362:
151:
498:. These loans allowed merchants to restock their goods more quickly and it allowed them to purchase more goods. They were often essential, as it was almost impossible for many people to live in ancient Rome without debt. Usually Roman loans were given to young nobles, and they generally had high interest rates. Another common option was to give loans to close family or friends as a method of averting risk.
544:
509:. Usually, loans were made and credits were extended on risky terms, because the available capital typically exceeded the amount needed by borrowers. The senatorial elite were heavily involved in private lending, as both creditors and borrowers, and made loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections.
482:. People who provided credit might also have sold their right to collect the debt to another party. In ancient Rome, credit transactions relied on trust. It was common for people to lose trust in their creditors, often resulting in a significant negative impact on the economy and the credit industry.
352:
They ran a bank and put new currency into circulation, and they removed foreign or old coins from circulation. Alongside this, they could hold money, sell goods, work at auctions, maintain records, exchange currency, and make payments on behalf of their clients. By the 3rd century, they were the last
437:
than the full amount of their clients deposits. They were not required to insure their customers' deposits. There was very little regulation of Roman bankers, with most banks and bankers relying on trust. This meant that the clients lacked any protection or safety net in the event of a bank run or a
428:
was common in ancient Rome: the debtor was questioned by the creditor in the presence of witnesses, about their willingness to pay back the debt. Written contracts were used to document the transfer of the creditor's loan to the debtor. These contracts were usually simple, due to the illiteracy of
3682:
Adams, Samuel L.; Bradbury, Carlee; Bühler, Axel; Cheong, John; Chryssides, George D.; Chung-Kim, Esther; Gvaryahu, Amit; Hudnut-Beumler, James; Llewellyn Ihssen, Brenda; Mell, Julie; Sanders, Theresa; Stenschke, Christoph; Swindell, Anthony; Thompson, Trevor W.; Timani, Hussam. "Moneylending".
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Ligt, L. De (1 January 1991). "J. Andreau, La Vie
Financière dans le Monde Romain. Les Métiers de Manieurs d'Argent (IVe Siècle av. J.C.-IIIe Siècle ap. J.C.) (Bibliothèque des Ecoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 265). Rome, Ecole Française de Rome, 1987. VIII, 792 p., 20 pl. Pr. FF. 570".
1493:
477:
Although these financial services were necessary for starting a business, almost all Romans would have engaged in credit. Most credit arrangements lasted a month, with an interest rate of 1%, per month. The Romans believed that anyone involved in trade should use
103:
of ancient Rome trusted these places to protect and hold their wealth. Typically, their money was stored in multiple temples. This practice was designed to protect their wealth in case an individual temple was destroyed or attacked in some way.
322:, who were responsible for depositing money and collecting debts at auctions. Neither of these groups provided credit to companies, nor did they grant loans to finance consumption, although they granted short-term commercial loans.
2908:"J. Andreau, Banking and Business in the Roman World (Key Themes in Ancient History).. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xix + 176, ISBN 0-521-38031-6(bound); 0-521-38932-1(paper). £37.50 (bound); £13.95 (paper)"
1602:
217:. Despite this, their primary goal was to exchange foreign currency for Roman currency. Typically the clients of this group were not wealthy, as the upper class of ancient Rome had more secure methods of storing wealth.
340:
and test new currency. To do this, they examined the metal which was used to make the coins using their senses and the patterns of the coins. They first appeared in the historical record in the 2nd century BCE as
2388:
Westgate, Ruth (November 2001). "K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1999. Pp. xxii + 357, 40 pls, 318 figs, 8 maps. ISBN 0-521-46143-X. £75.00".
712:
466:. Aristocratic financers were another source of credit. They used their own wealth to fund their loans to other members of the upper class or to foreign cities and nobles. Following auctions the
407:
classes rather than the aristocracy. They sometimes became very wealthy. Typically they organized themselves into groups of two or three members. Many children of these bankers achieved
1020:
3245:
1634:
392:. If this base was irregular or open then the banker was permitted to reinvest or reuse the client's money. Their activities were concluded and recorded with written agreements.
