280:
428:
504:
413:, over a period of 400 years of Roman rule, British Latin would almost certainly have developed distinctive traits. That and the likely impact of the Brittonic substrate both mean that a specific British Vulgar Latin variety most probably developed. However, if it did exist as a distinct dialect group, it has not survived extensively enough for diagnostic features to be detected, despite much new subliterary Latin being discovered in England in the 20th century.
256:
495:, like France, Italy and Spain, where Latin and the Romance languages continued. One theory is that in Britain there was a greater collapse in Roman institutions and infrastructure, leading to a much greater reduction in the status and prestige of the indigenous romanised culture; and so the indigenous people were more likely to abandon their languages in favour of the higher-status language of the Anglo-Saxons. On the other hand,
330:
became the language of most of the townspeople, of administration and the ruling class, the army and, following the introduction of
Christianity, the church. Brittonic remained the language of the peasantry, which was the bulk of the population; members of the rural elite were probably bilingual. In
556:
Before Roman rule ended, Brittonic had remained the dominant language in the highland zone. However, the speakers of Vulgar Latin were significantly but temporarily boosted in the 5th century by the influx of Romano-Britons from the lowland zone who were fleeing the Anglo-Saxons. These refugees are
560:
Although Latin continued to be spoken by many of the
British elite in western Britain, by about 700, it had died out. The incoming Latin-speakers from the lowland zone seem to have rapidly assimilated with the existing population and adopted Brittonic. The continued viability of British Latin may
404:
Kenneth
Jackson argued for a form of British Vulgar Latin, distinctive from continental Vulgar Latin. In fact, he identified two forms of British Latin: a lower-class variety of the language not significantly different from Continental Vulgar Latin and a distinctive upper-class Vulgar Latin. This
499:
believes that the linguistic evidence points to the now little supported traditional view that there was a mass replacement of the population of southern and eastern
England with Anglo-Saxon settlers. His view, based on place name evidence and the lack of loan words in English from Latin "with a
359:
An inherent difficulty in evidencing Vulgar Latin is that as an extinct spoken language form, no source provides a direct account of it. Reliance is on indirect sources of evidence such as "errors" in written texts and regional inscriptions. They are held to be reflective of the everyday spoken
408:
In recent years, research into
British Latin has led to modification of Jackson's fundamental assumptions. In particular, his identification of 12 distinctive criteria for upper-class British Latin has been severely criticised. Nevertheless, although British Vulgar Latin was probably not
379:
put forward in the 1950s what became the established view, which has only relatively recently been challenged. Jackson drew conclusions about the nature of
British Latin from examining Latin loanwords that had passed into the British Celtic languages. From the 1970s John Mann,
405:
latter variety, Jackson believed, could be distinguished from
Continental Vulgar Latin by 12 distinct criteria. In particular, he characterised it as a conservative, hypercorrect "school" Latin with a "sound-system was very archaic by ordinary Continental standards".
387:
In the 1980s, Colin Smith used stone inscriptions in particular in this way, although much of what Smith has written has become out of date as a result of the large number of Latin inscriptions found in
Britain in recent years. The best known of these are the
561:
have been negatively affected by the loss to Old
English of the areas where it had been strongest: the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the lowland zone may have indirectly ensured that Vulgar Latin would not survive in the highland zone either.
350:
in the early 5th century, Vulgar Latin died out as an everyday spoken language. The timing of its demise as a vernacular in
Britain, its nature and its characteristics have been points of scholarly debate in recent years.
439:
It is not known when Vulgar Latin ceased to be spoken in Britain, but it is likely that it continued to be widely spoken in various parts of Britain into the 5th century. In the lowland zone, Vulgar Latin was replaced by
533:
may contain indications that spoken British Latin had survived as a vernacular in some form to Bedeâs time. The evidence relied on is the use of a word with a possible preserved British vulgar Latin spelling
456:. However, scholars have had a variety of views as to when exactly it died out as a vernacular. The question has been described as "one of the most vexing problems of the languages of early Britain."
212:, Latin became the principal language of the elite and in the urban areas of the more romanised south and east of the island. In the less romanised north and west it never substantially replaced the
557:
traditionally characterised as being "upper class" and "upper middle class". Certainly, Vulgar Latin maintained a higher social status than Brittonic in the highland zone in the 6th century.
