86:
1323:
235:
200:
247:
351:, to officially annex Cyrenaica as a Roman province and restore order. That the Senate sent such a low-ranking official indicates the political difficulty the Republic had in governing its growing empire, as well as indicating the ease with which Cyrenaica was willing to submit to Roman governance and the stability it brought.
342:
left his kingdom to the Roman
Republic when he died childless in 96 BC. Rome readily accepted this inheritance from Ptolemy Apion but preferred to leave the administration to local rulers, rather than enforcing direct control. However, by the 70s BC, civil uprisings by Jewish settlers began to
1887:
1842:
836:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 71 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und
Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139",
1365:
1897:
1892:
1533:
1062:
1322:
887:
1358:
1669:
1439:
575:
1907:
1902:
1862:
1639:
623:
783:
1419:
1055:
1803:
1351:
542:
536:
367:
1872:
1867:
1395:
643:
Anna
Kouremenos 2018. "In the Heart of the Wine-Dark Sea: Cretan Insularity and Identity in the Roman Period". In A. Kouremenos (ed.)
660:
1705:
1917:
1697:
1048:
563:
214:
175:
1912:
880:
1000:
990:
1882:
617:
587:
1847:
1761:
1609:
1541:
1267:
1145:
968:
348:
1877:
1614:
1252:
653:
Change and transition on Crete interpreting the evidence from the
Hellenistic through to the early Byzantine period
491:
1343:
85:
1664:
1476:
1175:
873:
1624:
1604:
1312:
1302:
1185:
1150:
1130:
1110:
611:
605:
557:
359:
551:
506:
1400:
1257:
1242:
1180:
1095:
1085:
581:
527:
455:
370:
and, following a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered for Rome in 66 BC, Metellus earning the
272:
61:
1481:
1429:
1230:
1090:
593:
1692:
1629:
1125:
961:
599:
1857:
1852:
1571:
1490:
1262:
1155:
995:
985:
518:
446:
339:
317:
1720:
1715:
1679:
1545:
1528:
1135:
911:
819:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 30 BC to AD 67 are taken from
569:
512:
313:
289:
1775:
1659:
1584:
1575:
1467:
1424:
1391:
1247:
1205:
1200:
425:
852:
1040:
851:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 140 to 165 are taken from
1734:
1649:
1581:
1414:
1332:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
1292:
1287:
1215:
1210:
1027:
956:
779:
773:
656:
321:
1783:
1634:
1514:
1494:
1448:
1379:
1220:
1190:
946:
921:
916:
896:
838:
823:, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung",
684:
312:. These areas were settled by Greek colonists from the eighth to sixth centuries BC. After
1729:
1674:
1559:
1550:
1522:
1462:
1105:
1022:
973:
951:
941:
470:
395:
193:
180:
1771:
1765:
1747:
1700:
1592:
1567:
1444:
1434:
1195:
1115:
1071:
1012:
382:
In 67 BC, Crete and
Cyrenaica were combined into a single province with its capital at
371:
293:
264:
207:
47:
1836:
1756:
1751:
1644:
1500:
1453:
1410:
1140:
1120:
1100:
980:
929:
403:
332:
775:
The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to
Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations
1779:
1744:
1710:
1654:
1563:
1510:
1472:
1458:
1375:
1165:
1007:
799:
407:
344:
297:
72:
347:
was forced to take action. In 74 BC, they sent a low level official, the quaestor
316:'s death, his short-lived empire was partitioned between his generals during the
1789:
1739:
1687:
1619:
1555:
1307:
1236:
1170:
336:
390:, resulting in the death of two hundred and twenty thousand people. In 298 AD,
1596:
1486:
1333:
820:
705:
391:
1818:
1805:
750:
402:, which in turn was divided between Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolis, with
1682:
1225:
399:
387:
305:
17:
729:
1725:
1505:
1405:
1282:
98:
1601:
1589:
1297:
1277:
1272:
383:
240:
865:
374:"Creticus" as an honour for his conquest and subjugation of Crete.
