House of Romanov - Knowledge (XXG)

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noise produced as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and frail tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. The gunmen then proceeded to shoot each family member once again. Even so, two of the daughters were still alive 10 minutes later, and were then bludgeoned with the butt of a rifle ending their lives. Later it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds sewn into the children's clothing.

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the social duties traditional for Russia's tsarinas. Seen as distant and severe, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her popular mother-in-law, Maria Fyodorovna. When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the front lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an authoritarian approach in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both her German origin and her unique relationship with

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years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was between the ages of 18 and 23 years old. At the time, Anastasia was 17 years old while Maria was 19 years. Their brother Alexei would have been 14 within two weeks of his murder. Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei commonly wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt.

2453: 2166: 2251: 2190: 2377: 1100: 2315: 2171: 2437: 1641:, a grand nephew of Alexandra, scientists matched his DNA to her and her children’s remains found in the mass grave. The investigation concluded that Alexei and one Romanov daughter were missing. Experts continue to debate which daughter was missing from the grave as United States experts believe the missing child is Anastasia while Russian experts believe it to be Maria. Many believe that the two children that were not discovered in the grave managed to escape Russia before persecution. 1590: 659: 2217: 1285:

politics as well as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, being not only tall (1.93 m or 6'4", according to some sources), but of large physique and considerable strength. His beard hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened

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youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the most convincing. In 1994, however, scientists used DNA to prove that Anna Anderson was not the tsar's daughter but a Polish woman named Franziska Schanzkowska.

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Bolsheviks decided to burn two of the corpses of the former royal family. Burning the corpses proved to be difficult as it took significant time, so the group resorted to disfiguring the pair with acid. In a rush, the Bolsheviks threw nine additional bodies into a grave and covered them with acid as well.

1039:, did not support Peter's modernization of Russia. He had previously been arrested and died in prison shortly thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to alter the succession tradition of male heirs, allowing him to choose his heir. Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress 1604:

The area where the remains were found was near the old Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about 70 meters (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg. The archaeologists stated that the bones were from a boy who approximately between the ages of 10 and 13

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The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified two years later using DNA analysis. The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the

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of the United Kingdom. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her part the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of

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with Dolgorukova. His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension within the dynasty. In particular, the grand duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during

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In the mid-1970s, Dr. Alexander Avdonin discovered the mass grave containing the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, and three of five Romanov children. The remains were found near Old Koptyaki road in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The grave contained 44 heavily degraded bone and tooth fragments.

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As for Nicholas II, scientists used mtDNA heteroplasmy using samples from Princess Xenia Cheremeteff Sfiri and the Duke of Fife. In the early 1990s, considerable controversy surrounded the accuracy of mtDNA heteroplasmy for DNA testing particularly for distant relatives. In an attempt to refine the

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and was killed. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining imperial family still alive and uninjured. Maria attempted to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, leading to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The

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Initially, gunmen shot at Nicholas who immediately fell dead as a result of multiple bullet wounds. Then the dark room where the family was held filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets. With limited visibility, the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating more

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succeeded Alexander II. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only after the death of his older brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his

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Most of the treasures are in the diamond fund of Russia and are the most expensive exhibits in museums. The collection of jewels and jewelry collected by the Romanov family during their reign are commonly referred to as the "Russian Crown Jewels" and they include official state regalia as well as

1905:, respectively, and their children, as well as the spouses of Xenia's elder two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her mother's return to Denmark, although after their mother's death Olga moved to Canada with her husband, both sisters dying in 1960. Grand Duchess 1546:

The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to conceal the find until the fall of communism. In 1991 the

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Late on the night of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to

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ever abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) after his accession to the Russian throne in 1613, although by tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom use surnames, being known instead by dynastic titles ("Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich", "Grand Duke

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After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991, they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full military honor guard and

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where they (along with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel near the tombs of their ancestors. At the cathedral, the remaining Romanov family hosted a formal funeral for Tsar Nicholas II attended by many relatives and representatives from nations

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Following the murder of the Romanov family, the Bolsheviks made several attempts to dispose of the bodies. Initially the bodies were to be thrown down a mineshaft; however, the location of the disposal site was revealed to locals, causing them to change the location. Instead of a burial, the

1020:. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725. In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, 598:

records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov". However, the terms "Romanov" and "House of Romanov" often occurred in official references to the Russian imperial family. The coat-of-arms of the Romanov

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Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula; Berger, Burkhard; Falsetti, Anthony B.; Gill, Peter; Parson, Walther; Finelli, Louis N. (11 March 2009). Hofreiter, Michael (ed.).

1802:. The four Grand Dukes were buried in a mass grave in the fortress, though Dmitry Konstantinovich's body was collected by his former adjutant, rolled up in a rug and taken away for a private burial in the garden of a house in Petrograd, where he remains to this day. 1059:, should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Great from inheriting the throne. Ivan VI was only a one-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess 2120:

personal pieces of jewelry worn by Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government. A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by

1351:, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the disease and suffered agonizing bouts of protracted bleeding, the pain of which was sometimes partially alleviated by Rasputin's ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had four daughters: the Grand Duchesses 2297: 1547:

grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russia, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used by Russian and international scientists to make accurate identifications.

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results of the investigation, Russian authorities exhumed the remains of Nicholas II’s brother, George Alexandrovich. George’s remains matched the heteroplasmy of the remains found in the grave indicating that they did in fact belong to Tsar Nicholas II.

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The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov's recognition was sought by several

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His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander III's death due to kidney disease at age 49 in November 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready to be tsar...." Just a week after the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée,

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Argent, a griffin gules, holding in its right paw a sword, in the left an oval buckler or, on it an eagle displayed sable; the whole within a bordure of the last charged with eight lion's heads erased, alternately of the first and the

2105:(other than Maria Vladimirovna and her son), publicly acknowledges that dynastic claims of family members should not be advanced, and is officially committed to support which ever form of government chosen by the Russian people. 2471: 1745:. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere. The town became a place of pilgrimage to the memory of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in 1456:. While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of 2233: 1649:

accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Yekaterinburg to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military honor guard cortege from the airport to St Petersburg’s

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quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death.

