1004:
887:). Neither of these locations is certain. Dio does not mention the port of departure, and although Suetonius says that the secondary force under Claudius sailed from Boulogne, it does not necessarily follow that the entire invasion force did. Richborough had a large natural harbour which would have been suitable, and archaeology shows Roman military occupation at about the right time. However, Dio says the Romans sailed east to west, and a journey from Boulogne to Richborough is south to north. Some historians suggest a sailing from Boulogne to the
1849:
996:
53:
1742:
864:
561:
1582:
1869:
1312:
1458:
2309:
961:
Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for
Claudius to join him for the final push. Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor's assistance to defeat the resurgent British, who were determined to avenge Togodumnus. However, Claudius was no
1444:
In 2019 a marching camp dating to the 1st century AD, used by Roman legions during the invasion of
Agricola. Clay-domed ovens and 26 fire pits dated to AD 77–90 were found loaded with burn and charcoal contents. The fire pits were 30 m apart in two parallel lines. Archaeologists suggested that this
1780:
tactics before having to withdraw to
Hadrian's Wall. He repaired and reinforced the wall with a degree of thoroughness that led most subsequent Roman authors to attribute the construction of the wall to him. During the negotiations to purchase the truce necessary to secure the Roman retreat to the
1771:
tribes of the north of
Britain. He used the three legions of the British garrison (augmented by the recently formed 2nd Parthica legion), 9000 imperial guards with cavalry support, and numerous auxiliaries supplied from the sea by the British fleet, the Rhine fleet and two fleets transferred from
979:
and heavy armaments which would have overawed any remaining native resistance. Eleven tribes of South East
Britain surrendered to Claudius and the Romans prepared to move further west and north. The Romans established their new capital at Camulodunum and Claudius returned to Rome to celebrate his
1789:, a Caledonian chief, replied: "We consort openly with the best of men while you allow yourselves to be debauched in private by the worst". This is the first recorded utterance confidently attributable to a native of the area now known as Scotland. The emperor Septimius Severus died at
1523:
The years 87–117 were of consolidation and only a few sites north of the
Stanegate line were maintained, while the signs are that an orderly withdrawal to the Solway-Tyne line was made. There does not seem to have been any rout caused as a result of battles with various tribes.
1527:
Modifications to the
Stanegate line, with the reduction in the size of the forts and the addition of fortlets and watchtowers between them, seem to have taken place from the mid-90s onwards. Apart from the Stanegate line, other forts existed along the Solway Coast at Beckfoot,
1319:
The new governor was
Agricola, returning to Britain, and made famous through the highly laudatory biography of him written by his son-in-law, Tacitus. Arriving in mid-summer of 78, Agricola completed the conquest of Wales in defeating the Ordovices who had destroyed a cavalry
974:
says that
Claudius received the surrender of the Britons without battle or bloodshed. It is likely that the Catuvellauni were already as good as beaten, allowing the emperor to appear as conqueror on the final march on Camulodunum. Cassius Dio relates that he brought
1088:
who brought what are now the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west, probably because
Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn-out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain. When
703:
for engineers' huts and Caligula himself was very familiar with the Empire's soldiers. In any case this readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible three years later. For example, Caligula built a lighthouse at Bononia (modern
1254:
and Plumpton Head. Signal- or watch-towers are also in evidence across the Stainmore area: Maiden Castle, Bowes Moor and Roper Castle, for example. The two forces then moved up from the vicinity of Penrith to Carlisle, establishing the fort there in AD 72–73.
1732:
Roman troops, however, penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times. Indeed, there is a greater density of Roman marching camps in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe as a result of at least four major attempts to subdue the area.
1245:
may also have featured early on. At some point between 72 and 73, part of Cerialis's force moved across the Stainmore Pass from Corbridge westwards to join Agricola, as evidenced by campaign camps (which may have been previously set up by Bolanus) at
1365:, or to both. In 83 and 84, he moved north along Scotland's eastern and northern coasts using both land and naval forces, campaigning successfully against the inhabitants and winning a significant victory over the northern British peoples led by
1808:. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later
3454:
Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University
1186:(governor AD 69–71), and of Cerialis. From other sources, it seems that Bolanus had possibly dealt with Venutius and penetrated into Scotland, and evidence from the carbon-dating of the gateway timbers of the Roman fort at Carlisle (
3154:
Mason, David J. P. (2002a). "The Foundation of the Legionary Fortress: The Flavians and Imperial Symbolism". In Carrington, Peter (ed.). Deva Victrix: Roman Chester Re-assessed. Chester: Chester Archaeological Society. pp. 33–52.
1487:, were abandoned within the space of a few years. It is equally likely that the costs of a drawn-out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was more profitable to leave the Caledonians alone and only under
1052:
has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is unlikely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was fixed with modern precision during this period.
599:
prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms. According to Augustus's
1827:
in the buffer zone that developed between the walls, trading contacts, bribes to purchase truces from the natives, and eventually the spread of Christianity. The degree to which the Romans interacted with the
1706:. The Romans, who were well versed in warfare on hilly terrain since their founding, moved quickly to occupy strategic points and high ground, some of which had already been fortified by the Caledonians with
1347:
Tacitus says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80, he marched to the
1356:
in that year), not returning south until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the new lands that he had conquered, and in the rebellious lands that he had re-conquered. In 82, he sailed to either
228:
1072:
of southeast Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended their border country. Caratacus himself led this guerilla campaign but was defeated when he finally chose to offer a
4001:
1729:
was constructed. After two decades this was abandoned in 162 and only subsequently re-occupied on an occasional basis. Meanwhile, the Romans retreated to the earlier and stronger Hadrian's Wall.
546:
was established as the northern border, tribes in the region repeatedly rebelled against Roman rule and forts continued to be maintained across northern Britain to protect against these attacks.
2337:
2812:
3080:. Occasional paper / Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster (3 ed.). Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster.