900:
363:
309:
301:
252:
1538:
1347:
1044:
869:
366:
in 71 BC and was repelled. Then in 69 BC, Rome commissioned
283:
1888:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
1843:
States and territories established in the 1st century BC
406:
as its capital, and Libya
Inferior or Libya Sicca, with
394:, because of geographic inconvenience, separated the
300:, established in 67 BC, which included the island of
228:
130:
120:
108:
94:
32:
645:Insularity and Identity in the Roman Mediterranean
53:
842:, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237
651:Francis, Jane; Curtis, Michael J., eds. (2022).
327:
324:, except for Crete, which remained independent.
27:Province of the Roman Empire (67 BC – c. 297 AD)
857:Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen
90:Roman province of Creta et Cyrenae highlighted.
636:Jane Francis and Anna Kouremenos (eds.) 2016.
1359:
1056:
881:
443:(Lollius) Palicanus (between 30 BC and AD 14)
419:C. Clodius Vestalis (between 30 BC and AD 14)
8:
859:(Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 263f
751:"Cyrenaica historical region, North Africa"
503:Bruttidius Sabinus (first half 1st century)
35:
1898:290s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1366:
1352:
1344:
1063:
1049:
1041:
888:
874:
866:
440:L. Plotius Vicinas (between 2 BC and AD 7)
84:
29:
1893:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire
452:(Vettius) Scato (between 23 BC and AD 12)
328:Apion's will and Roman rule of Cyrenaica
724:
722:
676:
576:Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus
93:
624:Lucius Clodius Tineius Pupienus Bassus
147:
143:
129:
119:
115:
103:
7:
1675:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1072:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
655:. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
467:Occius Flamma (between AD 14 and 37)
588:Gaius Claudius Titianus Demostratus
543:Gaius Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus
422:M. Titius (between 30 BC and AD 14)
1615:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
464:P. Octavius (between AD 14 and 29)
437:Q. Lucanius Proculus (after 13 BC)
388:Jewish revolt erupted in Cyrenaica
25:
1551:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
461:(Titus) Caesius Cordus (c. AD 12)
343:destabilise the province and the
1740:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1482:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1321:
922:Classical and Hellenistic period
482:Augurinus (between AD 37 and 41)
245:
233:
212:
198:
173:
33:Province of Crete and Cyrenaica
349:Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus
1:
1908:3rd-century disestablishments
1903:1st-century BC establishments
1863:Provinces of the Roman Empire
638:Roman Crete: New Perspectives
485:Q. Cassius Gratus (before 53)
772:Smallwood, Edith M. (1981).
497:Cestius Proculus (before 56)
284:
488:Caesernius Veiento (46/47?)
320:. Cyrenaica ended up under
1934:
753:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
500:Pedius Blaesus (before 59)
492:Publius Pomponius Secundus
434:P. Sextius Scaeva (7/6 BC)
368:Quintus Caecilius Metellus
276:
55:Ἐπαρχία Κρήτης καὶ Κυρήνης
54:
39:Provincia Creta et Cyrenae
1873:Roman provinces in Europe
1868:Roman provinces in Africa
1387:
1330:
1319:
1081:
907:
827:23/24 (1972/73), pp. 246f
612:Quintus Caecilius Rufinus
606:Lucius Saevinius Proculus
558:Lucius Aemilius Honoratus
458:(between 30 BC and AD 14)
449:(between 30 BC and AD 14)
152:
148:
144:
140:
116:
104:
83:
78:
70:
36:
1111:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
618:Quintus Servilius Pudens
360:Marcus Antonius Creticus
1258:Mauretania Caesariensis
991:Great Cretan Revolution
952:Second Byzantine period
552:Lucius Elufrius Severus
507:Lucius Turpilius Dexter
456:Gaius Rubellius Blandus
414:List of Roman governors
386:in Crete. In 117 AD, a
355:Roman conquest of Crete
335:, the last king of the
1918:Libya in the Roman era
1597:Late Antique/Medieval)
1440:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1231:Hispania Tarraconensis
942:First Byzantine period
778:. BRILL. p. 394.
