1623:
1881:. The periods in which these systems were in use overlapped one another and did not have definitive breaks, but it can be stated that the legis actio system prevailed from the time of the XII Tables (c. 450 BC) until about the end of the 2nd century BC, that the formulary procedure was primarily used from the last century of the Republic until the end of the classical period (c. AD 200), and that of cognitio extra ordinem was in use in post-classical times. Again, these dates are meant as a tool to help understand the types of procedure in use, not as a rigid boundary where one system stopped and another began.
2249:
943:. They generally do not believe that a second decemvirate ever took place. The decemvirate of 451 BC is believed to have included the most controversial points of customary law, and to have assumed the leading functions in Rome. Furthermore, questions concerning Greek influence on early Roman Law are still much discussed. Many scholars consider it unlikely that the patricians sent an official delegation to Greece, as the Latin historians believed. Instead, those scholars suggest, the Romans acquired Greek legislations from the Greek cities of
1097:. Flavius is said to have published around the year 300 BC the formularies containing the words which had to be spoken in court to begin a legal action. Before the time of Flavius, these formularies are said to have been secret and known only to the priests. Their publication made it possible for non-priests to explore the meaning of these legal texts. Whether or not this story is credible, jurists were active and legal treatises were written in larger numbers before the 2nd century BC. Among the famous jurists of the republican period are
1330:. The existence of legal science and of jurists who regarded law as a science, not as an instrument to achieve the political goals set by the absolute monarch, did not fit well into the new order of things. The literary production all but ended. Few jurists after the mid-3rd century are known by name. While legal science and legal education persisted to some extent in the eastern part of the Empire, most of the subtleties of classical law came to be disregarded and finally forgotten in the west. Classical law was replaced by so-called
2270:. However, even where the legal practice is based on a code, many rules deriving from Roman law apply: no code completely broke with the Roman tradition. Rather, the provisions of the Roman law were fitted into a more coherent system and expressed in the national language. For this reason, knowledge of the Roman law is indispensable to understand the legal systems of today. Thus, Roman law is often still a mandatory subject for law students in
6497:
6511:
155:
45:
1343:
2301:
1953:
2133:
provisions borrowed from it, began to be re-introduced into legal practice, centuries after the end of the Roman empire. This process was actively supported by many kings and princes who employed university-trained jurists as counselors and court officials and sought to benefit from rules like the famous
1898:
of the case, but he was not bound by the jurist's reply. At the end of the litigation, if things were not clear to him, he could refuse to give a judgment, by swearing that it wasn't clear. Also, there was a maximum time to issue a judgment, which depended on some technical issues (type of action, etc.).
1209:
The first 250 years of the current era are the period during which Roman law and Roman legal science reached its greatest degree of sophistication. The law of this period is often referred to as the "classical period of Roman law". The literary and practical achievements of the jurists of this period
2224:
came into force. In the course of the 19th century, many
European states either adopted the French model or drafted their own codes. In Germany, the political situation made the creation of a national code of laws impossible. From the 17th century, Roman law in Germany had been heavily influenced by
2085:
issued by the
Germanic kings, however, the influence of early Eastern Roman codes on some of these is quite discernible. In many early Germanic states, Roman citizens continued to be governed by Roman laws for quite some time, even while members of the various Germanic tribes were governed by their
1897:
No one had a legal obligation to judge a case. The judge had great latitude in the way he conducted the litigation. He considered all the evidence and ruled in the way that seemed just. Because the judge was not a jurist or a legal technician, he often consulted a jurist about the technical aspects
1698:
The constitution of the Roman
Republic was not formal or even official. Its constitution was largely unwritten, and was constantly evolving throughout the life of the Republic. Throughout the 1st century BC, the power and legitimacy of the Roman constitution was progressively eroding. Even Roman
2132:
The students who were taught Roman law in
Bologna (and later in many other places) found that many rules of Roman law were better suited to regulate complex economic transactions than were the customary rules, which were applicable throughout Europe. For this reason, Roman law, or at least some
1901:
Later on, with the bureaucratization, this procedure disappeared, and was substituted by the so-called "extra ordinem" procedure, also known as cognitory. The whole case was reviewed before a magistrate, in a single phase. The magistrate had obligation to judge and to issue a decision, and the
1156:) and were in effect often the source of new legal rules. A praetor's successor was not bound by the edicts of his predecessor; however, he did take rules from edicts of his predecessor that had proved to be useful. In this way a constant content was created that proceeded from edict to edict (
954:
The fragments which did survive show that it was not a law code in the modern sense. It did not provide a complete and coherent system of all applicable rules or give legal solutions for all possible cases. Rather, the tables contained specific provisions designed to change the then-existing
1225:
drafted a standard form of the praetor's edict, which was used by all praetors from that time onwards. This edict contained detailed descriptions of all cases, in which the praetor would allow a legal action and in which he would grant a defense. The standard edict thus functioned like a
1321:
By the middle of the 3rd century, the conditions for the flourishing of a refined legal culture had become less favourable. The general political and economic situation deteriorated as the emperors assumed more direct control of all aspects of political life. The political system of the
2144:
There are several reasons that Roman law was favored in the Middle Ages. Roman law regulated the legal protection of property and the equality of legal subjects and their wills, and it prescribed the possibility that the legal subjects could dispose their property through testament.
1352:
1351:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1350:
1218:, in which they publicly announced at the beginning of their tenure, how they would handle their duties, and the formularies, according to which specific proceedings were conducted. Some jurists also held high judicial and administrative offices themselves.
1131:, which can be defined as "The law introduced by the magistrates who had the right to promulgate edicts in order to support, supplement or correct the existing law." With this new law the old formalism is being abandoned and new more flexible principles of
1213:
The jurists worked in different functions: They gave legal opinions at the request of private parties. They advised the magistrates who were entrusted with the administration of justice, most importantly the praetors. They helped the praetors draft their
2187:
was more developed than its continental counterparts by the time Roman law was rediscovered. Therefore, the practical advantages of Roman law were less obvious to
English practitioners than to continental lawyers. As a result, the English system of
1347:
1979:
in the 4th century, many legal concepts of Greek origin appeared in the official Roman legislation. The influence is visible even in the law of persons or of the family, which is traditionally the part of the law that changes least. For example,
2212:
system. In addition, some concepts from Roman law made their way into the common law. Especially in the early 19th century, English lawyers and judges were willing to borrow rules and ideas from continental jurists and directly from Roman law.
1595:—this term is applied in modern international law to indicate peremptory norms that cannot be derogated from). These are regulations that cannot be changed or excluded by party agreement. Those regulations that can be changed are called today
1226:
comprehensive law code, even though it did not formally have the force of law. It indicated the requirements for a successful legal claim. The edict therefore became the basis for extensive legal commentaries by later classical jurists like
1238:
Roman jurists clearly separated the legal right to use a thing (ownership) from the factual ability to use and manipulate the thing (possession). They also established the distinction between contract and tort as sources of legal
871:
said, "At the beginning of our city, the people began their first activities without any fixed law, and without any fixed rights: all things were ruled despotically, by kings". It is believed that Roman law is rooted in the
1655:("custom of the ancestors") was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent. Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in constitutions to this day. Examples include
898:
tribune, C. Terentilius Arsa, proposed that the law should be written in order to prevent magistrates from applying the law arbitrarily. After eight years of political struggle, the plebeian social class convinced the
1792:
return a thing that belongs to the plaintiff. It may only be used when plaintiff owns the thing, and the defendant is somehow impeding the plaintiff's possession of the thing. The plaintiff could also institute an
936:), but these laws were regarded as unsatisfactory by the plebeians. A second decemvirate is said to have added two further tablets in 449 BC. The new Law of the Twelve Tables was approved by the people's assembly.
