1161:
1180:
2262:
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4188:
2037:
1188:
771:
1740:
2188:
2203:
779:
5270:
2239:
186:
2224:
5202:
1539:
158:
1697:
813:
4779:
1684:
1583:
1108:
535:
132:
805:
821:
794:
1557:, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.
1652:
is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose
Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for
689:
are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the
3146:
The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century
Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz,
1087:
and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication. This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth.
2172:
1431:
and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.
4815:
1843:
The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases). The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.
4808:
3662:
2045:
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with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.
1179:
1063:
Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China. Among the old
Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.
2708:"A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada"
1980:
and states that the rose is red because
Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel
2238:
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4536:
6552:
2187:
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The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as
3759:
665:. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to
887:, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple
5301:
4754:
2324:
2119:
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The
Luxembourg-born
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5310:
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2202:
6344:
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991:. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as
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6419:
422:
3972:
3297:
5038:
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2029:. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the
2002:, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. French writer
4147:
3932:
2022:
1859:
1855:, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
3977:
3084:
2223:
2832:
Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (2017).
6567:
4744:
4631:
4263:
2443:
2396:
2319:
2281:
1550:. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
3523:
1936:(Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses") is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
1037:
found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene. Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds.
6201:
4713:
4506:
2193:
2133:
was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
4132:
3315:
5231:
3205:
3009:
1147:
875:
is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five
3661:
Ugo
Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021,
3897:
6504:
4581:
4107:
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Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the
6318:
5205:
5143:
4843:
4739:
3789:
2425:
2378:
1473:
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in
6206:
3837:
6468:
5294:
5010:
4641:
4566:
2834:"Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports"
1129:
4187:
4112:
4097:
4037:
3947:
3912:
1972:
praises a beautiful youth saying that
Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms". The second-century AD Greek travel writer
165:
6349:
840:; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are
6357:
5017:
4042:
3493:
2036:
1034:
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4651:
4551:
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1867:
662:
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5122:
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4708:
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4142:
4137:
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4052:
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pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
6473:
6432:
5136:
4858:
4586:
4288:
4172:
4122:
4102:
4062:
3852:
3827:
2476:
2471:
2431:
2384:
1794:
1732:, or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce
5169:
4087:
3453:
1118:
435:
6547:
6375:
6024:
5974:
5287:
5087:
5052:
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illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German
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4177:
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4002:
3967:
3962:
6537:
6030:
5378:
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which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in
988:
4621:
4152:
4092:
4032:
4007:
3887:
3857:
2124:
1195:
35:
5201:
6266:
6004:
5918:
4656:
4521:
3892:
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3819:
3423:
2148:
have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of
1721:
1509:
832:
are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long,
185:
2884:
Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY (December 2018).
6542:
6253:
6105:
5892:
5871:
5814:
5150:
5094:
5080:
4413:
4361:
4309:
3617:
Cucciniello, Lisa (2008). "Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in
Catholicism". In Hutton, Frankie (ed.).
3546:
2026:
1973:
1754:
1169:
39:
6180:
4162:
4157:
4077:
4027:
4017:
3927:
3877:
3351:
6406:
6271:
6258:
6044:
5944:
5782:
5777:
5332:
5157:
5003:
4749:
4438:
2763:"Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)"
2249:
2145:
2086:
2007:
1505:
1125:
43:
31:
5798:
4072:
3867:
3195:
2093:. Subsequently roses of the corresponding colours have been used a emblems for the English counties of
1230:
6297:
6509:
6385:
6214:
5984:
5907:
5803:
5685:
5557:
5488:
5446:
5101:
4878:
4868:
4759:
4591:
4516:
4403:
4330:
3997:
3922:
3807:
2719:
2214:
2041:
1643:
1097:
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1004:
999:
920:
731:
341:
5624:
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4718:
4611:
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2130:
2074:
1821:
1810:
1762:
1739:
1657:
1633:
1521:
4067:
3987:
3907:
6562:
6491:
6424:
6014:
5970:
5954:
5934:
5876:
5830:
5700:
5388:
5348:
4616:
4571:
4488:
4478:
4443:
4127:
2936:
2790:
2743:
2349:
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1325:
1165:
984:
798:
353:
180:
6411:
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3957:
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3095:
1632:
and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In
Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (
770:
6393:
6336:
6188:
5675:
5542:
5478:
5327:
5269:
5259:
5045:
5024:
4933:
4909:
4606:
4453:
4423:
4283:
4238:
4202:
3952:
3632:
3622:
3583:
3579:
3499:
3459:
3211:
3201:
3166:
3066:
3015:
3005:
2952:
2917:
2863:
2782:
2735:
2665:
2614:
2339:
2268:
2090:
2069:
2049:
1995:
1733:
1072:
756:
3714:
3431:
3389:
2761:
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012).