318:
Historians often refer to Roman Britain as comprising a "highland zone" to the north and west of the country and a "lowland zone" in the south and east, with the latter being more thoroughly
243:
of the fifth and sixth centuries. It survived in the remaining Celtic regions of western Britain. However, it also died out in those regions by about 700; it was replaced by the local
3821:
259:
Relative degrees of Romanisation, based on archaeology. Romanisation was greatest in the southeast, extending west and north in lesser degrees. West of a line from the
3831:
3816:
519:
From the fifth century, there are only occasional evidential hints of a continuing tradition of spoken Latin, and then only in Church contexts and among the educated.
491:
The demise of Vulgar Latin in the face of Anglo-Saxon settlement is very different from the fate of the language in other areas of Western Europe that were subject to
3768:
307:
lasted for nearly four hundred years until the early fifth century. For most of its history, it encompassed what was to become England and Wales as far north as
3826:
1826:
529:
1879:
220:. In recent years, scholars have debated the extent to which British Latin was distinguishable from its continental counterparts, which developed into the
31:
2330:
1848:
1676:
1657:
1638:
1619:
1560:
1512:
1493:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1417:
1398:
1379:
1343:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1256:
1225:
1191:
1172:
1153:
1132:
1113:
1094:
2004:
1892:
1553:
Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World
3806:
3119:
469:
240:
500:
Brittonic accent", is that this is the most convincing explanation for the extinction of Latin (or Brittonic) in the lowland zone.
396:, published in 1988, and other curse tablets found at a number of other sites throughout southern England from the 1990s onwards.
3179:
2467:
2072:
1872:
3267:
3168:
1770:
Schrijver, Peter (2002). "The Rise and Fall of British Latin". In Filppula, Markku; Klemola, Juhani; PitkÀnen, Heli (eds.).
3075:
2753:
1597:
331:
the highland zone, there were only limited attempts at Romanisation, and Brittonic always remained the dominant language.
1629:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas (1995). "Language and Society among the Insular Celts, AD 400â1000". In Green, Miranda J. (ed.).
1306:
Hines, John (1998). "Archaeology and Language in a historical context: the creation of English". In Roger, Blench (ed.).
472:
and the consequent introduction of Old English appear to have caused the extinction of Vulgar Latin as a vernacular. The
3796:
3202:
2605:
347:
228:
1327:
Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages, First to Twelfth Century A.D.
3643:
3081:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
1979:
384:
and others used what Mann called "the sub-literary tradition" in inscriptions to identify spoken British Latin usage.
3364:
2936:
2371:
1929:
1865:
1244:
2863:
2951:
2472:
2313:
2280:
2028:
1957:
1939:
1922:
1917:
1907:
104:
162:
3801:
3656:
3560:
2433:
2160:
2108:
3024:
3811:
2569:
2450:
2423:
2299:
2245:
1952:
1912:
319:
292:
217:
94:
515:, the inscription provides "decisive evidence" of how long Vulgar Latin was spoken in this part of Britain.
3742:
3138:
2958:
2376:
2322:
1974:
1576:
512:
323:
279:
3042:
2455:
311:, but with the addition, for shorter periods, of territories further north up to, but not including, the
3774:
3719:
3525:
3520:
3173:
3151:
2970:
2793:
2262:
2218:
2165:
1581:
3438:
2406:
1667:
Gratwick, A. S. (1982). "Latinitas Britannica: Was British Latin Archaic?". In Brooks, Nicholas (ed.).
1614:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 206. London: Oxford University Press/British Academy.
3724:
3508:
3498:
3114:
3087:
3013:
2921:
2873:
2672:
2600:
2552:
2546:
2509:
2492:
1989:
3472:
3209:
3101:
3069:
3063:
2905:
2684:
2644:
2610:
2514:
2438:
2381:
2202:
503:
445:
360:
language. Of particular linguistic value are private inscriptions made by ordinary people, such as
244:
65:
2580:
308:
3714:
3443:
3299:
3257:
3223:
3217:
3107:
3050:
3007:
2990:
2728:
2721:
2615:
2557:
2362:
2345:
2286:
2142:
2130:
2009:
1947:
1812:
1804:
1758:
1750:
1671:. Studies in the Early History of Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 1â79.
