
1085:Rhyming
1080:Reverse
1075:Picture
1060:Medical
995:Anagram
961:Lexicon
821:, 2003.
793:8 April
635:'book'.
632:biblios
627:βιβλίον
611:λεξικός
518:concept
462:Analogy
432:analogy
240:versus
228:versus
220:doublet
155:lexemes
122:affixes
114:grammar
106:lexikos
100:λεξικός
94:lexikon
88:λεξικόν
79:lexicon
75:lexemes
69:). In
67:medical
39:lexicon
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530:syntax
416:suffix
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1124:Other
1045:Idiom
813:, by
255:slang
243:imply
195:verbs
191:nouns
159:lemma
85:word
83:Greek
53:of a
1090:Rime
870:ISBN
795:2012
782:ISBN
755:ISBN
708:ISBN
681:ISBN
653:ISBN
563:and
495:and
286:and
284:NASA
234:and
193:and
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511:ATM
509:or
181:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.