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AD. South of
Denmark these are typically leaf shaped. In Denmark they are thinner and designed to penetrate the rings of mail armour. This change of weaponry is assumed to account for the Illerup shields having a layer of gut stretched over the surface. Besides keeping the shields dry, experiments show the shields much more resistant to splitting and penetration by arrows.
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is the best evidence for what are taken to be the sacrifice and destruction of the weapons and equipment captured from enemy soldiers (at
Illerup, soldiers rather than tribesmen because a certain uniformity of equipment suggests professional organisation). The anoxic conditions of the mud or peat at
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A good number of deposit sites were in use for many centuries, with remains from several different sacrificial events, and they often includes many other types of offerings, such as animals, humans, boats, jewellery and food. The weapon sacrifices from the Roman Iron Age times usually dates from the
242:, one from the third century and one from the fifth had fur lining on the inside. We can reasonably speculate that this fur was oily and designed to keep the blade absolutely free from rust. The further speculation is that a pristine appearance of the blade would only have been so highly valued for
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Roman Iron Age weapon deposits in
Scandinavia allow for some changes in Germanic warfare to be monitored, e.g. the change from single edged swords at Hjortspring to double edged swords at Illerup. From grave finds of arrow heads, bows were significant war weapons in the Germanic area from about 200
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The weapons were often burnt, broken or bent before deposition. The surviving boats were sunk in the lakes though other boats are known simply from clumps of burnt rivets. The
Illerup deposit is known to have had at least three sacrificial events in the period around 200-500 AD. The bogs and lakes
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of the shield boards shows that the deposition was soon after 205 AD, yet the last coin was minted in 187/8 AD. The shield bosses are taken, in the book, to represent three levels of hierarchy in the small army. The ordinary soldiers were represented by 350 iron bosses. The next level up had 30
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but no human bodies are known to accompany the weapon sacrifices. The main
Illerup deposition, besides weapons, includes gold, silver, spear shafts, shield boards, ropes, cords, leather, textiles tools, wooden vessels, spoons, beads, four horses and a cow.
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Among the offerings at
Illerup are also items belonging to the personal equipment of members of the defeated army. Combs made from reindeer and moose bones together with the finds of Roman coins could indicate that the army originated from northern
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The rarest find from these sacrifices is a complete coat of mail armor. Reconstruction shows it to have had 20–23,000 rings and weighed just under 10 kg.
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bronze bosses and six bronze or iron bosses with gilded pressed foil. Above these, there were 5–6 silver shield bosses. Some
Illerup objects have
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The key assumption of how representative losses on the battlefield would be of the make up of an army is not properly discussed.
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offering form around 350 BC, where more than 50 shields, 11 single-edged swords and 169 spearheads accompanied the boat.
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the bottom of the lakes or bogs preserved many of such sacrificed artifacts in good, or excellent condition.
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149:. Almost all Scandinavian Iron Age bog deposits have been found in Denmark and southern Sweden, including
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of
Scandinavia. The weapon deposits were intended for either sacrifice or burial and forms part of other
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period 200–500 AD, but earlier ones from the pre-Roman Iron Age are also known, such as the
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The Spoils of
Victory: the North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire
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Jørgensen, Lars; Storgaard, B.; Thomsen, L. G., eds. (2003).
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and was on its way home from plunder or auxiliary service in the
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are intentional burials of large quantities of weapons from the
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288:The Iron Age on Zealand - Status and Perspectives
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290:, The Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries
452:Jørgensen, Storgaard & Thomsen (2003)
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428:Jørgensen, Storgaard & Thomsen (2003)
399:Jørgensen, Storgaard & Thomsen (2003)
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320:Jørgensen, Storgaard & Thomsen (2003)
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161:The archaeology of a former lake at the
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234:Perhaps even more interesting are the
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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486:Germanic archaeological artifacts
182:when it met its fate at Illerup.
368:. The National Museum of Denmark
366:"The weapon deposit from Vimose"
55:"Roman Iron Age weapon deposits"
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481:Archaeology of Northern Europe
135:Roman Iron Age weapon deposits
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412:Weapons, armament and society
185:Bogs are known to preserve
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203:similar to those on the
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476:Archaeology of Denmark
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295:Notes and references
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205:Vimose inscriptions
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