1539:
1231:
393:
389:
376:
312:
3492:
2620:
1984:
3671:
3650:
3570:
3530:
3513:
3389:
3317:
3311:
3235:
3127:
3037:
2978:
2890:
2848:
2649:
2595:
2482:
2460:
2401:
2386:
2357:
2340:
2250:
2213:
2182:
2170:
2089:
2077:
1994:
1969:
1963:
1888:
1844:
1775:
1721:
1672:
1653:
1634:
1615:
1586:
1556:
1508:
1489:
1470:
1451:
1432:
1413:
1394:
1375:
1354:
1339:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1252:
1221:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1128:
1109:
1090:
422:
343:
221:
205:
114:
77:
61:
444:
during the course of the 5th and the 6th centuries, but in the highland zone, it gave way to
3624:
3614:
3599:
3587:
3503:
3452:
3416:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3349:
3304:
3293:
3197:
3162:
3146:
2995:
2983:
2916:
2880:
2868:
2836:
2761:
2733:
2706:
2536:
2531:
2519:
2499:
2487:
2428:
2335:
2292:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2187:
2118:
2102:
1999:
1796:
1742:
1713:
1531:
1267:
1213:
1203:"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English"
1084:
492:
453:
365:
342:
of everyday speech developed into locally distinctive varieties which ultimately became the
300:
296:
255:
213:
99:
72:
1551:
Woolf, Alex (2012). "The Britons: from Romans to Barbarians". In Goetz, Hans-Werner (ed.).
427:
3708:
3694:
3575:
3477:
3467:
3411:
3262:
3250:
3190:
3185:
3000:
2929:
2911:
2858:
2788:
2745:
2657:
2638:
2590:
2477:
2443:
2396:
2391:
2113:
2045:
2017:
1843:. British Archaeological Reports British Series. Vol. 247. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.
449:
86:
2711:
283:
Britain at the end of Roman rule showing the Romano-British area within the lowland zone
3759:
3666:
3661:
3582:
3462:
3424:
3156:
2805:
2716:
2662:
2632:
2524:
2208:
2136:
2082:
1774:. Studies in Languages. Vol. 37. Joensuu: University of Joensuu. pp. 87â110.
496:
335:
264:
260:
17:
392:, the last two volumes of which were published in 1994 and 2003, but also include the
3790:
3604:
3592:
3324:
3032:
2689:
2627:
2123:
1857:
1824:
Smith, Colin (1983). "Vulgar Latin in Roman Britain: Epigraphic and other Evidence".
1816:
1762:
1543:
1235:
369:
304:
288:
201:
197:
155:
57:
1484:
Schrijver, Peter (2008). "What Britons spoke around 400 AD". In Higham, Nick (ed.).
3483:
3343:
2738:
476:
spread westward across Britain in the 5th century to the 7th century, leaving only
473:
381:
339:
209:
193:
3399:
1594:â a constructed language imagining if British Latin had displaced Celtic languages
507:
Rubbing of a 6th-century stone inscription in Latin found in West Wales in 1895: "
431:
The approximate extent of Anglo-Saxon expansion into the former Roman province of
2885:
1372:
Authority and Identity: A Sociolinguistic History of Europe Before the Modern Age
1143:
3545:
3538:
3275:
2841:
2810:
1733:
Mann, J. C. (1971). "Spoken Latin in Britain as Evidenced by the Inscriptions".
1245:"Interlinguistic Communication In Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum"
1202:
520:
508:
441:
232:
2823:
2815:
2416:
2175:
1787:
Shiel, Norman (1975). "The Coinage of Carausius as a Source of Vulgar Latin".
1535:
485:
1779:
1725:
3619:
3457:
2799:
2094:
1687:
1591:
545:
171:
143:
38:
3245:
2783:
1308:
Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses
3609:
3404:
3240:
3056:
2504:
2352:
1247:. In Hall, Alaric; Timofeeva, Olga; Kiricsi, Ăgnes; Fox, Bethany (eds.).
477:
361:
268:
1717:
3228:
3093:
2853:
2831:
2771:
2766:
2255:
2240:
1704:
1633:. Routledge Worlds Series. London: Psychology Press. pp. 703â736.
540:
465:
236:
1808:
1754:
1410:
External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance
375:
In relation to Vulgar Latin specifically as it was spoken in Britain,
3430:
2776:
2699:
2679:
2411:
1272:. Translated by Wright, Roger. Pennsylvania State University Press.
1800:
1746:
1217:
2694:
2667:
1522:
Wollmann, Alfred (2007). "Early Latin loan-words in Old English".
502:
481:
426:
327:
278:
272:
109:
524:
410:
1861:
372:" (small metal sheets used in popular magic to curse people).
1669:
Latin and the Vernacular Languages in Early Medieval Britain
1355:"Discovery of the Tombstone of Vortipore, Prince of Demetia"
739:
737:
735:
1249:
Interfaces between Language and Culture in Medieval England
1003:
1001:
790:
788:
37:
For Latin used in British legal documents and records, see
829:
827:
1702:: Latin and the Vernaculars in Early Medieval Britain".
1795:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 146â149.
1741:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 218â224.
868:
866:
647:
645:
1610:
Ashdowne, Richard K.; White, Carolinne, eds. (2017).
