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688:. In Livy, following the defeat of the Caeninenses and the Antemnates, the Sabine women begged Hersilia to intercede with her husband on behalf of their families so that they would be received into the state rather than slain by Roman arms. In Dionysius, Hersilia was herself one of the Sabine women, and the only one who was already married at the time of her abduction. Dionysius explains that she was either mistaken for a virgin, or, he thinks more probably, that she was the mother of one of those abducted, and refused to abandon her daughter. Plutarch also relates that Hersilia was one of the Sabine women, and the only one already married. He also mentions that some authorities make Hersilia the wife of
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446:, near where they had been exposed as infants, but disagreed on the site of their new city. Each took up station on a different hill, and awaited an omen to decide between them. Remus sighted six vultures over the Aventine Hill, then Romulus saw a flight of twelve above the Palatine Hill. Remus argued for the Aventine based on priority, Romulus the Palatine based on number. The conflict escalated, and Romulus or one of his followers killed Remus. In a variant of the legend, the augurs favoured Romulus, who proceeded to
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929:(1995), who notes that by this period, the story of Romulus and Remus had already assumed its standard form, and was widely accepted at Rome. Other elements of the Romulus mythos clearly resemble common elements of folk tale and legend, and thus strong evidence that the stories were both old and indigenous. Likewise, Momigliano finds Strasburger's argument well-developed, but entirely implausible; if the Romulus myths were an exercise in mockery, they were a signal failure.
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470:, in the course of which he made a sacrifice to the gods. He laid out the city's boundaries with a furrow that he ploughed, performed another sacrifice, and with his followers set to work building the city itself. Romulus sought the assent of the people to become their king. With Numitor's help, he addressed them and received their approval. Romulus accepted the crown after he sacrificed and prayed to
439:. The brothers grew to manhood among the shepherds and hill-folk. After becoming involved in a conflict between the followers of Amulius and those of their grandfather Numitor, Faustulus told them of their origin. With the help of their friends, they lured Amulius into an ambush and killed him, restoring their grandfather to the throne. The princes then set out to establish a city of their own.
22:
622:, to keep his line from breaking. The bloodshed finally ended when the Sabine women interposed themselves between the two armies, pleading on the one hand with their fathers and brothers, and on the other with their husbands, to set aside their arms and come to terms. The leaders of each side met and made peace. They formed one community, to be jointly ruled by Romulus and Tatius.
1088:
878:). Through the traditional dates from the tales and the festivals, they are each associated with one another. A legend of the murder of such a founding hero, the burying of the hero's body in the fields (found in some accounts), and a festival associated with that hero, a god of the harvest, and a food staple is a pattern recognized by
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670:. Livy says that Romulus was either murdered by the senators, torn apart out of jealousy, or was raised to heaven by Mars, god of war. Livy believes the last theory regarding the legendary king's death, as it allows the Romans to believe that the gods are on their side, a reason for them to continue expansion under Romulus' name.
753:
The legend as a whole encapsulates Rome's ideas of itself, its origins and moral values. For modern scholarship, it remains one of the most complex and problematic of all foundation myths. Ancient historians had no doubt that
Romulus gave his name to the city. Most modern historians believe his name
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The new city was filled with colonists, most of whom were young, unmarried men. While fugitives seeking asylum helped the population grow, single men greatly outnumbered women. With no intermarriage taking place between Rome and neighboring communities, the new city would eventually fail. Romulus
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family from
Bologna commissioned a series of artworks based on the Roman foundation myth. The artists contributing works included a sculpture of Hercules with the infant twins by Gabriele Fiorini, featuring the patron's own face. The most important works were an elaborate series of frescoes
638:
had complained of their treatment by Tatius' kinsmen, and he had decided the matter against the ambassadors. Romulus resisted calls to avenge the Sabine king's death, instead reaffirming the Roman alliance with
Lavinium, and perhaps preventing his city from splintering along ethnic lines.
654:, nine miles up the Tiber from Rome, also raided Roman territory, foreshadowing that city's role as the chief rival to Roman power over the next three centuries. Romulus defeated Veii's army, but found the city too well defended to besiege, and instead ravaged the countryside.