1324:
of Roman auxiliaries stationed in their territory. Knowing the terrain from his prior military service in Britain, he was able to move quickly to subdue them. He then invaded
1388:
Agricola built a network of military roads and forts to secure the Roman occupation. Existing forts were strengthened and new ones planted in northeastern Scotland along the
221:
983:
After the invasion, Verica may have been restored as king of the Atrebates although by this time he would have been very elderly. In any case a new ruler for their region,
3038:
2780:
1084:
was unable or unwilling to protect him however, given her own accommodation with the Romans, and handed him over to the invaders. Ostorius died and was replaced by
1412:) were heavily planted with forts, not only establishing effective control there, but also completing a military enclosure of south-central Scotland (most of the
214:
2691:
2943:
1804:
came to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, after the provincial defences had been rebuilt following the
837:. He wrote that Sabinus was Vespasian's lieutenant, but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life, he could hardly have been a
3688:
2330:
2115:
2011:
1536:(near Whitehaven). Other forts in the region were built to consolidate Roman presence (Beckfoot for example may date from the late 1st century). A fort at
3349:
2794:
2656:
4122:
1927:
1471:
Agricola's successors are not named in any surviving source, but it seems they were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north. The fortress at
1746:
321:
1714:
which was strategically located commanding the western route north further into Caledonia and where significant evidence of the battle has been found.
1496:
With the decline of imperial ambitions in Scotland (and Ireland) by AD 87 (the withdrawal of the 20th legion), consolidation based on the line of the
4127:
4107:
1903:
1164:.) Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid following a rebellion by Venutius in 69. The Romans evacuated Cartimandua leaving Venutius in power.
858:
3836:
3697:
2717:
2069:
1148:
and may therefore have been responsible for the incorporation of Cumbria into a Brigantian federation whose territory straddled Britain along the
374:
3944:
2838:
2742:
555:
427:
31:
3991:
3705:
2323:
1989:
1291:) in 75 and a network of smaller forts 15–20 kilometres apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at
568:
In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since
4102:
3085:
2922:
1702:
immediately northwest of Hadrian's Wall, were amongst the first of the Caledonian tribes to face Lollius Urbicus's legions together with the
846:
1221:, where there is evidence of a Cerialian foundation, and followed the line of the Lune and Eden river valleys through Low Borrow Bridge and
4030:
1160:, Yorkshire), while Venutius was the chief of the Brigantes (or Carvetii) west of the Pennines in Cumbria (with a possible centre based at
834:
1655:, and to push the frontier further north. Lollius Urbicus moved three legions into position initially establishing his supply routes from
1436:
were not planted with forts, and there is nothing to indicate that the Romans were at war with them. Agricola was recalled to Rome in 84.
987:, soon appeared as his heir and as king of a number of territories following the first stage of the conquest as a reward as a Roman ally.
624:, written during this period, says Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered.
2809:
1628:
967:
871:
The main invasion force under Aulus Plautius crossed in three divisions. The port of departure is usually taken to have been Bononia (
3323:
1619:
rose to the throne, he moved quickly to reverse the empire limit system put in place by his predecessor. Following his defeat of the
3561:
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3020:
2471:
2444:
2417:
2215:
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4077:
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into the theatre between 139 and 140 AD, and thereafter moved his army, a force of at least 16,500 men, north of Hadrian's Wall.
1576:
1157:
592:
588:
573:
431:
252:
1971:
4137:
4097:
2085:
2046:
1997:
3035:
2940:
2777:
4132:
3735:
2201:
2134:
1922:
821:
Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion.
2371:
1776:, he inflicted genocidal depredations on the natives and incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men to the attrition of
4142:
4060:
3674:
3623:
1564:
1003:
2688:
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2020:
1325:
1262:
1168:
1110:
489:
279:
3760:
3466:
4117:
4035:
1073:
477:
356:
274:
4011:
3715:
3593:
The Great Invasion, Leonard Cottrell, Coward–McCann, New York, 1962, hardback. Was published in the UK in 1958.
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1680:
1126:
1102:
1057:
796:
138:
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980:
victory. Caratacus escaped with his family, retainers, and treasure, to continue his resistance further west.
2835:
2791:
2739:
2668:
2664:
2653:
1504:(or district commissioner). When the Stanegate became the new frontier it was augmented by large forts as at
4050:
2684:
1624:
1396:. The line of military communication and supply along southeastern Scotland and northeastern England (i.e.,
1370:
1176:
958:. Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain.
944:
602:
539:
309:
4055:
3826:
4147:
3927:
2097:
1946:
1761:
1199:
527:
516:
146:
4040:
3767:
3745:
2972:
3932:
3922:
3819:
3809:
2915:
2196:
1932:
1809:
1707:
1218:
1156:
line. Cartimandua may have ruled the Brigantian peoples east of the Pennines (possibly with a centre at
842:
3954:
3730:
669:
may have planned a campaign against the Britons in AD 40, but its execution was unclear: according to
635:
as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of
3912:
3814:
3804:
2714:
2186:
2128:
1560:
1321:
936:
932:
892:
826:
465:
264:
1717:
By 142 the Romans had pacified the entire area and had successfully moved the frontier north to the
1339:
along the southern coast of Scotland, using overwhelming military power to establish Roman control.
995:
52:
3601:
2856:
2381:
2313:
2037:
1848:
1823:
Later excursions into Scotland by the Romans were generally limited to the scouting expeditions of
1801:
1741:
1601:
1517:
1085:
849:, although as a former consul he may have been too senior, and perhaps accompanied Claudius later.
530:
conquered much of northern Britain during the following seven years. In AD 84, Agricola defeated a
3182:
Shotter, David (30 June 2014). "Roman Cumbria: Rome's "wild west"?". In Stringer, Keith J. (ed.).
2989:
1551:
98–117) onwards. Other forts that may have been established during this period include Ambleside (
863:
3893:
3725:
3117:
2282:
1829:
1695:
1409:
1393:
1378:
1133:'s uprising in 60 or 61, a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north.
