5085:(RR; 2000): Includes rules both for transcription and for transliteration. South Korea now officially uses this system that was approved in 2000. Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$ 20 million. All road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. The change has been either ignored or
5419:
5374:
2889:
2843:
349:
5046:/ U.S. Library of Congress system, based on MR but with some deviations. Word division is addressed in detail, with a generous use of spaces to separate word endings from stems that is not seen in MR. Syllables of given names are always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are ignored more often than in MR. Distinguishes between
56:
5030:
What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and
Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen or space is
5660:
The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections above. (Hangul
152:
Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one may be better for
4706:, and has been adopted by much of the international community as a standard for writing Chinese words and names in the Latin script. The value of Hanyu Pinyin in education in China lies in the fact that China, like any other populated area with comparable area and population, has numerous distinct
5463:
using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for
Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely
5089:
in some cases, notably the romanization of names and existing companies. RR is generally similar to MR, but uses no diacritics or apostrophes, and uses distinct letters for ㅌ/ㄷ (t/d), ㅋ/ㄱ (k/g), ㅊ/ㅈ (ch/j) and ㅍ/ㅂ (p/b). In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries were intended to be
315:
may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually
147:
romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation.
294:
For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be
201:
If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the
5100:(1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final draft.
5312:
5188:(Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels.
5343:
avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with
English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>.
4572:
initiative aimed at
Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization.
5039:). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s.
316:
leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the
Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization
4560:
The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise
Hindustani is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based
4595:, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or
5630:
The 2010 Ukrainian
National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941.
5352:
5280:
239:
Most romanizations are intended to enable the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of
274:
in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent
183:, or special characters must be used to represent them all in Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text.
5075:. In cases that would otherwise be ambiguous, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with a period. This system also indicates consonants that have disappeared from a word's
9070:– "Hamari Boli (our language) is perhaps one of the very first serious undertakings to explore, develop and encourage the growth of Roman script in the use of Urdu/Hindi language."
4556:
and nastaʿlīq respectively), whereas
Hindustani is the "L" variety used by the masses and written in either devanagari or nastaʿlīq (and called 'Hindi' or 'Urdu' respectively).
10736:
9186:
4863:
8776:
9063:
10726:
5562:
9532:
4622:
10179:
4785:
4423:
and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir
William Jones.
186:
Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version.
9982:
5148:
4763:
9395:
4545:
In
Pakistan: Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu is the "high" variety, whereas Hindustani is the "low" variety used by the masses (called Urdu, written in
8973:
10705:
4698:
for decades, primarily as a linguistic tool for teaching the standardized language. The system is also used in other Chinese-speaking areas such as
4458:
432:
4982:: ("word processor romanization") transliteration. Not strictly a system, but a collection of common practices that enables input of Japanese text.
9977:
9406:
5535:(1947): Transliteration system (United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
5348:
5276:
4795:
4726:
9883:
10640:
8595:
4839:
4710:, though there is just one common written language and one common standardized spoken form. (These comments apply to romanization in general)
4359:
9819:
module covering a variety of writing systems e.g. Cyrillic or Greek. Provides a lot of standards as well as common transliteration schemes.
8605:
4279:
These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
10785:
9427:
5272:
438:
8892:
9772:
10731:
9752:
5662:
446:
9641:
483:
2660:
has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination
10621:
10603:
8870:
324:, but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version,
5339:
was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called
156:
Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language. (So-called
10255:
10172:
9194:
5225:
4522:
starting in the 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two
2930:
283:
4661:(1892): Transliteration. Very popular from the 19th century until recently and continues to be used by some Western academics.
4474:: Uses upper and lower case and doubling of letters, to avoid the use of diacritics, and to restrict the range to 7-bit ASCII.
10580:
10233:
5581:
Conventional English transliteration is based to BGN/PCGN, but does not follow a particular standard. Described in detail at
5082:
4810:
63:
8784:
356:
5004:(MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly changed version of MR was the official system for
10497:
9057:
4904:
4664:
4618:
456:
437:(1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential
83:
67:
42:
38:
9508:
9286:
10278:
8780:
5464:
traditional. All this has resulted in great reduplication of names. E.g. the name of the Russian composer
4738:
550:
10199:
5064:
4526:
223:
111:
9515:
4519:
4419:
is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study
10204:
10165:
10111:
10101:
10096:
10056:
10014:
9994:
9876:
8620:
5409:
5332:
5286:
5260:
5232:
4828:
4398:
509:
5591:
Comparative transliteration of Russian in different languages (Western European, Arabic, Georgian, Braille, Morse)
10091:
10086:
10029:
9999:
9921:
5619:
5606:
The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of the
5340:
5326:
5266:
4953:
4406:
8859:
8719:
10291:
10247:
10242:
10066:
10041:
9989:
9952:
9831:
9728:
5625:
5465:
4943:
4916:
4450:: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard,
2879:
2833:
500:(1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case
9740: – A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.
9410:
4997:
While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist:
4552:
In India, both Standard (Shuddh) Hindi and Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu are the "H" varieties (written in
10700:
10488:
10106:
10024:
10019:
9972:
9967:
9957:
8981:
5582:
5454:
4582:
4402:
544:
114:, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into
10664:
10126:
10076:
10051:
10009:
9947:
5364:
4992:
4875:
4346:
4203:
4170:
4137:
4106:
4073:
4040:
4007:
3974:
3941:
3908:
3875:
3842:
3809:
3776:
3743:
3710:
3680:
3647:
3614:
3581:
3548:
3515:
3482:
3451:
3418:
3385:
3352:
3319:
3286:
3253:
3221:
3188:
3155:
3122:
3089:
3056:
3023:
2990:
2805:
2801:
2784:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2549:
2502:
2455:
2396:
2337:
2278:
2219:
2172:
2125:
2066:
2007:
1948:
1897:
1838:
1741:
1713:
1685:
1657:
1634:
1594:
1556:
1527:
1504:
1481:
1458:
1435:
1412:
1383:
1360:
1319:
1278:
1237:
1199:
1158:
1120:
1079:
1056:
1012:
989:
966:
925:
902:
861:
823:
785:
747:
706:
683:
660:
637:
608:
385:
261:
131:
5001:
4546:
10780:
10775:
10679:
10229:
10141:
10071:
10046:
9962:
9911:
9869:
9168:
9029:
8610:
5532:
5028:, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous.
5025:
4856:(since the late 19th century). Technically this represented a largely phonemic transcription system, as
4301:
2944:
339:
176:
9150:
5031:
used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first consonant letter (e.g.
10790:
10131:
8615:
5578:) for a writing method that is not truly a transliteration, but used for similar goals (see article).
5120:
4937:
4667:(1942): Created by the U.S. for battlefield communication and used in the influential Yale textbooks.