505:. Romulus also allotted a portion of land to each ward, for the benefit of the people. Nothing is known of the manner in which the tribes and curiae were taxed, but for the military levy, each curia was responsible for providing one hundred foot soldiers, a unit known as a
591:
took action without their allies. Caenina was the first to attack; its army was swiftly put to flight, and the town taken. After personally defeating and slaying the prince of
Caenina in single combat, Romulus stripped him of his armour, becoming the first to claim the
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is said to be named after
Mettius Curtius, a Sabine warrior who plunged his horse into its muck to stymie his Roman pursuers as he retreated. At a critical juncture in the fighting, the Romans began to waver in the face of the Sabine advance. Romulus vowed to build a
646:, which, alarmed by the rising power of Rome, had begun raiding Roman territory. The Romans lured the Fidenates into an ambush, and routed their army; as they retreated into their city, the Romans followed before the gates could be shut, and captured the town. The
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is one of very few modern scholars who accept
Romulus and Remus as historical figures, based on the 1988 discovery of an ancient wall on the north slope of the Palatine Hill in Rome. Carandini dates the structure to the mid-8th century BC and names it the
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916:
The unsavoury elements of many of the myths concerning
Romulus have led some scholars to describe them as "shameful" or "disreputable". In antiquity such stories became part of anti-Roman and anti-pagan propaganda. More recently, the historian
613:, the daughter of the Roman commander charged with its defense. Without the advantage of the citadel, the Romans were obliged to meet the Sabines on the battlefield. The Sabines advanced from the citadel, and fierce fighting ensued. The nearby
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901:. Particular versions and collations were presented by Roman historians as authoritative, an official history trimmed of contradictions and untidy variants to justify contemporary developments, genealogies and actions in relation to
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564:
sent envoys to neighboring towns, appealing to them to allow intermarriage with Roman citizens, but his overtures were rebuffed. Romulus formulated a plan to acquire women from other settlements. He announced a momentous
302:. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these traditions incorporate elements of
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1597:
may have been a later addition to the original
Romulean tribes, but as the Tiber formed the traditional boundary between Latium and Etruria, it is not unlikely that there were Etruscan settlers from the earliest
306:, and it is not clear to what extent a historical figure underlies the mythical Romulus, the events and institutions ascribed to him were central to the myths surrounding Rome's origins and cultural traditions.
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454:). When Remus derisively leapt over the "walls" to show how inadequate they were against invaders, Romulus struck him down in anger. In another variant, Remus was killed during a melée, along with Faustulus.
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accords them different temples. Images of
Quirinus showed him as a bearded warrior wielding a spear as a god of war, the embodiment of Roman strength and a deified likeness of the city of Rome. He had a
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One theory regarding this tradition proposes the emergence of two mythical figures from an earlier, singular hero. While
Romulus is a founding hero, Quirinus may have been a god of the harvest, and the
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These names probably do not date from the time of Romulus; modern scholars have inferred that they were originally ethnic tribes representing different elements of the early Roman population, with the
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692:, rather than Romulus. Two children are attributed to Romulus in Plutarch: a daughter, Prima, and a son, Avillius, but here Plutarch notes that his source, Zenodotus of Troezen, is widely disputed.
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Dionysius describes an ambush of Numitor's son, who was hunting; Livy indicates that there were multiple sons, but does not give any details of their murder. Dionysius also gives an alternate name,
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The aggrieved cities prepared for war with Rome, and might have defeated Romulus had they been fully united. But impatient with the preparations of the Sabines, the Latin towns of
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400:. When Rhea became pregnant, she asserted that she had been visited by the god Mars. Amulius imprisoned her, and upon the twins' birth, ordered that they be thrown into the
532:" or "plebeians", consisted of the servants, freedmen, fugitives who sought asylum at Rome, those captured in war, and others who were granted Roman citizenship over time.
677:, perhaps originally the indigenous god of the Sabine population. As the Sabines had not had a king of their own since the death of Titus Tatius, the next king of Rome,
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782:. It is unclear whether or not the tale of Romulus or that of the twins are original elements of the foundation myth, or whether both or either were added.
509:, and ten cavalry. Each Romulean tribe thus provided about one thousand infantry, and one century of cavalry; the three hundred cavalry became known as the
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602:. Antemnae and Crustumerium were conquered in turn. Some of their people, chiefly the families of the abducted women, were allowed to settle in Rome.
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of 5th-century BC, who named Aeneas as its founder. Roman historians connect Romulus to Aeneas by ancestry and mention a previous settlement on the
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Dionysius suggests that the Parilia may have predated the founding of the city, and been chosen by Romulus because it was an auspicious occasion.
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and his Greek colonists. To the Romans, Rome was the institutions and traditions they credit to their legendary founder, the first "Roman".
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archetype", this pattern suggests that in a prior tradition, the god and the hero were in fact the same figure and later evolved into two.
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1937:. "Romulus is said to have been fifty-four years of age, and in the thirty-eighth year of his reign when he disappeared from among men."
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The myths concerning Romulus involve several distinct episodes and figures, including the miraculous birth and youth of Romulus and his
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postulated that these were never part of authentic Roman tradition, but were invented and popularized by Rome's enemies, probably in
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As the name suggests, a unit of one hundred men, although in later times a century was usually smaller, comprising about sixty men.
