1201:
1216:
1133:
1560:
1490:
1247:
950:
871:
938:
1462:
994:
1315:
1303:
1259:
887:
1157:
1185:
1339:
1232:
923:
1271:
1327:
1544:
1517:
604:
1529:
767:
1447:
1287:
908:
1474:
3396:
1173:
972:
1580:
43:
2189:
1016:
737:
813:, was in expansion southwards. It consequently appears that climate change played an important role in this southward expansion into continental Europe. It is debated why cultural innovation spread geographically during this time: whether the new material culture reflects a possibly warlike movement of
752:
and caused a rapid and deep cultural change in
Scandinavia. Bronze, which was an imported alloy, suddenly became very scarce; and iron, which was a local natural resource, slowly became more abundant, as the techniques for extracting, smelting and smithing it were acquired from their Central European
762:
and it was not until 200–100 BC that iron-working techniques were generally mastered and a productive smithing industry had evolved in the larger settlements. Iron products were also known in
Scandinavia during the Bronze Age, but they were a scarce imported material. Similarly, imported bronze
808:
The cultural change that ended the Nordic Bronze Age was influenced by the expansion of
Hallstatt culture from the south and accompanied by a changing climate, which caused a dramatic change in the flora and fauna. In Scandinavia, this period is often called the "Findless Age", due to the lack of
2205:
1200:
825:. The current view in the Netherlands is that Iron Age innovations, starting with Hallstatt (800 BC), did not involve intrusions and featured a local development from Bronze Age culture. Another Iron Age nucleus considered to represent a local development is the
1072:, weapons, etc. Moreover, the style of metal objects and clay vessels was markedly Roman. Objects such as shears and pawns appear for the first time. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, some elements are imported from Germanic tribes that had settled north of the
1215:
1828:
1125:
become more and more common. This time saw the ransack of the Roman Empire by
Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver. A new Iron Age had begun in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age.
1411:. During the EGIA, decorations tended to be representational; the animal figures were drawn in more basic forms. In the LGIA, artistic styles became more abstract, symbolic, and intricate, including figures with
1132:
2034:
1559:
2232:
757:
in peat bogs, and the first iron objects to be fabricated were needles and edged tools such as swords and sickles. The rise of iron use in
Scandinavia was slow: bog ore was only abundant in southwestern
1489:
1824:
1246:
949:
1156:
870:
1099:. The prime burial tradition was cremation, but the third century and thereafter saw an increase in inhumation. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in
2225:
1461:
993:
2255:
664:
Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern
Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.
2030:
1258:
1231:
937:
886:
2218:
1314:
1302:
1184:
2200:
809:
archaeological finds. While the archaeological record from
Scandinavia is consistent with an initial decline in population, the southern part of the culture, the
793:
have found swords, shield bosses, spearheads, scissors, sickles, pincers, knives, needles, buckles, kettles, etc. from this time. Bronze continued to be used for
1270:
2276:
1680:
797:
and kettles, the styles of which were continuous from the Bronze Age. Some of the most prominent finds from the pre-Roman Iron Age in northern Europe are the
1110:
was built around 500 AD. At UppĂĄkra in Sweden, the largest Iron Age settlement in
Scandinavia developed from c. 200 AD onwards. A wooden temple was built at
922:
832:
The bearers of this northern Iron Age culture were likely speakers of
Germanic languages. The stage of development of this Germanic is not known, although
1528:
3440:
3425:
2306:
1338:
748:
south of it. The old long-range trading networks south–north between the
Mediterranean cultures and Northern Europe had broken down at the end of the
2088:
3353:
2175:
134:
proper began roughly one millennium later, around 1500 BC. The end of the Bronze Age is characterized by cultural contact with the Central European
591:
The tripartite division of the Nordic Iron Age into "Pre-Roman Iron Age", "Roman Iron Age" and "Germanic Iron Age" is due to Swedish archaeologist
3420:
3371:
2170:
Ove Eriksson, B, Sara, O. Cousins, and Hans Henrik Bruun, "Land-use history and fragmentation of traditionally managed grasslands in Scandinavia"
956:
2193:
699:. They did not exhibit the same permeating Roman influence seen in most other artifacts from the early centuries AD, indicating that parts of
1807:
1106:
The Gudme Hall complex, a ruling elite residence and cult site, was built in Denmark in the 3rd century. In Norway the large chiefly hall at
1326:
2272:
1516:
789:
had spread to Scandinavia from north-western Germany, and there are finds from this period from all the provinces of southern Scandinavia.