2783: 2526: 1322:. Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of being the first tsar not known to take mistresses. 4306: 2259:

Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains black crowned double-headed eagle on golden field, which has a smaller coat of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue

1143:, who succeeded his mother in 1796, was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural father was, in fact, her lover 2131:

On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a collection of over 60 jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned by Grand Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the

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died on 26 January 1918, with some rumors claiming he was killed by the Bolsheviks. His morganatic son Prince Artemy Nikolayevich Romanovsky-Iskander was killed the following year in the

1713: 1691: 1426: 1360: 1710:, but was nonetheless arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs. They were thrown down a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die there slowly. 1131:. In 1762, shortly after the death of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, 1265:). In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas, until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings. 4827: 479:), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother’s house name. Officially known as members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as 4161: 1956: 5345: 3638: 5890: 5594: 1408:. Yet neither was crowned; Constantine renounced the throne before his brother’s death, and Michael deferred his acceptance of the throne, effectively ending the monarchy. 1191:

who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the

767:), which later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev (descendants of Yakov Zakharyevich) and Zakharin-Yuriev (descendants of Yuri Zakharyevich). During the reign of 6425: 6017: 5793: 5487: 5406: 2482: 1926: 1650: 1594: 3430:"The Representative of Romanov family in the Russian Federation does not exclude the possibility of transferring from China to Russia the remains of Alapayevsk martyrs" 6249: 5711: 5046: 4047: 4030: 3816: 2178:

The Imperial Arms of the House of Romanov, with and without background shield, which were restricted in use to the Emperor and certain members of the Imperial Family

1205:. While Alexander considered it his charge to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military could keep the peace. By developing the 886:

elected Godunov as tsar in 1598. Godunov's revenge on the Romanovs led to all the family and its relations being deported to remote corners of the Russian North and

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In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which formed a "T":

1187:, succeeded him on the throne in 1825. The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas's elder brother, 1183:

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801. Alexander I, succeeded him on the throne and later died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned

4753: 1195:. Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russia and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended. 1171:

marriage of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or

996:, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei's death, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife 4758: 4392: 4347: 4212: 4207: 2075: 1768: 1725:

in 1918, who arrived too late to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved around Russia during struggles between the White and the opposing

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Republic of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two black bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand scepter and cross located under

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of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria's elder sister. After a stay in England with

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Geneticists used a combination of autosomal STR and mtDNA sequencing to detect relationships between the family members' remains. Using a DNA sample from

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of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Ivan launched a

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was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov's origin is contested by another version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.

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dust and debris. As a result of this many of the gunmen themselves became injured. Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar

1116: 1036: 623: 573: 6242: 5704: 5085: 5039: 4671: 4597: 2009: 1699: 1299: 1416: 1941:, who was supreme commander of Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke 5411: 4582: 4557: 4503: 4490: 3089: 2017: 1972: 1866: 1559: 1518: 1225: 747:", some of his relatives also had as nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the 6181: 5876: 5580: 5546: 4577: 4567: 4498: 4480: 3714: 3666: 3048:"Romanovs lectures. The history of the Russian state and the Romanov dynasty: current problems in the study. Kostroma. 29–30 May 2008" 2501: 2013: 1878: 969:

on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accepted by the population as in-laws of

965:. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the 899: 838: 1601:

Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 prompting investigation by the Russian government.

2888: 2511: 2337: 1086: 1067:, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. As a consequence, shortly after Empress Anna's death, 6463: 6411: 6366: 6003: 5779: 5473: 4592: 4485: 2521: 2135:, and was returned to the descendants of Grand Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish embassy in 1946: 1638: 1476:. Here, on the night of 16–17 July 1918, the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family, along with several of their retainers, were 1220:

Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid-1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich

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Lifespan age of all the russian emperors (1721–1918). The House of Romanov was noted for its succession of short-lived royals.

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Grand Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on blue field.

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The Romanovs visiting a regiment during World War I. From left to right, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Grand Duchess Olga, Tsar

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Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of arms of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on red field.

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of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional Government. In April 1918, the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of

627: 526: 378: 3021: 6473: 5919: 5903: 5500: 3673: 2341: 2202: 1214: 1120: 763:, was nicknamed Koshka ("cat"). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin (descendants of 6373: 1228:, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess 1666:

of the tsar and his family, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a brutal death by being killed near

1147:, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed 6633: 6517: 6096: 5852: 5421: 5291: 3663: 2816: 2098: 1894: 1858: 1348: 1047:, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line. He was succeeded by 794: 692:

The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one

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his wife's lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March 1881 Alexander was

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to be buried beside that of her husband. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at

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Among the other exiles who managed to leave Russia were Maria Feodorovna's two daughters, the Grand Duchesses

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In 1919, Maria Feodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard

1127:, to St. Petersburg and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of 3127: 6328: 6262: 6146: 6030: 5663: 5276: 4901: 4763: 4176: 2478: 2358: 2314: 2091: 2071:(born 1953), who had one child in her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, George Mikhailovich. 1854: 1795: 1570: 1387: 1327: 1303: 1281: 1160: 1099: 1080: 891: 782: 330: 198: 3828: 2189: 6522: 6478: 6458: 6161: 6156: 5724: 5401: 5245: 4735: 4572: 4301: 3843: 3047: 3001: 2243: 2198: 2156: 2083: 1874: 1835: 1816: 1383: 1238: 1210: 1198: 857: 542: 190: 183: 116: 1249:

ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than

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pending a future democratic referendum, effectively terminating the Romanov dynasty's rule over Russia.

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dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (

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Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of Astrakhan that contains five arches golden crown over silver

2170: 1339:, whose role in the life of her only son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the gene for 3105: 2549:

descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg.

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New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter. His only son to survive into adulthood, Tsarevich

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rule in Russia. Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed.

957:, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother 6607: 6535: 6453: 6448: 6116: 6046: 3837: 3742: 2546: 1847: 1742: 1589: 1438: 1242: 1233: 1168: 1136: 1124: 1083:

and the ambassadors of France and Sweden. Ivan VI and his parents died in prison many years later.

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through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the

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that contains golden crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on red field with roses.

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by individuals to be members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas II's family, the best known of whom was

1706:, Elisabeth Feodorovna had ceased living as a member of the Imperial family and took up life as a 680:

in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right

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Grand Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of arms of three grand duchies:

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in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. Grand Duke

1902: 1865:. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her great-grandson Prince 1843: 1831: 1465: 1461: 1311: 1254: 1044: 993: 842: 822: 589: 472: 397: 366: 244: 6390: 6378: 5511: 5416: 2876: 1873:, the last living member of the Imperial Family born before the fall of the dynasty, and Prince 1452:

After the February Revolution, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest in the

1953:, who were sisters, and Peter's children, son-in-law, and granddaughter also fled the country. 1558:, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The large memorial church " 1163:

for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later,

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Historical reconstruction series "Romanovs" – First Channel, Star Media, Babich Design (2013).