2991:
1574:
1386:
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815:
607:
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516:, was made without interest. Under this kind of loan, the property rights passed to the banker. They were returned when the debt was paid off. Loans with interest were known as
3021:
281:
in 216 BCE. This was a commission of only three people, but performed the same duties as the previous organization. These two groups could perform similar functions to the
2868:
1264:
3582:
178:
in ancient Rome supervised by the government. This group was organized into a guild with a limited number of members. They were commonly located at stalls, shops,
3621:
3152:
422:, an agreement that involved three people: the banker, the client, and the third party. The banker would pay the money the client owned to the third party.
418:, they were required to create these accounts. This was because these accounts were considered reliable proof in lawsuit cases. Bankers participated in the
75:
and loans. Between 260 and the fourth century CE, Roman bankers disappear from the historical record, likely because of economic difficulties caused by the
1676:
923:
311:
for this function since the 1st century BCE. They disappeared from the historical record after the 2nd century CE. This organization was distinct from the
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2601:
1470:
1424:
884:
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and their abilities were likely limited to money-handling. By the 1st century BCE they were capable of providing credit. They disappeared from the
1302:
232:
were likely founded around the 4th century BCE. When they were established, they likely only functioned as a replacement for the previous Greek
532:. It was contracted between two individuals with the aid of an intermediary. It was common for the banks to play the role of the intermediary.
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Abramova, Marianna G.; Vasilieva, Oxana N.; Milovanova, Marina M.; Popova, Anna V.; Yudenkov, Yuri N.; Safonov, Maxim S. (1 November 2016).
3219:
2965:
1548:
1494:"A Fictive Membership Rush and Curatorial Fraud in the Lex of the Collegivm of Ivory and Citrus-Wood Merchants (Cil 6.3885 = Ils 7214)"
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In early Roman history most contracts were conducted orally, with witnesses used to confirm the legitimacy of the agreement. Later
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the Roman population. Since Roman banks lacked any incentive to ensure that their client's deposits would remain safe during a
474:
would impose on the buyers a time-limit for their payment, and they would pay the vendors the money which was owed to them.
254:
were state-appointed public bankers. Usually they were appointed during periods of poverty or war. Their goal was to prevent
2749:
150:
1640:
414:
Roman bankers were allowed to open bank accounts. These accounts were entered in a register. If a Roman was involved in a
99:, and track their finances through written records. Due to the piety of the officials and employees of these temples, the
123:. Roman bankers disappear from the historical record between 260 CE and the fourth century. Likely because the continued
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100:
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of the currency hurt the economy, creating difficulties for the banking profession. By the mid-fourth century CE, the
1230:
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also gave credit to buyers at auctions. Credit services may also have been provided by entrepreneurs known as the
907:
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868:
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3650:
3306:
Schwei, David (2020). "An
Explanation for the Addition of the Aureus to the Roman Imperial Coinage System".
2874:
793:
642:
495:
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overcome debt and economic hardships. This organization was established in 352 BCE to combat high levels of
198:
213:. They were also entrusted with paying off debts. Their powers would expand to include almost all forms of
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404:
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2422:
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1977:
1800:
1643:
1525:
762:
214:
92:
1294:
2806:
3860:
Collins, Andrew; Walsh, John (2014). "Fractional
Reserve Banking in the Roman Republic and Empire".
1905:
Develin, Robert (2005). "The
Integration of the Plebeians into the Political Order After 366 B.C.".
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2225:Ñaco Del Hoyo, Toni (2011). "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War".
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2810:
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385:
271:
255:
210:
116:
68:
2201:
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3887:
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were used to keep public written records of contracts. Roman bankers belonged to the
389:
377:
342:
202:
183:
175:
120:
52:
2632:
580:
Depeyrot, Georges; Porter, Catherine; Stahl, Alan M. StahlAlan M. (1 January 2005),
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3215:
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491:
346:
345:. By the 2nd century CE they began to provide loans, deposit currency, and operate
187:
88:
28:
3756:
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offered a rudimentary credit system and they provided moneylending services. The
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1755:
1736:
1719:
1456:
400:
259:
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512:
There were a variety of types of ancient Roman loans. One kind, known as a
295:
135:
are mentioned again in ancient sources. They had acquired different roles.