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Modern scholarship approaches the various known stories of the myth as cumulative elaborations and later interpretations of Roman
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In another version, the she-wolf of the legend was Acca Larentia herself, who was a prostitute nicknamed "Lupa" by the shepherds.
404:. But as the river had been swollen by rain, the servants tasked with disposing of the infants could not reach its banks, and so
905:. Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning.
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that 771 BC was the birth year of Romulus and his twin. The tradition that gave Romulus a distant ancestor in the semi-divine
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830:, who oversaw his worship and rituals in the ordainment of Roman religion attributed to Romulus's royal successor,
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The two kings presided over the growing city of Rome for a number of years, before Tatius was slain in a riot at
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This article is about the founder and first king of Rome. For the legendary tale of Romulus and Remus, see
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925:, during the latter part of the fourth century BC. This hypothesis is rejected by other scholars, such as
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735:. Greek historians had traditionally claimed that Rome was founded by Greeks, a claim dating back to the
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from the name of the city. Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and
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609:, marshalled their forces and advanced upon Rome. They gained control of the citadel by bribing
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The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000â264 BC)
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The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000â264 BC)
834:. There is however no evidence for the conflated Romulus-Quirinus before the 1st century BC.
493:, for taxation and military purposes. Each tribe was presided over by an official known as a
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Possible historical bases for the broad mythological narrative remain unclear and disputed.
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Remo e Romolo. Dai rioni dei Quiriti alla cittĂ dei Romani (775/750 - 700/675 a. C. circa)
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In the years following the death of Tatius, Romulus is said to have conquered the city of
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568:, and invited the people of the neighboring cities to attend. Many did, in particular the
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happened upon the twins, and suckled them until they were found by the king's herdsman,
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755:
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528:", forming one of the two major social classes at Rome. The other class, known as the "
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To encourage the growth of the city, Romulus outlawed infanticide, and established an
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801:(fl. 180s BC) refers to Romulus as a divinity in his own right, without reference to
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The founding of Rome was commemorated annually on April 21, with the festival of the
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Romulus acquired a cult following, which later became assimilated with the cult of
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543:. Here freemen and slaves alike could claim protection and seek Roman citizenship.
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2138:. â A critical, chronological review of historiography related to Rome's origins.
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and the frequent subject of art, literature and philosophy since ancient times.
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634:, where he had gone to make a sacrifice. Shortly before, a group of envoys from
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After a reign of thirty-seven years, Romulus is said to have disappeared in a
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Following the defeat of the Latin towns, the Sabines, under the leadership of
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392:. Before the twins' birth, Numitor's throne had been usurped by his brother,
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2127:, vol. 1, Rome, IT: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, pp. 545â98,
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The founding of Rome fell on the Parilia, according to the oldest surviving
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Choosing one hundred men from the leading families, Romulus established the
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A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War.
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during a sudden and violent storm, as he was reviewing his troops on the
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Momigliano, Arnoldo (2007), "An interim report on the origins of Rome",
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Tarpeia's punishment, Pentelic marble fragment from the Frieze of the
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was further embellished, and Romulus was made the direct ancestor of
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Terzo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico
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La nascita di Roma. DĂši, lari, eroi e uomini all'alba di una civiltĂ
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around the Palatine Hill to demarcate the walls of the future city (
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Quirinus: una divinita' romana alla luce della comparazione storica
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The episodes which make up the legend, most significantly that of
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334:; the establishment of various Roman institutions; the death or
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2203:"Romulus, Aeneas and the Cultural Memory of the Roman Republic"
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Romulus and his twin brother Remus from a 15th-century frieze,
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805:. Roman mythographers identified the latter as an originally
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Wiseman, T. P. (1983). "The Wife and Children of Romulus".
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Print from Romolo ed Ersilia, final scene, Act 3, Artist;:
524:, the city fathers; their descendants came to be known as "
267:
945:, and the death of Tatius have been a significant part of
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of an unusually problematic foundation and early history.
572:, who came in droves. At a prearranged signal, the Romans
466:. Romulus' first act was to fortify the Palatine with the
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252:
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Reconstruction of Basilica Aemilia Frieze marble fragment
501:, or wards, each presided over by an official known as a
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The rape of the Sabine women in paintings and sculpture
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Tarpeia conspires with Tatius in an illustration from
376:, through whom the twins were descended from both the
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The Vestal Virgin Tarpeia Beaten by Tatiusâ soldiers
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lists Quirinus and Romulus as separate deities, and
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Romulus marking the city's boundaries with a plough
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1026:Romulus dedicating the temple to Jupiter Feretrius
2230:"The Lupercalia and the Romulus and Remus Legend"
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2015:Evans, 103 and footnote 66: citing quotation of
862:to bring his son up to Olympus to live with the
809:war-deity, and thus to be identified with Roman
408:the twins beneath a fig tree at the foot of the
715:as a source. Other significant sources include
684:Various sources state that Romulus had a wife,
513:, "the swift", and formed the royal bodyguard.