1242:
The standard types of contract (sale, contract for work, hire, contract for services) regulated in most continental codes and the characteristics of each of these contracts were developed by Roman jurisprudence.
1553:). An example of this is the law about wills written by people in the military during a campaign, which are exempt of the solemnities generally required for citizens when writing wills in normal circumstances.
1549:(singular law) is special law for certain groups of people, things, or legal relations (because of which it is an exception from the general rules of the legal system), unlike general, ordinary, law (
1163:
Thus, over the course of time, parallel to the civil law and supplementing and correcting it, a new body of praetoric law emerged. In fact, praetoric law was so defined by the famous Roman jurist
947:, the main portal between the Roman and Greek worlds. The original text of the Twelve Tables has not been preserved. The tablets were probably destroyed when Rome was conquered and burned by the
1587:); and crimes were private (except the most severe ones that were prosecuted by the state). Public law will only include some areas of private law close to the end of the Roman state.
3489:
2148:
By the middle of the 16th century, the rediscovered Roman law dominated the legal practice of many
European countries. A legal system, in which Roman law was mixed with elements of
1346:
3288:
1919:
had conquered the world three times: the first through its armies, the second through its religion, the third through its laws. He might have added: each time more thoroughly.
861:) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e.g. the ritual practice of
1992:, the descendants, could have proprietary rights. He was apparently making concessions to the much stricter concept of paternal authority under Greek-Hellenistic law. The
705:
3228:
1745:
and the prorogation of different magistracies to justify
Augustus' receipt of tribunician power. The belief in a surviving constitution lasted well into the life of the
1171:" ("praetoric law is that law introduced by praetors to supplement or correct civil law for public benefit"). Ultimately, civil law and praetoric law were fused in the
837:, and some other medieval provinces/historical regions) which created a new system, a mixture of Roman and local law. Also, Eastern European law was influenced by the "
3190:
2749:
760:, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of
3283:
2753:
2125:). From that time, scholars began to study the ancient Roman legal texts, and to teach others what they learned from their studies. The center of these studies was
1727:, attempted to manufacture the appearance of a constitution that still governed the Empire, by utilising that constitution's institutions to lend legitimacy to the
1234:. The new concepts and legal institutions developed by pre-classical and classical jurists are too numerous to mention here. Only a few examples are given here:
3376:
798:
throughout
Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and
1109:. Thus, Rome had developed a very sophisticated legal system and a refined legal culture when the Roman republic was replaced by the monarchical system of the
3918:
3260:
3105:
1297:
3960:
3948:
3265:
3205:
3075:
1797:(a personal action) to punish the defendant. If the thing could not be recovered, the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant with the aid of the
1070:
Rome's most important contribution to
European legal culture was not the enactment of well-drafted statutes, but the emergence of a class of professional
4007:
3308:
6478:
3923:
1894:. They went down the list until they found a judge agreeable to both parties, or if none could be found they had to take the last one on the list.
5295:
3933:
3243:
1579:
means private law, where public law is to protect the interests of the Roman state while private law should protect individuals. In the Roman law
5240:
3928:
3662:
2045:. Roman law as preserved in the codes of Justinian and in the Basilica remained the basis of legal practice in Greece and in the courts of the
698:
302:
1622:
1313:
The assemblies passed laws and made declarations of war; the Senate controlled the treasury; and the consuls had the highest juridical power.
5210:
4035:
3562:
3298:
292:
5300:
5175:
4328:
3007:
2824:
Areti
Kotseli "Greek Law Students Finish Second in the 2012 International Roman Law Moot Court Competition" In: Greek Reporter 13.04.2012.
3881:
463:
1778:
in Roman law. It was made in the format of question and answer. The precise nature of the contract was disputed, as can be seen below.
1169:
Ius praetorium est quod praetores introduxerunt adiuvandi vel supplendi vel corrigendi iuris civilis gratia propter utilitatem publicam
1121:
In the period between about 201 to 27 BC, more flexible laws develop to match the needs of the time. In addition to the old and formal
3552:
3248:
3233:
2815:
Paolo De Luca "Quattro studenti della Federico II in gara a Oxford inscenano un antico processo romano" In: La Repubblica, 05.04.2013.
2289:, which was the common basis of legal practice everywhere in Europe, but allowed for many local variants, is seen by many as a model.
2275:
1646:
1613:
285:
268:
2081:
In the west, Justinian's political authority never went any farther than certain portions of the Italian and Hispanic peninsulas. In
5904:
5462:
5361:
5220:
3980:
3547:
3542:
3518:
3369:
3341:
3195:
3130:
2854:
2668:
2632:
2533:
691:
263:
128:
2039:
commissioned a combined translation of the Code and the Digest, parts of Justinian's codes, into Greek, which became known as the
6018:
5887:
5235:
3908:
3557:
3484:
3293:
3210:
3098:
2781:
1098:
280:
6473:
5820:
5721:
3501:
3434:
3313:
3238:
2358:
1692:
1326:, which had retained some features of the republican constitution, began to transform itself into the absolute monarchy of the
273:
911:; they also dispatched delegations to other Greek cities for a like reason. In 451 BC, according to the traditional story (as
5980:
5614:
4255:
4180:
3938:
2846:
2725:
66:
5333:
4751:
2694:
1884:
During the republic and until the bureaucratization of Roman judicial procedure, the judge was usually a private person (
6140:
5619:
4591:
4195:
3647:
3362:
3255:
1890:). He had to be a Roman male citizen. The parties could agree on a judge, or they could appoint one from a list, called
1824:
1302:
678:
109:
5290:
1408:("law of peoples") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The
6556:
6135:
5215:
4974:
4030:
3913:
3459:
3200:
3091:
2113:
was rediscovered in Italy. This was done mainly through the works of glossars who wrote their comments between lines (
1929:
81:
3054:
2183:
and the Nordic countries did not take part in the wholesale reception of Roman law. One reason for this is that the
6110:
5609:
5250:
4914:
4806:
4576:
4348:
4170:
4078:
3943:
3886:
3303:
2776:
2624:
2234:
1286:
476:
62:
2248:
55:
6193:
5270:
4363:
4318:
4245:
4165:
4113:
4103:
4055:
3402:
1418:
was a concept the jurists developed to explain why all people seemed to obey some laws. Their answer was that a "
761:
541:
243:
88:
5988:
5970:
4871:
4781:
4290:
4270:
4265:
4250:
4203:
4143:
4098:
3900:
2348:
2271:
2173:
1369:
1008:
1002:
900:
795:
757:
145:
5639:
2256:
Today, Roman law is no longer applied in legal practice, even though the legal systems of some countries like
1448:(unwritten law) by the means of their creation and not necessarily whether or not they were written down. The
6363:
6150:
5624:
5280:
5260:
5200:
5190:
5180:
4586:
4275:
4175:
4155:
4070:
4060:
3765:
3705:
3397:
2966:
Rives, James B. 2003. "Magic in Roman Law: The Reconstruction of a Crime." Classical Antiquity 22.2: 313–39.