876:
675:
576:, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman
456:
315:
1190:) suggest that they were felled in AD 72, during the governorship of Cerialis. Lead ingots from
954:. They were pursued by the Romans across the river, causing some Roman losses in the marshes of
939:
was almost captured, but recovered and turned the battle so decisively that he was awarded the
3906:
3898:
3888:
3794:
3574:
3557:
3438:
3187:
3156:
3137:
3081:
3016:
3015:
Anne Johnson, Roman Forts of the 1st and 2nd Centuries Ad in Britain and the German Provinces
2467:
2440:
2434:
2413:
2407:
2289:
2155:
2144:
1817:
1777:
1753:
1656:
1636:
1632:
1609:
1529:
1513:
1382:
1222:
1211:
970:
in Rome says he received the surrender of eleven British kings with no losses, and Suetonius'
560:
543:
408:
368:
302:
3184:
North-West England from the Romans to the Tudors : essays in memory of John Macnair Todd
2461:
30:
This article is about the conquest begun in AD 43. For other Roman invasions of Britain, see
4006:
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3841:
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3375:
3129:
2266:
2255:
2170:
1889:
1805:
1765:
1672:
1664:
1581:
1533:
1413:
1281:
1094:
1029:
1025:
963:
838:
778:
768:
751:
705:
362:
344:
326:
155:
57:
Roman conquest of Britain, showing the dominant local tribes/kingdoms conquered in each area
35:
2698:. The name of the second king is defaced, but Tincomarus is the most likely reconstruction.
4023:
3861:
3799:
3787:
3777:
3613:
3042:
2816:
2798:
2784:
2721:
2695:
2660:
2351:
2260:
2238:
2181:
1537:
1311:
1237:
were probably involved from evidence of one of the earliest Roman occupations in Cumbria.
1203:
1183:
924:
811:
688:
680:
493:
297:
292:
286:
206:
167:
663:
conquered the entire kingdom some time after AD 40 and Verica was expelled from Britain.
17:
1457:
3970:
3873:
3846:
3549:
2275:
2245:
2206:
1711:
1616:
1353:
1065:
1045:
1033:
729:
607:
461:
400:
350:
134:
118:
1093:
became emperor in 54, he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed
818:
was flexible, with cohorts and auxiliary units being moved around whenever necessary.
4091:
3981:
3959:
3856:
3851:
3657:
3642:
3636:
2947:
2842:
2746:
2250:
2222:
2150:
1726:
1699:
1556:
1484:
1405:
1389:
1272:
interrupted years before and with steady and successful progress finally subdued the
1234:
1161:
940:
692:
569:
416:
396:
78:
3186:. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. pp. 1–28.
1182:
Much of the conquest of the north may have been achieved under the governorships of
923:. A substantial British force met the Romans at a river crossing thought to be near
3976:
3883:
3878:
3831:
3750:
2376:
2366:
1786:
1684:
1605:
1500:
road (between Carlisle and Corbridge) was settled upon. Carlisle was the seat of a
1349:
1288:
1251:
1191:
1149:
976:
951:
928:
744:
660:
628:
392:
338:
113:
1198:, indicate that construction there was probably under way by AD 74. Nevertheless,
695:". Alternatively, he may have actually told them to gather "huts", since the word
1812:) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the
4112:
3939:
3868:
3755:
2732:
2646:
2160:
2051:
1782:
1773:
1722:
1718:
1397:
1207:
1137:
1081:
1024:, which became a base for the Roman legion, Legio II Augusta, from 55 until 75.
900:
880:
822:
636:
632:
620:
531:
501:
443:
269:
142:
3133:
2862:
1793:
while planning to renew hostilities, and these plans were abandoned by his son
627:
By the 40s AD, the political situation within Britain was in ferment. The
3772:
3663:
George Shipway – Imperial Governor. 2002. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
2191:
1966:
1956:
1912:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1417:
1374:
1303:. He left the post in 78, and was later appointed water commissioner in Rome.
1300:
1230:
1187:
1153:
1097:
as governor, a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of
984:
920:
912:
896:
815:
648:
640:
611:
505:
439:
332:
151:
3141:
2902:
2882:
1424:). In contrast to Roman actions against the Selgovae, the territories of the
1113:
in 60. Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of
1048:
was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the
2770:
2386:
2176:
1794:
1660:
1620:
1509:
1497:
1483:, erected to consolidate the Roman presence in Scotland in the aftermath of
1421:
1332:
1258:
1247:
1172:
1049:
1011:
916:
758:
737:
670:
656:
644:
509:
473:
469:
464:, the Romans pushed inland from the southeast, defeating the Britons in the
420:
412:
163:
1373:. Archaeology has shown the Romans built military camps in the north along
1392:, consolidating control of the glens that provided access to and from the
2973:"Battle of Medway – Vespasian and the Roman Conquest of Southern England"
2679:
1833:
1691:
1676:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1600:
117–138), Roman occupation was withdrawn to a defendable frontier in the
1555:), positioned to take advantage of ship-borne supply to the forts of the
1475:
was dismantled before its completion and the other fortifications of the
1446:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1401:
1366:
1336:
1292:
1277:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1145:
1141:
1098:
1077:
872:
725:
684:
666:
596:
577:
535:
481:
447:
404:
186:
130:
1105:
mounted a successful campaign across North Wales, famously killing many
3596:
3570:
1941:
1837:
1768:
1757:
1703:
1640:
1590:
1489:
1445:
site had been chosen as a strategic location for the Roman conquest of
1358:
1273:
1195:
1130:
1114:
1069:
1016:
683:
and, once his forces had become quite confused, ordered them to gather
497:
178:
174:
1563:. A road between Ambleside to Old Penrith and/or Brougham, going over
1076:; he fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the
814:
of 60–61, and were probably there since the initial invasion, but the
732:, a distinguished senator. A pretext of the invasion was to reinstate
3666:
2707:
2031:
1853:
1552:
1541:
1362:
1041:
1021:
888:
733:
713:
652:
615:
435:
407:, and was largely completed in the southern half of Britain (most of
3491:^ Encyclopaedia Romana. University of Chicago. accessed 1 March 2007
2436:
The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present
1785:, criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women; the wife of
3350:"Lost Roman marching camp sheds new light on invasion of Scotland"
1847:
1813:
1740:
1580:
1559:. From here, a road was constructed during the Trajanic period to
1508:
and additional forts at half-day marching intervals were built at
1456:
1400:) was well-fortified. In southernmost Caledonia, the lands of the
1310:
1296:
1269:
1106:
1061:
1002:
994:
955:
862:
700:
559:
485:
2610:
The Roman Conquest Of Scotland: The Battle Of Mons Graupius AD 84
1276:(around 76) and other hostile tribes, establishing a new base at
542:. However, the Romans soon withdrew from northern Britain. After
3402:
Die Statthalter der germanischen Provinzen vom 1.-3. Jahrhundert
1857:
1790:
1090:
884:
451:
198:
Boudican revolt: 30,000–40,000 killed (including 7,000 soldiers)
3670:
3298:"Archaeologists find remains of the Roman invasion of Ayrshire"
1040:) and by 47 it is likely that an area south of a line from the
1020:
settlements as he went. The force proceeded at least as far as
210:
1752:
The most notable later expedition was in 209 when the emperor
1214:
sailed from Chester up river estuaries to surprise the enemy.