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Tombstones marking the burial of Tsar Nicholas II and his family in St. Catherine's Chapel at

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prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russia in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the

685: 681: 594: 519: 440: 405: 374: 362: 167: 131: 101: 2036:. Proven research has, however, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners inside the 6562: 6530: 6288: 6136: 6101: 6056: 6041: 5984: 5914: 5521: 5240: 5235: 4123: 3568: 3541: 3309: 3291: 3225: 3184: 3174: 2872: 2769: 2719: 2682: 2602: 2596: 2561: 2459: 2102: 1453: 1140: 1108: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1009: 923: 911: 877: 802: 772: 725: 705: 701: 511: 486: 464: 401: 389: 345: 321: 274: 228: 3718: 3272:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 3155:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 1272:

A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summer military manoeuvres in

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granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov". The only exceptions, the

6582: 6354: 6323: 6298: 6206: 6111: 5964: 5658: 5633: 5431: 5215: 5141: 3935: 3677: 3639:"Romanov Family Association Spokesperson Ivan Artsyshevsky Insults Church, Imperial House" 3093: 2676: 2443: 2125: 1827: 1250: 1144: 1075:

daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a

1017: 1005: 985: 915: 671: 436: 278: 106: 5949: 3517:"From St. Petersburg to Toronto: The Life of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (1882–1960)" 880:. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the 529:

Nicholas II and his family. Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into

381:

in 1918, but there are still living descendants of other members of the imperial house.

3287: 3170: 2216: 643: 6572: 6567: 6211: 6186: 6066: 5979: 5959: 5822: 5678: 5551: 5531: 5339: 5316: 5286: 5261: 5220: 5195: 5190: 3911: 3689: 3586: 3314: 3271: 3189: 3154: 2987: 2900: 2463: 2136: 2101:

formed in 1979, a private organization of most living male-line descendants of Emperor

1695: 1566: 1481: 1430: 1371: 1331: 1112: 826: 760: 733: 713: 581: 569: 538: 444: 96: 3429: 3338:"Nicholas and Alexandra (February 5, 1996) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin" 981: 845:, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death in 1584. 451:

through a series of wars and reforms. The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when

6622: 6512: 6308: 6273: 6176: 6081: 5842: 5817: 5750: 5740: 5735: 5643: 5541: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5271: 5131: 5126: 3879: 3086: 2427: 2144: 2121: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2002:, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Nice, France. 1663: 1621:

pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid;

1535: 1514: 1473: 1469: 1441:

of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke

1273: 1156: 1132: 887: 873: 865: 821:("the Terrible") on 3 (13) February 1547. Since her husband had assumed the title of 786: 752: 729: 721: 693: 546: 393: 4079: 3255: 6076: 6061: 5939: 5230: 5136: 3869: 3572: 1761: 1734: 1152: 1072: 882: 585: 468: 421: 413: 5929: 3025: 2414:

Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace

2012:, wife of George Mikhailovich, had been vacationing in England with her daughters 1201:, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the 856:

imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (

3846:. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 3337: 3296: 3212:

Kolesnikov, Lev L.; Pashinyan, Gurgen A.; Abramov, Sergey S. (15 February 2001).

3179: 2830: 872:

rule of Russia. Upon the childless death of Feodor, the 700-year-old line of the

5375: 3833: 2935: 2087: 1422: 1405: 1340: 1294: 1268: 1202: 1172: 1029: 1025: 662: 652: 491: 448: 56: 5024: 3494: 2747:

A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign: With English and French Glossaries

6283: 6051: 5974: 5837: 5827: 5623: 5396: 5355: 5335: 1839: 1722: 1667: 1445:. The latter declined to accept imperial authority save to delegate it to the 1319: 1246: 939: 834: 756: 668: 607:, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Anniversary of the Romanovs' rule". 523: 499: 3362: 3305: 3239: 1717:

Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed there were found

6504: 5868: 5832: 5572: 5163: 3495:"La Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República Oriental del Uruguay" 2283: 2056: 1799: 1753: 1746: 1510: 1286: 1148: 927: 717: 409: 3670: 3323: 3247: 3198: 2143:

to keep it safe. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at 20 million

1502: 1370:

The six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were:

6403: 5995: 5771: 5465: 2208:

The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands:

2124:

in London in March 1927. The remaining collection is on view today in the

2028:

There have been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and

1298:, but also his brother's Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the name 848: 6227: 5689: 5311: 2307: 2051:, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander II, claimed the headship of the 1934: 1823: 1726: 1555: 1336: 954: 907: 830: 748: 648: 2936:"Dmitri Romanov: Immigration, friendship with Coco Chanel, the Olympics" 2323:

Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two black

2225:

Tsardom of Kazan, the coat of arms of Kazan that contains black crowned

17: 6258: 6026: 5899: 5802: 5745: 5720: 5603: 5496: 3856: 2327:

who hold a crown and a red bow with two crossed arrows pointed down on

1730: 1457: 890:, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family's leader, 790: 476: 460: 350: 218: 3774:"Treasures of Imperial Russia on display in Moscow and St. Petersburg" 3106:"Romanov family executed, ending a 300-year imperial dynasty- HISTORY" 1573:

in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed

1232:. Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a 2817:"Ушёл из жизни «последний настоящий Романов» | Русская Культура" 2226: 1690:, Grand Duke Sergei's secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Grand Duchess 1055:. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, 354: 3230: 3213: 510:

ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishment of the

2918: 1729:. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian mission in 1521:", built on the spot where the last Tsar and his family were killed 5350: 4037: 3417:

Nicholas and Alexandra, The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia

2527:

The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)

2375: 2347: 2324: 2313: 2296: 2263: 2249: 2232: 2215: 2188: 1733:, now beneath a parking area. In 1981 Grand Duchess Elisabeth was 1712: 1588: 1509: 1501: 1415: 1098: 1085: 980: 864:

Throughout Feodor's reign (1584–1598), the tsar's brother-in-law,

847: 697: 642: 600: 559: 530: 432:, establishing the Romanovs as Russia's second reigning dynasty. 385: 1562:" has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood. 2344:

with a red cape (cloak) attacking green serpent on golden field.