1086:
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC â AD 600
674:
672:
1841:
Sub-Roman Britain (AD 400â600): A Gazetteer of Sites
1325:
Jackson, Kenneth H. (1953). Gillies, William (ed.).
3735:
3686:
3635:
3559:
3363:
3336:
3285:
3137:
3023:
2969:
2950:
2579:
2568:
2321:
2312:
2273:
2153:
2038:
2027:
1938:
1900:
169:
153:
141:
136:
83:
71:
53:
48:
1212:. 109/110. Leipziger UniversitĂ€tsverlag: 147â173.
1689:Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources
1650:The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature
409:substantially different from the Vulgar Latin of
1694:(published in 17 volumes between 1975 and 2013)
1067:
1055:
1031:
980:
896:
857:
287:At the inception of Roman rule in AD 43,
231:, Latin was displaced as a spoken language by
1873:
8:
1429:The Welsh wars of independence: c.410-c.1415
530:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
484:in the southern part of the country and the
3822:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain
3769:languages with more than 5 million speakers
1329:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
3352:(mixed RomaniâIbero- and Occitano-Romance)
2966:
2576:
2318:
2035:
1880:
1866:
1858:
1827:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
1686:Howlett, D. R.; et al., eds. (2012).
1108:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
944:
932:
400:Evidence of a distinctive language variety
275:, Romanisation was minimal or nonexistent.
208:periods. While Britain formed part of the
45:
32:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
1336:Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia
1007:
833:
818:
743:
334:Throughout much of western Europe, from
254:
3832:7th-century disestablishments in Europe
3817:Languages attested from the 1st century
1505:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
1287:Higham, Nicholas; Ryan, Martin (2013).
1106:Social Variation and the Latin Language
806:
794:
569:
1692:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1019:
956:
884:
872:
755:
714:
690:
678:
651:
636:
624:
612:
600:
1043:
920:
908:
845:
779:
767:
726:
702:
663:
588:
7:
3827:Languages extinct in the 7th century
1530:. Cambridge University Press: 1â26.
1467:From Roman Britain to Norman England
992:
968:
576:
326:. Particularly in the lowland zone,
1391:English Historical Sociolinguistics
1182:Charles-Edwards, Thomas M. (2012).
1163:Charles-Edwards, Thomas M. (2000).
509:Monument of Voteporix the Protector
3773:Languages between parentheses are
1488:. Boydell Press. p. 165-171.
1365:. London: Chas. J. Clark: 303â307.
25:
3653:(unknown further classification)
488:in the north under British rule.
291:was inhabited by the indigenous
1839:Snyder, Christopher A. (1996).
1338:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1184:Wales and the Britons, 350-1064
3777:of the language on their left.
3647:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1652:. Cambridge University Press.
1486:Britons in Anglo-Saxon England
1393:. Edinburgh University Press.
1389:Millar, Robert McColl (2012).
1370:Millar, Robert McColl (2010).
1167:. Cambridge University Press.
1145:A History of the British Isles
1089:. Cambridge University Press.
464:In most of what was to become
1:
1648:Godden, Malcolm, ed. (2013).
1598:Roman Inscriptions of Britain
1210:Namenkundliche Informationen
959:, pp. 159â160, 168â169.
348:end of Roman rule in Britain
3644:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1772:The Celtic Roots of English
1469:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
1450:. Oxford University Press.
1412:. Oxford University Press.
1186:. Oxford University Press.
3848:
3346:(mixed PortugueseâSpanish)
2372:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2166:CentralâSouthern Calabrian
1698:MacManus, Damian (1987). "
1448:A History of Roman Britain
1148:(4th ed.). Palgrave.
420:
417:Extinction as a vernacular
36:
29:
3807:Extinct Romance languages
3751:
2901:
1612:Latin in Medieval Britain
1536:10.1017/S0263675100004282
1291:. Yale University Press.
2654:North American dialects
2161:Extreme Southern Italian
1503:Thomas, Charles (1981).
1408:Miller, D. Gary (2012).
1266:Herman, JĂłzsef (2000) .
1201:Coates, Richard (2017).
1125:The Foundations of Latin
1083:Adams, James N. (2007).
30:Not to be confused with
27:Extinct Romance language
2073:CentralâNorthern Latian
1359:Archaeologia Cambrensis
1165:Early Christian Ireland
821:, p. 14 (note 52).
235:in most of what became
18:Romano-British language
2377:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1577:Anglo-Latin literature
1465:Sawyer, P. H. (1998).
1446:Salway, Peter (2001).
1334:Koch, John T. (2006).
1142:Black, Jeremy (2017).