2062:
2260:
2008:
1010:
907:
2452:
2134:
1955:
1739:
1711:
971:
2261:
2258:
2153:(London and New York: Routledge) 1997. The European Iron Age set in a broader context that includes the Mediterranean and Anatolia.
1543:
1987:
3435:
2414:
2268:
2265:
1172:
2257:
1992:
The Ă–land statuette of a woman has been interpreted as either a Roman deity, such as Venus and Juno, or possibly a Roman empress
3376:
2584:
2262:
1858:
3430:
3366:
2634:
2439:
2299:
1605:
1473:
1286:
1446:
852:
in 102 BC, presaging the more turbulent Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. Fortified settlements from this period include
466:
2269:
1392:, an abundance of gold flowed into Scandinavia; there are excellent works in gold from this period. Gold was used to make
514:) was discovered in 1994. Pottery of early comb ware type appears there already at the beginning of the 6th millennium BC.
2259:
1916:
2515:
2273:
1422:
and the proto-historical period, with legendary or semi-legendary oral tradition recorded a few centuries later in the
1191:
3381:
2394:
1644:"Another Way of Early Pottery Distribution in Eastern Europe? Case Study of the Pezmog 4 Site, European Far Northeast"
1389:
2270:
1643:
763:
continued to be used during the Iron Age in Scandinavia, but it was now much scarcer and mostly used for decoration.
2254:
1579:
2542:
1354:
The Germanic Iron Age is divided into the Early Germanic Iron Age (EGIA) and the late Germanic Iron Age (LGIA). In
775:
517:
3399:
2579:
2486:
2479:
2457:
2292:
2253:
1880:
785:, a characteristic of the Urnfield culture. During the previous centuries, influences from the Central European
2619:
2604:
2419:
2404:
2274:
2266:
1534:
822:
730:
2271:
2256:
1407:
fell, gold became scarce and Scandinavians began to make objects of gilded bronze, with decorative figures of
2734:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2429:
2409:
2366:
2264:
1412:
1222:
1057:
849:
833:
31:
3136:
2569:
2564:
2547:
2491:
2386:
2263:
2242:
2084:
1600:
608:
72:
2267:
2434:
2324:
47:
544:
Early Indo-European presence likely dates to the early 3rd millennium BC, introducing branches of the
2525:
2496:
2399:
1586:
1404:
1107:
821:") southwards or whether innovations found at the Pre-Roman Iron Age sites represent a more peaceful
673:
669:
586:
489:
482:
474:
278:
143:
115:
76:
781:
Funerary practices continued the Bronze Age tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in
3361:
2574:
1429:
1163:
1114:
in the 3rd century and continued to be used and rebuilt over 600 years, into the early Viking Age.
913:
798:
691:
Archaeologists first decided to divide the Iron Age of Northern Europe into distinct pre-Roman and
545:
539:
123:
119:
2110:
1480:
766:
721:
of Central Europe (450 BC to 1st century BC). Although the metal iron came into wider use by
2744:
2596:
2535:
2424:
2356:
2332:
1672:
1610:
1237:
1095:
and southern Sweden. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of
549:
465:, the climate of Scandinavia was generally warmer and more humid than today. The bearers of the
297:
35:
786:
745:
718:
135:
17:
877:
2520:
2371:
2346:
2130:
1803:
1735:
1707:
1664:
1550:
1143:
1111:
749:
714:
707:
685:
677:
603:
569:
565:
553:
531:
478:
470:
462:
335:
257:
131:
127:
51:
1937:
2943:
2315:
2004:
1656:
1147:
892:
837:
814:
710:
501:
456:
193:
179:
111:
2552:
2530:
2474:
2444:
2328:
1046:
1042:
928:
818:
810:
802:
700:
592:
151:
147:
67:
2210:
2201:
Mapping Ancient Germania: Researchers crack the Ptolemy code (Spiegel International 2010)
1277:
733:, the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe covered the 5th/4th to the 1st centuries BC.
3226:
3010:
2674:
2361:
771:
692:
615:
507:
316:
3414:
3087:
2985:
2948:
2908:
2774:
2503:
2462:
2058:
Harald Meller, Halle State Museum of Prehistory, 'Das FĂĽrstengrab von Gommern' (2021)
1727:
1452:
1424:
1374:
1206:
575:
511:
155:
1850:
1676:
2679:
2669:
2652:
2469:
1408:
1370:
1038:
695:
after Emil Vedel unearthed a number of Iron Age artifacts in 1866 on the island of
527:. Some scholars argue that it is associated with the area of the Uralic languages.