2286:(trikirion) on silver field and two silver fishes on blue field. 2205:

with a blue cape (cloak) attacking golden serpent on red field.

1292:

Alexander had inherited not only his dead brother's position as

910:

who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the

744: 688:. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament. 549:, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia. 429: 6407: 6231: 5999: 5872: 5775: 5693: 5576: 5469: 5028: 4965: 4899: 4733: 4281: 4239: 4121: 4083: 1842:. Upon her death in 1928 her coffin was placed in the crypt of 1302:

upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the daughter of King

676:– On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor 1778:

In January 1919, revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes

1707: 1702:. Following the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke 945:

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son

739:

His actual origin may have been less spectacular. Not only is

603:

was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty, and in a

3542:"DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar's children" 2697: 2656: 2635: 2623: 1425:, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana, and Grand Duchess 2688: 2662: 2647: 2617: 2611: 2576: 2570: 1480:

by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of

1051:, daughter of Peter the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, 837:

against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the eldest,

647:

A 16th-century residence of the Yuryev-Zakharyin boyars in

3557:"Rodzianko and the Grand Dukes' Manifesto of 1 March 1917" 2703: 2582: 2020:

when the war broke out and chose not to return to Russia.

1111:

of Russia retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their

3561:

Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes

2784:"Obituary: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanoff (1923-2021)" 3612: 1506:

Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928

1119:(Peter I's elder daughter by his second wife). In 1742, 3128:"The End of a Dynasty: The Death of the Romanov Family" 3063:Исследования по истории класса служилых землевладельцев 1929:

and children, also managed to flee Russia. Grand Duke

1830:, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at 1217:

in 1861 he gained much popular support for his reign.

712:. Later generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious 489:

became the first heir to the throne, having the title

2706: 2700: 2665: 2659: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2585: 2579: 1853:

In 2005 the coffin with her remains was moved to the

841:, was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger 564:

Nikolai Nikolaevich", etc.). From January 1762 [

335: 5346:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

3022:"Origins of Romanov surname. Russian royalists site" 2685: 2644: 2638: 2608: 2567: 1155:, among the strictest in Europe – which established 829:", on 16 January 1547, she was crowned as the first 6502: 6441: 6342: 5384: 5304: 5254: 5183: 5176: 5150: 5119: 5069: 5062: 4978: 4912: 4869: 4841: 4797: 4746: 4692: 4631: 4547: 4426: 4340: 4294: 4252: 4195: 4134: 2694: 2691: 2653: 2650: 2614: 2605: 2573: 2564: 2246:

that contains a crowned white eagle on a red field.

1618:

wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;