3319:
1622:
353:
banking profession in ancient Rome, and they handled all banking affairs.
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179:
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2518:
2325:
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there were a variety of officials tasked with banking. These were the
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Loan defaults carried severe penalties, as their borrowers could be
197:
provided numerous services, such as providing loans, holding money,
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3174:
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1000:
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collected and gave money to their employers. They were used by the
224:
were tasked with keeping financial records, including those of the
63:
were hired to collect money and give it to their employer, and the
2187:
2185:
1345:
381:
294:
206:
3534:[Transactions Performed by Roman Bankers (argentarii)].
2820:
263:
1756:"Nummularii – государственные и частные банкиры в древнем Риме"
494:, mutilated, or sued. Most ancient Roman loans were linked to
270:
They accomplished this by providing the population access to
240:
for around 70 to 80 years after 250 CE, for unknown reasons.
3532:"Operacje wykonywane przez bankierów rzymskich (argentarii)"
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2590:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32, 35.
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285:, such as money holding and assaying currency.
107:Another banking group in ancient Rome were the
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1547:Sarris, Peter (22 March 2018),
1085:Springer Science+Business Media
717:The Journal of Economic History
524:. Another kind of loan was the
168:negotiatores stipis argentariae
3604:Toner, J. P. (25 April 2013).
2781:10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0312
2073:Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
1760:Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
154:Arch of the Argentarii in Rome
111:They were predecessors of the
1:
3571:. Routledge. pp. 84–88.
2227:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1691:10.1017/CHOL9780521263351.027
1678:The Cambridge Ancient History
1229:. DigiCat. pp. 254–255.
1174:"Severus, (Lucius) Septimius"
1075:Mayumi, Kozo Torasan (2020).
3014:"Banking in the Roman World"
2445:The Journal of Roman Studies
2352:Money in Classical Antiquity
1295:"Banking in the Roman World"
950:Journal of Roman Archaeology
277:This group evolved into the
164:argenteae mensae exercitores
3453:A History of Interest Rates
3135:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008).
3051:. Brill. pp. 275–297.
2972:, Oxford University Press,
2815:. Vol. 3. De Gruyter.
2748:(in Polish) (14): 145–161.
2310:10.7834/phoenix.70.3-4.0317
2302:10.7834/phoenix.70.3-4.0317
2108:, Oxford University Press,
2034:Routledge. pp. 86–89.
1836:. Oxford University Press.
1555:, Oxford University Press,
1407:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008).
1367:, Oxford University Press,
1180:, Oxford University Press,
1132:, Oxford University Press,
1093:10.1007/978-3-030-43225-6_4
588:, Oxford University Press,
357:Privileges and organization
220:Another group known as the
3920:
3530:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2013).
3499:10.1002/9781118300664.ch21
3419:Rome's Economic Revolution
2773:Banking in the Roman World
2740:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2014).
2639:Cambridge University Press
2457:10.3815/000000006784016215
2235:10.1002/9781444393712.ch21
2067:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2012).
2005:10.1002/9781118339015.ch26
1915:10.1002/9780470752753.ch12
1882:10.1002/9781118339015.ch29
1754:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2014).
1683:Cambridge University Press
1615:Cambridge University Press
1506:Cambridge University Press
1492:Last, Richard (May 2021).
1324:Rauh, Nicholas K. (1989).
1299:World History Encyclopedia
1061:10.1007/s00191-021-00729-4
725:Cambridge University Press
677:Elliott, Colin P. (2014).
638:Rome's Economic Revolution
3610:. John Wiley & Sons.
3361:10.1515/9781474478168-009
3057:10.1163/9789004401655_016
2158:10.1163/9789004355552_002
2100:Potter, David S. (2010),
1957:10.1017/S0075435818000497
1514:10.1017/S0009838821000392
1172:Campbell, Gordon (2007),
962:10.1017/S1047759400007224
906:Aicher, Peter J. (2004).