3556:(3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1377:, controlling the glens that provided access to and from the
2861:
1117:
forced the Romans to return to the south east in 60 or 61.
724:
In 43, possibly by reassembling Caligula's troops from 40,
1202:
played his part in the west as commander of the legion XX
687:, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean due to the
415:
was established. The conquered territory became the Roman
2901:
2881:
2571:
Britannia: The Roman Conquest & Occupation of Britain
1840:) is still unresolved amongst archaeologists in Ireland.
1532:, Burrow Walls (near the present town of Workington) and
1261:
was sent into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Cerialis as
2932:
2930:
712:, that provided a model for the one built soon after at
651:) had friendly trade and diplomatic links with Rome and
3581:, vol. II, London: Henry G. Bohn, pp. 343–389
3324:"New evidence uncovered for Roman conquest of Scotland"
1171:(governor AD 71–74) waged a successful war against the
679:, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the
468:. By AD 47, the Romans held the lands southeast of the
3579:
The Works of Tacitus (The Oxford Translation, Revised)
1014:
took a force westwards, subduing tribes and capturing
1756:, claiming to be provoked by the belligerence of the
1540:
may have been established from the period of Emperor
867:
Campaigns under Aulus Plautius and the British tribes
430:
in 54 BC, some southern British chiefdoms had become
2810:
Caligula: Mad, bad, and maybe a little misunderstood
1060:, began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day
614:, fled to Rome as supplicants during his reign, and
3990:
3704:
2552:
2550:
1631:, was ordered by Antoninus Pius to march north of
1175:. Tacitus praises both Cerialis and his successor
966:accompanied Emperor Claudius to Britain in AD 43.
947:troops swam across the river as a separate force.
728:mounted an invasion force under overall charge of
423:) in the following centuries were not successful.
27:First century AD invasion of Britain by the Romans
564:Southern British tribes before the Roman invasion
1352:(some historians hold that he stopped along the
1694:, having settled in the regions of present-day
1144:; one speculation is that he might have been a
45:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
647:tribe whose capital was at Calleva Atrebatum (
472:. British resistance was led by the chieftain
3682:
3467:"In Photos: 1,800-Year-Old Roman Battle Site"
2331:
1007:Forts of the conquest period of Roman Britain
919:, sons of the late king of the Catuvellauni,
591:without direct military occupation, begun by
403:. It began in earnest in AD 43 under Emperor
222:
8:
4066:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
3266:
3251:
3236:
3221:
3206:
3100:
3000:
2512:
1328:, forcing the inhabitants to sue for peace.
761:, was directly attested to have taken part.
583:Between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the
438:gave the Romans a pretext for invasion. The
804:
794:
786:
776:
766:
749:
3689:
3675:
3667:
2338:
2324:
2120:
2090:
2016:
1908:
1863:
1299:, largely to exploit the gold deposits at
655:was recognised by Rome as their king, but
229:
215:
207:
42:
3408:Band 14, Cologne/Bonn, 1985, p. 168.
2635:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2622:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2558:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2542:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2488:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
1772:the Danube for the purpose. According to
1461:Roman military organisation in the north
903:, in territory formerly ruled by Verica.
3118:"Petillius Cerialis in Northern Britain"
3078:Romans and Britons in North-West England
2759:Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain
1331:The following year he moved against the
1056:Late in 47 the new governor of Britain,
859:Site of the Claudian invasion of Britain
419:. Attempts to conquer northern Britain (
3837:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
2409:Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain
2398:
2019:
1955:
1911:
1884:
1585:Levels of Romanisation by area and date
168:
3534:Mattingly, 233–34; Southern, 170, 341.
1136:The leader of the Brigantes was queen
810:) are known to have served during the
512:. The Romans put down the rebellion.
3554:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain
3521:, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander,
3281:
1747:Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
1608:frontier area by the construction of
1307:Campaigns of Agricola (AD 78–84)
999:Roman campaigns from AD 43 to 60
943:. At least one division of auxiliary
395:'s conquest of most of the island of
7:
3945:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
3575:"The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola"
3116:Shotter, D. C. A. (September 2000).
1217:The western thrust was started from
950:The British were pushed back to the
556:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
428:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
32:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
3437:. Oxford University Press. p. 508.
3635:Miles Russel – Ruling Britannia –
3614:De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae
2463:Life in a Roman Legionary Fortress
1567:, may also date from this period.
25:
4123:Military history of Roman Britain
3172:Caruana (1997), pp. 1-168, 40-51.
835:Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger
500:, in which the Britons destroyed
4078:Military history of ancient Rome
3328:HeritageDaily - Archaeology News
2307:
1867:
1781:wall, Septimius Severus's wife,
1577:Scotland during the Roman Empire
1206:(71–73), while Cerialis led the
574:expeditions in 55 and 54 BC
454:and used the newly-formed fleet
51:
4128:Wars involving the Roman Empire
4108:1st century in the Roman Empire
4061:Civil wars of the Third Century
3376:"Roman Timeline 2nd Century AD"
2466:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
1852:A monument to the conquest, in
1595:
1546:
1268:He returned to the conquest of
99:Most of Britain annexed by Rome
3465:Metcalfe, Tom (13 June 2016).
2406:Gillespie, Caitlin C. (2018).
1760:tribe, campaigned against the
1210:in the east. In addition, the
1111:invaded the island of Anglesey
911:British resistance was led by
757:, commanded by future emperor
1:
3076:Shotter, David C. A. (2004).
2202:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
1663:and moved three legions, the
1462:
1101:. Veranius and his successor
891:, landing in the vicinity of
593:Caesar's invasions of Britain
520:
399:, which was inhabited by the
375:Usurpation of Constantine III
4103:1st century in Great Britain
3649:. New York: HarperPerennial.