1159:as the rule of succession to the throne, requiring 973:and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath. 300: 288: 266: 238: 207: 173: 163: 148: 81: 70: 41: 2268:Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod 2078:, (Nicholas Konstantinovich is the first child of 1933:, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the 813:The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, 495:, which was subsequently used for all main heirs. 357:from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after 5407:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 938:offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and 592:that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the 193:) death (male line great-great-great-grandson of 2831:"The Imperial House of Russia, House of Romanov" 455:died childless in 1762. As a result, her nephew 3460:. Susan Appleyard. 30 April 2023. p. 194. 3363:"17 July 1998: The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II" 2380:Family tree and timeline of the Romanov dynasty 2229:with red tongue, wings and tail on white field. 2160: 1794:, who had been held in the prison of the Saint 1721:The bodies were recovered from the mine by the 898:and forced to take monastic vows with the name 1760:and Nicholas Johnson (Michael's secretary) in 1662:On 18 July 1918, the day after the killing at 1615:bullet jackets from short barrel guns/pistols; 1472:, in the Urals, where they were placed in the 30:"Romanov" redirects here. For other uses, see 6419: 6243: 6011: 5884: 5787: 5705: 5588: 5481: 5040: 4095: 3740:"Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Party". 2074:Artyom Alekseyevich is the great-grandson of 1769:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia 1103:Arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 45: 8: 5106:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 584:, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp 189:Prince Alexis Romanoff, after his father's ( 3817:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 1909:, widow of Nicholas II's uncle, Grand Duke 1680:Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia 1565:Nicholas II and his family were proclaimed 1550:The Ipatiev House has the same name as the 1245:. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and 578:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 416:lay claim to the Russian throne during the 6426: 6412: 6404: 6250: 6236: 6228: 6018: 6004: 5996: 5891: 5877: 5869: 5794: 5780: 5772: 5712: 5698: 5690: 5595: 5581: 5573: 5488: 5474: 5466: 5180: 5096:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia 5066: 5047: 5033: 5025: 4975: 4962: 4909: 4896: 4743: 4730: 4291: 4278: 4249: 4236: 4131: 4118: 4102: 4088: 4080: 3849: 3796:"Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry" 3757:"Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds". 3613:"History of the descendants of the family" 2055:Imperial House of Russia, and assumed, as 1758:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 1577:of his faith, like a martyr; but who died 775:among them), whereas the grandchildren of 506:2 March] 1917 as a result of the 180:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia 3313: 3295: 3229: 3188: 3178: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2797:Obituaries, Telegraph (17 January 2022). 2082:, the younger brother of Russian Emperor 1739:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 961:, who blessed him with the holy image of 626:(1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname 568:December 1761], the monarchs of the 396:, which became extinct upon the death of 6157:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 5101:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 4058:House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line) 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 1995:was imprisoned before fleeing to Paris. 1672:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia 1267: 868:, and his Romanov cousins contested the 657: 557:Legally, it remains unclear whether any 447:in 1721, transformed the country into a 197:and female line great-great-grandson of 5111:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 5091:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia 2901:"Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru" 2736: 2538: 2388: 2061:Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias 1345:inherited from her maternal grandmother 771:, the former became known as Yakovlev ( 580:. Thus they were no longer Romanovs by 91: 5427:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 4363:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 2750:. W. & A. K. Johnston. p. 339 1764:. Their bodies have never been found. 1676:Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia 992:Mikhail was succeeded by his only son 942:princes, but all declined the honour. 38: 27:Imperial dynasty of Russia (1613–1917) 4373:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 3521:Carolyn Harris – Historian and Author 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 2718: 2141:Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1871:Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia 1684:Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia 1043:, who ruled until her death in 1727. 574:Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia 502:of Nicholas II on 15 March [ 344: 7: 4754:Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna 4262:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna 3457:The Disappearance of Michael Romanov 2920:Цесаревич Павел Петрович (1754-1796) 2133:Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs 1846:, the burial site of members of the 728:. Indeed, one of the leaders of the 5412:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 4393:Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna 4348:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 4217:Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna 4213:Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna 4208:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna 2881:Volume I Europe & Latin America 1945:, and their wives, Grand Duchesses 1913:, and her children the Grand Dukes 1612:remains of 44 human bone fragments; 1306:and the sister of the future kings 1224:, died suddenly. His wife, Empress 732:rebellion of 1260–1274 against the 720:claimed that he was the son of the 572:claimed the throne as relatives of 388:in Russia (the highest rank in the 5001:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna 4925:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 4804:Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich 4759:Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 4451:Prince Constantine Constantinovich 4368:Grand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich 4322:Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich 4317:Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna 3840:has books from the Romanov family. 3667:Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov 2502:Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia 2080:Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich 2076:Grand Duke Nikolas Konstantinovich 1897:, with their husbands, Grand Duke 25: 4774:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 4408:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 4358:Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna 4353:Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna 4111:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 4038:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 3794:Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). 3085:(Harvard University Press, 2003) 3083:The Revolution of Peter the Great 2512:List of grand duchesses of Russia 1983:, also escaped with her children 1971:, as well as her grandson Prince 1756:revolutionary authorities killed 1151:for the Romanovs – the so-called 1012:) and his son by his second wife 797:. A ninth generation ancestor of 779:changed their name to "Romanov". 614:of 1917, a special decree of the 6367:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 5450: 5449: 4991:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna 4940:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 4935:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna 4879:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna 4823:Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna 4769:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna 4668:Princess Alexandra Rostislavovna 4388:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 4259:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna 4167:Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna 4152:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna 4147:Grand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich 3555:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (June 1976). 