2689:
2201:
2096:
2046:
1102:
1101:, who wrote a voluminous treatise on all aspects of the law, which was very influential in later times, and
1094:
579:
95:
6418:
6403:
5285:
5275:
5225:
5205:
5019:
4994:
4959:
4841:
4566:
4213:
3975:
3506:
3331:
6522:
6115:
5793:
5604:
5255:
5185:
5009:
4761:
4561:
4556:
4353:
4260:
4185:
4148:
4133:
4108:
4088:
3990:
2501:, Third Edition. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 1996. Entry:
2486:, Third Edition. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 1996. Entry:
2432:
2278:
was developed in order to better educate the students and to network with one another internationally.
2205:
1981:
1106:
908:
1267:(legal actions). This system was used for many centuries. It can be recognized in legal treatises like
1086:) and of a legal science. This was achieved in a gradual process of applying the scientific methods of
1029:
that any citizen could occupy, and stipulated that one of the two annual consuls must be plebeian; the
77:
6243:
5589:
5265:
5230:
4919:
4909:
4786:
4686:
4611:
4476:
4439:
3815:
3479:
3031:
2378:
2197:
2024:
2012:
1967:
1943:
1660:
1656:
1204:
1174:
940:
813:
776:
772:
747:
221:
2002:
of Constantian laws. Later emperors went even further, until Justinian finally decreed that a child
1127:
6398:
5538:
5455:
5195:
5044:
4846:
4716:
4666:
3985:
3582:
3155:
2306:
2050:
1148:. A praetor was not a legislator and did not technically create new law when he issued his edicts (
819:
356:
1988:, the power held by the male head of a family over his descendants, by acknowledging that persons
6551:
6213:
5872:
5726:
5711:
5689:
5433:
5413:
5366:
5356:
5245:
4969:
4776:
4631:
4571:
4491:
4434:
4298:
3534:
3513:
3323:
3135:
3114:
3021:
2743:
2559:
2547:
2539:
2373:
2367:
2180:
2105:
2082:
2076:
2068:
1999:
1994:
1912:
1684:
1268:
1246:
1017:
614:
253:
4884:
1525:
was the body of common laws that arose from customary practice and had become binding over time.
1331:
2049:
even after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the conquest by the Turks, and, along with the
6198:
6120:
5958:
5701:
5696:
5649:
5574:
5568:
5408:
5326:
4879:
4731:
4486:
4446:
4424:
3632:
3172:
2850:
2731:
2721:
2664:
2628:
2529:
2515:
2385:
2331:
2314:
2109:
portion was largely ignored for several centuries until around 1070, when a manuscript of the
2091:
1829:
A person's abilities and duties within the Roman legal system depended on their legal status (
1742:
1691:. Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts, such as the block voting found in the
1583:
included personal, property, civil and criminal law; judicial proceeding was private process (
873:
791:
533:
526:
329:
2771:
2017:(529–534) continued to be the basis of legal practice in the Empire throughout its so-called
6203:
6170:
5669:
5533:
5528:
5493:
4944:
4904:
4836:
4771:
4696:
4691:
4463:
4386:
4333:
4128:
4123:
4012:
3871:
3820:
3780:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3652:
3599:
3592:
3577:
3572:
3496:
3424:
3165:
3150:
3145:
2660:
2521:
2192:
developed in parallel to Roman-based civil law, with its practitioners being trained at the
2019:
1864:
1719:'s suicide, what was left of the Roman constitution died along with the Republic. The first
1712:
1493:
1435:
1222:
1141:
1087:
868:
655:
649:
642:
628:
457:
436:
381:
366:
361:
346:
230:
2006:
became owner of everything it acquired, except when it acquired something from its father.
6452:
6425:
6413:
6393:
6327:
6322:
6305:
6285:
6280:
6260:
6125:
6105:
6100:
6003:
5963:
5674:
5599:
5523:
5508:
5428:
5039:
4851:
4831:
4791:
4726:
4676:
4671:
4546:
4496:
4404:
4238:
4218:
4138:
3587:
3412:
3160:
2990:
2925:
2915:
2571:
2395:
2221:
2072:
2036:
1279:
964:
805:
were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary (for example,
371:
3069:
1255:(around 160) invented a system of private law based on the division of all material into
1090:
to the subject of law, a subject which the Greeks themselves never treated as a science.
959:. Although the provisions pertain to all areas of law, the largest part is dedicated to
838:
1703:, lost a willingness to remain faithful to it towards the end of the Republic. When the
1414:
were the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners.
6529:
6337:
6255:
5844:
5810:
5761:
5746:
5518:
5423:
5403:
5393:
5094:
4736:
4471:
4419:
4391:
4338:
4323:
4303:
4118:
4093:
4050:
4040:
3866:
3840:
3770:
3755:
3720:
3680:
3441:
3220:
2767:
2614:
2336:
2282:
1847:
1766:
1704:
1252:
1188:
990:
783:
660:
607:
451:
426:
335:
183:
102:
6545:
6383:
6342:
6228:
6208:
6180:
6130:
6095:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6008:
5948:
5788:
5778:
5736:
5659:
5654:
5584:
5543:
5467:
4626:
4596:
4511:
4045:
4022:
3835:
3690:
3675:
3622:
3429:
3182:
2551:
2449:
The Reality of the Law – From the Etruscan Religion to the Postmodern Theories of Law
2390:
2196:
in London rather than receiving degrees in Canon or Civil Law at the Universities of
2193:
2156:, had emerged. This legal system, which was common to all of continental Europe (and
2118:
2100:
1947:
1924:
1720:
1540:
1227:
1200:
1037:
1024:
980:
956:
944:
891:
885:
854:
842:
807:
799:
734:
730:
556:
406:
174:
2426:
6515:
6265:
6233:
6188:
5926:
5921:
5892:
5805:
5783:
5751:
5684:
5664:
5558:
5498:
5488:
5440:
5398:
5376:
5319:
5104:
4964:
4409:
4358:
4313:
4308:
4160:
3970:
3856:
3800:
3795:
3685:
3567:
3451:
3385:
3275:
3140:
3122:
2935:
2257:
2209:
2055:
1916:
1758:
1746:
1638:
1609:
1566:
1558:
1427:
1385:
1307:
1221:
The jurists also produced all kinds of legal punishments. Around AD 130 the jurist
995:
976:
726:
469:
421:
391:
317:
192:
2585:
2838:
2654:
2618:
1869:
The history of Roman Law can be divided into three systems of procedure: that of
922:. While they were performing this task, they were given supreme political power (
6496:
6437:
6378:
6368:
6165:
6160:
5998:
5899:
5815:
5774:
5741:
5706:
5629:
5553:
5503:
5418:
4899:
4521:
4343:
4233:
3627:
3026:
2319:
2266:
2163:
1716:
1680:
1676:
1651:
1617:
1531:
1419:
1377:
1133:
1054:
1031:
984:
960:
753:
512:
154:
44:
2229:. In some parts of Germany, Roman law continued to be applied until the German
6501:
6430:
6310:
6248:
5993:
5914:
5909:
5867:
5849:
5837:
5798:
5644:
5634:
5594:
5579:
5563:
5513:
5450:
5445:
5124:
5064:
5029:
4821:
4756:
4746:
4641:
4526:
4414:
3997:
3965:
3710:
3637:
3469:
3464:
3046:
2590:
2353:
2342:
2325:
2296:
2281:
As steps towards a unification of the private law in the member states of the
2261:
2230:
2189:
2184:
2153:
1976:
1762:
1728:
1668:
1452:
was the body of statute laws made by the legislature. The laws were known as
1323:
1110:
1035:(300 BC), which permitted plebeians to hold certain priestly offices; and the
863:
802:
765:
593:
323:
203:
6408:
6373:
6315:
6290:
6155:
6040:
6025:
6013:
5941:
5859:
5832:
5716:
5154:
5149:
5109:
5034:
5004:
4984:
4861:
4801:
4711:
4661:
4656:
4581:
4541:
4429:
4399:
4208:
4083:
3876:
3760:
3735:
2901:
De Ligt, Luuk. 2007. "Roman Law and the Roman Economy: Three Case Studies."