733:10.1017/S0022050704002943
633:"After the Credit Crunch"
336:were a group designed to
3693:10.1515/ebr.moneylending
2912:Journal of Roman Studies
2499:Journal of Roman Studies
2391:Journal of Roman Studies
2069:"Mensarii – как банкиры"
1944:Journal of Roman Studies
683:The Numismatic Chronicle
190:and owned by the state.
3899:Economy of ancient Rome
3651:Oxford University Press
3075:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwxqd.20
2875:Oxford University Press
2568:10.1163/156852591X00378
2086:10.15290/mhi.2012.11.03
1773:10.15290/mhi.2013.12.03
1737:10.7206/kp.2080-1084.54
1607:The Classical Quarterly
1498:The Classical Quarterly
836:Silver, Morris (2011).
794:Oxford University Press
643:Oxford University Press
369:
300:
215:financial transactions
155:
3320:10.1353/tcj.2020.0030
2960:; Spawforth, Antony;
2863:; Spawforth, Antony;
2807:Spieckermann, Hermann
989:Renaissance Quarterly
364:
298:
268:quinqueviri mensarii.
153:
93:Etruscan civilization
3493:. pp. 443–458.
3417:Kay, Philip (2014).
3218:(22 December 2015).
3186:. pp. 174–207.
2956:(20 December 2012),
2859:(2012). "Banks". In
2637:. Internet Archive.
2495:Howgego, Christopher
2349:(18 November 2010).
2229:. pp. 376–392.
1999:. pp. 342–366.
1909:. pp. 293–311.
1876:. pp. 394–406.
1685:. pp. 769–786.
983:Nauta, Lodi (2018).
786:"Banking and Credit"
645:. pp. 235–265.
631:Kay, Philip (2014).
433:, they usually kept
320:coactores argentarii
172:argenti distractores
1997:A Companion to Livy
1874:A Companion to Livy
1623:10.1093/cq/52.2.555
550:Ancient Rome portal
530:pecunia traiecticia
420:receptum argentarii
203:exchanging currency
3904:History of banking
3894:Banking by country
3355:. pp. 57–76.
2797:; Leppin, Volker;
2795:Klauck, Hans-Josef
2196:. pp. 31–58.
1087:. pp. 79–97.
711:(September 2004).
370:
301:
279:triumviri mensarii
156:
67:minted and tested
55:. The role of the
3846:978-1-4443-3838-6
3813:978-0-19-923335-9
3766:978-0-19-162641-8
3727:978-0-19-109099-8
3668:978-0-19-250797-6
3617:978-0-7456-5490-4
3578:978-1-136-60351-8
3508:978-1-118-30066-4
3463:978-1-118-04622-7
3436:978-0-19-968154-9
3349:Marzano, Annalisa
3324:Project MUSE
3308:Classical Journal
3280:978-0-19-257896-9
3241:978-0-19-938113-5
3201:978-0-19-923335-9
3148:978-1-4363-0694-2
3110:978-1-4051-7935-5
3091:(2020). "Banks".
3066:978-90-04-40165-5
2987:978-0-19-954556-8
2958:Hornblower, Simon
2892:978-0-19-954556-8
2861:Hornblower, Simon
2830:978-3-11-018371-9
2803:Seow, Choon-Leong
2714:978-1-315-39104-5
2675:978-1-84731-843-5
2648:978-0-521-38932-7
2597:978-0-691-20278-5
2362:978-1-139-78863-2
2322:Project MUSE
2244:978-1-4443-9371-2
2211:978-90-474-1912-9
2167:978-90-04-35555-2
2152:. pp. 1–13.
2123:978-0-19-517072-6
2041:978-1-135-09371-6
2014:978-1-118-33901-5
1891:978-1-118-33901-5
1843:978-0-19-087880-1
1570:978-0-19-866277-8
1466:978-1-351-53532-8
1420:978-1-4363-0694-2
1382:978-0-19-510507-0
1253:Schmitz, Leonhard
1195:978-0-19-530082-6
1147:978-0-19-866277-8
1102:978-3-030-43224-9
919:978-0-86516-507-6
880:978-1-5275-3752-1
811:978-0-19-513075-1
660:978-0-19-968154-9
603:978-0-19-510507-0
238:historical record
199:circulating money
162:, also known as
79:of the currency.