532:
249:
241:
234:
116:
9802:
9132:
4481:
517:
10146:
10081:
10061:
9906:
9621:
9463:
9342:
9315:
9242:
9215:
9111:
9087:
9009:
8952:
8900:
8839:
8812:
5635:
5568:
5299:
5244:
5240:
5165:
5043:
4973:
4779:
4652:
4608:
4507:
4503:
4451:
4386:
4318:
2960:
526:
419:
4979:
4845:
10611:
10219:
5086:
5076:
5072:
4670:
9544:
4446:
to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is very similar to the academic standard,
10267:
9926:
9748:
9540:
4930:
4892:
4628:
4588:
4569:
4538:
4523:
2760:
442:
423:
271:
207:
165:
31:
9567:
9555:
9435:
4774:
4288:
Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.
452:
10004:
9614:
9335:
9262:
9208:
5702:
5687:
5460:
5313:
Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script
5248:
5224:
In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications, the
4963:
4853:
4816:
4695:
4592:
2923:
403:
389:
304:
59:
9825: – Arabic Transliteration (free chrome extension exists, also works for Persian, Urdu)
9456:
9080:
8904:
4800:
214:
syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.
10116:
9835:
9806:
9776:
9769:
9732:
9519:
9235:
9067:
8945:
8805:
5697:
5692:
5601:
5541:(1971): A now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79, which is an
5236:
5005:
4947:
4879:
4744:
4732:
4707:
4431:
4352:
415:
411:
399:
395:
308:
196:
107:
75:
49:
9942:
9737:
9002:
8832:
4658:
252:
of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.
9649:
9308:
5648:
Ukrainian National and BGN/PCGN systems, at the UN Working Group on Romanization Systems
426:
languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following:
160:
romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on central-European alphabets like the
10593:
10214:
10121:
10034:
5677:
5548:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5185:
5177:
5141:
4691:
4646:
4530:
4462:
4412:
312:
282:
effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The
279:
172:
161:
99:
5418:
5373:
5067:(1942): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among
4940:(1867): phonetic transcription to Anglo-American practices, used in geographical names
2888:
2842:
10769:
10588:
9916:
9812:
8579:
8574:
5552:
5538:
5205:
5133:
5125:
4922:
4534:
4471:
4311:
9822:
5012:
from 1984 to 2000, and yet a different modification is still the official system in
10754:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10510:
10505:
10188:
8601:
8585:
5607:
5336:
5097:
4750:
4687:
4640:
4632:
4612:
4307:
144:
103:
71:
9690:
9484:
9107:
5347:
The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by
10695:
9857:
5294:
5159:
5103:
5068:
5013:
5009:
4674:
4562:
300:
296:
248:) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular
203:
91:
10136:
9294:
5575:
5021:
4805:
4735:(GR, 1928–1986, in Taiwan 1945–1986; Taiwan used Japanese Romaji before 1945),
4553:
465:
180:
79:
9758:
10749:
10710:
9604:
S.P. Brock, "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic literature", in Aram,1:1 (1989)
9570:
Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Optimized Streamlined System).
8672:
5181:
5153:
5137:
4699:
4515:
4511:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4377:
4328:
4323:
521:
503:
477:
8751:
8720:"Qalam: A Convention for Morphological Arabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration"
4926:
9512:
4568:
Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source
8664:
8590:
5717:
5707:
5682:
5213:
5129:
4957:
4790:
4713:
4636:
4420:
267:
126:
17:
9795:
Cyrillic Transliteration and Transcription ONLINE (Cyrillic -> Latin)
9558:
Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Basic Streamlined System).
10674:
10669:
10260:
4857:
4416:
4371:
4333:
491:
326:
320:
may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables
245:
122:
9794:
9580:
5060:
Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:
418:
as well as numerous other languages in the Muslim world, particularly
10659:
10654:
10649:
9663:
9371:
8918:
8874:
8727:
8692:
5712:
5091:
4703:
4596:
4485:
4477:
4365:
471:
9828:
9726:
IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)
9725:
4565:
collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers.
62:, like many languages, can be romanized in a number of ways; above:
9847:
9788:
5071:. Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation is indicated by a
10627:
10515:
5640:
5558:
5542:
5305:
5281:
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use
5017:
4491:
4443:
513:
497:
461:
54:
175:
has a smaller number of letters than many other writing systems,
9816:
5180:, spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the
4466:
4447:
407:
278:
possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to
211:
210:
allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese
55:
10161:
10157:
9865:
9861:
2613:
Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
9838: – Russian Transliteration (free chrome extension exists)
5413:
5368:
5302:, 1997 (American Library Association and Library of Congress):
4541:
in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is,
2883:
2837:
464:(1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the
343:
9755:. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)
9372:"UN Romanization of Bulgarian for Geographical Names (1977)"
9037:
8665:"Standards, Training, Testing, Assessment and Certification"
5551:
romanization system for geographical names (1987): Based on
270:
conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all
106:, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include
10535:
4434:
convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard. It uses
9764:
9151:"Taiwan Authority Concerned Passes Tongyong Pinyin Scheme"
5459:
There is no single universally accepted system of writing
10475:
10468:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10314:
10307:
10300:
9396:"Romanization System for Bulgarian, BGN/PCGN 1952 System"
8640:
5574:"Volapuk" encoding (1990s): Slang term (it is not really
5132:
and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with
9799:
9361:
State Gazette # 19, Sofia, 13 March 2009. (in Bulgarian)
311:
with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a
5429:
5384:
4480:: a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by
2900:
2854:
360:
5602:
Syriac alphabet § Latin alphabet and romanization
5136:, probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and
4966:(1987): phonemic transcription. Named after the book
4611:: Used to be similar to Wade–Giles, but converted to
286:
is the most common system of phonetic transcription.
8891:
Lefort, Francois; Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A.
4694:, Hanyu Pinyin has been used officially to romanize
2656:
in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide
70:
characters meaning Chinese, and romanization systems
10737:
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
10719:
10688:
10638:
10620:
10602:
10579:
10496:
10487:
10276:
10228:
9935:
9899:
9583:[Transliteration of the Russian alphabet].
5588:
Streamlined System for the romanization of Russian.
30:"Romanised" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
4655:(1906): Early standard for international addresses
9791: – Converts between Pinyin and other formats
9133:"Tongyong Pinyin the new system for romanization"
5094:, but this is inconsistently applied in practice.
4956:(1937): phonemic transcription. Also adopted as (
27:Transliteration or transcription to Latin letters
4631:(1926): Omitted tone sounds. Used mainly in the
9187:"Gov't to improve English-friendly environment"
8974:"Sanskrit 3: comparing transliteration systems"
5651:Thomas T. Pedersen's comparison of five systems
9533:"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"
8582:, expression of a language in Cyrillic letters
5563:International Organization for Standardization
244:and attempt to render the significant sounds (
135:, which records speech sounds with precision.