2735:
2363:
2157:
2149:
1961:
1841:) unlike slaves, or he could have had a certain position in a Roman family (
1789:
1785:
1688:
1140:
The adaptation of law to new needs was given over to juridical practice, to
917:
830:
665:
635:
483:
446:
33:
2129:. The law school there gradually developed into Europe's first university.
1805:(a personal action), the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant.
915:
tells it), ten Roman citizens were chosen to record the laws, known as the
2684:
2447:
1404:, the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The
6457:
6442:
6145:
6030:
5827:
5371:
5114:
5099:
5089:
5074:
4989:
4979:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4826:
4741:
4621:
4606:
4536:
4516:
4506:
4501:
4481:
4280:
3861:
3825:
3715:
3642:
3474:
2891:
Revised by P. G. Stein. 3d edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
2040:
1886:
1775:
1733:
1724:
1708:
1634:
1512:
1327:
1196:
1164:
1059:
1012:
924:
895:
834:
779:. From the 7th century onward, the legal language in the East was Greek.
600:
490:
401:
312:
210:
17:
2137:("The sovereign is not bound by the laws", a phrase initially coined by
1599:, and they are not used when party shares something and are in contrary.
6347:
6295:
6275:
6223:
6035:
5953:
5769:
5731:
5679:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5014:
4999:
4816:
4811:
4796:
4766:
4721:
4701:
4681:
4636:
4368:
4223:
4002:
3810:
3805:
3695:
2126:
2032:
1952:
1409:
1399:
1283:
1145:
928:), whereas the power of the magistrates was restricted. In 450 BC, the
787:
586:
565:
416:
396:
3354:
3059:
2543:
1041:(287 BC), which stated that the determinations of plebeian assemblies
6447:
6300:
6045:
5936:
5931:
5877:
5548:
5144:
5024:
4954:
4894:
4889:
4856:
4616:
4601:
4551:
4531:
3953:
3830:
3725:
3083:
2220:, came to an end when national codifications were made. In 1804, the
2138:
2103:, served as models for a few of the Germanic law codes; however, the
1700:
1672:
1626:
1591:
was also used to describe obligatory legal regulations (today called
1398:) was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens and the
1276:
1231:
1192:
1071:
904:
729:, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of
621:
411:
2216:
The practical application of Roman law, and the era of the European
2525:
1093:
Traditionally, the origins of Roman legal science are connected to
6388:
6332:
6238:
6079:
5882:
5381:
4929:
4651:
4378:
3670:
2802:
1951:
1621:
1341:
1215:
948:
823:). Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the
2908:
du Plessis, Paul. 2006. "Janus in the Roman Law of Urban Lease."
2474:"A Short History of Roman Law", Olga Tellegen-Couperus pp. 19–20.
2099:
were known in Western Europe, and along with the earlier code of
1152:). In fact, the results of his rulings enjoyed legal protection (
6270:
6218:
6074:
5472:
5388:
5139:
4706:
4646:
4228:
3604:
3068:
3042:
A collection of resources maintained by professor Ernest Metzger
2425:
1664:
912:
5315:
3358:
3087:
2204:. Elements of Romano-canon law were present in England in the
5342:
3700:
1811:
722:
572:
519:
38:
2172:
and the legal systems based on it are usually referred to as
2031:, in the early 8th century. In the 9th century, the emperors
1984:
started putting restrictions on the ancient Roman concept of
3041:
1357:
The basics of Roman law (in German with English captioning)
782:
Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of
989:
Among the most consequential laws passed during the early
1052:
Another important statute from the Republican era is the
857:(754–449 BC), private law comprised the Roman civil law (
2896:
Roman Law: Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects.
1695:, originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution.
790:, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the
2252:
Legal systems of the world. Blue is based on Roman law.
1058:
of 286 BC, which may be regarded as the root of modern
5311:
2845:, Vol. 43, Part 2., pp. 476. Philadelphia :
2720:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 208.
1517:), and the proclamations and beliefs of the emperor (
1021:(367 BC), which restricted the amount of public land
2997:
Vienna: Ă–sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
829:, especially in countries such as medieval Romania (
6466:
6356:
6179:
6088:
5979:
5858:
5760:
5481:
5349:
5163:
5057:
4870:
4462:
4455:
4377:
4289:
4194:
4069:
4021:
3899:
3849:
3788:
3779:
3661:
3613:
3533:
3450:
3411:
3322:
3274:
3219:
3181:
3121:
2889:
A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian.
2208:and, less directly, through the development of the
1902:decision could be appealed to a higher magistrate.
1833:). The individual could have been a Roman citizen (
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2959:Powell, Jonathan, and Jeremy Paterson, eds. 2004.
2843:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2059:, which remained in force in Ethiopia until 1931.
1815:, therefore was only available to Roman citizens.
939:Modern scholars tend to challenge the accuracy of
764:in many legal systems influenced by it, including
2620:Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law
1956:Title page of a late 16th-century edition of the
1837:) unlike foreigners, or he could have been free (
1293:The Roman Republic had three different branches:
794:(963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for
29:Legal system of Ancient Rome (c. 449 BC – AD 529)
2942:Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2240:Colonial expansion spread the civil law system.
2875:Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire.
1975:When the centre of the Empire was moved to the
1909:
2954:New Perspectives in the Roman Law of Property.
2880:Borkowski, Andrew, and Paul Du Plessis. 2005.
5327:
3370:
3099:
3050:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
2952:Nicholas, Barry, and Peter Birks, eds. 1989.
699:
8:
3055:The Roman Law Articles of Smith's Dictionary
2748:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2225:domestic (customary) law, and it was called
894:, dating from the mid-fifth century BC. The
2868:Actors and Audience in the Roman Courtroom.
2718:Roman law : an historical introduction
2161:
2010:
1965:
1529:
1505:
1496:). Roman lawyers would also include in the
1477:
1457:
1172:
824:
745:
5334:
5320:
5312:
4459:
3785:
3417:
3377:
3363:
3355:
3106:
3092:
3084:
3063:: open access journal devoted to Roman law
2752:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2648:
2646:
2644:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
1855:(one who lives under someone else's law).