1123:Baldi, Philip (2002).
945:Higham & Ryan 2013
933:Higham & Ryan 2013
516:
513:Thomas Charles-Edwards
470:Anglo-Saxon settlement
436:
324:Romano-British culture
284:
276:
241:Anglo-Saxon settlement
2864:PoitevinâSaintongeais
1582:Anglo-Norman language
1427:Moore, David (2005).
1353:Laws, Edward (1895).
1289:The Anglo-Saxon World
1243:Hall, Alaric (2010).
1127:. Mouton de Gruyter.
1104:Adams, J. N. (2013).
995:, pp. 55â62, 72.
506:
430:
346:. However, after the
282:
258:
2673:St. Marys Bay French
2197:NeapolitanâCalabrese
1700:Linguarum Diversitas
1068:Charles-Edwards 2012
1056:Charles-Edwards 2012
1032:Charles-Edwards 2012
981:Charles-Edwards 2000
897:Charles-Edwards 2012
858:Charles-Edwards 2000
523:has speculated that
190:British Vulgar Latin
3797:Anglo-Saxon society
3025:GalicianâPortuguese
2051:Central Marchigiano
1718:10.1484/J.Peri.3.62
1524:Anglo-Saxon England
1046:, pp. 371â373.
983:, pp. 168â169.
971:, pp. 303â304.
947:, pp. 109â111.
848:, pp. 577â623.
782:, pp. 579â580.
579:, pp. 291â292.
446:Brittonic languages
355:Sources of evidence
245:Brittonic languages
66:Anglo-Saxon England
3439:Catalan Ribagorçan
3286:PyreneanâMozarabic
2558:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2468:BustoccoâLegnanese
2263:Northern Calabrian
517:
493:Germanic migration
437:
394:Bath curse tablets
390:Vindolanda tablets
377:Kenneth H. Jackson
313:Scottish Highlands
299:language known as
285:
277:
216:of the indigenous
214:Brittonic language
3784:
3783:
3760:extinct languages
3682:
3681:
3359:
3358:
3318:Navarro-Aragonese
3203:Peruvian Ribereño
3128:Judaeo-Portuguese
3043:GalicianâAsturian
2946:
2945:
2937:Old Gallo-Romance
2891:Wisconsin Walloon
2308:
2307:
2281:Dalmatian Romance
1889:Romance languages
1850:978-0-86054-824-9
1678:978-0-7185-1209-5
1659:978-0-521-19332-0
1640:978-0-415-14627-2
1621:978-0-19-726608-3
1587:Hermeneutic style
1562:978-90-04-12524-7
1514:978-0-520-04392-3
1507:. HarperCollins.
1495:978-1-84383-312-3
1476:978-0-415-17894-5
1457:978-0-19-280138-8
1438:978-0-7524-3321-9
1419:978-0-19-965426-0
1400:978-0-7486-4181-9
1381:978-1-349-31289-4
1345:978-1-85109-440-0
1317:978-0-415-11761-6
1298:978-0-300-12534-4
1279:978-0-271-02001-3
1258:978-90-04-18011-6
1227:978-3-96023-186-8
1193:978-0-19-821731-2
1174:978-0-521-36395-2
1155:978-1-350-30675-2
1134:978-3-11-017208-9
1115:978-0-521-88614-7
1096:978-0-521-88149-4
923:, pp. 16â17.
911:, pp. 11â14.
797:, pp. 82â94.
746:, pp. 14â15.
423:Sub-Roman Britain
344:Romance languages
229:end of Roman rule
222:Romance languages
183:
182:
78:Early Middle Ages
62:Sub-Roman Britain
16:(Redirected from
3839:
3305:Judaeo-Aragonese
3294:Andalusi Romance
3147:Amazonic Spanish
2984:Western Asturian
2967:
2906:Franco-Provençal
2577:
2473:ComascoâLecchese
2331:EmilianâRomagnol
2319:
2119:Regional Italian
2109:Italo-Australian
2036:
1958:Megleno-Romanian
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1835:
1820:
1783:
1766:
1729:
1693:
1682:
1663:
1644:
1631:The Celtic World
1625:
1566:
1547:
1518:
1499:
1480:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1404:
1385:
1366:
1361:. Fifth Series.
1349:
1330:
1321:
1302:
1283:
1262:
1239:
1207:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1138:
1119:
1100:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
730:
724:
718:
717:, p. 18â21.
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
667:
661:
655:
649:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
591:, pp. 6â10.