163:
1988:"Vestiges of Roman Cult Religion and Household Deities in the Northern Barbaricum"
1799:
Op zoek naar de Kelten: nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen Noordzee en Rijn
1797:
3161:
3119:
3042:
2955:
2823:
2813:
2724:
2508:
1378:
1363:
1293:
826:
790:
703:
had not yet come into contact with the Romans at the beginning of the Iron Age.
175:
100:
2206:
Fighting wars, gaining status: on the rise of Germanic elites (Burmeister 2018)
1898:
668:
The Pre-Roman Iron Age (5th/4th–1st centuries BC) was the earliest part of the
3338:
3126:
3109:
3057:
3047:
3032:
3000:
2990:
2868:
2818:
2694:
2689:
2657:
2376:
2056:
1419:
1382:
1359:
1100:
1020:
853:
722:
717:
of Central Europe from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, which was followed by the
355:
107:
42:
1668:
861:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3251:
3156:
3052:
3015:
3005:
2965:
2918:
2913:
2863:
2803:
2729:
2719:
2699:
2662:
2647:
2109:
Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period. By Boyd Dawkins.
1570:
1496:
1437:
1397:
1092:
1073:
836:
has been proposed. The late phase of this period sees the beginnings of the
473:
were mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The Kongemose culture was replaced by the
857:
2188:
1641:
Karmanov, Victor N; Zaretskaya, Natalia E; Volokitin, Alexander V (2016).
3306:
3291:
3271:
3256:
3236:
3211:
3196:
3191:
3171:
3141:
3131:
3082:
3072:
3067:
2898:
2883:
2858:
2838:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2684:
2642:
2351:
1615:
1566:
1436:, and an incipient tradition of primary written documents in the form of
1393:
1139:
1084:
1034:
978:
754:
696:
681:
486:
159:
1015:
3323:
3311:
3301:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3241:
3231:
3206:
3146:
3104:
3077:
2995:
2928:
2923:
2903:
2893:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2769:
2754:
2704:
1088:
841:
759:
535:
183:
92:
88:
3343:
3296:
3281:
3246:
3221:
3186:
3181:
3114:
3099:
3037:
2975:
2960:
2938:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2786:
2781:
2739:
2709:
1660:
1355:
1122:
1069:
1061:
845:
744:
The Iron Age in northern Europe is markedly distinct from the Celtic
96:
84:
80:
2158:
Jastorf – Geschichte und Inhalt eines archäologischen Kulturbegriffs
1973:
2284:
736:
3216:
3201:
3176:
3166:
3151:
3094:
3062:
3027:
3022:
2980:
2970:
2853:
2714:
2557:
1734:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993.
1504:
1500:
1077:
1065:
1014:
735:
612:
602:
520:
appeared in northern Europe as early 4200 BC, and continued until
139:
41:
1956:"Modern archaeology reveals the secrets of Iron age power centre"
3286:
2933:
1508:
1433:
1118:
1096:
1053:
794:
2288:
2214:
2252:
782:
1052:
In Scandinavia, there was a great import of goods, such as
1974:"The Iron Age ritual building at UppĂĄkra, southern Sweden"
1377:
in Western Europe. It is followed, in Northern Europe and
538:. The Nøstvet and Lihult cultures were succeeded by the
174:
The following is a refined listing of Northern European
154:
period in the early centuries AD, with the adoption of
2129:, Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarks Historie (Vol. 1),
534:, the Funnelbeaker culture expanded into Sweden up to
182:
with finer subdivisions and extension into the modern
79:, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern
805:, two four-wheeled wagons of wood with bronze parts.
1033:
The Roman Iron Age (1–400 AD) is a part of the
713:
of the 12th century BC developed the Early Iron Age
110:
around the 7th millennium BC. The transition to the
3352:
2633:
2595:
2385:
2339:
999:
Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC
1642:
1369:The Germanic Iron Age begins with the fall of the
1178:Reconstructed long-house at Lofotr, Norway, 500 AD
1252:Horse bridle and sword scabbards, 3rd century AD
126:, possibly the first influence in the region of
1754:Dina P. Dobson, "Roman Influence in the North"
146:by the 4th century BC, presumably the locus of
2300:
2226:
1706:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108,
8:
1728:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"
1418:The LGIA in the 8th century blends into the
2331:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1467:Vendel Period sword, Sweden, 7th century AD
1358:, the LGIA (550–800) is usually called the
753:Celtic neighbours. Iron was extracted from
506:The Pezmog 4 archaeological site along the
2307:
2293:
2285:
2233:
2219:
2211:
142:), contributing to the development of the
2085:"Das germanische FĂĽrstengrab von Gommern"
1362:; in Norway and Finland, the Merovinger (
1037:. The name comes from the hold that the
765:
188:
3372:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1633:
1442:
1128:
866:
1522:Burial reconstruction, Germany, 420 AD
2065:from the original on 27 February 2022
840:, starting with the invasions of the
7:
2160:, Die Kunde N. F. 46 (1995), 61–122.