2092:"Studi e Materiali di Storia delle religioni".
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2311:Romulus: The Legend of Rome's Founding Father
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1287:"the Heroic Accounts of Hadrian Schoonebeeck"
8:
2357:Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
2314:, Pen and Sword History, ISBN 9781526783172.
1982:Plutarch, "The Life of Romulus", 14, 18, 19.
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1728:
2271:(ii). Cambridge University Press: 445â452.
2033:(2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, p. 53,
1650:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
576:the marriageable women among their guests.
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2372:Berkeley: University of California Press.
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322:; Remus' murder and the founding of Rome;
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1646:(Torino: Einaudi); and Carandini (2011).
1484:"Apparition of Romulus before Proculus",
1419:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure des beaux-arts
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
477:Romulus divided the populace into three
474:, and after receiving favourable omens.
2106:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1913:. "Romulus reigned thirty-seven years."
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1050:The death of Titus Tatius in Laurentium
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794:Roman Denarius with Romulus as Quirinus
1376:Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius
957:In the late 16th century, the wealthy
874:a festival celebrating a staple crop (
1642:(Torino: Einaudi); Carandini (2006),
681:, was chosen from among the Sabines.
360:, Romulus and Remus were the sons of
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2302:Empty Tomb, Apotheosis, Resurrection
2057:Empty Tomb, Resurrection, Apotheosis
1991:Rodriguez Mayorgas (2010), pp. 92â94
1356:The Intervention of the Sabine Women
1062:Romulus appearing to Proculus Julius
44:adding citations to reliable sources
2031:The Imperial Cult in the Latin West
964:Histories of the Foundation of Rome
497:, and was further divided into ten
3859:People whose existence is disputed
338:of Romulus, and the succession of
326:, and the subsequent war with the
14:
368:. Their maternal grandfather was
2201:RodrĂguez Mayorgas, Ana (2010),
1572:(Rodriguez Mayorga 2010, p. 97).
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20:
1038:The Battle of the Lacus Curtius
909:sums up the whole issue as the
118:King of Rome from 753 to 716 BC
31:needs additional citations for
1510:List of people who disappeared
746:, sometimes attributing it to
427:In the traditional account, a
330:; a period of joint rule with
1:
3849:Missing person cases in Italy
1585:representing the Latins, the
1439:Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers
1002:The Asylum (Inter duos Lucos)
850:) gives a description of the
780:Rome's first Imperial dynasty
1401:). Garnier won the contest.
1014:The rape of the Sabine women
939:the rape of the Sabine women
553:The Rape of the Sabine Women
547:The Rape of the Sabine Women
324:the Rape of the Sabine Women
3879:Mythological Italian people
2299:Cook, John Granger (2018),
2054:Cook, John Granger (2018).
1282:Tarpeia, Illustration from
762:reports the calculation of
600:temple to Jupiter Feretrius
559:Battle of the Lacus Curtius
444:hills overlooking the Tiber
423:depicts the twins suckling.
3895:
3874:Mythological city founders
3422:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
3361:
2592:On the Malice of Herodotus
2512:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2353:Carandini, Andrea (2011).
2325:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2228:Tennant, P. M. W. (1988).
1698:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1415:Ătienne-BarthĂ©lĂ©my Garnier
1350:Hersilia from a detail of
1332:Giovanni Battista Cipriani
966:by the Brothers Carracci:
556:
550:
349:
120:
3829:Deified ancient Roman men
3417:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2963:
2885:
2500:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2471:
2423:
2415:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2277:10.1017/S0009838800034704
2066:10.1628/978-3-16-156584-7
2029:Fishwick, Duncan (1993),
1843:Dionysius, ii. 8, 12, 13.
1397:was the death of Tatius (
1393:The subject for the 1788
1200:Johann Heinrich Schönfeld
947:ancient Roman scholarship
458:Establishment of the city
139:
3869:Mythological fratricides
3676:Rape of the Sabine Women
854:of Romulus and his wife
620:temple to Jupiter Stator
127:Romulus (disambiguation)
3819:8th-century BC monarchs
3681:Battle of Lacus Curtius
2850:Translators and editors
2368:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
2265:The Classical Quarterly
2102:Wiseman, T. P. (1995),
2088:Brelich, Angelo. 1960.
1638:See: Carandini (1997),
1304:The story of the Romans
598:, and vowed to build a
372:, the rightful king of
3854:People from Alba Longa
3839:Deified Roman monarchs
3368:
2936:Ancient Roman religion
1616:Jupiter the Steadfast.