16:(Redirected from
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3216:Millett, Paul C.
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3095:. pp. 1–3.
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2562:(3–4): 490–497.
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2347:von Reden, Sitta
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2296:(3/4): 317–338.
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2263:Oxford Reference
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1361:"Exchange Rates"
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582:"Money-changing"
577:
552:
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503:security deposit
440:financial crisis
435:less in reserves
21:
3919:
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3862:Ancient Society
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1599:Lintott, Andrew
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117:counting houses
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71:. They offered
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3798:. OUP Oxford.
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3542:(1): 481–506.
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3314:(2): 199–214.
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3043:De Vries, T.;
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2181:
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2092:
2075:(in Russian).
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2040:
2020:
2013:
1987:
1930:
1923:
1897:
1890:
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1842:
1822:
1779:
1762:(in Russian).
1743:
1710:
1705:Cambridge Core
1699:
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1652:Cambridge Core
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1534:Cambridge Core
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1054:(1): 175–203.
1034:
1001:10.1086/696885
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848:(3): 301–327.
828:
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771:Cambridge Core
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561:
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526:fenus nauticum
487:
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365:Ancient Roman
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343:money-changers
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176:money changers
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73:credit systems
53:money changers
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3536:Krytyka Prawa
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3180:Harris, W. V.
3175:
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3144:
3140:
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3131:
3129:
3125:
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3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:Andreau, Jean
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:Zwalve, W. J.
3039:
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2707:. Routledge.
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2024:
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2016:
2010:
2006:
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1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
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1967:
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1924:9780470752753
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1733:
1729:
1726:(in Polish).
1725:
1724:Krytyka Prawa
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1700:9781139054393
1696:
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1131:
1127:
1126:"argentarius"
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
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839:
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799:
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748:
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627:
625:
621:
609:
605:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
574:
570:
563:
559:
558:Roman finance
556:
555:
551:
540:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
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510:
508:
504:
499:
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393:
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387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
363:
356:
354:
350:
348:
347:bank accounts
344:
339:
335:
328:
325:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
297:
291:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:and help the
257:
256:social unrest
253:
246:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
182:, and in the
181:
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173:
169:
165:
161:
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146:
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136:
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126:
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118:
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78:
74:
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38:
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18:Roman banking
3865:
3861:
3855:
3828:
3822:
3794:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3755:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3716:
3709:
3684:
3677:
3645:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3606:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3567:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3539:
3535:
3525:
3490:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3452:
3445:
3418:
3412:
3385:
3379:
3352:
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3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3269:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3223:
3210:
3183:
3157:. Retrieved
3137:
3092:
3083:
3048:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3017:
3007:
2996:, retrieved
2969:
2948:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2869:
2857:Millet, Paul
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2811:
2789:
2772:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2664:
2657:
2633:
2629:Jean Andreau
2606:. Retrieved
2586:
2559:
2555:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2448:
2444:
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2390:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2351:
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2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2226:
2220:
2193:
2149:
2143:
2132:, retrieved
2105:
2095:
2079:(1): 61–76.
2076:
2072:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2030:
2023:
1996:
1990:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1906:
1900:
1873:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1832:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1799:(8): 84–89.
1796:
1792:
1782:
1766:(1): 57–74.
1763:
1759:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1703:– via
1677:
1650:– via
1610:
1606:
1579:, retrieved
1552:
1542:
1532:– via
1501:
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1451:
1429:. Retrieved
1409:
1402:
1391:, retrieved
1364:
1354:
1344:– via
1336:(1): 45–76.