1280:, north Germany, 1st c. BC–5th c. AD
725:in the Mediterranean as far back as
150:culture. Northern Europe enters the
36:History of Germany § Prehistory
1772:Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager
1117:Through the 5th and 6th centuries,
943:Various artefacts, northern Germany
645: New settlements by 250
634: New settlements by 500
623: Settlements before 750
1861:from the original on 1 August 2023
1683:from the original on 11 March 2018
1011:Roman imperial period (chronology)
931:gold ornaments, Germany (replicas)
25:
3441:Archaeological cultures of Europe
3426:Periods and stages in archaeology
2091:from the original on 5 March 2016
2037:from the original on 21 July 2022
2031:"The chieftain's grave from Hoby"
502:Nordic Stone Age § Neolithic
178:periods, expanded from the basic
3395:
3394:
2187:
2011:from the original on 26 May 2022
1578:
1558:
1542:
1527:
1515:
1488:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1285:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1230:
1214:
1199:
1183:
1171:
1155:
1131:
992:
970:
955:Reconstructed Iron Age house at
948:
936:
921:
906:
885:
869:
740:Sword from LindholmgĂĄrd, Denmark
122:is marked by the arrival of the
27:Archaeological region and period
18:Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)
3377:Christianization of Scandinavia
1938:"UpkĂĄkra - The center of power"
1831:from the original on 1 May 2022
1732:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
1264:Roman sculpture of a German man
1162:Reconstructed Iron Age hall at
3421:Archaeology of Northern Europe
3367:Christianization of the Franks
2440:Continental Germanic mythology
2194:Archaeology of Northern Europe
1704:Penguin Atlas of World History
1606:List of archaeological periods
1240:burial reconstruction, Germany
684:developed in contact with the
118:in the 4th millennium BC. The
1:
2172:Journal of Vegetation Science
1344:Glass artefacts and jewellery
1332:Model of a longhouse, Germany
1024:
982:
960:
916:, Denmark, 2nd-1st century BC
896:
726:
521:
438:
421:
399:
380:
361:
340:
321:
302:
284:
263:
242:
225:
212:
199:
55:
1166:, Norway, 1st-2nd century AD
977:Fortified settlement of the
552:), later be followed by the
3382:Christianization of Iceland
2146:. Internat. Arch. 66 (2001)
1390:decline of the Roman Empire
1320:Shields, Germany, 3rd c. AD
829:culture (800–600 BC).
481:and gradually adopting the
467:Nøstvet and Lihult cultures
3457:
1885:National Museum of Denmark
1761:.14 (February 1936:73–89).
1308:Preserved clothes, Germany
1041:had begun to exert on the
1008:
848:until their defeat at the
776:National Museum of Denmark
656: New settlements by
584:
573:
563:
499:
454:
71:studies the prehistory of
29:
3390:
2322:
2249:
1537:, Denmark, 5th century AD
880:, Denmark, 2nd century BC
774:, 1st century BC, in the
412:
393:
374:
353:
276:
255:
191:
2620:North Germanic languages
2605:Germanic parent language
1903:danmarkshistorien.lex.dk
1851:"Hodde Iron Age village"
1702:Kinder, Hermann (1988),
1535:Golden Horns of Gallehus
823:trans-cultural diffusion
731:Late Bronze Age collapse
729:1300 BC due to the
114:is characterized by the
3436:Prehistoric Scandinavia
2625:West Germanic languages
2615:East Germanic languages
2610:Proto-Germanic language
2430:Proto-Germanic folklore
2367:Romano-Germanic culture
2005:"Veien Kulturminnepark"
1138:Roman bronze figurine,
850:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
670:Iron Age in Scandinavia
611:into previously mostly
485:, transitioning to the
128:Indo-European expansion
106:The region entered the
32:Scandinavian prehistory
2243:history of Scandinavia
2125:Jørgen Jensen (2002):
1825:"The Hjortspring Boat"
1601:Archaeology of Denmark
1573:, Germany, 7th century
1207:Hoby chieftain's grave
1030:
778:
741:
665:
61:
3431:Archaeology in Europe
2435:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2325:Ethnolinguistic group
2196:at Wikimedia Commons
2151:The European Iron Age
1855:danmarksoldtid.lex.dk
1796:Verhart, Leo (2006).