586:
580:
574:
511:". According to
366:votive offerings
295:, who spoke the
267:, and including
165:
146:
89:
46:
21:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3802:Ancient Britain
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3747:
3731:
3709:Pannonian Latin
3695:African Romance
3678:
3631:
3562:
3555:
3493:Judeo-Provençal
3366:
3355:
3332:
3281:
3191:Chilean Chilote
3133:
3019:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2942:
2930:Moselle Romance
2897:
2746:Missouri French
2707:Franco-Ontarian
2582:
2571:
2564:
2304:
2269:
2246:Southern Latian
2149:
2114:Maltese Italian
2046:Central Italian
2030:
2023:
2018:Common Romanian
1934:
1918:Italo-Dalmatian
1896:
1886:
1851:
1838:
1823:
1786:
1769:
1732:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1606:
1604:Further reading
1573:
1563:
1550:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1496:
1483:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1445:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1388:
1382:
1369:
1352:
1346:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1242:
1228:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
670:
662:
658:
650:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
603:, pp. 4â6.
599:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
554:
527:âs 8th century
462:
450:Primitive Welsh
425:
419:
402:
357:
253:
161:
158:
142:
132:
105:Latino-Faliscan
90:
87:Language family
85:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3812:Forms of Latin
3809:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3648:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3425:Judaeo-Catalan
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3384:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3180:Latin American
3176:
3171:
3159:
3157:Judaeo-Spanish
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2652:
2647:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2300:Judaeo-Italian
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1955:
1953:Istro-Romanian
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1901:Major branches
1898:
1897:
1893:classification
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1821:
1801:10.2307/525996
1784:
1767:
1747:10.2307/525811
1730:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1664:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1548:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1367:
1350:
1344:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1240:
1226:
1218:10.58938/ni576
1198:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1034:, p. 114.
1024:
1012:
1010:, p. 168.
1008:Schrijver 2008
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
899:, pp. 88.
889:
877:
862:
860:, p. 169.
850:
838:
823:
811:
809:, p. 107.
799:
784:
772:
770:, p. 579.
760:
748:
731:
729:, p. 285.
719:
707:
705:, p. 228.
695:
683:
668:
656:
654:, p. 142.
641:
629:
627:, p. 123.
617:
605:
593:
581:
568:
566:
563:
553:
550:
497:Richard Coates
461:
458:
418:
415:
401:
398:
356:
353:
336:Late Antiquity
309:Hadrianâs Wall
252:
249:
181:
180:
175:
167:
166:
159:
154:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
137:Language codes
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
93:
91:
84:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3844:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3743:Proto-Romance
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:Reconstructed
3734:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:British Latin
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:Vivaro-Alpine
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3325:Old Navarrese
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:Equatoguinean
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Frainc-Comtou
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Judeo-Italian
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Castelmezzano
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Swiss Italian
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Transylvanian
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:Daco-Romanian
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:Italo-Western
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1834:(2): 893â948.
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:. Routledge.
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1070:, p. 89.
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 75.
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:, p. 65.
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
935:, p. 70.
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:, p. 25.
886:
881:
878:
875:, p. 27.
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
836:, p. 17.
835:
834:Wollmann 2007
830:
828:
824:
820:
819:Wollmann 2007
815:
812:
808:
803:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
758:, p. 69.
757:
752:
749:
745:
744:Wollmann 2007
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
696:
693:, p. 17.
692:
687:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
666:, p. 31.
665:
660:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
639:, p. 69.
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
615:, p. 74.
614:
609:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
582:
578:
573:
570:
564:
562:
558:
552:Highland zone
551:
549:
547:
544:) as well as
543:
542:
537:
532:
531:
526:
522:
514:
510:
505:
501:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
429:
424:
416:
414:
412:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
385:
383:
378:
373:
371:
370:curse tablets
367:
363:
354:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
322:and having a
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:Roman Britain
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Great Britain
281:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Great Britain
195:
191:
187:
186:British Latin
179:
176:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
157:
156:Linguist List
152:
148:
145:
140:
135:
121:
120:British Latin
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:Indo-European
92:
88:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
58:Roman Britain
56:
52:
49:British Latin
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3764:
3755:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3642:
3544:
3537:
3499:Languedocien
3491:
3484:Judeo-Gascon
3482:
3423:
3374:
3344:Barranquenho
3323:
3316:
3292:
3274:
3216:
3178:
3161:
3152:Extremaduran
3126:
3100:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3055:
3012:
2971:Asturleonese
2935:
2928:
2886:West Walloon
2874:Saintongeais
2822:
2798:
2794:Anglo-Norman
2752:
2685:Newfoundland
2645:Jersey Legal
2637:
2545:
2510:Southwestern
2493:Vallassinese
2382:Gallo-Picene
2323:Gallo-Italic
2285:
2201:
2196:
2135:
2101:
2016:
1962:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1792:
1788:
1771:
1738:
1734:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1668:
1649:
1630:
1611:
1552:
1527:
1523:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1374:. Palgrave.