1510:), the responses and thoughts of jurists (
1045:would henceforth be binding on the entire
775:, the Roman law remained in effect in the
756:. Roman law forms the basic framework for
752:(AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor
706:
692:
140:
2009:The codes of Justinian, particularly the
1801:(a personal action). With the aid of the
1422:" instilled in all beings a common sense.
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
6479:History of the American legal profession
2930:Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life
2653:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga Eveline (1993).
2247:
2053:, also formed the basis for much of the
1731:, e.g., reusing prior grants of greater
1699:constitutionalists, such as the senator
2716:Wolff, Hans Julius, 1902-1983. (1951).
2407:
548:
500:
435:
380:
345:
301:
252:
165:
143:
2849:, 1953. (reprinted 1980, 1991, 2002).
2839:"Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law"
2741:
2567:
2557:
1693:electoral college of the United States
1125:a new juridical class is created: the
786:until the end of the 18th century. In
2770:; Glendon, Mary Ann; Carozza, Paolo.
7:
2517:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
2436:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1845:) either as the head of the family (
67:adding citations to reliable sources
2152:and of Germanic custom, especially
1273:Commentaries on the Laws of England
2339:(surrender of goods to a creditor)
2276:International Roman Law Moot Court
1737:to substantiate Augustus' greater
1614:Constitution of the Roman Republic
932:produced the laws on ten tablets (
32:For Roman Catholic canon law, see
25:
5463:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2995:Die Quellen des römischen Rechts.
2983:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga E. 1993.
2940:Law and Empire in Late Antiquity.
2898:Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
2887:Buckland, William Warwick. 1963.
2424:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2237:, BGB) went into effect in 1900.
1210:gave Roman law its unique shape.
1049:, both patricians and plebeians.
999:(445 BC), which allowed marriage
6510:
6509:
6495:
2980:New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
2520:. Vol. 76. pp. 90–93.
2299:
153:
43:
6474:History of the legal profession
2971:History of Roman Legal Science.
2920:Women in Roman Law and Society.
2499:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2484:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2359:Inheritance law in ancient Rome
2176:in English-speaking countries.
1784:is a legal action by which the
843:medieval Byzantine legal system
54:needs additional citations for
2978:Roman Law in European History.
2847:American Philosophical Society
2803:"International Roman Law Moot"
2452:; Ed. Kairosz, Budapest, 2005.
2274:. In this context, the annual
1:
2985:A Short History of Roman Law.
2782:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2772:"Civil law (Romano-Germanic)"
2695:Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
1647:Roman Republic's constitution
1637:for attempting a coup in the
1629:, author of the classic book
1504:), the advice of the Senate (
867:(a form of sale). The jurist
771:After the dissolution of the
738:
3949:Frontiers and fortifications
3032:Resources in other libraries
2947:An Introduction to Roman Law
2656:A Short History of Roman Law
2322:(legal transfer of property)
2135:Princeps legibus solutus est
1825:Status in Roman legal system
1444:(written law) differed from
890:The first legal text is the
4008:Decorations and punishments
2963:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2956:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2884:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2264:are still based on the old
1930:Debt: The First 5,000 Years
1711:in the years following the
1500:the edicts of magistrates (
1394:("citizen law", originally
6573:
6141:International legal theory
5620:International slavery laws
5615:International human rights
5610:International criminal law
4915:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3490:historiography of the fall
2949:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2625:Cambridge University Press
2066:
1941:
1862:
1822:
1756:
1687:, and regularly scheduled
1607:
1186:
974:
883:
31:
6489:
6194:Administration of justice
5296:External wars and battles
3420:
3393:
3027:Resources in your library
2873:Bauman, Richard A. 1989.
2866:Bablitz, Leanne E. 2007.
2613:Jolowicz, Herbert Felix;
2285:are being taken, the old
2227:usus modernus Pandectarum
542:Senatus consultum ultimum
437:Extraordinary magistrates
5971:Basic structure doctrine
5821:Natural and legal rights
5702:Public international law
2973:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2882:A Textbook on Roman Law.
2414:In Germany, Art. 311 BGB
2349:Constitution (Roman law)
2328:(power of the sovereign)
1851:), or some lower member
1661:the separation of powers
1275:and enactments like the
1144:, and especially to the
903:to send a delegation to
892:Law of the Twelve Tables
146:Politics of ancient Rome
6151:Principle of typicality
5625:International trade law
5291:Roman–Iranian relations
3766:Optimates and populares
3076:Encyclopædia Britannica
2945:Nicholas, Barry. 1962.
2777:Encyclopædia Britannica
2690:Encyclopedia Britannica
2272:civil law jurisdictions
2235:BĂĽrgerliches Gesetzbuch
2097:Institutes of Justinian
2047:Eastern Orthodox Church
2027:issued a new code, the
1915:famously remarked that
1685:the powers of the purse
1251:, the classical jurist
1103:Servius Sulpicius Rufus
1099:Quintus Mucius Scaevola
762:Latin legal terminology
5301:Civil wars and revolts
4567:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4214:Conflict of the Orders
3573:Legislative assemblies
3332:Conflict of the Orders
3079:(11th ed.). 1911.
2514:Berger, Adolf (1953).
2253:
2162:
2086:own respective codes.
2011:
1972:
1966:
1935:
1911:German legal theorist
1879:cognitio extra ordinem
1774:was the basic form of
1642:
1575:means public law, and
1530:
1506:
1358:
1173:
1018:Leges Liciinae Sextiae
876:, emphasizing ritual.
825:
746:
303:Political institutions
6146:Principle of legality
5905:Delegated legislation
5605:Intellectual property
5010:Simplicius of Cilicia
4762:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3991:Siege in Ancient Rome
3600:Executive magistrates
3061:Roman Legal Tradition
3048:The Roman Law Library
2969:Schulz, Fritz. 1946.
2488:Licinius Stolo, Gaius
2433:Catholic Encyclopedia
2251:
2206:ecclesiastical courts
2117:), or in the form of
1955:
1809:was derived from the
1625:
1492:, originating in the
1356:
1107:Marcus Tullius Cicero
6364:Barristers' chambers
6306:Legal representation
6244:Justice of the peace
5590:Financial regulation
5020:Stephanus Byzantinus
4925:Eusebius of Caesaria
4787:Sidonius Apollinaris
4477:Ammianus Marcellinus
3816:Tribune of the plebs
2976:Stein, Peter. 1999.
2961:Cicero the Advocate.
2894:Daube, David. 1969.
2379:Res extra commercium
2185:English legal system
2115:glossa interlinearis
2025:Leo III the Isaurian
2013:Corpus Juris Civilis
1968:Corpus Juris Civilis
1944:Corpus Juris Civilis
1803:actio legis Aquiliae
1396:ius civile Quiritium
1205:Herennius Modestinus
1175:Corpus Juris Civilis
1158:edictum traslatitium
1117:Pre-classical period
971:Early republican law
859:ius civile Quiritium
826:Corpus Juris Civilis
814:culpa in contrahendo
777:Eastern Roman Empire
773:Western Roman Empire
748:Corpus Juris Civilis
382:Ordinary magistrates
63:improve this article
6399:Election commission
6111:Expressive function
5640:Landlord–tenant law
5539:Consumer protection
5196:Distinguished women
4847:Velleius Paterculus
4687:Nicolaus Damascenus
4667:Marcellus Empiricus
4056:Republican currency
3249:reforms of Augustus
2922:London: Croom Helm.