1103:in southern Denmark.
1018:
1009:Further information:
876:Clothing worn by the
769:
739:
609:early Germanic tribes
606:
574:Further information:
518:Pit–Comb Ware culture
160:ethnographic accounts
48:Trundholm Sun Chariot
45:
1960:lunduniversity.lu.se
1774:, (Copenhagen 1886).
1405:Western Roman Empire
1373:and the rise of the
1225:, Germany, 3rd c. AD
1209:, Denmark, 1st c. AD
1194:, Germany, 2nd c. AD
1083:There are also many
674:North European Plain
587:Iron Age Scandinavia
490:Funnelbeaker culture
483:Neolithic Revolution
116:Funnelbeaker culture
77:North European Plain
3362:Gothic Christianity
1924:Kulturarv I Danmark
1409:interlacing animals
1296:, Sweden, c. 100 AD
1238:Warrior of Kemathen
1142:, Sweden. Possibly
799:Gundestrup cauldron
688:in Central Europe.
546:Corded Ware culture
540:Pitted Ware culture
124:Corded Ware culture
2745:Germani cisrhenani
2453:Funerary practices
2357:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2333:Germanic languages
2174:pp. 743–748 (
2144:Jastorf und Latène
1611:Prehistoric Europe
1415:shapes and limbs.
1221:Princely grave of
1190:Princely grave of
1087:from this time in
1068:beakers, enameled
1031:
914:Gundestrup Caudron
779:
742:
666:
599:Pre-Roman Iron Age
550:Battle Axe Culture
477:, adapting to the
418:Industrial period
298:Pre-Roman Iron Age
62:
3408:
3407:
2580:Gothic and Vandal
2372:Germanic Iron Age
2347:Nordic Bronze Age
2329:Northern European
2282:
2281:
2192:Media related to
1809:978-90-5345-303-2
1756:Greece & Rome
1479:Möne Collar from
1375:Germanic kingdoms
1350:Germanic Iron Age
750:Nordic Bronze Age
715:Hallstatt culture
686:Hallstatt culture
678:Nordic Bronze Age
676:. Succeeding the
570:Bronze Age Europe
566:Nordic Bronze Age
554:Nordic Bronze Age
532:4th millennium BC
496:Pottery Neolithic
475:Ertebølle culture
471:Kongemose culture
463:6th millennium BC
448:
447:
414:Industrial/Modern
336:Germanic Iron Age
132:Nordic Bronze Age
75:and the adjacent
52:Nordic Bronze Age
16:(Redirected from
3448:
3398:
3397:
3354:Christianization
2944:Ripuarian Franks
2316:Germanic peoples
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2241:Timeline of the
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2191:
2176:On-line abstract
2163:Herwig Wolfram,
2139:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
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1813:
1793:
1787:
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1775:
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1752:
1746:
1745:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1661:10.2458/56.16952
1646:
1638:
1585:Chiefly hall at
1582:
1562:
1546:
1531:
1519:
1503:, Denmark, with
1492:
1476:
1464:
1449:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1289:
1278:Feddersen Wierde
1273:
1261:
1249:
1234:
1218:
1203:
1187:
1175:
1159:
1135:
1029:
1026:
996:
987:
984:
974:
965:
962:
952:
940:
925:
910:
901:
898:
893:Hjortspring boat
889:
878:Huldremose Woman
873:
838:Migration Period
815:Germanic peoples
728:
711:Urnfield culture
661:
660:
655:
650:
649:
644:
639:
638:
633:
628:
627:
622:
526:
523:
479:climatic changes
457:Nordic Stone Age
443:
440:
430:
426:
423:
408:
404:
401:
389:
385:
382:
370:
366:
363:
349:
345:
342:
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326:
323:
311:
307:
304:
293:
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286:
272:
268:
265:
251:
247:
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234:
230:
227:
217:
214:
204:
201:
189:
180:three-age system
60:
57:
21:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3386:
3348:
2629:
2591:
2553:Gothic alphabet
2445:Norse mythology
2381:
2335:
2318:
2313:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2245:
2239:
2185:
2137:
2117:
2116:
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2094:
2092:
2083:
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2078:
2068:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
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1849:
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1818:
1810:
1795:
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1783:Jørgen Jensen:
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1507:inscription to
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1195:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1136:
1047:Northern Europe
1043:Germanic tribes
1027:
1013:
1007:
1000:
997:
988:
985:
975:
966:
963:
953:
944:
941:
932:
929:Jastorf culture
926:
917:
911:
902:
899:
890:
881:
874:
819:demic diffusion
811:Jastorf culture
803:Dejbjerg wagons
787:La Tène culture
746:La Tène culture
719:La Tène culture
708:Late Bronze Age
701:northern Europe
693:Roman Iron Ages
663:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
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593:Oscar Montelius
589:
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564:Main articles:
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291:
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245:
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228:
215:
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197:
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152:protohistorical
148:Common Germanic
136:La Tène culture
68:Northern Europe
66:archaeology of
58:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3454:
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3299:
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3249:
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3209:
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3199:
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3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
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3129:
3124:
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3112:
3107:
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3075:
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3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:Thracian Goths
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
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2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
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2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2737:
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2717:
2712:
2707:
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2567:
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2533:
2528:
2518:
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2500:
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2450:
2449:
2448:
2442:
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2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Roman Iron Age
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2184:
2183:External links
2181:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:, Beck (1999).