10173:
9877:
2796:
2776:
2742:
2723:
2641:
2629:The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
2533:
2486:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2203:
2156:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1935:
1928:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1734:
1706:
1678:
1650:
1627:
1587:
1549:
1520:
1497:
1474:
1451:
1428:
1405:
1376:
1353:
1312:
1271:
1230:
1192:
1151:
1113:
1072:
1049:
1005:
982:
959:
918:
895:
854:
816:
778:
740:
699:
676:
653:
630:
601:
8:
9765:UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
9759:U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables
9169:"Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009"
481:
430:
5184:. The only existing romanisation system is
4625:in the 19th century, used mainly in France.
2609:
2607:
2605:
98:is the conversion of text from a different
10493:
10180:
10166:
10158:
9884:
9870:
9862:
9263:"A superficial comparison between the two"
5667:
5226:Library of Congress transliteration method
5149:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
4946:(1885): transliteration. Also adopted as (
4764:Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2638:At the beginning of words the combination
5106:romanization, developed 1945–47 for his
4459:National Library at Kolkata romanization
4306:There are romanization systems for both
2918:
1759:
554:
334:Romanization of specific writing systems
10727:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
9407:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
8641:"Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft"
8632:
5277:United States Board on Geographic Names
5200:has two official romanization systems:
4727:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
4461:, intended for the romanization of all
4239:
2708:Not transliterated at the end of words.
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
4454:, although there are a few differences
4438:to map the much larger set of Brahmic
4383:ISO/DIS 259-3: Phonemic transcription.
4355:is romanized using several standards:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
488:(German Institute for Standardization)
9809: – An Arabic Transliteration Pad
9108:"New Chinese Romanization Guidelines"
4840:Comparison of Hokkien writing systems
2816:
2814:
2716:
2714:
433:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
110:, for representing written text, and
7:
10711:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
9900:By publisher (for several languages)
8606:adoption of Chinese literary culture
4860:was not commonly written in Chinese.
295:comprehensible. Furthermore, due to
9522:Romanization of Russian. 2006–2016.
8752:"Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration"
5273:BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian
4380:(1994): Simplified transliteration.
2797:
2777:
2743:
2724:
2642:
2534:
2487:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2204:
2157:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2001:
1994:
1936:
1929:
1891:
1884:
1832:
1825:
1735:
1707:
1679:
1651:
1628:
1588:
1550:
1521:
1498:
1475:
1452:
1429:
1406:
1377:
1354:
1313:
1272:
1231:
1193:
1152:
1114:
1073:
1050:
1006:
983:
960:
919:
896:
855:
817:
779:
741:
700:
677:
654:
631:
602:
506:(1993): Simplified transliteration.
129:meaning in speech, and more strict
9770:Unicode Transliteration Guidelines
9581:"Транслитерация русского алфавита"
8598:, though standards vary by polity.
5645:Ukrainian National transliteration
5561:(1995): Transliteration. From the
4921:Romanization (or, more generally,
25:
9738:Microsoft Transliteration Utility
4864:Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
4499:Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)
9848:https://laatingar.com/dashboard}
9789:Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool
9747:U.S. Library of Congress, 1997,
9539:. XLII (2017) No. 2. pp. 66-73.
8893:"Transliteration scheme ISO 843"
8871:University of California, Irvine
8777:"The Buckwalter Transliteration"
5661:characters are broken down into
5610:, with some material published.
5417:
5372:
4623:École française d'Extrême-Orient
2887:
2841:
347:
153:cataloguing international texts.
10256:International Phonetic Alphabet
9287:"Korean Romanization Reference"
8873:. June 23, 2004. Archived from
8860:"The TLG Beta Code Manual 2004"
4933:. The most common systems are:
284:International Phonetic Alphabet
5291:International Scholarly System
5083:Revised Romanization of Korean
4716:(1991): Based on Hanyu Pinyin.
887:somewhat resembling German Ch
484:Deutsches Institut für Normung
1:
9936:By language or writing system
4976:: Similar to Modified Hepburn
4968:Japanese: The Spoken Language
4905:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
4854:Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
4639:in the 1930s. Predecessor of
4484:that used to be prevalent on
1397:somewhat resembling French R
1345:somewhat resembling French R
457:British Standards Institution
171:Simplicity – Since the basic
143:There are many consistent or
43:Latinisation (disambiguation)
39:Romanisation (disambiguation)
10706:Western Latin character sets
9193:. 2008-09-18. Archived from
9036:. 2011-06-15. Archived from
8781:Xerox Research Centre Europe
6606:כ, חֿ (or its final form ך )
4739:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
551:Category:Persian orthography
10732:Letters used in mathematics
9853:For Cantonese Romanization
9487:[Transliteration].
8775:Beesley, Ken (2010-11-22).
5079:and standard pronunciation.
5042:There is, for example, the
520:; does not require unusual
224:Transcription (linguistics)
10807:
10786:Multilingual orthographies
10288:
9745:ALA-LC Romanization Tables
8621:Spread of the Latin script
8596:Transcription into Chinese
5623:
5617:
5599:
5452:
5410:Romanization of Macedonian
5407:
5362:
5333:scientific transliteration
5324:
5287:Scientific transliteration
5264:
5261:Romanization of Belarusian
5258:
5251:that use these alphabets.
5233:scientific transliteration
5118:
4990:
4914:
4837:
4829:Romanization of Wu Chinese
4826:
4761:
4724:
4580:
4399:Devanagari transliteration
4396:
4344:
4299:
2877:
2831:
2787:. Often transliterated as
548:
542:
510:Buckwalter transliteration
383:
337:
259:
232:
221:
194:
47:
36:
29:
10745:
10195:
9842:For Persian Romanization
8978:Sanskrit-Sanscrito.com.ar
8867:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
5620:Romanization of Ukrainian
5327:Romanization of Bulgarian
5267:Belarusian Latin alphabet
4878:(1960), for the distinct
4649:: Used mainly in Germany.
4407:Romanisation of Malayalam
1987:
1980:
1877:
1870:
1818:
1811:
1751:
1748:
1723:
1720:
1695:
1692:
1667:
1664:
1638:
1569:
1537:
1531:
1508:
1485:
1462:
1439:
1416:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1364:
1212:
1133:
1060:
993:
970:
906:
836:
798:
766:
687:
664:
641:
618:
615:
482:
480:(1982): Developed by the
455:(1968): Developed by the
431:
10292:ISO basic Latin alphabet
10248:ISO basic Latin alphabet
10243:Classical Latin alphabet
9642:"Додаток до рішення № 9"
7891:צ (or its final form ץ )
6949:נ (or its final form ן )
6780:מ (or its final form ם )
6129:פ (or its final form ף )
5626:Ukrainian Latin alphabet
5077:South Korean orthography
4917:Romanization of Japanese
4753:(since January 1, 2009).
4677:, a Scottish missionary.
4374:(1984): Transliteration.
2880:Romanization of Georgian
2834:Romanization of Armenian
2599:Used as a vowel as well.
494:(1984). Transliteration.