1309:HĂ©lĂšne Adeline Guerber
1215:Charles Christian Nahl
962:collectively known as
795:
574:seized and carried off
520:. These men he called
448:plough a square furrow
424:
125:. For other uses, see
3834:Deified male monarchs
3814:8th-century BC Romans
3367:
2160:. London: Routledge,
2154:Cornell, Tim (1995),
1802:On the Latin Language
1589:the Sabines, and the
793:
713:Quintus Fabius Pictor
557:Further information:
539:for fugitives on the
442:They returned to the
418:
3561:Interpretatio graeca
2308:Hyden, Marc (2020),
2181:Cornell, T. (1995),
1752:Dionysius, i. 85â87.
1743:Dionysius, i. 79â83.
1713:Dionysius, i. 77â79.
1520:Legendary progenitor
1336:Francesco Bartolozzi
1289:(1695) (14751427905)
1170:Theodoor van Thulden
1074:The Pride of Romulus
740:Hellanicus of Lesbos
658:Death and succession
290:) was the legendary
40:improve this article
3761:Classical mythology
3582:Theology of victory
3427:Kings of Alba Longa
2625:Alexander the Great
2514:(535â510 BC/509 BC)
2104:Remus, A Roman Myth
1779:Dionysius, ii. 3â6.
1593:the Etruscans. The
1360:Jacques-Louis David
919:Hermann Strasburger
310:Traditional account
287:[ËroËmÊÉ«Ês]
167:(traditional dates)
3369:
2862:Arthur Hugh Clough
2426:King of Alba Longa
1973:Dionysius, ii. 45.
1861:Dionysius, ii. 15.
1822:Dionysius, ii. 13.
1625:The archaeologist
1541:, for Rhea Silvia.
1500:Evander of Pallene
796:
566:festival and games
425:
3864:Romulus and Remus
3844:Founding monarchs
3801:
3800:
3778:Etruscan religion
3392:Romulus and Remus
3375:Legendary figures
3359:
3358:
3008:Castor and Pollux
2902:
2901:
2889:Comparison extant
2819:Tiberius Gracchus
2585:De genio Socratis
2521:
2520:
2432:
2431:
2406:Succeeded by
2387:Legendary titles
2378:978-0-520-22651-7
2363:978-0-691-13922-7
2329:Roman Antiquities
2194:978-1-136-75495-1
2166:978-1-136-75495-1
2040:978-90-04-07179-7
1788:Dionysius, ii. 7.
1770:Dionysius, i. 88.
1702:Roman Antiquities
1656:978-0-691-13922-7
1399:La mort de Tatius
1124:Peter Paul Rubens
933:Depictions in art
828:Flamen Quirinalis
626:Subsequent events
352:Romulus and Remus
346:Romulus and Remus
235:
234:
123:Romulus and Remus
116:
115:
108:
90:
3886:
3671:Founding of Rome
3441:Legendary beings
3402:Tullus Hostilius
3239:Abstract deities
3098:Lares Familiares
2961:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2872:Philemon Holland
2761:Cato the Younger
2641:Aratus of Sicyon
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2488:Tullus Hostilius
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2416:Preceded by
2384:
2296:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2207:
2197:
2169:
2152:
2139:
2137:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2026:
2020:
2017:Ennius in Cicero
2013:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:Livy, i. 17, 18.
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:Livy, i. 13, 15.
1811:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1677:
1659:
1627:Andrea Carandini
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1481:
1471:Death of Romulus
1450:
1430:
1410:
1371:
1347:
1327:
1298:
1279:
1267:
1256:Basilica Aemilia
1251:
1233:
1211:
1196:
1185:Sebastiano Ricci
1181:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1105:
1090:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
786:Romulus-Quirinus
690:Hostus Hostilius
435:, and his wife,
289:
284:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
148:Certosa di Pavia
144:
132:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3793:Myth and ritual
3788:Greek mythology
3749:
3711:
3707:Pignora imperii
3702:Parabiago Plate
3685:
3654:
3613:
3547:
3541:
3523:Sibylline Books
3457:
3436:
3407:Servius Tullius
3370:
3355:
3234:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2903:
2898:
2881:
2845:
2832:Aemilius Paulus
2604:
2600:Pseudo-Plutarch
2558:
2552:
2522:
2517:
2506:Servius Tullius
2467:
2462:
2421:
2411:
2402:
2350:
2348:Further reading
2340:History of Rome
2321:
2319:Ancient Sources
2262:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2153:
2142:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2060:. p. 263.
2053:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2003:Life of Romulus
2000:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1897:Livy, i. 14â15.