582:Quintus Julius Potitus
548:Gaius Memmius (98/99)
537:Aulus Julius Quadratus
528:Gaius Arinius Modestus
473:(between AD 14 and 37)
428:(between AD 37 and 54)
268:
132:• Disestablished
1913:20s BC establishments
1382:in modern territories
962:Revolt of Saint Titus
614:(between 160 and 180)
596:(between 165 and 169)
584:(between 138 and 161)
431:Fabius (before 13 BC)
1883:20 BC establishments
1263:Mauretania Tingitana
1156:Corsica and Sardinia
1096:Africa proconsularis
566:(between 97 and 118)
560:(between 97 and 118)
519:Aulus Minicius Rufus
447:Marcus Nonius Balbus
340:Kingdom of Cyrenaica
318:Wars of the Diadochi
1848:Crete and Cyrenaica
1819:35.0621°N 24.9470°E
1815: /
1572:Sardinia (Classical
1445:Bulgaria (Classical
1161:Crete and Cyrenaica
1136:Bithynia and Pontus
935:Crete and Cyrenaica
594:Pomponius Naevianus
513:Titus Atilius Rufus
494:(between 37 and 54)
314:Alexander the Great
290:senatorial province
285:Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ
277:Κρήτη καὶ Κυρηναϊκή
261:Crete and Cyrenaica
122:• Established
1491:Corsica (Classical
1411:Armenia (Classical
1392:Albania (Classical
1248:Lycia et Pamphylia
1226:Hispania Lusitania
1206:Gallia Narbonensis
1201:Gallia Lugdunensis
600:Veturius Paccianus
564:Titus Vibius Varus
426:Pomponius Secundus
304:and the region of
269:Creta et Cyrenaica
1878:Ancient Cyrenaica
1798:
1797:
1780:Thrace (Classical
1772:Turkey (Classical
1564:Sicily (Classical
1511:Greece (Classical
1473:Cyprus (Classical
1459:Crimea (Classical
1454:Britain (England)
1341:
1340:
1293:Pannonia Superior
1288:Pannonia Inferior
1216:Germania Superior
1211:Germania Inferior
1075:
1038:
1037:
785:978-90-04-06403-4
476:P. Viriasius Naso
396:province of Crete
282:
258:
257:
224:
223:
220:
219:
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
1925:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:35.0621; 24.9470
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1726:Spain (Classical
1556:Italy (Classical
1519:Crete (Classical
1380:Byzantine Empire
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1325:
1221:Hispania Baetica
1191:Gallia Aquitania
1073:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1001:1897–1898 revolt
890:
883:
876:
867:
860:
849:
843:
834:
828:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
796:
790:
789:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
726:
717:
716:
714:
713:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
681:
666:
647:. Oxford: Oxbow.
524:Catullus (72/73)
410:as its capital.
287:
281:romanized:
280:
278:
251:
249:
248:
239:
237:
236:
216:
215:
202:
201:
190:
189:
177:
176:
170:
169:
154:
153:
88:
71:Province of the
65:
57:
56:
51:
43:
42:
41:
40:
30:
21:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1752:Early Medieval)
1665:The Netherlands
1576:Early Medieval)
1495:Early Medieval)
1383:
1374:History of the
1372:
1342:
1337:
1326:
1317:
1278:Moesia Superior
1273:Moesia Inferior
1106:Alpes Maritimae
1077:
1069:
1039:
1034:
1023:Battle of Crete
974:Siege of Candia
957:Venetian period
917:Mycenean period
903:
894:
864:
863:
850:
846:
835:
831:
818:
814:
805:
803:
798:
797:
793:
786:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
749:
748:
744:
735:
733:
728:
727:
720:
711:
709:
704:
703:
699:
690:
688:
687:. Chris Bennett
685:"Ptolemy Apion"
683:
682:
678:
673:
663:
650:
640:. Oxford: Oxbow
633:
631:Further reading
471:Cornelius Lupus
416:
380:
357:
330:
246:
244:
243:
234:
232:
213:
199:
194:Byzantine Crete
181:Roman Cyrenaica
174:
133:
123:
89:
79:67 BC–c. 297 AD
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1769:
1766:Roman Carthage
1759:
1754:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1587:
1579:
1553:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1449:High Medieval)
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:Gallia Belgica
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Arabia Petraea
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:Theriso revolt
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
981:Ottoman period
978:
977:
976:
966:
965:
964:
954:
949:
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
924:
919:
914:
908:
905:
904:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
870:
862:
861:
844:
829:
812:
791:
784:
764:
742:
718:
697:
675:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
661:
648:
641:
632:
629:
628:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
546:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
510:
504:
501:
498:
495:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
468:
465:
462:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
423:
420:
415:
412:
379:
376:
356:
353:
329:
326:
308:in modern-day
296:and later the
294:Roman Republic
256:
255:
230:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
210:
208:Libya Superior
204:
203:
196:
187:
184:
183:
178:
166:
165:
160:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
81:
80:
76:
75:
68:
67:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Late Antique)
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Liechtenstein
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Late Antique)
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
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1745:Vatican City
1698:Saudi Arabia
1670:North Africa
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1008:Cretan State
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853:Géza Alföldy
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804:. Retrieved
802:. Livius.org
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734:. Retrieved
710:. Retrieved
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689:. Retrieved
679:
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637:
602:(before 168)
381:
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331:
298:Roman Empire
260:
259:
163:Succeeded by
162:
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73:Roman Empire
1858:Roman Libya
1853:Roman Crete
1822: /
1735:Switzerland
1701:(Classical)
1683:(Classical)
1605:(Classical)
1585:(Classical)
1336:'s reforms.