48:Not to be confused with
9537:Contrastive Linguistics
9428:"Cyrillic Translations"
5583:Romanization of Russian
5468:may also be written as
5455:Romanization of Russian
4852:official script of the
4583:Romanization of Chinese
4403:Romanization of Bengali
4393:Indic (Brahmic) scripts
545:Romanization of Persian
9698:Transliteration.Eki.ee
9066:June 16, 2013, at the
9059:The News International
5528:etc. Systems include:
5426:This section is empty.
5381:This section is empty.
5365:Romanization of Kyrgyz
4993:Romanization of Korean
4520:Hindi–Urdu controversy
4347:Romanization of Hebrew
512:(1990s): Developed at
386:Romanization of Arabic
262:Phonetic transcription
242:phonemic transcription
132:phonetic transcription
87:
9432:DSpace.Dial.Pipex.com
9416:on December 19, 2007.
9297:on February 14, 2006.
9155:People's Daily Online
9030:"What is HamariBoli?"
8907:on December 10, 2004.
8611:Latinisation of names
4465:, is an extension of
4302:Romanization of Greek
2808:in Classical Persian.
2764:) are rarely written.
2739:When used instead of
340:Category:Romanization
86:for those characters.
58:
9743:Randall Barry (ed.)
8946:"Hebrew and Yiddish"
8880:on January 29, 2006.
8616:Semitic romanization
5656:Overview and summary
5247:, as well as modern
5241:Glagolitic alphabets
5156:1998 Transliteration
5121:Romanization of Thai
4786:Hong Kong Government
4741:(MPS II, 1986–2002),
4587:Romanization of the
4537:, are recognized as
2749:at the end of words.
2730:at the end of words.
533:Arabic chat alphabet
439:Hans Wehr dictionary
361:adding missing items
250:Hepburn Romanization
235:Phonemic orthography
121:, which records the
104:Roman (Latin) script
37:For other uses, see
10252:Phonetic alphabets
9783:Romanization online
9622:Library of Congress
9464:Library of Congress
9343:Library of Congress
9316:Library of Congress
9243:Library of Congress
9216:Library of Congress
9112:Library of Congress
9088:Library of Congress
9010:Library of Congress
8972:Gabriel Pradīpaka.
8953:Library of Congress
8901:University of Crete
8840:Library of Congress
8813:Library of Congress
8521:ﺯ — ﺰ, ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ
5954:ﺩ — ﺪ, ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ
5300:ALA-LC romanization
5245:Old Church Slavonic
5228:is used worldwide.
4653:Postal romanization
4518:resulting from the
4508:Indo-Aryan language
4430:(2001): A standard
2758:Diacritical signs (
2720:In the combination
1762:
1038:S as in television
557:
10639:Keyboard layouts (
9834:2016-03-08 at the
9805:2019-10-25 at the
9775:2009-03-28 at the
9731:2008-12-23 at the
9720:About romanization
9518:2016-04-12 at the
9403:earth-info.nga.mil
5341:Streamlined System
5331:A system based on
5243:. This applies to
5162:2007 Transcription
4970:by Eleanor Jorden.
4834:Min Nan or Hokkien
4671:Legge romanization
4539:official languages
2899:. You can help by
2853:. You can help by
1760:
555:
359:; you can help by
88:
68:Simplified Chinese
10763:
10762:
10634:
10633:
10482:
10481:
10268:Spelling alphabet
10155:
10154:
9652:on March 7, 2005.
9646:hostmaster.net.ua
8566:
8565:
6042:, ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ
5446:
5445:
5401:
5400:
5235:is used for both
5090:indicated with a
5002:McCune–Reischauer
4893:Foochow Romanized
4629:Latinxua Sin Wenz
4589:Sinitic languages
4570:language planning
4227:
4226:
4090:x or kh (rarely)
2980:
2975:
2974:Kartvelo translit
2970:
2969:Unofficial system
2965:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2871:
2870:
2783:from the earlier
2576:
2575:
1758:
1757:
1040:or G as in genre
808:Ch as in Charlie
398:is used to write
377:
376:
166:Croatian alphabet
32:Romanised (horse)
16:(Redirected from
10798:
10494:
10478:
10471:
10464:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10366:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10286:
10285:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10159:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9863:
9813:Lingua::Translit
9708:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9695:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9668:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9648:. Archived from
9638:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9619:
9611:
9605:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9592:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9529:
9523:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9485:"Транслитерация"
9483:Dimiter Dobrev.
9480:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9461:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9434:. Archived from
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9409:. Archived from
9400:
9392:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9340:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9313:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9293:. Archived from
9283:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9273:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9240:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9213:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9085:
9077:
9071:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9007:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8980:. Archived from
8969:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8950:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8932:
8923:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8903:. Archived from
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8864:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8837:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8810:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8783:. Archived from
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8762:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8732:
8726:. Archived from
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8697:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8637:
7751:ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ, ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ
7495:ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ, ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ
6257:ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ, ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ
5668:
5441:
5438:
5428:You can help by
5421:
5414:
5396:
5393:
5383:You can help by
5376:
5369:
5249:Slavic languages
5231:In linguistics,
4848:(POJ), once the
4817:Cantonese Pinyin
4796:Macau Government
4747:(2002–2008), and
4547:nastaʿlīq script
4289:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4256:
4255:Archaic letters.