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:Livy, i. 11â13.
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
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1747:
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1738:
1733:
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1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1685:History of Rome
1678:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1580:
1576:
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1532:
1528:
1515:Proculus Julius
1496:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1431:
1422:
1411:
1391:
1389:Death of Tatius
1384:
1372:
1363:
1348:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1290:
1285:Pictura loquens
1280:
1271:
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1218:
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1203:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
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1157:
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1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1109:Nicolas Poussin
1106:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1000:
991:
988:
955:
953:Palazzo Magnani
935:
899:foundation myth
892:
880:anthropologists
788:
698:
696:Primary sources
660:
628:
561:
555:
549:
541:Capitoline Hill
481:, known as the
460:
358:Roman mythology
354:
348:
312:
281:Classical Latin
279:
245:
241:
166:
150:
130:
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3892:
3890:
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3713:
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3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3645:Pythagoreanism
3642:
3640:Peripateticism
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:The Golden Ass
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3453:Barnacle goose
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Numa Pompilius
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
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3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:Four unpaired
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2823:Gaius Gracchus
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2662:Cato the Elder
2655:
2638:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2574:
2571:Parallel Lives
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2482:Numa Pompilius
2479:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:Numa Pompilius
2407:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2366:
2355:Rome: Day One.
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2260:
2225:
2198:
2193:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2140:
2133:
2110:
2094:
2081:
2074:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1928:Parallel Lives
1915:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1798:Varro Reatinus
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1690:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1648:Rome: Day One.
1618:
1609:
1600:
1574:
1570:Roman calendar
1561:
1552:
1543:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1455:Jacques RĂ©attu
1452:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:(100 BC-100 AD
1253:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1168:Attributed to
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:Jacopo Ligozzi
1152:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1001:
994:
992:
989:
982:
954:
951:
941:, the tale of
934:
931:
903:Roman morality
891:
888:
832:Numa Pompilius
787:
784:
756:back-formation
697:
694:
679:Numa Pompilius
668:Campus Martius
659:
656:
627:
624:
551:Main article:
548:
545:
459:
456:
419:A statue of a
388:, the king of
350:Main article:
347:
344:
340:Numa Pompilius
311:
308:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
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193:
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176:Numa Pompilius
173:
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163:
159:
158:
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145:
137:
136:
117:
114:
113:
96:September 2023
28:
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2:
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3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Kings of Rome
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
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3772:
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3768:
3767:
3764:
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3759:
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3756:
3752:
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3736:
3734:
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3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
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3692:
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3674:
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3669:
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3646:
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3641:
3638:
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3608:
3605:
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3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Imperial cult
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:and practices
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3496:Metamorphoses
3493:
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3412:Ancus Marcius
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3408:
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3342:
3341:Tranquillitas
3339:
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3009:
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2979:
2976:
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2969:
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2965:
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2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:Dii Consentes
2949:
2945:
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2930:
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2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
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2895:
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2870:
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2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Jacques Amyot
2855:
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2630:
2629:Julius Caesar
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2623:
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2537:
2535:
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2526:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:Ancus Marcius
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:Kings of Rome
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
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2436:
2428:
2427:
2420:
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2290:
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2270:
2266:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:Acta Classica
2231:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:, Routledge,
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:9788884983633
2130:
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2125:
2117:
2115:
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2105:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2075:9783161565847
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
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1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
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1936:
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1764:
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1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1734:Livy, i. 3â6.
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
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1475:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1457:, now in the
1456:
1449:
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1437:, now in the
1436:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:, now in the
1416:
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1396:
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1210:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1156:(c.1565-1627)
1155:
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1140:
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1129:
1125:
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1114:
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1104:
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928:
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923:Magna Graecia
920:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:lines 805-828
845:
844:
843:Metamorphoses
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
744:Palatine Hill
741:
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
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649:
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640:
637:
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625:
623:
621:
616:
615:Lacus Curtius
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
596:
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586:
582:
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575:
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560:
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531:
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504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
452:Roma Quadrata
449:
445:
440:
438:
437:Acca Larentia
434:
430:
422:
417:
413:
411:
410:Palatine Hill
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:According to
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
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275:
239:
231:
228:
224:
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218:
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208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
143:
138:
133:
128:
124:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: â
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3697:Gubernaculum
3666:Golden Bough
3635:Neoplatonism
3630:Epicureanism
3559:
3532:
3513:
3494:
3487:
3473:
2978:Anna Perenna
2952:
2893:
2877:Thomas North
2837:Themistocles
2792:
2788:Gaius Marius
2632:
2576:
2569:
2508:(578â535 BC)
2502:(616â579 BC)
2496:(642â617 BC)
2490:(673â642 BC)
2484:(717â673 BC)
2478:(753â717 BC)
2475:
2424:
2399:King of Rome
2397:
2393:New creation
2392:
2369:
2354:
2338:
2328:
2309:
2300:
2268:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2240:
2236:
2218:, retrieved
2213:
2209:
2183:
2175:Bibliography
2155:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2056:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1964:Livy, i. 11.