1268:Mesopotamia
996:1878 revolt
986:1841 revolt
947:Arab period
800:"Cyernaica"
757:27 December
706:"Cyrenaica"
408:Paraetonium
337:Hellenistic
273:Koinē Greek
158:Preceded by
62:Koinē Greek
18:Roman Crete
1837:Categories
1810:24°56′49″E
1807:35°03′44″N
1748:(Classical
1693:San Marino
1655:Montenegro
1630:Luxembourg
1593:(Classical
1542:(Classical
1420:Azerbaijan
1334:Diocletian
1146:Cappadocia
1028:Resistance
969:Cretan War
821:Werner Eck
806:2016-11-24
736:2016-11-24
732:. UNRV.com
712:2016-11-24
708:. UNRV.com
691:2016-11-24
671:References
392:Diocletian
1784:Medieval)
1776:Medieval)
1640:Macedonia
1568:Medieval)
1560:Medieval)
1546:Medieval)
1523:Medieval)
1515:Medieval)
1477:Medieval)
1463:Medieval)
1396:Medieval)
1253:Macedonia
1141:Britannia
620:(164/165)
608:(173/174)
590:(161/162)
572:(134/135)
400:Cyrenaica
362:attacked
306:Cyrenaica
136:c. 297 AD
1721:Slovenia
1716:Slovakia
1706:Scotland
1680:Portugal
1529:Guernsey
1176:Dalmatia
1091:Aegyptus
1074:(117 AD)
578:(c. 140)
554:(99/100)
378:Province
288:) was a
1762:Tunisia
1757:Ukraine
1688:Romania
1660:Morocco
1645:Moldova
1534:Hungary
1506:Germany
1501:Georgia
1468:Croatia
1435:Belgium
1430:Balkans
1425:Austria
1406:Andorra
1401:Algeria
1313:Thracia
1303:Sicilia
1283:Noricum
1186:Galatia
1151:Cilicia
1131:Assyria
1121:Armenia
897:History
730:"Crete"
545:(88/89)
539:(84/85)
530:(73-75)
521:(71/72)
509:(64/65)
372:agnomen
292:of the
109:History
99:Gortyna
95:Capital
1711:Serbia
1650:Monaco
1610:Kuwait
1602:Kosovo
1590:Jordan
1582:Jersey
1487:France
1298:Raetia
1243:Iudaea
1237:Italia
1181:Epirus
1166:Cyprus
1086:Achaia
839:Chiron
825:Zephyr
782:
659:
404:Cyrene
384:Gortyn
345:Senate
250:
241:Greece
238:
112:
58:
44:
1790:Wales
1635:Malta
1620:Libya
1376:Roman
1308:Syria
1171:Dacia
901:Crete
626:(250)
479:Celer
398:from
364:Crete
310:Libya
302:Crete
265:Latin
253:Libya
126:67 BC
48:Latin
1539:Iraq
1378:and
1126:Asia
780:ISBN
759:2017
657:ISBN
533:Silo
515:(67)
899:of
1839::
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20:)
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