4253:
4205:
4200:
4172:
4167:
4139:
4134:
4108:
4103:
4075:
4070:
4042:
4037:
4009:
4004:
3976:
3971:
3943:
3938:
3910:
3905:
3877:
3872:
3844:
3839:
3811:
3806:
3778:
3773:
3745:
3740:
3712:
3707:
3682:
3677:
3649:
3644:
3616:
3611:
3583:
3578:
3550:
3545:
3517:
3512:
3484:
3479:
3453:
3448:
3420:
3415:
3387:
3382:
3354:
3349:
3321:
3316:
3288:
3283:
3255:
3250:
3223:
3218:
3190:
3185:
3157:
3152:
3124:
3119:
3091:
3086:
3058:
3053:
3025:
3020:
2992:
2987:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2891:
2884:
2866:
2863:
2845:
2838:
2821:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2692:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2611:
2600:
2597:
2551:
2537:
2536:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2221:
2207:
2206:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1763:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1489:M as in Michael
1483:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1014:
1009:
1008:
991:
986:
985:
968:
963:
962:
927:
922:
921:
904:
899:
898:
863:
858:
857:
846:H as in holiday
825:
820:
819:
787:
782:
781:
749:
744:
743:
708:
703:
702:
685:
680:
679:
662:
657:
656:
639:
634:
633:
610:
605:
604:
558:
487:
486:
436:
435:
390:Maltese alphabet
372:
369:
351:
350:
344:
323:
305:written language
206:romanization of
60:Mandarin Chinese
21:
10806:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10759:
10741:
10715:
10684:
10630:
10616:
10598:
10575:
10483:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10439:
10432:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10369:
10362:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10327:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10294:
10290:Letters of the
10272:
10224:
10191:
10186:
10156:
10151:
9931:
9895:
9890:
9836:Wayback Machine
9807:Wayback Machine
9777:Wayback Machine
9733:Wayback Machine
9717:
9712:
9711:
9702:
9700:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9675:
9673:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9657:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9626:
9624:
9617:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9603:
9599:
9590:
9588:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9566:
9562:
9554:
9550:
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8649:
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8639:
8638:
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8604:, specifically
8571:
6387:Η, Ι, Υ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ
5658:
5628:
5622:
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5604:
5598:
5457:
5451:
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5323:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5222:
5194:
5174:
5123:
5117:
5029:
4995:
4989:
4948:ISO 3602 Strict
4919:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4872:
4842:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4745:Tongyong Pinyin
4733:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
4729:
4723:
4684:
4621:. Developed by
4605:
4591:, particularly
4585:
4579:
4501:
4432:transliteration
4409:
4395:
4353:Hebrew alphabet
4349:
4343:
4304:
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4293:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4278:
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3183:
3150:
3117:
3084:
3051:
3018:
2985:
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2954:
2947:
2938:
2937:National system
2924:Georgian letter
2913:
2907:
2904:
2897:needs expansion
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2851:needs expansion
2836:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2795:. For example,
2774:
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2757:
2753:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2693:
2672:
2664:was changed to
2648:was pronounced
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2301:U as in actual
1790:BGN/PCGN (1958)
1541:V as in vision
1105:Sh as in sheep
974:R as in rabbit
578:BGN/PCGN (1958)
565:
553:
547:
541:
396:Arabic alphabet
392:
384:Main articles:
382:
373:
367:
364:
348:
342:
336:
321:
309:spoken language
307:represents any
292:
264:
258:
237:
231:
226:
220:
199:
197:Transliteration
193:
191:Transliteration
141:
108:transliteration
76:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
53:
50:Romanianization
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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10215:Roman numerals
10212:
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10177:
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9715:External links
9713:
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9682:
9655:
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9606:
9597:
9585:Russki-mat.net
9572:
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9254:
9227:
9200:
9197:on 2008-09-19.
9191:The China Post
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9072:
9061:- Dec 29, 2011
9050:
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8897:biology.uoc.gr
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6360:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5638:
5618:Main article:
5615:
5612:
5600:Main article:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5556:
5549:United Nations
5546:
5536:
5453:Main article:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5424:
5422:
5408:Main article:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5379:
5377:
5363:Main article:
5360:
5357:
5325:Main article:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5284:
5259:Main article:
5256:
5253:
5221:
5218:
5210:Roman Dzongkha
5202:Tibetan Pinyin
5198:Tibetan script
5193:
5190:
5178:Nuosu language
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5142:Brahmic family
5134:its own script
5119:Main article:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5095:
5080:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
4991:Main article:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4915:Main article:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4835:
4832:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4762:Main article:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4725:Main article:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4692:mainland China
4683:
4682:Mainland China
4680:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4647:Lessing-Othmer
4644:
4626:
4616:
4604:
4601:
4581:Main article:
4578:
4575:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4531:Standard Hindi
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4482:Avinash Chopde
4475:
4469:
4455:
4413:Brahmic family
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4345:Main article:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4300:Main article:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4257:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2894:
2892:
2878:Main article:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2846:
2832:Main article:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2766:
2751:
2732:
2710:
2696:
2670:
2631:
2615:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:Ay as in play
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:Y as in happy
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:Pronunciation
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
987:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
964:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
923:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
900:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
859:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
821:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
783:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
745:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
704:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
681:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
658:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
635:
628:
624:
623:
622:- as in uh-oh
620:
617:
614:
611:
606:
599:
595:
594:
593:Pronunciation
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
562:
543:Main article:
540:
537:
536:
535:
530:
524:
518:Tim Buckwalter
507:
501:
495:
489:
475:
469:
459:
450:
381:
378:
375:
374:
354:
352:
335:
332:
291:
288:
280:coarticulation
257:
254:
230:
227:
222:Main article:
219:
216:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
188:
187:
184:
173:Latin alphabet
169:
154:
140:
137:
100:writing system
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10803:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10637:
10629:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10486:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10459:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10445:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10424:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10410:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10372:
10368:
10365:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
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9175:. 2008-09-18.
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5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5665:components.)
5664:
5655:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5553:GOST 16876-71
5550:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:GOST 16876-71
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5206:Lhasa Tibetan
5203:
5199:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5114:
5109:
5108:Spoken Korean
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5087:grandfathered
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:) is called "
4924:
4923:Roman letters
4918:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:and parts of
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:: Created by
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:Standard Urdu
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4510:with extreme
4509:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:Harvard-Kyoto
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:Indic scripts
4460:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4362:Z39.25 (1975)
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:Ancient Greek
4309:
4303:
4295:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:W, ch or tch
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2895:This section
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2849:This section
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2820:After vowels.
2817:
2815:
2811:
2794:
2790:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2736:
2733:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2572:Ye as in yes
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:Ye as in yes
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2483:U+064E U+06CC
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2424:U+064E U+06CC
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2365:U+064E U+0648
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2306:U+0650 U+06CC
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2247:U+064F U+0648
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2200:U+06CC U+0670
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2153:U+064E U+06CC
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2035:U+064E U+0627
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1925:U+0648 U+064F
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:ALA-LC (1997)
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:Y as in Yale
1641:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:N as in name
1511:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:L as in lamp
1465:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:C as in card
1419:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:F as in Fred
1367:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:Z as in zero
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:t as in tank
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:Z as in zero
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:Z as in zero
996:
988:
981:
978:
977:
973:
965:
958:
955:
954:
951:Z as in zero
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
924:
917:
914:
913:
910:D as in Dave
909:
901:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
860:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
833:
830:
827:
822:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
795:
792:
789:
784:
777:
774:
773:
769:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
746:
739:
736:
735:
732:S as in sand
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
705:
698:
695:
694:
691:T as in tall
690:
682:
675:
672:
671:
667:
659:
652:
649:
648:
644:
636:
629:
626:
625:
621:
612:
607:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
575:ALA-LC (1997)
574:
571:
568:
563:
560:
559:
552:
546:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
485:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
463:
460:
458:
454:
451:
448:
447:0-87950-003-4
444:
440:
434:
429:
428:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
387:
379:
371:
362:
358:
355:This list is
353:
346:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
328:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
236:
228:
225:
218:Transcription
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
198:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:international
155:
151:
150:
149:
146:
138:
136:
134:
133:
128:
124:
120:
119:transcription
118:
113:
112:transcription
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
44:
40:
33:
19:
10781:Latin script
10776:Romanization
10755:Palaeography
10210:Romanization
10209:
10189:Latin script
9983:in Singapore
9893:Romanization
9892:
9852:
9841:
9744:
9701:. Retrieved
9697:
9685:
9674:. Retrieved
9670:
9658:
9650:the original
9645:
9636:
9625:. Retrieved
9609:
9600:
9589:. Retrieved
9587:(in Russian)
9584:
9575:
9568:Interscript.
9563:
9556:Interscript.