1960:
1951:
1946:Livy, i. 16.
1942:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1893:
1888:Livy, i. 13.
1884:
1875:
1870:Livy, i. 10.
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1718:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1683:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:Murus Romuli
1631:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1459:Musée Réattu
1398:
1395:Prix de Rome
1392:
1374:
1351:
1334:, Engraver:
1303:
1284:
1236:
963:
956:
936:
915:
907:T.P. Wiseman
896:
893:
883:
882:. Called a "
868:
841:
836:
824:Flamen Maior
797:
752:
730:
720:
699:
683:
672:
661:
641:
629:
607:Titus Tatius
604:
595:spolia opima
593:
585:Crustumerium
578:
562:
534:
521:
518:Roman senate
515:
506:
502:
490:
486:
482:
476:
468:Murus Romuli
461:
441:
426:
355:
332:Titus Tatius
316:twin brother
313:
237:
236:
156:King of Rome
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3771:Persecution
3723:Gallo-Roman
3515:Res divinae
3387:Rhea Silvia
2867:John Dryden
2748:Philopoemen
2685:Demosthenes
2331:i & ii.
2254:19 November
2220:14 December
2216:(1): 89â109
1852:Livy, i. 8.
1834:Livy, i. 9.
1761:Livy, i. 7.
1722:Livy, i. 4.
1453:Version by
1433:Version by
1413:Version by
1352:Les Sabines
1139:Giambologna
927:Tim Cornell
911:mythography
890:Historicity
852:deification
826:called the
737:logographer
364:by the god
362:Rhea Silvia
230:Rhea Silvia
3808:Categories
3716:Variations
3618:Philosophy
3597:Capitolium
3504:Propertius
3271:Averruncus
3256:Aeternitas
3246:Abundantia
3175:Proserpina
2752:Flamininus
2645:Artaxerxes
2620:Coriolanus
2616:Alcibiades
2019:, 1.41.64.
2001:Plutarch.
1804:v. 81, 89.
872:Fornacalia
766:'s friend
526:patricians
374:Alba Longa
336:apotheosis
296:first king
190:Alba Longa
165:753â716 BC
66:newspapers
3743:Mithraism
3728:Mysteries
3577:Palladium
3555:Festivals
3331:Securitas
3281:Concordia
3225:Vertumnus
3043:DÄ«s Pater
2940:mythology
2815:Cleomenes
2802:Sertorius
2775:Poplicola
2770:Agesilaus
2743:Marcellus
2739:Pelopidas
2676:Demetrius
2658:Aristides
2554:Works of
2305:, p. 263.
2293:170700760
2249:0065-1141
2243:: 81â93.
2210:Athenaeum
1665:Citations
1587:Titienses
1488:(17th c.)
1242:(16th c.)
1240:Il Sodoma
1187:(c. 1700)
1172:(17th c.)
1126:(1634â36)
1094:Il Sodoma
864:Olympians
705:Dionysius
664:whirlwind
636:Laurentum
487:Titienses
433:Faustulus
172:Successor
55:"Romulus"
3783:Glossary
3754:See also
3650:Stoicism
3625:Cynicism
3587:Pomerium
3546:Concepts
3528:Apuleius
3448:She-wolf
3432:Hersilia
3351:Victoria
3251:Aequitas
3205:Summanus
3195:Silvanus
3180:Quirinus
3110:Libertas
3073:Hercules
3018:Cloacina
3003:Carmenta
2998:Bona Dea
2973:Angerona
2968:Agenoria
2841:Camillus
2828:Timoleon
2734:Lycurgus
2721:Lysander
2712:Lucullus
2707:Pericles
2556:Plutarch
2403:753â717
1923:Plutarch
1505:Hersilia
1494:See also
1421:, Paris.
1381:Guercino
1317:Hersilia
976:Agostino
972:Annibale
968:Ludovico
856:Hersilia
815:Lucilius
803:Quirinus
768:Tarutius
760:Plutarch
711:rely on
709:Plutarch
686:Hersilia
675:Quirinus
650:city of
648:Etruscan
632:Lavinium
589:Antemnae
429:she-wolf
421:She-wolf
304:folklore
210:Hersilia
3766:Decline
3690:Objects
3592:Temples
3572:Charity
3306:Laverna
3296:Fortuna
3286:Feronia
3215:Veritas
3185:Salacia
3170:Priapus
3155:Penates
3135:Neptune
3130:Minerva
3125:Mercury
3088:Jupiter
3028:Dea Dia
2993:Bellona
2948:Deities
2806:Eumenes
2797:Theseus
2793:Romulus
2784:Pyrrhus
2757:Phocion
2667:Crassus
2578:Moralia
2476:Romulus
2419:Numitor
2005:. 12.5.