1371:
1362:
1358:
1335:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1269:Vulgar Latin
1268:
1248:
1209:
1183:
1164:
1144:
1124:
1105:
1085:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
853:
841:
814:
807:Jackson 1953
802:
795:Jackson 1953
775:
763:
751:
722:
710:
698:
686:
681:, p. 1.
659:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
559:
555:
548:references.
539:
535:
528:
518:
490:
474:Anglo-Saxons
463:
460:Lowland zone
438:
432:
407:
403:
386:
382:Eric P. Hamp
374:
358:
340:Vulgar Latin
333:
317:
286:
226:
210:Roman Empire
194:Vulgar Latin
189:
185:
184:
177:
170:
119:
43:
3720:Campidanese
3546:Old Catalan
3539:Old Occitan
3276:Old Spanish
3210:Rioplatense
3014:Old Leonese
2842:Cotentinais
2806:Guernésiais
2729:Frenchville
2722:New England
2601:Bourbonnais
2553:Piedmontese
2547:Old Lombard
2439:Bergamasque
2363:Sammarinese
1712:: 151â188.
1020:Thomas 1981
957:Coates 2017
885:Miller 2012
873:Miller 2012
756:Thomas 1981
715:Herman 2000
691:Herman 2000
679:Godden 2013
652:Millar 2012
637:Sawyer 1998
625:Millar 2010
613:Sawyer 1998
601:Salway 2001
521:Alaric Hall
442:Old English
239:during the
233:Old English
3791:Categories
3767:indicates
3725:Logudorese
3258:Philippine
3224:Andalusian
3218:Peninsular
3108:Estremenho
3064:Portuguese
2991:Cantabrian
2824:Law French
2816:Sercquiais
2650:Meridional
2611:Champenois
2606:Burgundian
2417:Tabarchino
2407:Monégasque
2346:Parmigiano
2203:Neapolitan
2176:Manduriano
2143:Florentine
2010:Wallachian
1980:Bukovinian
1431:. Tempus.
1077:References
1044:Woolf 2012
921:Moore 2005
909:Black 2017
846:Adams 2007
780:Adams 2007
768:Adams 2007
727:Hines 1998
703:Baldi 2002
664:Adams 2013
589:Black 2017
486:Hen Ogledd
435:, by c.600
421:See also:
251:Background
227:After the
196:spoken in
3775:varieties
3758:indicate
3715:Sardinian
3672:Triestine
3620:Sursilvan
3531:Mentonasc
3509:Provençal
3458:Auvergnat
3444:Valencian
3400:Mallorcan
3390:Algherese
3365:Occitano-
3312:Navarrese
3300:Aragonese
3236:Castilian
3139:Castilian
3115:Uruguayan
3088:Brazilian
3051:Minderico
3045:/Eonavian
3008:Mirandese
2922:ValdĂŽtain
2908:/Arpitan
2849:Orléanais
2800:Auregnais
2784:Mayennais
2734:Louisiana
2616:Ardennais
2596:Berrichon
2402:Intemelio
2358:Forlivese
2341:Bolognese
2287:Dalmatian
2251:Tarantino
2214:Benevento
2171:Salentino
2131:Sassarese
2095:Gallurese
2078:Romanesco
2031:Dalmatian
1995:Moldavian
1990:MaramureÈ
1948:Aromanian
1817:162699214
1789:Britannia
1780:1456-5528
1763:163766377
1735:Britannia
1726:0332-1592
1592:Brithenig
1555:. Brill.
1544:163041589
1251:. Brill.