9551:
9536:
9527:
9504:
9493:. Retrieved
9491:(in Russian)
9488:
9478:
9467:. Retrieved
9451:
9440:. Retrieved
9436:the original
9431:
9422:
9411:the original
9402:
9390:
9379:. Retrieved
9375:
9366:
9357:
9346:. Retrieved
9336:"Belarusian"
9330:
9319:. Retrieved
9303:
9295:the original
9291:Glossika.com
9290:
9281:
9270:. Retrieved
9266:
9257:
9246:. Retrieved
9230:
9219:. Retrieved
9203:
9195:the original
9190:
9181:
9173:Taipei Times
9172:
9163:
9154:
9145:
9137:Taipei Times
9136:
9127:
9116:. Retrieved
9114:. 1998-11-03
9102:
9091:. Retrieved
9075:
9058:
9053:
9042:. Retrieved
9038:the original
9033:
9024:
9013:. Retrieved
8997:
8986:. Retrieved
8982:the original
8977:
8967:
8956:. Retrieved
8940:
8929:. Retrieved
8925:
8913:
8905:the original
8896:
8886:
8875:the original
8866:
8854:
8843:. Retrieved
8827:
8816:. Retrieved
8800:
8789:. Retrieved
8785:the original
8770:
8759:. Retrieved
8755:
8746:
8735:. Retrieved
8728:the original
8723:
8714:
8703:. Retrieved
8699:
8687:
8676:. Retrieved
8668:
8659:
8648:. Retrieved
8644:
8635:
8602:Sinicization
8586:Francization
5659:
5629:
5608:Soviet Union
5605:
5526:Tsjajkovskij
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5482:Tschaikowski
5481:
5477:
5474:Tchajkovskij
5473:
5469:
5458:
5434:
5430:adding to it
5425:
5389:
5385:adding to it
5380:
5346:
5337:ISO/R 9:1968
5330:
5311:
5290:
5230:
5223:
5195:
5175:
5128:, spoken in
5124:
5107:
5098:ISO/TR 11941
5059:
5051:
5047:
5036:
5032:
4996:
4967:
4954:Kunrei-shiki
4920:
4849:
4775:Barnett–Chao
4751:Hanyu Pinyin
4688:Hanyu Pinyin
4641:Hanyu Pinyin
4633:Soviet Union
4613:Hanyu Pinyin
4586:
4567:
4559:
4524:standardized
4502:
4410:
4350:
4305:
4284:
4232:
4231:
4228:
2905:
2901:adding to it
2896:
2859:
2855:adding to it
2850:
2792:
2788:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2735:
2668:(see below).
2634:
2578:
2577:
2242:O as in hot
2195:O as in hot
2148:O as in hot
2089:O as in hot
2030:E as in ten
1861:A as in cat
1579:H as in hot
1143:S as in Sam
1064:S as in Sam
1039:
770:J as in jam
668:P as in pet
645:B as in Bob
393:
365:
325:
317:
303:variance no
293:
275:
265:
238:
200:
157:
145:standardized
142:
130:
125:or units of
115:
96:romanization
95:
89:
72:Hanyu Pinyin
10791:Orthography
10696:ISO/IEC 646
10622:Pentagraphs
10604:Tetragraphs
10489:Multigraphs
9829:Russianeasy
9691:"Ukrainian"
9664:"Ukrainian"
9615:"Ukrainian"
9531:L. Ivanov.
9489:Metodii.com
8724:EServer.org
5545:equivalent.
5518:Tshaikovski
5510:Chaykovskiy
5498:Chajkovskij
5478:Tchaikowski
5470:Tchaykovsky
5466:Tchaikovsky
5295:linguistics
5160:ISO 11940-2
5110:coursebooks
5022:apostrophes
5014:North Korea
5010:South Korea
4944:Nihon-shiki
4801:Meyer–Wempe
4690:(1958): In
4675:James Legge
4563:open source
4024:w, c or ts
3829:g, gh or R
3826:g, gh or R
3565:J, zh or j
2948:(1981—2009)
2419:O as in go
1971:O as in go
1920:O as in go
1443:G as in go
556:Consonants
204:Nihon-shiki
92:linguistics
64:Traditional
10770:Categories
10750:Diacritics
10147:Vietnamese
10015:Macedonian
9995:Belarusian
9703:2015-07-02
9676:2015-07-02
9627:2015-07-02
9591:2013-04-25
9495:2013-04-25
9469:2015-07-02
9442:2013-04-25
9381:2015-06-27
9348:2015-07-02
9321:2015-07-02
9272:2013-04-25
9248:2015-07-02
9221:2014-09-28
9209:"Japanese"
9118:2013-04-25
9093:2015-07-02
9044:2013-04-25
9034:HamariBoli
9015:2015-07-02
8988:2013-04-25
8958:2015-07-02
8931:2015-07-02
8845:2015-07-02
8818:2015-07-02
8791:2013-04-25
8761:2013-04-25
8737:2015-07-02
8705:2015-07-02
8678:2013-04-25
8650:2015-07-02
8645:Dmg-web.de
8627:References
8095:ﻭ — ﻮ
7326:ﺭ — ﺮ
5986:ﺫ — ﺬ
5671:Romanized
5624:See also:
5522:Tšaikovski
5514:Chaikovski
5506:Chaykovsky
5490:Čajkovskij
5486:Czajkowski
5404:Macedonian
5265:See also:
5255:Belarusian
4950:) in 1989.
4846:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
4838:See also:
4827:See also:
4806:Sidney Lau
4659:Wade–Giles
4554:devanagari
4504:Hindustani
4440:consonants
4436:diacritics
4397:See also:
2804:"sun" was
1799:UN (2012)
1784:DMG (1969)
590:UN (2012)
572:DMG (1969)
549:See also:
522:diacritics
466:Morse code
357:incomplete
338:See also:
301:synchronic
297:diachronic
260:See also:
233:See also:
181:diacritics
80:Wade-Giles
10689:Standards
10581:Trigraphs
10277:Letters (
10230:Alphabets
10220:Ligatures
10092:Maldivian
10087:Malayalam
10062:Inuktitut
10030:Ukrainian
10000:Bulgarian
9978:in Taiwan
9545:0204-8701
9513:Optimized
9457:"Russian"
9081:"Chinese"
8756:Qamus.org
8673:BSI Group
6180:ΓΓ, ΓΚ, Γ
5614:Ukrainian
5502:Çaykovski
5494:Čajkovski
5437:June 2015
5392:June 2015
5355:in 2013.