1934:Romulus
1598:period.
1595:Luceres
1591:Luceres
1435:Girodet
1223:Tarpeia
959:Magnani
943:Tarpeia
860:Jupiter
774:prince
748:Evander
644:Fidenae
611:Tarpeia
581:Caenina
570:Sabines
511:Celeres
507:century
495:tribune
491:Luceres
472:Jupiter
464:Parilia
406:exposed
394:Amulius
386:Latinus
370:Numitor
328:Sabines
292:founder
238:Romulus
135:Romulus
80:scholar
3733:Cybele
3659:Events
3607:Celtic
3475:Aeneid
3469:Virgil
3382:Aeneas
3316:Pietas
3301:Fontus
3276:Caelus
3266:Annona
3261:Africa
3230:Vulcan
3190:Saturn
3165:Pomona
3068:Genius
3058:Faunus
3048:Egeria
2988:Aurora
2983:Apollo
2766:Pompey
2703:Fabius
2698:Brutus
2689:Cicero
2680:Antony
2671:Nicias
2376:
2361:
2291:
2285:638787
2283:
2247:
2191:
2164:
2131:
2072:
2037:
1704:i. 76.
1654:
1583:Ramnes
1486:Rubens
1383:(1645)
1362:(1799)
1338:(1781)
1311:(1896)
1217:(1870)
1202:(1640)
1141:(1583)
1111:(1638)
1096:(1507)
974:, and
807:Sabine
799:Ennius
776:Aeneas
772:Trojan
732:Aeneid
727:Virgil
725:, and
707:, and
587:, and
537:asylum
522:patres
489:, and
483:Ramnes
479:tribes
398:Vestal
390:Latium
384:, and
382:Aeneas
378:Trojan
226:Mother
216:Father
206:Spouse
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3602:Cella
3509:Varro
3489:Fasti
3462:Texts
3346:Terra
3326:Salus
3291:Fides
3220:Vesta
3210:Venus
3160:Pluto
3150:Orcus
3105:Liber
3093:Lares
3078:Janus
3063:Flora
3053:Fauna
3033:Diana
3023:Cupid
3013:Ceres
2894:Lives
2779:Solon
2725:Sulla
2716:Cimon
2649:Galba
2609:Lives
2563:Works
2289:S2CID
2281:JSTOR
2233:(PDF)
2206:(PDF)
1688:i. 3.
1526:Notes
1463:Arles
876:spelt
846:XIV (
819:Varro
764:Varro
754:is a
722:Fasti
530:plebs
503:curio
499:curia
402:Tiber
380:hero
320:Remus
162:Reign
87:JSTOR
73:books
3738:Isis
3483:Ovid
3336:Spes
3321:Roma
3120:Mars
3115:Luna
3083:Juno
3038:Dies
2938:and
2839:and
2830:and
2817:and
2811:Agis
2804:and
2795:and
2786:and
2777:and
2768:and
2759:and
2750:and
2741:and
2732:and
2730:Numa
2723:and
2714:and
2705:and
2696:and
2694:Dion
2687:and
2678:and
2669:and
2660:and
2653:Otho
2647:and
2634:life
2627:and
2618:and
2374:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2343:iâv.
2335:Livy
2269:XXXI
2256:2016
2245:ISSN
2241:XXXI
2222:2016
2189:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1907:Livy
1680:Livy
1652:ISBN
1539:Ilia
884:dema
838:Ovid
811:Mars
717:Ovid
701:Livy
652:Veii
366:Mars
300:Rome
294:and
220:Mars
200:Rome
196:Died
186:Born
59:news
3311:Pax
3200:Sol
3145:Ops
3140:Nox
2273:doi
2062:doi
1358:",
1307:by
866:.
840:in
729:'s
719:'s
298:of
42:by
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2337:,
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2214:98
2212:,
2208:,
2143:^
2113:^
2068:.
1931:,
1925:,
1909:,
1827:^
1800:,
1727:^
1700:,
1682:,
1672:^
1636:.
1465:.
1461:,
1379:,
978:.
970:,
813:.
703:,
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485:,
412:.
342:.
318:,
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2951:(
2928:e
2921:t
2914:v
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2631:(
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2547:e
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2533:v
2457:e
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1911:I
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283::
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271:s
268:É
265:l
262:Ê
259:j
256:m
253:É
250:r
247:Ë
244:/
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109:)
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98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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