1236:259010007
993:Hall 2010
969:Laws 1895
577:Koch 2006
546:onomastic
433:Britannia
320:romanised
301:Brittonic
206:sub-Roman
172:Glottolog
144:ISO 639-3
39:Law Latin
3651:Venetian
3625:Vallader
3615:Surmiran
3588:Cadorino
3571:Friulian
3504:Limousin
3473:BĂ©arnese
3435:Western
3417:Northern
3405:Menorcan
3395:Balearic
3386:Eastern
3382:dialects
3241:Castrapo
3198:Peruvian
3169:dialects
3102:European
3070:dialects
3057:Portugis
3038:Galician
2979:Asturian
2917:Savoyard
2869:Poitevin
2837:Cauchois
2811:JĂšrriais
2658:Canadian
2537:Varesino
2532:Ticinese
2520:Novarese
2515:Cremunés
2505:Ossolano
2500:Milanese
2488:Lecchese
2456:Brianzöö
2387:Ligurian
2353:Romagnol
2234:Arianese
2229:Irpinian
2224:Cilentan
2188:Pantesco
2183:Sicilian
2154:Southern
2090:Corsican
2066:Macerata
2061:Fabriano
2000:Oltenian
1970:dialects
1930:Southern
1571:See also
478:Cornwall
448:such as
362:epitaphs
269:Cornwall
192:was the
3756:Italics
3657:Chipilo
3600:Romansh
3563:Romance
3561:Rhaeto-
3526:Gardiol
3478:Landese
3468:Aranese
3453:Occitan
3412:Central
3376:Catalan
3367:Romance
3268:Creoles
3263:Saharan
3251:Murcian
3229:Llanito
3186:Chilean
3163:Spanish
3120:Creoles
3094:Mineiro
3076:African
3001:Riberan
2996:Leonese
2961:Iberian
2954:Romance
2881:Walloon
2854:Paydret
2832:Augeron
2772:Vosgien
2767:Gaumais
2762:Lorrain
2754:Creoles
2717:Muskrat
2663:Acadian
2591:Angevin
2581:Langues
2572:Romance
2478:Comasco
2451:Western
2444:Cremish
2434:Eastern
2429:Lombard
2397:Genoese
2392:Brigasc
2336:Emilian
2314:Western
2293:Istriot
2256:Vastese
2241:Molisan
2103:Italian
2039:Central
1985:CriÈana
1940:Eastern
1923:Western
1908:Eastern
1705:Peritia
541:Germani
536:Garmani
466:England
454:Cornish
368:, and "
293:Britons
263:to the
237:England
218:Britons
200:in the
163:lat-bri
115:Romance
73:Extinct
3687:Others
3667:Talian
3662:Fiuman
3636:Others
3576:Fornes
3514:Niçard
3463:Gascon
3431:Patuet
3337:Others
3246:CastĂșo
2952:Ibero-
2912:Faetar
2859:Picard
2789:Norman
2777:Welche
2700:Magoua
2690:Quebec
2680:Brayon
2639:French
2621:RĂ©mois
2570:Gallo-
2525:Pavese
2483:Laghée
2461:Canzés
2412:Royasc
2274:Others
2209:Barese
2137:Tuscan
2083:Sabino
2056:Ancona
2029:Italo-
1847:
1830:. II.
1815:
1809:525996
1807:
1778:
1761:
1755:525811
1753:
1724:
1675:
1656:
1637:
1618:
1559:
1542:
1511:
1492:
1473:
1454:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1342:
1314:
1295:
1276:
1255:
1234:
1224:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1131:
1112:
1093:
338:, the
297:Celtic
265:Severn
261:Humber
100:Italic
54:Region
3610:PutĂšr
3605:Jauer
3593:Nones
3583:Ladin
3082:Asian
2739:Houma
2712:MĂ©tis
2695:Joual
2668:Chiac
2633:Gallo
2583:d'oĂŻl
1975:Banat
1813:S2CID
1805:JSTOR
1759:S2CID
1751:JSTOR
1540:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1206:(PDF)
565:Notes
482:Wales
328:Latin
273:Devon
202:Roman
110:Latin
3765:Bold
3350:CalĂł
3033:Fala
2959:West
1845:ISBN
1776:ISSN
1722:ISSN
1673:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1091:ISBN
538:for
525:Bede
480:and
452:and
411:Gaul
364:and
271:and
204:and
178:None
1797:doi
1743:doi
1714:doi
1532:doi
1363:XII
1214:doi
188:or
3793::
1832:29
1811:.
1803:.
1791:.
1757:.
1749:.
1737:.
1720:.
1708:.
1538:.
1528:22
1526:.
1357:.
1230:.
1220:.
1208:.
1000:^
865:^
826:^
787:^
734:^
671:^
644:^
468:,
315:.
303:.
247:.
224:.
64:,
60:,
2963:)
2957:(
1895:)
1891:(
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1853:.
1819:.
1799::
1793:6
1782:.
1765:.
1745::
1739:2
1728:.
1716::
1710:3
1681:.
1662:.
1643:.
1624:.
1565:.
1546:.
1534::
1517:.
1498:.
1479:.
1460:.
1441:.
1422:.
1403:.
1384:.
1348:.
1320:.
1301:.
1282:.
1261:.
1238:.
1216::
1196:.
1177:.
1158:.
1137:.
1118:.
1099:.
534:(
149:â
41:.
34:.
20:)
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