1333:
1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1269:. Retrieved
1260:
1257:"Argentarii"
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1225:
1204:, retrieved
1177:
1167:
1156:, retrieved
1129:
1119:
1080:
1070:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
992:
988:
978:
953:
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
908:
901:
889:. Retrieved
869:
862:
845:
841:
831:
820:, retrieved
789:
779:
769:– via
742:1721.1/63609
720:
716:
709:Temin, Peter
703:
686:
682:
637:
612:, retrieved
585:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
500:
489:
476:
471:
467:
464:faeneratores
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
424:
419:
413:
394:
371:
351:
333:
331:
326:
319:
317:
312:
308:
304:
302:
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282:
278:
276:
267:
251:
249:
244:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
194:
192:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
144:
132:
128:
112:
108:
106:
91:, as in the
86:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:ancient Rome
26:
3868:: 179–212.
2821:10.1515/ebr
2397:: 200–201.
2259:"triumviri"
1673:Andreau, J.
1617:: 555–565.
1508:: 347–358.
995:(1): 1–32.
946:Elsner, Jaś
727:: 705–733.
689:: 129–152.
496:consumption
472:argentarii
460:argentarii
426:Stipulation
390:money bases
109:trapezites.
101:upper class
3888:Categories
3335:2466060172
2535:2212059771
2481:2212083681
2427:2212074666
2333:1937846677
1982:2193724986
1805:1846293526
1530:2548800396
564:References
452:nummularii
409:equestrian
334:nummularii
327:Nummularii
313:argentarii
309:argentarii
283:argentarii
234:trapezitai
230:argentarii
226:argentarii
222:expectores
195:argentarii
160:argentarii
145:Argentarii
129:argentarii
125:debasement
113:argentarii
77:debasement
49:argentarii
33:argentarii
3701:245054874
3517:165360045
3252:22 August
3119:241493769
2940:164103856
2841:23 August
2756:22 August
2556:Mnemosyne
2527:162512195
2473:163134314
2419:129788295
2318:164545996
2176:239585025
1974:165504116
1815:22 August
1648:201672538
1549:"finance"
1522:235747647
1457:Routledge
1271:22 August
1111:216414842
1027:22 August
1017:165408104
970:188993120
956:: 83–98.
767:216404189
759:154894486
468:coactores
456:coactores
305:coactores
290:Coactores
260:plebeians
133:numularii
119:near the
65:nummulari
61:coactores
45:nummulari
41:coactores
3874:44079991
3777:5 August
3771:Archived
3738:5 August
3732:Archived
3628:5 August
3622:Archived
3589:5 August
3583:Archived
3550:3 August
3544:Archived
3474:5 August
3468:Archived
3331:ProQuest
3291:5 August
3285:Archived
3246:Archived
3220:"credit"
3159:5 August
3153:Archived
3028:1 August
3022:Archived
2998:3 August
2992:archived
2964:(eds.),
2867:(eds.).
2835:Archived
2750:Archived
2725:5 August
2719:Archived
2686:5 August
2680:Archived
2631:(1999).
2608:5 August
2602:Archived
2531:ProQuest
2505:: 1–31.
2477:ProQuest
2465:20430486
2451:: 1–24.
2423:ProQuest
2373:5 August
2367:Archived
2329:ProQuest
2273:2 August
2267:Archived
2134:2 August
2128:archived
2052:5 August
2046:Archived
1978:ProQuest
1966:26817562
1950:: 1–26.
1854:5 August
1848:Archived
1809:Archived
1801:ProQuest
1644:ProQuest
1641:14564960
1601:(2002).
1581:1 August
1575:archived
1526:ProQuest
1477:5 August
1471:Archived
1431:5 August
1425:Archived
1393:2 August
1387:archived
1342:20858375
1303:Archived
1265:Archived
1255:(1875).
1237:3 August
1231:Archived
1206:2 August
1200:archived
1158:1 August
1152:archived
1021:Archived
1009:26560745
930:5 August
924:Archived
891:5 August
885:Archived
854:41342853
822:3 August
816:archived
763:ProQuest
695:44710189
614:3 August
608:archived
536:See also
507:security
492:enslaved
470:and the
458:and the
431:bank run
405:freedmen
401:plebeian
397:notaries
388:or open
386:currency
374:cashiers
367:denarius
252:mensarii
245:Mensarii
211:currency
180:tabernae
69:currency
57:mensarii
37:mensarii
2966:"banks"
2932:3184783
2918:: 201.