2934:Isaeva, Ksenia (25 March 2015). 2681: 2601: 2560: 2522:List of films about the Romanovs 2470: 2451: 2435: 2419: 2407: 2391: 2169: 2164: 2147:(about 2.6 million US dollars). 1811:Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna 1639:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 1633:fragment of fabric of a garment. 1581:faith at the hand of murderers. 1314:, as well as of Britain's Queen 1065:Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick 876:came to an end, ushering in the 825:, which derives from the title " 777:Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev 616:Provisional Government of Russia 392:at the time) under the reigning 377:, and his immediate family were 127:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 55: 4945:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna 4930:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 4861:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 4818:Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich 4808:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 4784:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 4779:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 4672:Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich 4665:Princess Stephena Rostislavovna 4618:Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich 4476:Princess Natalia Constantinovna 4446:Princess Tatiana Constantinovna 4398:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 4378:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 4327:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 4203:Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna 3960:Grand Principality of Lithuania 3834:The Russian Imperial Collection 3671:The Romanoff Family Association 3664:The Romanoff Family Association 3394:. 22 April 1935. Archived from 2185:Smaller coat of arms (elements) 1979:to Sweden. Her other daughter, 1975:and her granddaughter Princess 1651:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 1494:Execution of the Romanov family 1209:, giving increased autonomy to 1123:brought Anna's son, her nephew 4996:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 4851:Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna 4813:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 4621:Prince Nicholas Rostislavovich 4534:Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich 4441:Prince Gabriel Constantinovich 4418:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 4413:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 4403:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 4332:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 4307:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 4220:Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna 3717:. 27 June 2014. Archived from 3573:10.1080/00085006.1976.11091447 3419:, 1998, Booth-Clibborn, London 3388:"Books: Death at Ekaterinburg" 2342:Saint George the Dragon-slayer 2203:Saint George the Dragon-slayer 1998:Ioann Konstantinovich's wife, 1670:by Bolsheviks. They included: 1241:by a hand-made bomb hurled by 1115:from Peter the Great, through 1014:Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina 998:Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya 516:Russian Provisional Government 182:(great-great-granddaughter of 1: 4986:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 4856:Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna 4789:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 4644:Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna 4615:Princess Nadejda Dimitriievna 4466:Prince Georgy Konstantinovich 4312:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 4073:Grand Principality abolished 4065:Grand Principality of Finland 3968:Grand Principality abolished 3772:Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). 3690:"HISTORY OF THE DIAMOND FUND" 2879:Royal Families of the World: 2517:List of grand dukes of Russia 2254:Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses 2006:Olga Constantinovna of Russia 926:raised him to the dignity of 576:(1708–1728), who had married 5056:Murder of the Romanov family 5006:Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 4828:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna 4676:Prince Nikita Rostislavovich 4471:Princess Vera Constantinovna 4383:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 4187:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 4162:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna 4157:Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna 3953:House of Poniatowski (elect) 3929:House of Poniatowski (elect) 3297:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 3180:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 2873:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh 2372:Rulers of Russia family tree 2357:Grand Duchy of Finland, the 2115:Regalia of the Russian tsars 2067:. Vladimir's only child was 1963:, escaped with her daughter 1863:Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow 1498:Canonization of the Romanovs 930:. Upon the expulsion of the 696:, attested around 1347 as a 533:abroad. In 1924, Grand Duke 77:(since the mid-18th century) 4833:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 4679:Prince Nicholas Christopher 4659:Prince Michael Mikhailovich 4647:Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna 4641:Princess Natalia Nikolaevna 4624:Princess Marina Vassilievna 4563:Princess Catherine Ivanovna 4539:Prince Vasili Alexandrovich 4529:Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich 4524:Prince Nikita Alexandrovich 4519:Prince Feodor Alexandrovich 4514:Prince Andrei Alexandrovich 4509:Princess Irina Alexandrovna 4461:Prince Igor Constantinovich 4456:Prince Oleg Konstantinovich 4436:Prince John Konstantinovich 4177:Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna 4172:Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna 3761:. 17 March 1927. p. 9. 2545:The Romanov descendants of 2485:, mausoleum of the Romanovs 1347:, Queen Victoria. Her son, 1330:, a favorite grandchild of 1121:Empress Elizabeth of Russia 624:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 522:of 1917–1922. In 1918, the 420:. On 21 February 1613, the 336: 6650: 6355:Congress Kingdom of Poland 5422:Romanov Family Association 4598:Prince Michael Feodorovich 4568:Prince Nicholas Romanovich 3715:"The Russian Crown Jewels" 2507:List of monarchs of Russia 2369: 2157:Arms of the Russian Empire 2154: 2112: 2099:Romanov Family Association 1961:Konstantin Konstantinovich 1491: 795:Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky 404:, caused by the resulting 271:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 152:21 February 1613 107:Congress Kingdom of Poland 75:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 29: 6269: 6037: 5910: 5813: 5731: 5614: 5507: 5445: 4974: 4961: 4908: 4895: 4742: 4729: 4611:Prince Alexander Nikitich 4602:Princess Irene Feodorovna 4583:Prince Michael Andreevich 4573:Prince Dimitri Romanovich 4558:Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich 4504:Princess Xenia Georgievna 4491:Princess Nadejda Petrovna 4290: 4277: 4248: 4235: 4130: 4117: 4062: 4054: 4044: 4035: 4027: 4021:House of Holstein-Gottorp 4017: 4008: 4000: 3990: 3984:Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp 3981: 3977:House of Holstein-Gottorp 3973: 3957: 3949: 3933: 3925: 3909: 3904: 3884: 3876: 3852: 3746:. 3 July 1922. p. 4. 3619:(in Russian). 30 May 2024 3593:(in Russian). 30 May 2024 2990:. 1944. pp. 103–106. 2201:that contains the iconic 1822:, which her nephew, King 1630:seven fragments of teeth; 1167:, responding to the 1820 1125:Peter of Holstein-Gottorp 959:Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova 934:from Moscow in 1612, the 896:Antoniev Siysky Monastery 465:House of Holstein-Gottorp 325: 54: 46: 6350:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 5761:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 5674:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 4656:Prince Andrew Andreevich 4650:Prince Alexis Andreevich 4588:Prince Andrew Andreevich 4578:Princess Xenia Andreevna 4499:Princess Nina Georgievna 4481:Princess Marina Petrovna 3676:17 February 2016 at the 2770:"Prince Alexis Romanoff" 2483:Peter and Paul Cathedral 2336:Tsardom of Georgia, the 1834:, with her nephew, King 1688:Vladimir Pavlovich Paley 1595:Peter and Paul Cathedral 1157:semi-Salic primogeniture 1095:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 963:Our Lady of St. Theodore 860:from a book dated 1673). 