3632:, Peter Salway, Oxford, 1986
2920:Abridgement of Roman History
2761:, Cambridge University Press
2372:Roman sites in Great Britain
2116:Frontiers and fortifications
1335:of northern England and the
351:Usurpation of Magnus Maximus
3519:Christianity of Constantine
2412:. Oxford University Press.
1928:Decorations and punishments
1629:Roman Governor of Britannia
875:), and the main landing at
595:, largely remained intact.
580:, especially in the south.
293:Defeat of Petilius Cerealis
4164:
3134:10.1179/007817200790177879
2958:For example, John Manley,
2362:Roman governors of Britain
1820:in the summer and autumn.
1639:which were settled by the
1635:to conquer the Caledonian
1574:
1410:Stewartry of Kirkcudbright
1385:in northeastern Scotland.
1381:, and also throughout the
1229:). On the Cumbrian coast,
1169:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
856:
833:, and Vespasian's brother
587:of tribute, hostages, and
553:
492:. This was interrupted by
434:. The exile of their ally
29:
4074:
4019:Roman conquest of Britain
3550:Frere, Sheppad Sunderland
1404:(approximating to modern
1125:Following the successful
847:Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus
736:, the exiled king of the
389:Roman conquest of Britain
248:
192:
124:
107:
61:
50:
46:Roman conquest of Britain
18:Roman invasion of Britain
3515:Constantine and Eusebius
3433:Freeman, Charles (1999)
2433:Nicholas, Crane (2016).
2357:British military history
2231:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
2216:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
1886:Military of ancient Rome
1681:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
1194:, the Roman fortress at
1167:Tacitus says that in 71
1103:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
1058:Publius Ostorius Scapula
333:Usurpation of Magnentius
139:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
3716:Roman conquest of Italy
3435:Egypt, Greece, and Rome
2797:2 November 2022 at the
2757:John Creighton (2000),
2720:2 November 2022 at the
2694:2 November 2022 at the
2685:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
2659:2 November 2022 at the
2314:Ancient Rome portal
1625:Quintus Lollius Urbicus
1371:Battle of Mons Graupius
1028:was sent north towards
883:, on the east coast of
829:, who probably led the
743:It is unclear how many
540:Battle of Mons Graupius
2977:www.britishbattles.com
2460:Copeland, Tim (2014).
1861:
1762:Caledonian Confederacy
1749:
1586:
1468:
1316:
1200:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
1037:
1008:
1000:
868:
805:
795:
787:
777:
767:
750:
565:
528:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
484:, a stronghold of the
480:in AD 50. The isle of
460:. Under their general
357:Stilicho's Pictish War
322:Caledonia (AD 208–210)
275:Caratacus' last battle
270:Capture of Camulodunon
201:100,000–250,000 killed
147:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
125:Commanders and leaders
4138:Invasions of Scotland
4098:1st-century conflicts
4046:Domitian's Dacian War
3965:Liberators' civil war
3652:Francis Pryor. 2004.
3406:Epigraphische Studien
2197:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
2012:Technological history
1851:
1810:Constantine the Great
1744:
1737:3rd and 4th centuries
1584:
1460:
1343:Agricola in Caledonia
1315:Agricola's campaigns.
1314:
1006:
998:
866:
720:Claudian preparations
606:, two British kings,
563:
554:Further information:
417:province of Britannia
411:) by AD 87, when the
369:Usurpation of Gratian
241:occupation of Britain
193:Casualties and losses
4133:Invasions of England
4051:Trajan's Dacian Wars
3736:Roman–Hernician wars
3517:, 27, 298; Elliott,
3041:13 July 2021 at the
2960:AD43: a Reassessment
2815:30 July 2018 at the
2783:13 July 2021 at the
2187:Lower Germanic Limes
2086:Strategy and tactics
2021:Military engineering
1923:Unit types and ranks
1832:-speaking island of
1561:Hardknott Roman Fort
1502:centurio regionarius
968:The Arch of Claudius
937:Gnaeus Hosidius Geta
935:raged for two days.
933:Battle of the Medway
853:Crossing and landing
827:Gnaeus Hosidius Geta
747:were sent: only the
466:Battle of the Medway
432:allies of the Romans
363:Usurpation of Marcus
3950:Roman–Parthian Wars
3741:Roman–Volscian wars
3721:Roman–Etruscan Wars
3523:Emperor Constantine
2597:The Enemies of Rome
2382:Pugnaces Britanniae
2182:Lauter Valley Limes
1518:Brampton Old Church
1086:Aulus Didius Gallus
699:was also soldier's
259:Conquest of Britain
4143:Invasions of Wales
4056:Roman–Persian Wars
3955:Caesar's civil war
3827:Roman–Seleucid war
3726:Roman-Aequian wars
3698:Ancient Roman wars
3571:Tacitus, Cornelius
2283:Limes Tripolitanus
1904:Structural history
1862:
1750:
1696:Kirkcudbrightshire
1587:
1469:
1394:Scottish Highlands
1379:Scottish Highlands
1317:
1179:(governor 75–78).
1140:. Her husband was
1009:
1001:
972:The Twelve Caesars
964:Praetorian cohorts
962:military man. The
869:
676:The Twelve Caesars
631:had displaced the
566:
457:Classis Britannica
316:Siege of Burnswark
253:Caesar's invasions
239:Roman invasion and
4085:
4084:
4041:Jewish–Roman wars
3913:Sulla's civil war
3907:Bellum Octavianum
3795:Illyro-Roman Wars
3768:Roman–Gallic wars
3746:Roman–Sabine wars
3087:978-1-86220-152-1
2348:
2347:
2299:
2298:
2290:Limes Mauretaniae
2145:Limes Britannicus
2106:
2105:
2070:Political history
2060:
2059:
1980:
1979:
1764:, a coalition of
1754:Septimius Severus
1612:from around 122.