2161:
2156:W. KĂĽnnemann,
2154:
2147:
2140:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2076:
2048:
2022:
1996:
1979:
1965:
1947:
1942:www.uppakra.se
1929:
1908:
1890:
1872:
1842:
1816:
1808:
1788:
1776:
1763:
1747:
1740:
1719:
1712:
1694:
1655:(2): 733–741.
1632:
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1619:
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1487:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:helmet, Sweden
1451:
1444:
1396:mountings and
1351:
1348:
1347:
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1137:
1130:
1076:, such as the
1006:
1005:Roman Iron Age
1003:
1002:
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967:
954:
947:
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891:
884:
882:
875:
868:
834:Proto-Germanic
791:Archaeologists
772:Dejbjerg wagon
652:
641:
630:
619:
616:Central Europe
600:
597:
585:Main article:
582:
579:
561:
558:
525: 2000 BC
508:Vychegda River
500:Main article:
497:
494:
455:Main article:
452:
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446:
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435:Modern period
432:
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369: 1066 AD
359:
351:
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317:Roman Iron Age
313:
312:
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274:
273:
261:
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250: 1750 BC
240:
236:
235:
233: 3000 BC
223:
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216: 8000 BC
209:
206:
203: 1500 BC
176:archaeological
171:
168:
59: 1400 BC
26:
24:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
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2989:
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2986:Crimean Goths
2984:
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2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
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2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:Salian Franks
2947:
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2387:Early culture
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2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:John Collis,
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2135:87-89068-26-2
2132:
2128:
2127:I begyndelsen
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
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2010:
2006:
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1969:
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1961:
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1951:
1948:
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1899:"Gudmebygden"
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1785:I begyndelsen
1780:
1777:
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1767:
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1743:
1741:0-85229-571-5
1737:
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1713:0-14-051054-0
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1618:(German wiki)
1617:
1614:
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1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
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1588:
1587:Borg (Lofotr)
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1481:Västergötland
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:Vendel Period
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:heroic legend
1427:
1426:
1425:Gesta Danorum
1421:
1416:
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1109:
1108:Borg (Lofotr)
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
1028: 310 AD
1022:
1017:
1012:
1004:
995:
990:
980:
973:
968:
964: 200 BC
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
930:
924:
919:
915:
909:
904:
900: 400 BC
894:
888:
883:
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872:
867:
865:
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839:
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617:
614:
610:
607:Expansion of
605:
598:
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588:
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576:Nordwestblock
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
548:(such as the
547:
542:
541:
537:
533:
528:
519:
515:
513:
512:Komi Republic
509:
503:
495:
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468:
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458:
450:
437:
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398:
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395:Post-medieval
392:
379:
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360:
358:
357:
352:
348: 800 AD
339:
337:
334:
333:
329: 400 AD
320:
318:
315:
314:
306: 500 BC
301:
299:
296:
292: 800 AD
288: 500 BC
281:
280:
275:
271: 500 BC
262:
260:
259:
254:
241:
238:
237:
224:
221:
220:
210:
208:Palaeolithic
207:
196:
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177:
170:Periodization
169:
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82:
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74:
70:
69:
53:
49:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2680:Anglo-Saxons
2670:Adrabaecampi
2653:Bucinobantes
2395:Architecture
2186:
2171:
2165:Die Germanen
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2126:
2120:Bibliography
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2057:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
1999:
1991:
1982:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1819:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1731:
1722:
1703:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1652:
1648:
1636:
1565:Model of an
1423:
1417:
1402:
1387:
1371:Roman Empire
1368:
1353:
1116:
1105:
1082:
1051:
1039:Roman Empire
1032:
986: 50 BC
864:in Germany.