2411:3184782
2290:Phoenix
1631:3556419
1309:30 July
751:3874817
416:lawsuit
188:censors
89:temples
83:History
3872:
3843:
3810:
3763:
3724:
3699:
3665:
3614:
3575:
3515:
3505:
3460:
3433:
3400:
3367:
3333:
3328:801278
3326:
3277:
3238:
3198:
3145:
3117:
3107:
3073:
3063:
2984:
2938:
2930:
2889:
2827:
2711:
2672:
2645:
2594:
2533:
2525:
2519:301282
2517:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2359:
2331:
2326:808005
2324:
2316:
2308:
2241:
2208:
2174:
2164:
2120:
2038:
2011:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1921:
1888:
1840:
1803:
1697:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1567:
1528:
1520:
1463:
1417:
1379:
1340:
1192:
1144:
1109:
1099:
1015:
1007:
968:
916:
877:
852:
808:
765:
757:
749:
693:
657:
600:
514:mutuum
480:credit
446:Credit
411:rank.
228:. The
170:, and
47:. The
43:, and
3870:JSTOR
3697:S2CID
3513:S2CID
3115:S2CID
3071:JSTOR
2936:S2CID
2928:JSTOR
2523:S2CID
2515:JSTOR
2469:S2CID
2461:JSTOR
2415:S2CID
2407:JSTOR
2314:S2CID
2306:JSTOR
2172:S2CID
1970:S2CID
1962:JSTOR
1730:(1).
1635:INIST
1627:JSTOR
1613:(2).
1518:S2CID
1504:(1).
1346:JSTOR
1338:JSTOR
1330:Aevum
1107:S2CID
1013:S2CID
1005:JSTOR
966:S2CID
850:JSTOR
755:S2CID
747:JSTOR
723:(3).
691:JSTOR
522:usura
518:fenus
486:Loans
184:forum
139:Types
121:Forum
51:were
3841:ISBN
3808:ISBN
3779:2022
3761:ISBN
3740:2022
3722:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3630:2022
3612:ISBN
3591:2022
3573:ISBN
3552:2022
3503:ISBN
3476:2022
3458:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3293:2022
3275:ISBN
3254:2022
3236:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3161:2022
3143:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3030:2022
3000:2022
2982:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2843:2022
2825:ISBN
2758:2022
2727:2022
2709:ISBN
2688:2022
2670:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2610:2022
2592:ISBN
2375:2022
2357:ISBN
2275:2022
2239:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2136:2022
2118:ISBN
2054:2022
2036:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1856:2022
1838:ISBN
1817:2022
1728:2014
1695:ISBN
1583:2022
1565:ISBN
1479:2022
1461:ISBN
1433:2022
1415:ISBN
1395:2022
1377:ISBN
1311:2022
1273:2022
1239:2022
1208:2022
1190:ISBN
1160:2022
1142:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1029:2022
932:2022
914:ISBN
893:2022
875:ISBN
824:2022
806:ISBN
655:ISBN
616:2022
598:ISBN
450:The
376:and
338:mint
332:The
303:The
264:debt
250:The
193:The
158:The
131:and
3833:doi
3800:doi
3689:doi
3655:doi
3495:doi
3423:doi
3390:doi
3357:doi
3316:doi
3312:116
3228:doi
3188:doi
3097:doi
3053:doi
3018:obo
2974:doi
2920:doi
2879:doi
2817:doi
2777:doi
2564:doi
2507:doi
2453:doi
2399:doi
2298:doi
2231:doi
2198:doi
2154:doi
2110:doi
2081:doi
2001:doi
1952:doi
1948:108
1911:doi
1878:doi
1768:doi
1732:doi
1687:doi
1619:doi
1557:doi
1510:doi
1369:doi
1182:doi
1134:doi
1089:doi
1056:doi
997:doi
958:doi
798:doi
737:hdl
729:doi
687:174
647:doi
590:doi
528:or
520:or
403:or
384:of
209:of
27:In
3890::
3866:44
3864:.
3839:.
3831:.
3806:.
3769:.
3730:.
3695:.
3687:.
3661:.
3653:.
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