6398:
5845:
5840:
5751:
5732:
5695:
5532:
5403:
5398:
5237:
5073:
4971:
4692:
4601:
4576:
4463:
4375:
4012:
3603:
3137:
3056:
3046:
2944:
2907:
2897:
2853:
2845:
2774:
2727:
2655:
2647:
1945:
1482:
1424:
1279:
1256:
1251:
932:) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the
749:
742:
686:
678:
602:
572:
1716:, are, after the removal of the irritant hairs, edible raw, and occasionally are made into
5583:
5108:
4957:
4951:
4526:
4458:
4207:
4022:
3560:
3191:
2439:
2392:
1766:
1758:
1688:
1490:
1454:
1372:
1297:
1284:
1235:
899:
557:
554:
322:
223:
172:
140:
6483:
2141:
6245:
4793:
2723:
2660:
2068:
promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.
6532:
6010:
5964:
5867:
5767:
5746:
5742:
5608:
5593:
5522:
5462:
5429:
5066:
5031:
4923:
4893:
4873:
4782:
4661:
4596:
4473:
3917:
3775:
3061:
3034:
2998:
2912:
2885:
2858:
2833:
2808:
2762:
1982:
1951:
1829:
1538:
1219:
888:
861:
845:
715:
210:
157:
2635:
1696:
979:
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically
812:
6526:
5994:
5980:
5861:
5716:
5691:
5589:
5573:
5498:
5279:
5247:
5129:
4928:
4314:
4298:
4243:
3748:
3121:
2707:
2607:
2329:
2178:
2156:
2109:
2003:
1950:
The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In
1848:
1729:
1617:
1474:
1404:) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
1267:
1262:
1173:
961:
674:
306:
89:
3753:
3333:
3141:
2794:
2747:
1683:
778:
6496:
6193:
6054:
5902:
5888:
5857:
5836:
5763:
4996:
4918:
4863:
4448:
4433:
4228:
2943:. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 719–767 See p. 720.
2137:
1620:
obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is
1561:
1466:
1460:
1441:
1331:
1224:
867:
723:
691:
646:
642:
314:
6154:
2636:"Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time"
2108:
combines the colours of the roses of York and
Lancaster, and is an emblem of then
1582:
6167:
3573:
3160:
2948:
1392: – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
6460:
6362:
6305:
6137:
6040:
5630:
5394:
5209:
4498:
4418:
4223:
3862:
3715:"Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love"
3412:
3033:
Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013).
2463:
2334:
2065:
2057:
1782:
1743:
1702:
1672:
1664:
1547:
1533:
1448:
1362: – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
1304:) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
1107:
993:
941:
924:) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the
915:
534:
131:
64:
6143:
3229:
2849:
2078:(1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.
804:
5722:
5712:
5665:
5374:
4848:
4561:
4483:
4320:
4253:
4082:
3019:
2935:
Leus, Leen; Van Laere, Katrijn; De Riek, Jan; Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (2018).
2902:
2731:
2543:
2245:
2105:
2098:
1933:
1817:
1802:
1750:
1621:
1577:
1554:
1084:
925:
820:
109:
74:
3636:
3162:
The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In Molecules
2786:
2739:
1653:
example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
1342: – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
6240:
6227:
5990:
5898:
5655:
5639:
5620:
5548:
5502:
5434:
4853:
4468:
4408:
3693:
2651:
2583:
2344:
2159:
signed legislation to make the rose the floral emblem of the United States.
2094:
1955:
1929:
1852:
1833:
1825:
1725:
1713:
1282:
for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia,
1183:
Various roses at Rose Garden at Huntington Library in San Marino, California
1057:
949:
928:, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called
849:
841:
279:
149:
114:
17:
6450:
6128:
3070:
2921:
2867:
2669:
1832:
made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as
1030:. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
793:
3215:
6445:
6122:
6034:
5960:
5794:
5671:
5651:
5634:
5599:
5579:
5552:
5538:
5494:
5415:
5384:
5364:
4734:
4293:
4248:
4233:
3051:
2314:
2298:
2287:
2230:
1987:
1921:
1709:
1660:
1613:
1573:
1517:
1513:
1512:. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different
1489:
have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are
1486:
933:
907:
903:
783:
682:
650:
596:
269:
236:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
2570:
2014:
by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god
1998:, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a
1508:
of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at
1003:
have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce
6284:
6000:
5950:
5661:
5508:
5425:
5358:
5354:
5323:
3498:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 209–210.