1383:Scottish Lowlands
1361:or the shores of
1250:, Crackenthorpe,
1212:Legio II Adiutrix
517:conquest of Wales
490:attacked in AD 60
442:was recruited in
409:England and Wales
384:
383:
303:Defeat of Boudica
205:
204:
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
4155:
4118:Iron Age Britain
4007:Marcomannic Wars
3918:Mithridatic Wars
3842:Celtiberian Wars
3731:Roman–Latin wars
3691:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3582:
3566:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3418:Historia Augusta
3415:
3409:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3354:www.scotsman.com
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3122:Northern History
3113:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2990:Arch of Claudius
2987:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2946:30 June 2012 at
2934:
2925:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2851:
2845:
2841:17 July 2012 at
2829:
2823:
2807:
2801:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2745:17 July 2012 at
2730:
2724:
2705:
2699:
2677:
2671:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2171:Limes Germanicus
2121:
2098:Infantry tactics
2091:
2047:Triumphal arches
2017:
1998:Wars and battles
1990:Campaign history
1909:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1806:Carausian Revolt
1673:Legio VI Victrix
1665:Legio II Augusta
1599:
1597:
1550:
1548:
1467:
1464:
1414:Southern Uplands
1177:Julius Frontinus
1095:Quintus Veranius
1026:Legio IX Hispana
839:military tribune
808:
800:
790:
782:
772:
755:
752:Legio II Augusta
706:Boulogne-sur-Mer
526:. Roman general
525:
522:
345:Great Conspiracy
327:Carausian Revolt
243:
231:
224:
217:
208:
183:
170:
160:
63:
62:
55:
43:
36:Carausian revolt
21:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4070:
4036:Civil war of 69
4024:Boudican revolt
3993:
3986:
3862:Cantabrian Wars
3800:Macedonian Wars
3707:
3700:
3695:
3626:, Tempus, 2002.
3590:
3588:Further reading
3585:
3569:
3564:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3471:livescience.com
3464:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3432:
3428:
3416:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3280:
3276:
3265:
3261:
3250:
3246:
3235:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3153:
3149:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3043:Wayback Machine
3030:
3026:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2935:
2928:
2914:
2910:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2830:
2826:
2817:Wayback Machine
2808:
2804:
2799:Wayback Machine
2787:; Dio Cassius,
2785:Wayback Machine
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2731:
2727:
2722:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2696:Wayback Machine
2678:
2674:
2661:Wayback Machine
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2352:Ancient Britain
2344:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2267:Limes Sarmatiae
2261:Anastasian Wall
2239:Pannonian Limes
2118:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2042:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1951:
1937:
1906:
1896:
1868:
1846:
1739:
1710:. One such was
1594:
1579:
1573:
1545:
1516:(Carvoran) and
1465:
1455:
1442:
1345:
1309:
1204:Valeria Victrix
1184:Vettius Bolanus
1123:
1074:decisive battle
993:
909:
861:
855:
812:Boudican revolt
806:Valeria Victrix
722:
681:English Channel
558:
552:
523:
385:
380:
287:Boudican revolt
244:
240:
237:
235:
185:
179:
173:
162:
156:
145:
141:
137:
133:
95:
81:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3971:Bellum Siculum
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3874:Jugurthine War
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Lusitanian War
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3712:
3710:
3708:Roman Republic
3702:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3617:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3567:
3562:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3506:
3493:
3484:
3473:. Live Science
3457:
3447:
3426:
3422:Antoninus Pius
3410:
3393:
3367:
3341:
3315:
3302:HeraldScotland
3289:
3274:
3259:
3244:
3229:
3214:
3199:
3192:
3174:
3165:
3147:
3128:(2): 189–198.
3108:
3093:
3086:
3059:
3046:
3024:
3008:
2993:
2982:
2964:
2951:
2926:
2908:
2888:
2868:
2846:
2824:
2802:
2763:
2750:
2725:
2700:
2672:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2573:, 1963, p. 107
2562:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2472:
2452:
2445:
2425:
2418:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2276:Limes Arabicus
2271:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Limes Alutanus
2242:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:Wetterau Limes
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:Hadrian's Wall
2153:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
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1901:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1845:
1842:
1818:Hadrian's Wall
1738:
1735:
1725:area when the
1712:Burnswark Hill
1633:Hadrian's Wall
1617:Antoninus Pius
1610:Hadrian's Wall
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1454:
1453:AD 84–117
1451:
1441:
1438:
1420:, and western
1354:Firth of Forth
1344:
1341:
1308:
1305:
1122:
1119:
1080:. Their queen
1046:Severn Estuary
1038:Lindum Colonia
992:
989:
908:
905:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
802:(later styled
788:Martia Victrix
784:(later styled
730:Aulus Plautius
721:
718:
608:Dubnovellaunus
551:
548:
544:Hadrian's Wall
462:Aulus Plautius
401:Celtic Britons
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119:Celtic Britons
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4008:
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4002:Germanic wars
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3982:War of Actium
3980:
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3972:
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3960:War of Mutina
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3857:Sertorian War
3855:
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3852:Numantine War
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3669:
3662:
3659:
3658:HarperCollins
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:Francis Pryor
3641:
3639:8/2005 pp 5–6
3638:
3637:History Today
3634:
3631:
3630:Roman Britain
3628:
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3563:0-7102-1215-1
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3541:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:Roman History
3500:Cassius Dio,
3497:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:0-19-872194-3
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3423:
3419:
3414:
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3407:
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3397:
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3377:
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3368:
3356:. 28 May 2019
3355:
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3342:
3330:. 24 May 2019
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3304:. 24 May 2019
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3195:
3193:9781873124659
3189:
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3161:0-9507074-9-X
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3057:, 3.45, Rome.