5321:Bulgarian
5289:, or the
5182:Yi script
5154:ISO 11940
5140:, in the
5138:Old Khmer
5069:linguists
4876:Guangdong
4780:Guangdong
4769:Cantonese
4758:Singapore
4700:Singapore
4527:registers
4516:diglossia
4512:digraphia
4428:ISO 15919
4378:ISO 259-2
4329:Greeklish
4324:Beta Code
2908:June 2015
2862:June 2015
1796:UN (1967)
1793:EI (2012)
587:UN (1967)
584:EI (2012)
581:EI (1960)
504:ISO 233-2
478:DIN 31635
18:Romanized
10498:Digraphs
10112:Sanskrit
10067:Japanese
10042:Georgian
9990:Cyrillic
9953:Armenian
9912:BGN/PCGN
9832:Archived
9823:Arabeasy
9815: –
9803:Archived
9773:Archived
9729:Archived
9516:Archived
9267:Sori.org
9236:"Korean"
9064:Archived
8919:"Hebrew"
8806:"Arabic"
8693:"Arabic"
8591:Gairaigo
8569:See also
8281:Υ, Ι, ΓΙ
7748:ט, תּ, ת
7145:, ֳ, וֹֹ
5718:Bopomofo
5708:Katakana
5683:Cyrillic
5533:BGN/PCGN
5275:, 1979 (
5237:Cyrillic
5220:Cyrillic
5214:Dzongkha
5130:Thailand
5026:diereses
4958:ISO 3602
4931:Japanese
4911:Japanese
4887:Min Dong
4882:variety.
4850:de facto
4791:Jyutping
4714:ISO 7098
4708:dialects
4696:Mandarin
4637:Xinjiang
4603:Mandarin
4593:Mandarin
4421:Sanskrit
4417:abugidas
4107:/q/,/qʰ/
3991:dz or Z
3958:c or ts
3942:/t͡s(ʰ)/
3925:ch or C
3909:/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/
3892:sh or S
2953:ISO 9984
2945:BGN/PCGN
2874:Georgian
2828:Armenian
2781:⟩
2775:⟨
2747:⟩
2741:⟨
2728:⟩
2722:⟨
2694:In Dari.
2646:⟩
2640:⟨
2522:–e, –ye
1778:Isolated
368:May 2021
318:zyûzyutu
268:phonetic
256:Phonetic
246:phonemes
229:Phonemic
208:Japanese
177:digraphs
127:semantic
123:phonemes
117:phonemic
10701:Unicode
10670:Colemak
10261:X-SAMPA
10200:History
10122:Tibetan
10107:Persian
10097:Marathi
10025:Serbian
10020:Russian
9973:Chinese
9968:Burmese
9958:Bengali
9943:Amharic
9003:"Hindi"
8833:"Greek"
8524:ز ظ ذ ض
8293:ﻱ ﻳ ﻴ ﻲ
8284:Й, Ы, Ј
7837:ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ
7583:ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ
7293:ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ
6952:ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ
6783:ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ
6749:ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ
6609:ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ
6521:ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ
6460:ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ
6225:ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ
6132:ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ
5833:ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ
5739:ַ, ֲ, ָ
5703:Persian
5688:Amazigh
5576:Volapük
5461:Russian
5449:Russian
5192:Tibetan
5016:. Uses
4938:Hepburn
4899:Min Bei
4880:Teochew
4870:Teochew
4858:Min Nan
4615:in 2000
4577:Chinese
4372:ISO 259
4334:ISO 843
3799:k / k̊
3796:q or k
3793:q or k
3766:p / p̊
3760:p or f
3452:/i/,/j/
3276:t / t̊
3270:T or t
2761:harakat
2519:–e, –ye
2516:–e, –ye
2513:–e, –ye
2510:–i, –yi
2507:–e, –ye
1775:Initial
1766:Unicode
1761:Vowels
564:Persian
561:Unicode
539:Persian
492:ISO 233
453:BS 4280
420:African
404:Persian
327:jūjutsu
139:Methods
102:to the
10665:Dvorak
10660:AZERTY
10655:QWERTZ
10650:QWERTY
10205:Spread
10142:Uyghur
10127:Telugu
10117:Syriac
10102:Nepali
10077:Korean
10052:Hebrew
10010:Kyrgyz
10005:Kazakh
9963:Berber
9948:Arabic
9907:ALA-LC
9800:eiktub
9751:
9671:Eki.ee
9543:
9376:Eki.ee
9309:"Thai"
8926:Eki.ee
8700:Eki.ee
6396:ִ, י ִ
6222:גֿ, עֿ
5762:ai̯/ɛ
5713:Hangul
5698:Arabic
5693:Hebrew
5636:ALA-LC
5596:Syriac
5571:(1997)
5569:ALA-LC
5359:Kyrgyz
5316:, 2000
5208:) and
5166:ALA-LC
5104:Lukoff
5092:hyphen
5073:macron
5044:ALA-LC
5018:breves
5006:Korean
4987:Korean
4980:Wāpuro
4974:ALA-LC
4927:rōmaji
4813:(1942)
4782:(1960)
4721:Taiwan
4704:Taiwan
4609:ALA-LC
4597:Zhuyin
4506:is an
4494:(1988)
4486:Usenet
4478:ITRANS
4452:ALA-LC
4444:vowels
4405:, and
4387:ALA-LC
4368:(1977)
4366:UNGEGN
4341:Hebrew
4336:(1997)
4319:ALA-LC
4308:Modern
4041:/t͡ʃʼ/
4008:/t͡sʼ/
2964:(1997)
2961:ALA-LC
2955:(1996)
2939:(2002)
2806:/xʷar/
2773:After
2530:U+06C0
2503:–e,–je
2469:ey, ay
2410:ow, aw
2094:U+0622
1976:U+0650
1866:U+064F
1807:U+064E
1772:Medial
1731:U+0626
1703:U+0624
1675:U+0623
1647:U+0621
1624:U+06CC
1584:U+0629
1546:U+0647
1517:U+0648
1494:U+0646
1471:U+0645
1448:U+0644
1425:U+06AF
1402:U+06A9
1373:U+0642
1350:U+0641
1309:U+063A
1304:_____
1268:U+0639
1227:U+0638
1189:U+0637
1148:U+0636
1110:U+0635
1069:U+0634
1046:U+0633
1002:U+0698
979:U+0632
956:U+0631
915:U+0630
892:U+062F
851:U+062E
813:U+062D
775:U+0686
737:U+062C
696:U+062B
673:U+062A
650:U+067E
627:U+0628
598:U+0627
566:letter
529:(1997)
527:ALA-LC
474:(1972)
472:UNGEGN
445:
416:Sindhi
412:Pashto
400:Arabic
380:Arabic
322:じゅうじゅつ
313:script
272:phones
10720:Lists
10628:tzsch
10072:Khmer
10057:Hindi
10047:Greek
10035:Uzbek
9694:(PDF)
9667:(PDF)
9618:(PDF)
9509:Basic
9460:(PDF)
9414:(PDF)
9399:(PDF)
9339:(PDF)
9312:(PDF)
9239:(PDF)
9212:(PDF)
9084:(PDF)
9006:(PDF)
8949:(PDF)
8922:(PDF)
8878:(PDF)
8863:(PDF)
8836:(PDF)
8809:(PDF)
8731:(TXT)
8696:(PDF)
8092:ו, וו
7975:, וֻּ
7966:ΟΥ, Υ
7598:SHCH
7498:س ث ص
7492:ס, שׂ
6515:ⴽ, ⴽⵯ
6479:ʦ͈/ʨ͈
6451:ДЖ, Џ
6260:ه ح ﻫ
6186:ⴳ, ⴳⵯ
6033:Ε, ΑΙ
5942:ΝΤ, Δ
5821:ΜΠ, Β
5678:Greek
5641:ISO 9
5559:ISO 9
5543:ISO 9
5308::1995
5306:ISO 9
5212:(for
5204:(for
5172:Nuosu
5037:pul-i
5033:pur-i
4929:" in
4492:ISCII
4296:Greek
4233:Notes
4138:/d͡ʒ/
3975:/d͡z/
2802:/xor/
2785:/xʷa/
2662:/xʷa/
2579:Notes
2456:ej~aj
2397:ow~aw
2338:iː,eː
2279:uː,oː
2220:ɑː~ɒː
2173:ɑː~ɒː
2133:ā, ʼā
2130:ā, ʾā
2126:ɑː~ɒː
2067:ɑː~ɒː
1769:Final
514:Xerox
498:Qalam
462:SATTS
424:Asian
290:Trade
276:every
162:Czech
10675:BÉPO
10641:list
10612:ough
10279:list
10234:list
10137:Urdu
10132:Thai
9927:Yale
9917:GOST
9817:Perl
9749:ISBN
9541:ISSN
9511:and
8515:ⵣ, ⵥ
8391:YEO
8371:Е, Є
8336:YAE
8253:Ξ, Χ
8250:x/ks
8194:y/ɥi
8136:WAE
7906:TSU
7745:ⵜ, ⵟ
7625:SHI
7489:ⵙ, ⵚ
7320:ⵔ, ⵕ
7137:Ο, Ω
6390:И, І
6254:ח, ה
6251:ⵀ, ⵃ
5948:ⴷ, ⴹ
5909:CHI
5745:ا, آ
5742:َ, ا
5663:jamo
5353:PCGN
5351:and
5335:and
5293:for
5279:and
5239:and
5196:The
5186:YYPY
5176:The
5126:Thai
5115:Thai
5065:Yale
5050:and
5035:vs.