2307:Ancient Rome portal
2141:, a Roman jurist).
2051:Syro-Roman law book
1657:checks and balances
1502:magistratuum edicta
1411:Praetores Peregrini
1183:Classical Roman law
1150:magistratuum edicta
820:pacta sunt servanda
6557:Italian inventions
6357:Legal institutions
6224:Lawsuit/Litigation
6214:Dispute resolution
6019:Catholic canon law
5727:State of emergency
5690:Will and testament
5414:Law of obligations
5367:Constitutional law
5357:Administrative law
4970:Phlegon of Tralles
4777:Seneca the Younger
4251:Naming conventions
3981:Personal equipment
3514:Later Roman Empire
3115:Roman Constitution
2987:London: Routledge.
2932:. Clarendon Press.
2870:London: Routledge.
2374:List of Roman laws
2368:state of exception
2254:
2077:Medieval Roman Law
2069:Early Germanic law
1995:Codex Theodosianus
1973:
1960:, part of Emperor
1913:Rudolf von Jhering
1743:imperial provinces
1643:
1359:
1317:Post-classical law
1269:William Blackstone
920:legibus scribundis
615:Triumvir monetalis
549:Titles and honours
6539:
6538:
6199:Constitutionalism
6121:Law and economics
5959:Act of parliament
5697:Product liability
5650:Legal archaeology
5575:Environmental law
5569:Entertainment law
5409:International law
5309:
5308:
5271:Pontifices maximi
5053:
5052:
4910:Diogenes Laërtius
4732:Pliny the Younger
4487:Asconius Pedianus
4447:Romance languages
4319:Civil engineering
4061:Imperial currency
3934:Political control
3895:
3894:
3529:
3528:
3352:
3351:
3299:(post Diocletian)
3289:(post Diocletian)
3244:reforms of Caesar
3070:"Roman Law"
3008:Library resources
2427:"Roman Law"
2386:Ancient Greek law
2332:Capitis deminutio
2315:International law
2222:French civil code
2123:glossa marginalis
2092:Codex Justinianus
1839:status libertatis
1799:condictio furtiva
1788:demands that the
1585:iudicium privatum
1519:principum placita
1354:
874:Etruscan religion
849:Early development
792:Holy Roman Empire
716:
715:
534:Quaestio perpetua
527:Senatus consultum
330:Roman citizenship
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
6564:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6500:
6499:
6323:Question of fact
6204:Criminal justice
5534:Construction law
5529:Conflict of laws
5494:Agricultural law
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5261:Magistri equitum
5176:Cities and towns
5169:
5095:Constantinopolis
4905:Diodorus Siculus
4837:Valerius Maximus
4772:Seneca the Elder
4692:Nonius Marcellus
4460:
4013:Hippika gymnasia
3976:Infantry tactics
3882:Consular tribune
3872:Magister equitum
3821:Military tribune
3786:
3746:Pontifex maximus
3741:Princeps senatus
3731:Magister militum
3497:Byzantine Empire
3418:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3239:reforms of Sulla
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3080:
3072:
2926:Gardner, Jane F.
2916:Gardner, Jane F.
2825:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2739:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2661:Psychology Press
2650:
2639:
2638:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2366:(akin to modern
2345:(common pasture)
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2167:
2016:
1971:
1933:
1875:formulary system
1865:Roman litigation
1835:status civitatis
1713:Battle of Actium
1597:ius dispositivum
1535:
1523:Ius non scriptum
1509:
1507:Senatus consulta
1494:Plebeian Council
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1446:ius non scriptum
1436:ius non scriptum
1401:Praetores Urbani
1355:
1223:Salvius Iulianus
1178:
1088:Greek philosophy
941:Latin historians
869:Sextus Pomponius
828:
751:
743:
740:
708:
701:
694:
650:Pontifex maximus
643:Princeps senatus
629:Magister militum
464:Consular tribune
458:Magister equitum
286:Augustan reforms
157:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6508:
6494:
6485:
6462:
6453:Political party
6426:Legal education
6414:Law enforcement
6394:Court of equity
6352:
6328:Question of law
6281:Practice of law
6261:Judicial review
6175:
6126:Legal formalism
6106:Comparative law
6101:Contract theory
6084:
6004:Legal pluralism
5975:
5964:Act of Congress
5888:Executive order
5854:
5756:
5675:Nationality law
5600:Immigration law
5524:Competition law
5477:
5345:
5340:
5310:
5305:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5049:
4885:AĂ«tius of Amida
4866:
4852:Verrius Flaccus
4832:Valerius Antias
4792:Silius Italicus
4727:Pliny the Elder
4672:Marcus Aurelius
4547:Cornelius Nepos
4497:Aurelius Victor
4451:
4373:
4285:
4219:Secessio plebis
4190:
4065:
4017:
3891:
3845:
3775:
3657:
3609:
3525:
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2663:. p. 174.
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5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5779:Statutory law
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Transport law
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Legal fiction
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Financial law
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Corporate law
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Statutory law
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:Core subjects
5348:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Julius Paulus
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Fabius Pictor
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Amphitheatres
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Deforestation
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Siege engines
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Establishment
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:Extraordinary
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Promagistrate
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Twelve Tables
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3324:Miscellaneous
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:Roman Kingdom
3180:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:Harries, Jill
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:55.1: 48–63.
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2877:Munich: Beck.
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:1-58477-142-9
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2670:9780415072502
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:9780521082532
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2535:9780871694324
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Byzantine law
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:Inns of Court
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:Theodosius II
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:Byzantine law
1945:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:David Graeber
1920:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:album iudicum
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Roman emperor
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:Ius singulare
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:ius singulare
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1475:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(things) and
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:Julius Paulus
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:actionem dare
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:Jurisprudence
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:Lex Hortensia
1034:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1025:ager publicus
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
986:
982:
981:Lex Hortensia
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:customary law
952:
950:
946:
945:Magna Graecia
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:
921:
919:
914:
910:
909:Laws of Solon
906:
902:
897:
893:
887:
886:Twelve Tables
880:Twelve Tables
879:
877:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
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855:Twelve Tables
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
809:
808:stare decisis
804:
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785:
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749:
742: 449 BC
736:
735:Twelve Tables
732:
731:jurisprudence
728:
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80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
35:
27:
19:
6528:
6521:
6507:
6493:
6266:Jurisdiction
6234:Legal remedy
6189:Adjudication
6089:Legal theory
6052:
5927:Ratification
5922:Promulgation
5893:Proclamation
5873:Codification
5806:Human rights
5794:Divine right
5784:Constitution
5752:Women in law
5670:Military law
5665:Marriage law
5660:Maritime law
5559:Election law
5499:Aviation law
5489:Abortion law
5441:Property law
5377:Criminal law
5241:Institutions
5105:Leptis Magna
5058:Major cities
4965:Philostratus
4752:Quadrigarius
4572:Rufus Festus
4435:Contemporary
4156:Romanization
4079:Architecture
3686:Collegiality
3614:
3535:Constitution
3386:Ancient Rome
3336:
3294:Constitution
3276:Roman Empire
3234:Constitution
3196:Constitution
3136:Constitution
3123:Ancient Rome
3074:
3060:
3047:
3022:Online books
3012:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2905:66.1: 10–25.