3056:
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3047:
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3040:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:0-312-68981-0
3018:
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2948:archive.today
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2858:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:archive.today
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:Roman History
2831:Dio Cassius,
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:Roman History
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:archive.today
2744:
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2738:
2737:Roman History
2734:
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2651:Roman History
2648:
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2530:
2529:Roman History
2527:Dio Cassius,
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2483:
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2473:9781445643939
2469:
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2446:9780297857358
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2419:9780190875589
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2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Trajan's Wall
2254:
2252:
2251:Limes Moesiae
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:Norican Limes
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Antonine Wall
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
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2122:
2117:
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2111:
2099:
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2087:
2082:
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2071:
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2053:
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2044:
2039:
2038:Siege engines
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
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1918:
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1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:Antonine Wall
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Dumfriesshire
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
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1611:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Lake District
1554:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:Mons Graupius
1482:
1478:
1474:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Dumfriesshire
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Highland Line
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
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1275:
1271:
1266:
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1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Blennerhasset
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:Clifton Dykes
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1121:AD 60–78
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1005:
997:
991:AD 44–60
990:
988:
986:
981:
978:
977:war elephants
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
941:Roman triumph
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:River battles
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
865:
860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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813:
809:
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801:
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789:
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781:
780:
773:
771:
770:
762:
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756:
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753:
746:
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731:
727:
719:
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715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
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650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
598:
594:
590:
589:client states
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:Julius Caesar
562:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:army, led by
533:
529:
519:lasted until
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:led by queen
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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422:
418:
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410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:Mons Graupius
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
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260:
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251:
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232:
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225:
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176:
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150:
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144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
106:
98:
93:
92:
89:Roman victory
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:Great Britain
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4076:
4031:Armenian War
4018:
3994:Roman Empire
3977:Perusine War
3969:
3905:
3884:Servile Wars
3879:Cimbrian War
3832:Galatian War
3751:Samnite Wars
3656:. New York:
3653:
3646:
3629:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3578:
3553:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3450:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3360:13 September
3358:. Retrieved
3353:
3344:
3334:13 September
3332:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3308:13 September
3306:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3150:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3102:
3096:
3077:
3054:
3049:
3032:
3027:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2937:
2919:
2911:
2897:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2805:
2788:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2736:
2728:
2711:
2703:
2683:
2675:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2462:
2455:
2435:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2377:Itius Portus
2367:Roman mining
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2229:
2169:
2143:
2127:
2030:
1825:exploratores
1824:
1822:
1799:
1787:Argentocoxos
1751:
1731:
1716:
1689:
1685:Deva Victrix
1614:
1606:Solway Firth
1588:
1526:
1522:
1501:
1495:
1493:submission.
1488:
1470:
1466: 84 AD
1443:
1387:
1350:Firth of Tay
1346:
1330:
1318:
1289:Isca Augusta
1283:
1267:
1257:
1252:Kirkby Thore
1216:
1192:Deva Victrix
1181:
1166:
1135:
1124:
1066:Cheshire Gap
1055:
1015:
1010:
982:
971:
960:
949:
929:River Medway
910:
870:
830:
820:
803:
793:
785:
775:
765:
763:
748:
742:
723:
710:Tour d'Ordre
709:
696:
674:
665:
661:Catuvellauni
629:Catuvellauni
626:
619:
601:
584:
582:
567:
524: AD 77
514:
455:
425:
393:Roman Empire
388:
386:
377:(AD 407–411)
365:(AD 406–407)
353:(AD 383–388)
347:(AD 367–368)
341:(AD 354–358)
339:Carausius II
335:(AD 350–353)
329:(AD 286–296)
258:
238:
180:
157:
114:Roman Empire
108:Belligerents
40:
3992:Wars of the
3940:Gallic Wars
3869:Achaean War
3756:Pyrrhic War
3706:Wars of the
3624:John Manley
3031:Suetonius,
2936:Suetonius,
2903:14.34
2883:14.32
2733:Dio Cassius
2647:Dio Cassius
2633:Churchill,
2620:Churchill,
2556:Churchill,
2540:Churchill,
2486:Churchill,
2161:Saxon Shore
1802:Constantius
1783:Julia Domna
1774:Dio Cassius
1723:River Forth
1719:River Clyde
1623:in 139 AD,
1571:From AD 117
1565:High Street
1440:Archaeology
1398:Dere Street
1208:IX Hispania
1138:Cartimandua
1127:suppression
1082:Cartimandua
901:Southampton
881:Richborough
823:Cassius Dio
637:Camulodunum
633:Trinovantes
621:Geographica
502:Camulodunum
494:an uprising
289:(60–61 AD)
261:(43–76 AD)
143:Vespasianus
94:Territorial
4092:Categories
4012:Gothic War
3773:Punic Wars
3761:Social War
3654:Britain AD
3647:Britain BC
3542:References
3282:Frere 1987
2863:3.44
2595:Matyszak,
2192:Main Limes
1745:The brief
1708:hill forts
1679:, and the
1602:River Tyne
1506:Vindolanda
1481:Perthshire
1477:Gask Ridge
1473:Inchtuthil
1418:Teviotdale
1375:Gask Ridge
1301:Dolaucothi
1231:Ravenglass
1188:Luguvalium
1064:, and the
985:Cogidubnus
921:Cunobeline
913:Togodumnus
897:Chichester
893:Noviomagus
831:IX Hispana
816:Roman army
792:) and the
779:XIV Gemina
769:IX Hispana
649:Silchester
641:Colchester
612:Tincomarus
603:Res Gestae
585:status quo
550:Background
532:Caledonian
506:Verulamium
478:his defeat
440:Roman army
426:Following
255:(55–54 BC)
152:Togodumnus
3602:Histories
3573:(1854) ,
3286:Britannia
3142:0078-172X
3055:Histories
3053:Tacitus,
3033:Vespasian
2916:Eutropius
2896:Tacitus,
2876:Tacitus,
2857:Histories
2854:Tacitus,
2821:Telegraph
2771:Suetonius
2712:Geography
2582:Tacitus,
2531:, 62.1–12
2499:Tacitus,
2439:. Orion.
2393:Citations
2387:Esunertos
2177:Alb Limes
1795:Caracalla
1778:guerrilla
1766:Brittonic
1661:Bremenium
1621:Brigantes
1538:Troutbeck
1510:Newbrough
1498:Stanegate
1422:Tweeddale
1333:Brigantes
1282:Legio II
1259:Frontinus
1248:Rey Cross
1219:Lancaster
1173:Brigantes
1146:Carvetian
1050:Fosse Way
1012:Vespasian
925:Rochester
917:Caratacus
845:mentions
843:Eutropius
825:mentions
759:Vespasian
738:Atrebates
716:(Dover).
685:seashells
671:Suetonius
657:Caratacus
645:Atrebates
538:, at the
510:Londinium
474:Caratacus
470:Fosse Way
421:Caledonia
413:Stanegate
298:Londinium
164:Caratacus
3645:. 2004.
3552:(1987),
3525:, 15–16.