5024:and
4811:Yale
4665:Yale
4635:and
4619:EFEO
4533:and
4514:and
4467:IAST
4457:The
4448:IAST
4442:and
4411:The
4360:ANSI
4351:The
4310:and
4204:/oː/
4045:chʼ
4012:tsʼ
3949:tsʼ
3916:chʼ
3843:/qʼ/
3777:/kʰ/
3744:/pʰ/
3648:/tʼ/
3516:/pʼ/
3320:/kʼ/
3254:/tʰ/
3222:/eɪ/
2979:NGR2
2666:/xo/
2654:/xʷ/
2650:/xw/
2569:–ye
2443:اَیـ
2436:ـَیـ
2351:i, ē
2325:اِیـ
2318:ـِیـ
2292:u, ō
1535:v, w
1248:z̧/ẓ
616:ʼ, —
613:ʾ, —
443:ISBN
422:and
414:and
408:Urdu
394:The
388:and
299:and
212:kana
164:and
84:Yale
82:and
66:and
41:and
10680:Neo
10594:eau
10589:dzs
10476:Zz
10385:Mm
10082:Lao
9922:ISO
8539:ʐ/ʒ
8536:ZH
8474:YU
8445:YO
8418:YI
8363:YE
8307:YA
8219:WO
8191:WI
8163:WE
8108:WA
8035:دُو
8021:UW
7994:UI
7933:TT
7877:TS
7850:TO
7821:TH
7794:TE
7767:TA
7754:ت ط
7706:SU
7679:SS
7652:SO
7565:SH
7538:SE
7511:SA
7450:RU
7423:RO
7396:RI
7369:RE
7342:RA
7296:غ ق
7249:PS
7222:PP
7163:OE
7104:NU
7077:NO
7050:NI
7023:NG
6996:NE
6969:NA
6907:MU
6880:MO
6853:MI
6826:ME
6799:MA
6704:KU
6677:KO
6650:KK
6623:KI
6591:KH
6564:KE
6537:KA
6476:JJ
6448:TZ̈
6429:دِي
6415:IY
6384:i/ɪ
6354:HO
6327:HI
6300:HE
6273:HA
6228:ق غ
6207:GH
6147:FU
6087:EU
6060:EO
6030:e/ɛ
5999:DZ
5970:DH
5883:TΣ̈
5877:CH
5852:k/s
5836:ﺏ ﺑ
5799:י ַ
5787:AI
5759:AE
5674:IPA
5432:.
5387:.
5349:BGN
5216:).
5008:in
4964:JSL
4415:of
4223:h̃
4171:/h/
4127:q̊
4124:q̌
4119:x̣
4113:qʼ
4096:k̃
4081:kh
4078:kh
4074:/χ/
4063:j̉
4060:ʃ̌
4048:ch
4030:c̉
4015:ts
3997:d̃
3982:dz
3979:dz
3955:cʻ
3952:c̕
3931:c̃
3922:čʻ
3919:č̕
3883:sh
3876:/ʃ/
3847:qʼ
3832:q̃
3817:gh
3810:/ʁ/
3790:kʻ
3787:k̕
3784:kʼ
3757:pʻ
3754:p̕
3751:pʼ
3711:/u/
3700:f̃
3681:/w/
3670:t̉
3667:t̆
3652:tʼ
3615:/s/
3582:/r/
3571:g̃
3556:zh
3553:zh
3549:/ʒ/
3538:p̉
3535:p̌
3520:pʼ
3483:/ɔ/
3419:/n/
3386:/m/
3353:/l/
3342:k̉
3324:kʼ
3287:/i/
3267:tʻ
3264:t̕
3261:tʼ
3240:ej
3228:ey
3189:/z/
3156:/v/
3123:/ɛ/
3090:/d/
3057:/ɡ/
3024:/b/
2991:/ɑ/
2931:IPA
2903:.
2857:.
2798:خور
2793:xva
2791:or
2789:xwa
2658:/ʷ/
2652:or
2566:–ye
2563:–ye
2560:–ye
2557:–ʼi
2554:–ye
2550:–je
2535:ـهٔ
2488:ـیِ
2475:ey
2450:اَی
2429:ـَی
2416:ow
2391:اَو
2384:اَو
2377:ـَو
2370:ـَو
2332:اِی
2311:ـِی
2273:اُو
2266:اُو
2259:ـُو
2252:ـُو
2205:ـیٰ
2158:ـَی
2047:ـَا
2040:ـَا
1937:ـوَ
1930:ـوَ
1781:IPA
1742:ʔ,∅
1714:ʔ,∅
1686:ʔ,∅
1658:ʔ,∅
1595:∅,t
1528:v~w
1384:ɢ~ɣ
1333:g͟h
1320:ɢ~ɣ
1210:ţ/ṭ
1131:ş/ṣ
1093:s͟h
1026:z͟h
939:d͟h
875:k͟h
834:ḩ/ḥ
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