831:
807:
780:
743:
705:
690:
667:
590:
543:
529:
516:
505:
460:
413:
394:
375:
354:
277:
256:
192:
173:
120:Chalcolithic
105:
65:
63:
39:
3120:Nahanarvali
3043:Hilleviones
2956:Frisiavones
2824:Cananefates
2814:Burgundians
2725:Banochaemae
2575:Anglo-Saxon
2526:Anglo-Saxon
2492:Anglo-Saxon
2475:Anglo-Saxon
2458:Anglo-Saxon
2142:J. Brandt,
2138:(in Danish)
1802:. Matrijs.
1649:Radiocarbon
1569:village at
1388:During the
1379:Scandinavia
1364:Merovingian
1023:, Denmark,
981:, Germany,
959:, Germany,
895:, Denmark,
827:Wessenstedt
723:metalsmiths
706:Out of the
530:During the
461:During the
442: 1917
429: 1917
425: 1800
407: 1800
403: 1500
388: 1500
384: 1066
310: 1 AD
267: 1750
246: 3000
229: 8000
222:Mesolithic
101:Netherlands
91:, northern
73:Scandinavia
50:, Denmark,
3415:Categories
3339:Vinoviloth
3127:Marcomanni
3110:Helveconae
3088:HeaĂ°obards
3058:Istvaeones
3048:Ingaevones
3033:Hermunduri
3001:Ostrogoths
2991:Greuthungi
2869:Chattuarii
2695:Angrivarii
2690:Ampsivarii
2658:Lentienses
2487:Literature
2377:Viking Age
1623:References
1589:, Norway
1549:Temple at
1438:runestones
1420:Viking Age
1413:interlaced
1403:After the
1398:bracteates
1383:Viking Age
1360:Vendel era
1294:Havor Ring
1101:Nydam Mose
1085:bog bodies
1021:Nydam boat
957:Funkenburg
862:Grotenburg
560:Bronze Age
487:megalithic
444:– present
427: – c.
405: – c.
386: – c.
367: – c.
365: 800
356:Viking Age
346: – c.
344: 400
327: – c.
308: – c.
290: – c.
269: – c.
258:Bronze Age
248: – c.
239:Neolithic
231: – c.
184:historical
108:Mesolithic
30:See also:
3334:Vidivarii
3329:Victohali
3319:Vangiones
3252:Thuringii
3157:Nuithones
3053:Irminones
3016:Visigoths
3006:Thervingi
2966:Gambrivii
2919:Dulgubnii
2914:Dauciones
2864:Chasuarii
2804:Brondings
2730:Bastarnae
2720:Baiuvarii
2700:Armalausi
2663:Raetovari
2597:Languages
2565:Symbology
2425:Folklore
2420:Festivals
1669:0033-8222
1571:Ellwangen
1567:Alemannic
1553:in Sweden
1497:bracteate
1381:, by the
1093:Schleswig
1074:Black Sea
858:Erdenburg
451:Stone Age
194:Stone Age
166:authors.
112:Neolithic
3400:Category
3307:Hasdingi
3292:Usipetes
3272:Tubantes
3257:Toxandri
3237:Tencteri
3212:Suarines
3197:Sicambri
3192:Semnones
3172:Reudigni
3142:Mattiaci
3132:Marsacii
3083:Lombards
3073:Lacringi
3068:Juthungi
2899:Corconti
2884:Cherusci
2859:Charudes
2839:Chaedini
2809:Bructeri
2794:Bateinoi
2765:Eburones
2760:Condrusi
2755:Caeroesi
2750:Atuatuci
2685:Ambrones
2648:Brisgavi
2643:Alemanni
2521:Paganism
2410:Clothing
2405:Calendar
2352:Germania
2089:Archived
2063:Archived
2035:Archived
2009:Archived
1990:. 2021.
1865:7 August
1859:Archived
1829:Archived
1687:11 March
1681:Archived
1677:67797935
1616:Ringwall
1595:See also
1483:, Sweden
1394:scabbard
1276:Farm at
1192:Marwedel
1064:images,
1035:Iron Age
979:Eburones
854:Tönsberg
844:and the
801:and the
755:bog iron
697:Bornholm
682:Iron Age
672:and the
581:Iron Age
469:and the
376:Medieval
325: 1
279:Iron Age
186:period.