751:. One of Kobyla's sons, 710:grand prince of Vladimir 481:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 439:, who took the title of 316:(also transliterated as 122:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 112:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 32:Romanov (disambiguation) 6435:European royal families 5277:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin 4902:Alexander III of Russia 4702:Prince Cory Christopher 4653:Prince Peter Andreevich 4593:Princess Olga Andreevna 4495:Princess Sofia Petrovna 2744:Woodward, John (1896). 2479:Peter and Paul Fortress 2359:coat of arms of Finland 2340:that also contains the 2338:Coat of arms of Georgia 2242:Tsardom of Poland, the 2197:The centerpiece is the 1993:Gavriil Konstantinovich 1969:Georgii Konstantinovich 1859:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 1855:Peter and Paul Fortress 1796:Peter and Paul Fortress 1571:Russian Orthodox Church 1464:in August 1917. In the 1328:Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt 1304:Christian IX of Denmark 1081:Preobrazhensky Regiment 892:Feodor Nikitich Romanov 803:Dimitri Konstantinovich 785:was descended from the 783:Feodor Nikitich Romanov 537:, the senior surviving 384:The house consisted of 199:Alexander III of Russia 5547:Palatinate-Zweibrücken 5402:List of Russian saints 5246:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 4736:Alexander II of Russia 4662:Prince Feodor Nikitich 4606:Prince Nikita Nikitich 4486:Prince Roman Petrovich 3643:The Russian Legitimist 2381: 2353: 2352:Grand Duchy of Finland 2319: 2302: 2269: 2255: 2244:coat of arms of Poland 2238: 2221: 2199:coat of arms of Moscow 2194: 2109:Romanov family jewelry 2030:unsubstantiated claims 1981:Tatiana Konstantinovna 1899:Alexander Mikhailovich 1838:, and later, at Villa 1780:Dmitry Konstantinovich 1718: 1597: 1522: 1507: 1447:Provisional Government 1434: 1277: 1104: 1091: 989: 861: 689: 655: 543:Alexander II of Russia 518:in the lead-up to the 305:Several minor branches 191:Prince Andrew Romanoff 184:Alexander II of Russia 117:Grand Duchy of Finland 6107:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 5211:Alexander Beloborodov 5080:Nicholas II of Russia 4968:Nicholas II of Russia 4764:Emperor Alexander III 4714:Prince Jackson Daniel 4242:Alexander I of Russia 3899:Became Russian Empire 3544:. CNN. 11 March 2009. 3367:www.romanovfamily.org 3218:The Anatomical Record 2883:, 1977, pp. 460–476. 2379: 2351: 2317: 2300: 2267: 2253: 2236: 2219: 2192: 2024:Contemporary Romanovs 1957:Elizaveta Mavrikievna 1939:Nicholas Nikolaievich 1741:, and in 1992 by the 1716: 1694:, a granddaughter of 1592: 1513: 1505: 1492:Further information: 1443:Michael Alexandrovich 1419: 1402:Michael Alexandrovich 1398:Constantine Pavlovich 1271: 1230:Catherine Dolgorukova 1207:Imperial Russian Army 1189:Constantine Pavlovich 1102: 1089: 984: 949:, then living at the 851: 661: 646: 251:Emperor of all Russia 6182:Palatine Zweibrücken 5206:Filipp Goloshchyokin 5086:Alexandra Feodorovna 4682:Prince Daniel Joseph 4302:Emperor Alexander II 4284:Nicholas I of Russia 3587:"Романовы в 21 веке" 3126:Jamie, Hendrickson. 3002:Romanov coat-of-arms 2400:Grand Kremlin Palace 2301:Tsardom of Astrakhan 2139:in November 1918 by 2065:Vladimir Kirillovich 2049:Kirill Vladimirovich 1784:Nikolai Mikhailovich 1704:Sergei Alexandrovich 1698:and elder sister of 1692:Elisabeth Feodorovna 894:, was exiled to the 815:Anastasia Zakharyina 793:branch, daughter of 535:Kirill Vladimirovich 435:Michael's grandson, 365:, the first crowned 195:Nicholas I of Russia 5527:Palatinate-Neumarkt 4920:Emperor Nicholas II 4142:Emperor Alexander I 3838:Library of Congress 3743:The Washington Post 3480:King & Wilson, 3434:Orthodox News China 3288:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 3171:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 3065:. pp. 140–141. 2786:. 29 November 2021. 2477:Aerial view of the 1965:Vera Konstantinovna 1925:, and Kiril’s wife 1848:Danish royal family 1792:George Mikhailovich 1743:Moscow Patriarchate 1519:Church on the Blood 1439:February Revolution 1243:Ignacy Hryniewiecki 1234:morganatic marriage 1139:. Catherine's son, 1137:Catherine the Great 1113:matrilineal descent 1079:, supported by the 684:in Royal robes and 622:descendants of the 612:February Revolution 508:February Revolution 443:and proclaimed the 359:Anastasia Romanovna 349:) was the reigning 346:[rɐˈmanəvɨ] 294:February Revolution 6132:Brunswick-Lüneburg 5326:October Revolution 5322:Russian Revolution 5226:Nikolay Tolmachyov 4182:Emperor Nicholas I 4011:Duchy of Oldenburg 4004:House of Oldenburg 3994:House of Oldenburg 3944:Kingdom abolished 3844:Romanov Collection 3575:– via JSTOR. 3092:8 May 2021 at the 2986:. Gotha, Germany: 2819:. 2 December 2021. 2720:[rɐˈmanəf] 2446:, Saint Petersburg 2430:, Saint Petersburg 2382: 2354: 2320: 2318:Tsardom of Siberia 2303: 2284:triple candlestick 2270: 2256: 2239: 2222: 2195: 2193:Tsardom of Muscovy 2069:Maria Vladimirovna 1977:Catherine Ivanovna 1973:Vsevolod Ivanovich 1903:Nikolai Kulikovsky 1891:Xenia Alexandrovna 1867:Michael Andreevich 1844:Roskilde Cathedral 1832:Amalienborg Palace 1788:Paul Alexandrovich 1719: 1598: 1523: 1508: 1466:October Revolution 1462:Alexander Kerensky 1435: 1312:George I of Greece 1278: 1226:Maria Alexandrovna 1105: 1092: 1069:Elizabeth Petrovna 990: 862: 823:Tsar of all Russia 755:, a member of the 716:. An 18th-century 700:in the service of 690: 656: 590:House of Oldenburg 473:House of Oldenburg 367:tsar of all Russia 267:Connected families 245:Tsar of all Russia 6634:Tsardom of Russia 6616: 6615: 6401: 6400: 6225: 6224: 6097:Habsburg-Lorraine 5993: 5992: 5866: 5865: 5853:Habsburg-Lorraine 5769: 5768: 5687: 5686: 5570: 5569: 5463: 5462: 5437:Romanov impostors 5332:Russian Civil War 5300: 5299: 5201:Felix Dzerzhinsky 5172: 5171: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4078: 4077: 4045:Succeeded by 4018:Succeeded by 3991:Succeeded by 3936:Kingdom of Poland 3920:Empire abolished 3895:Tsardom Elevated 3887:Tsardom of Russia 3515:Harris, Carolyn. 3467:979-8-215-25659-6 3061:Веселовский С.Б. 2983:Almanach de Gotha 2772:. 19 August 2023. 2497:Romanov impostors 2237:Tsardom of Poland 2182: 2181: 1895:Olga Alexandrovna 1773:Russian Civil War 1752:On 13 June 1918, 1700:Tsarina Alexandra 1552:Ipatiev Monastery 1390:(1881–1894), and 1215:freeing the serfs 1193:Decembrist revolt 1135:. She reigned as 1109:Holstein-Gottorps 971:Ivan the Terrible 951:Ipatiev Monastery 854:Ipatiev Monastery 799:Michael I Romanov 769:Ivan the Terrible 595:Almanach de Gotha 520:Russian Civil War 418:Polish occupation 406:succession crisis 375:Emperor of Russia 363:Ivan the Terrible 334: 310: 309: 132:Duchy of Holstein 102:Tsardom of Russia 16:(Redirected from 6641: 6629:House of Romanov 6428: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6343:After partitions 6252: 6245: 6238: 6229: 6192:Holstein-Gottorp 6020: 6013: 6006: 5997: 5915:House of Basarab 5893: 5886: 5879: 5870: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5557:Holstein-Gottorp 5490: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5453: 5452: 5241:Gavril Myasnikov 5236:Fyodor Lukoyanov 5181: 5067: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5026: 4976: 4963: 4910: 4897: 4744: 4731: 4711:Princess Madison 4685:Princess Heather 4292: 4279: 4250: 4237: 4132: 4124:Paul I of Russia 4119: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4055:Preceded by 4028:Preceded by 4001:Preceded by 3974:Preceded by 3950:Preceded by 3926:Preceded by 3877:Preceded by 3864:House of Romanov 3850: 3804: 3803: 3800:sverigesradio.se 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3686: 3680: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3299: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3233: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3192: 3182: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3132:Parkland College 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3096: 3081:James Cracraft, 3079: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3024:. 