3513:Barnes,
3400:W. Eck,
3380:unrv.com
3284::88–89,
3269:Agricola
3267:Tacitus
3254:Agricola
3252:Tacitus
3239:Agricola
3237:Tacitus
3224:Agricola
3222:Tacitus
3209:Agricola
3207:Tacitus
3103:Agricola
3101:Tacitus
3039:Archived
3003:Agricola
3001:Tacitus
2944:Archived
2938:Claudius
2839:Archived
2836:60.19–22
2813:Archived
2795:Archived
2781:Archived
2775:Caligula
2743:Archived
2718:Archived
2692:Archived
2680:Augustus
2657:Archived
2608:Fraser,
2599:, p. 189
2515:Agricola
2513:Tacitus
2503:14.29–39
1972:Admirals
1947:Generals
1878:a series
1876:Part of
1844:See also
1836:(modern
1834:Hibernia
1830:Goidelic
1800:Emperor
1692:Selgovae
1677:Eboracum
1669:Caerleon
1653:Novantae
1651:and the
1649:Damnonii
1645:Selgovae
1637:Lowlands
1530:Maryport
1447:Ayrshire
1434:Votadini
1430:Damnonii
1426:Novantae
1408:and the
1402:Selgovae
1367:Calgacus
1337:Selgovae
1326:Anglesey
1295:in west
1293:Pumsaint
1278:Caerleon
1263:governor
1243:Maryport
1239:Beckfoot
1227:Brocavum
1223:Brougham
1158:Stanwick
1142:Venutius
1109:when he
1099:Anatolia
1078:Pennines
945:Batavian
877:Rutupiae
873:Boulogne
726:Claudius
691:and the
667:Caligula
597:Augustus
578:Iron Age
536:Calgacus
448:Hispania
405:Claudius
391:was the
371:(AD 407)
359:(AD 398)
318:(AD 140)
280:Anglesey
187:Calgacus
131:Claudius
74:Location
69:AD 43–84
3620:A.D. 43
3597:Tacitus
3272:, 24–38
3257:, 19–23
3242:, 20-21
2637:, p. 10
2586:, 14.37
2569:Welch,
2518:, 14–16
1942:Auxilia
1933:Legions
1838:Ireland
1816:beyond
1769:Pictish
1758:Maeatae
1704:Otadini
1641:Otadini
1598:
1591:Hadrian
1549:
1534:Moresby
1490:de jure
1369:at the
1359:Kintyre
1284:Augusta
1274:Silures
1196:Chester
1131:Boudica
1115:Boudica
1070:Silures
1044:to the
1030:Lincoln
927:on the
745:legions
708:), the
697:musculi
689:Capitol
643:). The
498:Boudica
397:Britain
312:(AD 83)
181:†
175:Boudica
166: (
158:†
96:changes
3928:Second
3894:Second
3820:Fourth
3810:Second
3783:Second
3608:Annals
3560:
3477:2 June
3455:Press.
3441:
3386:1 June
3382:. UNRV
3190:
3163:. p.33
3159:
3140:
3084:
3019:
2898:Annals
2878:Annals
2708:Strabo
2624:, p. 9
2584:Annals
2560:, p. 7
2544:, p. 6
2501:Annals
2490:, p. 5
2470:
2443:
2416:
2075:
2032:Castra
1967:Fleets
1894:AD 476
1890:753 BC
1880:on the
1854:Walmer
1671:, the
1627:, the
1589:Under
1553:Galava
1542:Trajan
1514:Magnis
1432:, and
1363:Argyll
1150:Solway
1107:druids
1068:. The
1042:Humber
1022:Exeter
1017:oppida
952:Thames
931:. The
889:Solent
774:, the
734:Verica
714:Dubris
693:Palace
653:Verica
616:Strabo
488:, was
486:druids
476:until
450:, and
444:Italia
436:Verica
265:Medway
177:
154:
86:Result
3933:Third
3923:First
3899:Third
3889:First
3815:Third
3805:First
3788:Third
3778:First
3504:77.16
2792:59.25
2778:44–46
2740:60:19
2669:53.25
2665:53.22
2654:49.38
2135:Walls
2129:Limes
2052:Roads
1814:Picts
1683:from
1675:from
1667:from
1657:Coria
1615:When
1297:Wales
1270:Wales
1062:Wales
1034:Latin
956:Essex
899:) or
701:slang
3611:and
3558:ISBN
3479:2017
3439:ISBN
3424:5.4.
3388:2017
3362:2020
3336:2020
3310:2020
3227:, 18
3212:, 18
3188:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3138:ISSN
3106:, 17
3082:ISBN
3017:ISBN
3006:, 14
2923:7:13
2468:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2414:ISBN
1957:Navy
1913:Army
1858:Kent
1791:York
1698:and
1690:The
1659:and
1280:for
1241:and
1233:and
1154:Tyne
1091:Nero
915:and
885:Kent
764:The
610:and
515:The
508:and
482:Mona
452:Gaul
387:The
66:Date
34:and
3130:doi
2715:4.5
1479:in
1322:ala
1129:of
618:'s
572:'s
169:POW
4113:43
4094::
3622:,
3605:,
3599:,
3577:,
3469:.
3420:,
3378:.
3352:.
3326:.
3300:.
3136:.
3126:36
3124:.
3120:.
3062:^
2975:.
2941:17
2929:^
2918:,
2900:,
2880:,
2860:,
2819:,
2773:,
2735:,
2710:,
2689:32
2682:,
2667:,
2663:,
2649:,
2549:^
1892:–
1856:,
1797:.
1647:,
1643:,
1596:r.
1547:r.
1520:.
1512:,
1463:c.
1449:.
1428:,
1416:,
1265:.
1036::
841:.
797:XX
740:.
673:'
659:'
521:c.
504:,
446:,
3690:e
3683:t
3676:v
3660:.
3481:.
3445:.
3404:(
3390:.
3364:.
3338:.
3312:.
3196:.
3144:.
3132::
3090:.
3036:4
2979:.
2962:.
2476:.
2449:.
2422:.
2339:e
2332:t
2325:v
1860:.
1721:-
1604:-
1593:(
1544:(
1287:(
1225:(
1152:-
1032:(
895:(
879:(
639:(
230:e
223:t
216:v
172:)
38:.
20:)
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