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2842:
2820:
2811:
2797:
2775:
2762:
2717:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2697:20 July 1998
2688:
2679:
2655:
2619:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2589:
2580:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2419:
2410:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2258:South Africa
2255:
2239:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2178:
2169:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2056:Fetha Negest
2054:
2041:
2028:
2018:
2008:
2004:in potestate
2003:
2000:codification
1993:
1990:in potestate
1989:
1985:
1974:
1957:
1928:
1917:ancient Rome
1910:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1853:alieni iuris
1852:
1846:
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1834:
1830:
1828:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1759:Ius privatum
1747:Roman Empire
1738:
1732:
1697:
1681:impeachments
1650:
1644:
1639:Roman Senate
1630:
1610:Ius publicum
1596:
1592:
1589:Ius publicum
1588:
1584:
1581:ius privatum
1580:
1577:ius privatum
1576:
1573:Ius publicum
1572:
1567:ius privatum
1565:
1564:
1559:Ius publicum
1557:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1498:ius scriptum
1497:
1473:
1453:
1450:ius scriptum
1449:
1445:
1442:ius scriptum
1441:
1434:
1433:
1428:Ius scriptum
1426:
1425:
1416:Jus naturale
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:ius naturale
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1320:
1312:
1292:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1239:obligations.
1220:
1212:
1208:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:(plebiscita)
1042:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1000:
996:Lex Canuleia
994:
988:
977:Lex Canuleia
953:
938:
933:
929:
923:
916:
907:to copy the
889:
862:
858:
852:
839:Farmer's Law
818:
812:
806:
781:
770:
727:ancient Rome
718:
717:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
540:
532:
525:
518:
511:
501:
489:
482:
475:
468:
456:
334:
322:
318:Collegiality
254:Constitution
242:
231:
222:
193:Roman Empire
191:
182:
173:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
26:
6438:Legislature
6369:Bureaucracy
6166:Rule of man
6161:Rule of law
6136:Libertarian
5999:Chinese law
5900:Legislation
5850:Regulations
5838:Law reports
5816:Natural law
5712:Reparations
5707:Refugee law
5630:Jurimetrics
5571:(Media law)
5509:Banking law
5504:Amnesty law
5482:Disciplines
5419:Private law
5236:Geographers
4920:Dioscorides
4900:Cassius Dio
4522:Cassiodorus
4425:Renaissance
4031:Agriculture
4003:Auxiliaries
3944:Engineering
3781:Magistrates
3633:Citizenship
3628:Mos maiorum
3563:Late Empire
3314:Magistrates
3266:Magistrates
3211:Magistrates
3173:Magistrates
2320:Abalienatio
2287:jus commune
2267:jus commune
2218:Ius Commune
2170:Ius Commune
2164:Ius Commune
2063:In the West
1982:Constantine
1938:In the East
1795:actio furti
1753:Private law
1717:Mark Antony
1707:ultimately
1677:term limits
1669:filibusters
1652:mos maiorum
1618:Res publica
1551:ius commune
1532:Ius commune
1487:plebiscites
1420:natural law
1406:ius gentium
1378:ius gentium
1259:(persons),
1142:magistrates
1134:ius gentium
1055:Lex Aquilia
1032:Lex Ogulnia
985:Lex Aquilia
961:private law
951:in 387 BC.
853:Before the
754:Justinian I
733:, from the
513:Mos maiorum
293:Late Empire
236:AD 395–1453
78:"Roman law"
6546:Categories
6431:Law school
6311:Prosecutor
6249:Magistrate
6036:Jewish law
5994:Common law
5915:Rulemaking
5910:Regulation
5860:Law making
5799:Divine law
5775:Legal code
5722:Sports law
5645:Law of war
5595:Health law
5580:Family law
5564:Energy law
5514:Bankruptcy
5451:Punishment
5446:Public law
5125:Mediolanum
5065:Alexandria
5030:Themistius
4995:Porphyrius
4822:Tertullian
4757:Quintilian
4747:Propertius
4642:Lactantius
4592:Fulgentius
4527:Censorinus
4349:Sanitation
4334:Metallurgy
4291:Technology
4256:Demography
4204:Patricians
4171:Spectacles
4129:Literature
4124:Hairstyles
3961:Technology
3711:Praefectus
3663:Government
3653:Litigation
3638:Auctoritas
3583:Centuriate
3470:Principate
3465:Pax Romana
3425:Foundation
3342:Obligation
3309:Assemblies
3261:Assemblies
3206:Assemblies
3156:Centuriate
3146:Assemblies
2785:Retrieved
2727:0585116784
2591:Livius.org
2402:References
2354:Homo sacer
2343:Compascuus
2326:Auctoritas
2262:San Marino
2231:civil code
2190:common law
2154:feudal law
1977:Greek East
1859:Litigation
1812:ius civile
1772:Stipulatio
1763:Stipulatio
1729:Principate
1604:Public law
1593:ius cogens
1515:prudentium
1474:plebiscita
1392:ius civile
1370:Ius civile
1332:vulgar law
1324:Principate
1298:Assemblies
1280:Code civil
1248:Institutes
1137:are used.
1123:ius civile
1113:in 27 BC.
1111:Principate
1009:patricians
901:patricians
864:mancipatio
803:common law
766:common law
744:), to the
725:system of
594:Praefectus
502:Public law
357:Centuriate
347:Assemblies
324:Auctoritas
227:AD 395–476
214:AD 284–641
204:Principate
179:753–509 BC
89:newspapers
6552:Roman law
6409:Judiciary
6404:Executive
6379:The bench
6316:Solicitor
6291:Barrister
6171:Sociology
6156:Pseudolaw
6096:Anarchist
6053:Roman law
6041:Parsi law
6026:Hindu law
6014:Canon law
5989:Civil law
5942:Concordat
5833:Precedent
5742:Trust law
5717:Space law
5554:Drugs law
5424:Procedure
5362:Civil law
5281:Quaestors
5211:Empresses
5201:Dynasties
5191:Dictators
5166:and other
5155:Volubilis
5150:Vindobona
5110:Londinium
5035:Theodoret
5005:Procopius
4985:Polyaenus
4960:Pausanias
4862:Vitruvius
4807:Symmachus
4802:Suetonius
4712:Petronius
4697:Obsequens
4662:Macrobius
4657:Lucretius
4582:Frontinus
4557:Eutropius
4542:Columella
4492:Augustine
4482:Appuleius
4430:Neo-Latin
4405:Classical
4396:Versions
4304:Aqueducts
4246:Patronage
4166:Sexuality
4139:Mythology
4114:Education
4104:Cosmetics
3929:Campaigns
3924:Structure
3877:Decemviri
3736:Imperator
3435:overthrow
3337:Roman law
3013:Roman law
2787:6 October
2744:cite book
2701:6 October
2570:ignored (
2560:cite book
2552:162540731
2364:Justitium
2202:Cambridge
2174:civil law
2150:canon law
2083:Law codes
2023:history.