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706:prince of Moscow 512:Russian Republic 475:that reigned in 402:Time of Troubles 390:Russian nobility 348: 343: 339: 329: 327: 314:House of Romanov 275:House of Windsor 201:), disputed 159: 157: 59: 49: 48: 42:House of Romanov 39: 21: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6518:Austria-Hungary 6498: 6437: 6432: 6402: 6397: 6391:Duchy of Poznań 6379:Duchy of Gdańsk 6338: 6265: 6256: 6226: 6221: 6167:Nassau-Weilburg 6033: 6024: 5994: 5989: 5906: 5897: 5867: 5862: 5809: 5800: 5770: 5765: 5727: 5718: 5688: 5683: 5610: 5601: 5571: 5566: 5503: 5494: 5464: 5459: 5441: 5432:Provender House 5380: 5296: 5267:Grigory Nikulin 5250: 5216:Boris Didkovsky 5168: 5146: 5142:Ivan Kharitonov 5115: 5058: 5053: 5023: 5010: 4970: 4949: 4904: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4843: 4837: 4793: 4738: 4717: 4708:Princess Chelle 4705:Princess Karlyn 4696: 4694: 4688: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4428: 4422: 4336: 4286: 4265: 4244: 4223: 4191: 4126: 4113: 4108: 4068: 4060: 4050: 4041: 4033: 4023: 4014: 4006: 3996: 3987: 3979: 3963: 3955: 3939: 3931: 3915: 3900: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3872: 3868:Founding year: 3866: 3861: 3825: 3813: 3811:Further reading 3808: 3807: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3721:on 27 June 2014 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3678:Wayback Machine 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3231:10.1002/ar.1037 3211: 3210: 3206: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3094:Wayback Machine 3080: 3076: 3070: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2980: 2979: 2950: 2940: 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Grandson of 2025: 2022: 2000:Elena Petrovna 1907:Maria Pavlovna 1886: 1883: 1861:officiated by 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1696:Queen Victoria 1659: 1656: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1586: 1583: 1489: 1486: 1482:Vladimir Lenin 1431:Kuban Cossacks 1420: 1413: 1410: 1332:Queen Victoria 1180: 1177: 1161:Orthodox faith 1096: 1093: 978: 975: 810: 807: 761:Dmitry Donskoy 734:Teutonic order 686:Monomakh's Cap 640: 637: 635: 632: 588:of the German 570:Russian Empire 554: 551: 541:descendant of 471:of the German 463:member of the 445:Russian Empire 408:, saw several 351:imperial house 308: 307: 302: 301:Cadet branches 298: 297: 290: 286: 285: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 254: 248: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 222: 211: 209: 205: 204: 203: 202: 187: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 150: 146: 145: 143: 142: 140: 139: 137:Order of Malta 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 97:Russian Empire 93: 87: 86: 85: 83: 79: 78: 72: 68: 67: 60: 52: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6646: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6503:Non-reigning 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Liechtenstein 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Orange-Nassau 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5695: 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5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Anna Demidova 5130: 5128: 5127:Eugene Botkin 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844:grandchildren 4840: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798:Grandchildren 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4695:grandchildren 4691: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4634:grandchildren 4630: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4550:grandchildren 4546: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429:grandchildren 4425: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341:Grandchildren 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196:Grandchildren 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4048:Grand Masters 4040: 4039: 4032: 4031:Grand Masters 4026: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3880:House of Vasa 3875: 3871: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3644: 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2889:0-85011-023-8 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2803:The Telegraph 2800: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2730: 2721: 2711: 2678: 2670: 2598: 2590: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2428:Winter Palace 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2145:Swedish krona 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059:, the title " 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2044:were killed. 2043: 2042:Yekaterinburg 2039: 2038:Ipatiev House 2035: 2034:Anna Anderson 2031: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Yekaterinburg 1657: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536:Peter Ermakov 1531: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1515:Yekaterinburg 1512: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:Ipatiev House 1471: 1470:Yekaterinburg 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:(1894–1917). 1393: 1389: 1388:Alexander III 1386:(1855–1881), 1385: 1382:(1825–1855), 1381: 1378:(1801–1825), 1377: 1374:(1796–1801), 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1318:, consort of 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Frederik VIII 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1282:Alexander III 1275: 1274:Krasnoye Selo 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Grigory Orlov 1130: 1129:Anhalt-Zerbst 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Anna Petrovna 1114: 1110: 1101: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016:, the future 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 983: 976: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884: 879: 875: 874:Rurik dynasty 871: 867: 866:Boris Godunov 859: 855: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 809:Rise to power 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Rurik dynasty 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743:Russian for " 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Andrei Kobyla 687: 683: 679: 675: 673: 670: 664: 660: 654: 650: 645: 638: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 597: 596: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 561: 553:Surname usage 552: 550: 548: 547:primogeniture 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 493: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400:in 1598. The 399: 395: 394:Rurik dynasty 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 338: 332: 323: 319: 315: 306: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 260: 259: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 241: 237: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 213: 212: 210: 206: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 172: 169: 166: 162: 151: 147: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 92: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 64: 58: 53: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6597: 6386:Hohenzollern 6349: 6314:Wiśniowiecki 6259:Royal houses 6196: 6142:Hohenzollern 6077:Hohenstaufen 6027:Royal houses 5970:Mavrocordato 5954: 5950:Cantemirești 5925:Bogdan-Mușat 5900:Royal houses 5847: 5803:Royal houses 5760: 5755: 5721:Royal houses 5673: 5649:Wiśniowiecki 5604:Royal houses 5561: 5497:Royal houses 5417:White émigré 5392:Canonization 5255:Executioners 5231:Pyotr Voykov 5177:Perpetrators 5137:Alexei Trupp 5070: 4110: 4072: 4063: 4036: 4009: 3982: 3967: 3958: 3943: 3934: 3919: 3910: 3905: 3894: 3885: 3870:15th century 3863: 3854: 3799: 3789: 3779:19 September 3777:. Retrieved 3767: 3759:The Scotsman 3758: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3723:. Retrieved 3719:the original 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3693: 3684: 3659: 3647:. Retrieved 3642: 3633: 3621:. Retrieved 3616: 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3590: 3581: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3536: 3524:. Retrieved 3520: 3510: 3498:. Retrieved 3489: 3482:Gilded Prism 3481: 3476: 3456: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3433: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3391: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3366: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3341: 3332: 3282:(3): e4838. 3279: 3275: 3264: 3224:(1): 15–32. 3221: 3217: 3207: 3165:(3): e4838. 3162: 3158: 3131: 3121: 3109:. Retrieved 3100: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3056: 3042: 3030:. Retrieved 3026:the original 3016: 2996: 2982: 2939:. Retrieved 2929: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2880: 2825: 2811: 2802: 2792: 2778: 2764: 2752:. Retrieved 2746: 2739: 2554: 2541: 2207: 2196: 2130: 2118: 2096: 2090:, cousin of 2084:Alexander II 2073: 2068: 2046: 2027: 2004: 1997: 1967:and her son 1955: 1888: 1885:Other exiles 1852: 1818: 1814: 1777: 1766: 1751: 1720: 1661: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1627:iron angles; 1607: 1603: 1599: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1560:on the blood 1549: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1451: 1436: 1406:interregnums 1396: 1384:Alexander II 1369: 1324: 1293: 1291: 1279: 1251:cosmopolitan 1239:assassinated 1219: 1199:Alexander II 1197: 1182: 1153:Pauline Laws 1106: 1076: 1034: 991: 967:Zemsky Sobor 966: 944: 936:Zemsky Sobor 935: 920:metropolitan 904: 883:Zemsky Sobor 881: 869: 863: 858:Illumination 812: 781: 740: 738: 730:Old Prussian 722:Old Prussian 691: 666: 609: 605:1913 jubilee 593: 586:cadet branch 582:patrilineage 558: 556: 497: 490: 485: 480: 469:cadet branch 434: 422:Zemsky Sobor 383: 317: 313: 311: 256: 186:) , disputed 174:Current head 71:Parent house 61: 36: 6474:Netherlands 6334:Poniatowski 6329:Leszczyński 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