144:Iron Age
99:and the
3324:Varisci
3312:Silingi
3302:Vandals
3277:Tulingi
3267:Triboci
3262:Treveri
3242:Teutons
3232:Taifals
3207:Sitones
3147:Nemetes
3105:Helisii
3078:Lemovii
2996:Gutones
2929:Firaesi
2924:Favonae
2904:Cugerni
2894:Cobandi
2849:Chamavi
2844:Chaemae
2834:Casuari
2829:Caritni
2799:Betasii
2770:Paemani
2705:Auiones
2570:Warfare
2548:Scripts
2516:Numbers
2340:History
2095:21 June
1976:. 2006.
1962:. 2022.
1917:"Gudme"
1905:. 2012.
1881:"Gudme"
1814:, p. 67
1770:Vedel,
1551:UppĂĄkra
1366:) Age.
1223:Gommern
1112:UppĂĄkra
1089:Denmark
1070:buckles
1058:vessels
842:Teutons
760:Jutland
662: 1
536:Uppland
156:writing
93:Germany
89:Denmark
3344:Warini
3297:Vagoth
3282:Tungri
3247:Thelir
3227:Swedes
3222:Sunici
3187:Saxons
3182:Rugini
3115:Manimi
3100:Diduni
3038:Heruli
2976:Gepids
2961:Frisii
2939:Franks
2889:Cimbri
2879:Chauci
2874:Chatti
2787:Nervii
2782:Morini
2740:Belgae
2735:Batavi
2710:Avarpi
2675:Angles
2635:Groups
2585:Viking
2531:Gothic
2509:Gothic
2415:Family
2133:
1806:
1738:
1710:
1675:
1667:
1356:Sweden
1123:silver
1062:bronze
846:Cimbri
680:, the
654:
643:
632:
621:
613:Celtic
130:. The
97:Poland
85:Norway
81:Sweden
3217:Suebi
3202:Sciri
3177:Rugii
3167:Quadi
3152:Njars
3137:Marsi
3095:Lugii
3063:Jutes
3028:Harii
3023:Gutes
2981:Goths
2971:Geats
2909:Danes
2854:Chali
2775:Segni
2715:Baemi
2558:Runes
2543:Rings
2536:Norse
2504:Names
2497:Norse
2480:Norse
2463:Norse
2069:2 May
2041:1 May
2015:1 May
1920:(PDF)
1835:1 May
1673:S2CID
1628:Notes
1505:runic
1501:Funen
1499:from
1495:Gold
1434:sagas
1292:Gold
1164:Veien
1144:Venus
1140:Ă–land
1078:runes
1066:glass
1054:coins
795:torcs
164:Roman
140:Celts
3287:Ubii
2934:Fosi
2819:Buri
2131:ISBN
2111:p423
2097:2022
2071:2022
2043:2022
2017:2022
1867:2023
1837:2022
1804:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1689:2018
1665:ISSN
1509:Odin
1432:and
1148:Juno
1121:and
1119:gold
1097:wool
1019:The
860:and
783:urns
770:The
568:and
198:(to
158:and
64:The
46:The
34:and
3162:Osi
2470:Law
2400:Art
2327:of
1657:doi
1146:or
1045:of
211:to
162:by
3417::
2087:.
2061:.
2033:.
2007:.
1958:.
1940:.
1922:.
1901:.
1883:.
1857:.
1853:.
1827:.
1730:.
1679:.
1671:.
1663:.
1653:56
1651:.
1647:.
1440:.
1428:,
1400:.
1385:.
1091:,
1080:.
1060:,
1056:,
1049:.
1025:c.
983:c.
961:c.
897:c.
856:,
817:("
727:c.
659:AD
648:BC
637:BC
626:BC
618::
595:.
556:.
522:c.
492:.
439:c.
422:c.
400:c.
381:c.
362:c.
341:c.
322:c.
303:c.
294:)
285:c.
264:c.
243:c.
226:c.
213:c.
205:)
200:c.
103:.
95:,
87:,
83:,
56:c.
54:,
2447:)
2308:e
2301:t
2294:v
2234:e
2227:t
2220:v
2178:)
2099:.
2073:.
2045:.
2019:.
1944:.
1926:.
1887:.
1869:.
1839:.
1812:.
1759:5
1744:.
1717:.
1691:.
1659::
1150:.
510:(
283:(
138:(
20:)
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