2020:Byzantine
1962:Justinian
1790:defendant
1786:plaintiff
1741:over the
1689:elections
1631:The Laws,
1338:Substance
1076:prudentes
1013:plebeians
993:were the
930:decemviri
918:decemviri
841:" of the
831:Wallachia
758:civil law
719:Roman law
636:Imperator
484:Decemviri
477:Triumviri
447:Corrector
188:509–27 BC
34:Canon law
18:Roman Law
6516:Category
6458:Tribunal
6443:Military
6286:Attorney
6256:Judgment
6116:Feminist
6031:Jain law
5828:Case law
5549:Cyberlaw
5456:Corporal
5434:Criminal
5404:Evidence
5394:Doctrine
5372:Contract
5286:Tribunes
5276:Praetors
5226:Generals
5206:Emperors
5115:Lugdunum
5100:Eboracum
5090:Carthage
5075:Aquileia
4990:Polybius
4980:Plutarch
4950:Libanius
4940:Josephus
4935:Herodian
4827:Tibullus
4742:Priscian
4717:Phaedrus
4677:Manilius
4622:Jordanes
4607:Hydatius
4537:Claudian
4517:Catullus
4507:Boëthius
4502:Ausonius
4420:Medieval
4392:Alphabet
4364:Theatres
4339:Numerals
4324:Concrete
4314:Circuses
4281:Bagaudae
4271:Adoption
4266:Marriage
4239:Assembly
4144:Religion
4119:Folklore
4099:Clothing
4094:Calendar
4051:Currency
4041:Commerce
3939:Strategy
3901:Military
3887:Triumvir
3867:Dictator
3862:Interrex
3841:Governor
3826:Quaestor
3789:Ordinary
3771:Province
3761:Tetrarch
3751:Augustus
3716:Vicarius
3706:Officium
3643:Imperium
3593:Plebeian
3553:Republic
3475:Dominate
3442:Republic
3403:Timeline
3166:Plebeian
2993:. 1953.
2938:. 1999.
2910:Historia
2736:44953814
2685:"Ecloga"
2617:(1967).
2586:"Consul"
2293:See also
2158:Scotland
2095:and the
2042:Basilica
1922:—
1776:contract
1739:imperium
1734:imperium
1725:Augustus
1635:Catiline
1633:attacks
1513:responsa
1328:Dominate
1265:actiones
1257:personae
1197:Papinian
1165:Papinian
1146:praetors
1082:, sing.
1060:tort law
1007:between
1003:conubium
991:Republic
925:imperium
896:plebeian
835:Moldavia
666:Tetrarch
656:Augustus
601:Vicarius
580:Officium
491:Interrex
452:Dictator
427:Governor
402:Quaestor
367:Plebeian
313:Imperium
269:Republic
244:Timeline
211:Dominate
6530:Outline
6467:History
6374:The bar
6348:Verdict
6296:Counsel
6276:Justice
6131:History
5954:Statute
5770:Charter
5732:Tax law
5680:Probate
5256:Legions
5216:Fiction
5186:Consuls
5181:Climate
5135:Ravenna
5130:Pompeii
5120:Lutetia
5085:Bononia
5080:Berytus
5070:Antioch
5045:Zosimus
5040:Zonaras
5015:Sozomen
5000:Priscus
4975:Photius
4817:Terence
4812:Tacitus
4797:Statius
4782:Servius
4767:Sallust
4722:Plautus
4702:Orosius
4682:Martial
4637:Juvenal
4612:Hyginus
4597:Gellius
4456:Writers
4387:History
4369:Thermae
4359:Temples
4309:Bridges
4276:Slavery
4224:Equites
4196:Society
4176:Theatre
4149:Deities
4109:Cuisine
4089:Bathing
4071:Culture
4046:Finance
4023:Economy
3914:Borders
3909:History
3811:Tribune
3806:Praetor
3696:Legatus
3691:Emperor
3578:Curiate
3548:Kingdom
3543:History
3519:History
3502:decline
3460:History
3430:Kingdom
3413:History
3398:Outline
3284:History
3229:History
3191:History
3151:Curiate
3131:History
2903:Latomus
2832:Sources
2598:19 June
2181:England
2168:. This
2127:Bologna
2033:Basil I
1958:Digesta
1481:
1461:
1308:Consuls
1282:or the
1245:In his
1084:prudens
1072:jurists
934:tabulae
788:Germany
721:is the
587:Praeses
566:Legatus
557:Emperor
417:Tribune
397:Praetor
362:Curiate
264:Kingdom
232:Eastern
223:Western
166:Periods
103:scholar
6448:Police
6419:Agency
6301:Lawyer
6046:Sharia
5937:Treaty
5932:Repeal
5878:Decree
5789:Custom
5685:Estate
5635:Labour
5399:Equity
5266:Nomina
5251:Legacy
5231:Gentes
5168:topics
5164:Lists
5145:Smyrna
5025:Strabo
4955:Lucian
4945:Julian
4895:Arrian
4890:Appian
4880:Aelian
4857:Vergil
4632:Justin
4617:Jerome
4602:Horace
4587:Fronto
4577:Florus
4552:Ennius
4532:Cicero
4512:Caesar
4410:Vulgar
4234:Tribes
4161:Romans
3971:Legion
3954:castra
3831:Aedile
3801:Censor
3796:Consul
3756:Caesar
3726:Lictor
3648:Status
3588:Tribal
3568:Senate
3558:Empire
3452:Empire
3388:topics
3304:Senate
3256:Senate
3201:Senate
3161:Tribal
3141:Senate
3010:about
2928:1998.
2918:1986.
2853:
2734:
2724:
2667:
2631:
2594:. 2002
2550:
2544:291711
2542:
2532:
2210:equity
2198:Oxford
2139:Ulpian
2111:Digest
2106:Digest
2075:, and
2029:Ecloga
1906:Legacy
1877:, and
1873:, the
1831:status
1819:Status
1765:, and
1701:Cicero
1673:quorum
1665:vetoes
1627:Cicero
1616:, and
1472:) and
1390:. The
1382:, and
1303:Senate
1284:German
1277:French
1232:Ulpian
1228:Paulus
1216:edicts
1203:, and
1193:Ulpian
1015:; the
983:, and
905:Athens
661:Caesar
622:Lictor
422:Censor
412:Aedile
392:Consul
372:Tribal
281:Empire
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
6523:Index
6389:Court
6333:Trial
6239:Judge
6080:Yassa
5883:Edict
5429:Civil
5382:Crime
4930:Galen
4872:Greek
4842:Varro
4652:Lucan
4464:Latin
4379:Latin
4354:Ships
4344:Roads
4329:Domes
4261:Women
4209:Plebs
4134:Music
3676:Forum
3671:Curia
2548:S2CID
2540:JSTOR
2244:Today
2179:Only
1454:leges
1253:Gaius
949:Gauls
723:legal
110:JSTOR
96:books
6271:Jury
6219:Fiqh
6075:Xeer
5473:Tort
5389:Deed
5246:Laws
5221:Film
5140:Roma
4707:Ovid
4647:Livy
4415:Late
4229:Gens
4186:Wine
3998:Navy
3966:Army
3605:SPQR
3507:fall
3485:fall
2851:ISBN
2789:2018
2754:link
2750:link
2732:OCLC
2722:ISBN
2703:2018
2665:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2600:2017
2572:help
2530:ISBN
2260:and
2089:The
2035:and
1946:and
1715:and
1709:fell
1645:The
1563:and
1537:and
1478:lit.
1467:laws
1458:lit.
1432:and
1230:and
1011:and
963:and
913:Livy
82:news
5343:Law
4400:Old
4084:Art
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