3254:
2886:"Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses"
2149:
2127:
is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
2120:
2113:
2011:
1806:
1786:
1774:
1350: – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and
1239:
1132: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1012:
987:(the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are
965:
837:
833:
787:
259:
119:
94:
3122:"A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (
1968:
using the "immortal oil of the rose" and the archaic Greek lyric poet
6310:
5826:
5681:
5528:
5474:
5451:
5344:
5253:
3534:
3035:"Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses"
2302:
2294:
2030:
2015:
1999:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1790:
1668:
1629:
1494:
1478:
1428:
1076:
1053:
1046:
1026:). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by
929:
911:
892:
876:
856:
670:
638:
289:
249:
145:
6099:
3458:. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 63, 96.
1560:
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like
1516:, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by
661:, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp
2778:
2514:
1813:. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.
6232:
5930:
5726:
5603:
5569:
5512:
5484:
5419:
5368:
3519:
2035:
1960:
1837:
1778:
1770:
1738:
1695:
1682:
1581:
1537:
1498:
1351:
1186:
1178:
1159:
1020:
973:
953:
872:
819:
811:
803:
792:
777:
769:
711:
658:
654:
561:
533:
197:
6323:
2416:
2369:
6020:
5940:
5773:
5518:
1991:
1798:
1625:
1205:
is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:
1080:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
969:
957:
829:
666:
6103:
5283:
5173:
4797:
3771:
3298:"Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers"
1524:, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
1412: – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
1007:
by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown
6219:
4888:
1717:
1330: – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and
1101:
629:
623:
1616:(also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile
3742:
2609:
The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants
2006:
invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named
1820:, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the
1218:, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from
914:
are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for
3752:
1736:, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
797:
Rose thorns are actually prickles – outgrowths of the
617:
608:
587:
581:
3694:"National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower"
2010:("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of
1546:
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial
2293:
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from
1656:
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant
1481:, and China. It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose
1320: – three species, two from China and one from India.
3767:
3371:
1642:'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world
859:
of most species have five petals, with the exception of
4683:
Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle
626:
620:
614:
584:
3085:"ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses"
1553:
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in
918:. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g.
605:
578:
6112:
4981:
4944:
4902:
4831:
4727:
4701:
4675:
4497:
4396:
4339:
4271:
4262:
4216:
4195:
3818:
3619:
Rose Lore: Essays in Semiotics and Cultural History
3316:"St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search"
1954:, the rose was closely associated with the goddess
1793:. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to
1384: – a single white flowered species from China.
1312: – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
611:
575:
3411:
2997:
2634:Satterlee, J.W.; Alonso, D.; Gramazio, P. (2024).
2606:
2544:"Rose | Description, Species, Images, & Facts"
824:Longitudinal section through a developing rose hip
545:), watercolor by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840)
3200:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 186.
2048:, where supporters of the rival factions in the
1675:is also a significant contributor to the scent.
1667:and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of
4537:Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden
3390:"Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database"
3372:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)"
902:of the rose is a berry-like structure called a
3186:
3184:
3182:
2033:and other devotional prayers in Christianity.
1753:has a very distinctive flavour and is used in
1370: – one species in western North America (
1045:The oldest remains of roses are from the Late
5295:
5185:
4809:
3783:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3376:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)
3126:) and its therapeutic and healing properties"
972:in their droppings. Some birds, particularly
8:
3763:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2501:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
1866:species, varieties, and parts are listed as
6558:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
3649:
2229:White rose pictured in the coat of arms of
1893:Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
6100:
5302:
5288:
5280:
5192:
5178:
5170:
4816:
4802:
4794:
4268:
3790:
3776:
3768:
3578:. Bath, United Kingdom: Elsevier. p.
3276:"Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals"
3120:Nikbakht, Ali; Kafi, M.A. (January 2004).
2586:. Encyclopaedia Iranica. February 9, 2012
156:
130:
50:
4755:List of rose cultivars named after people
3060:
3050:
2911:
2901:
2879:
2877:
2857:
2659:
2613:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2325:List of rose cultivars named after people
1805:. A sweet preserve of rose petals called
1148:Learn how and when to remove this message
1019:(both of these species grow naturally on
895:. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
836:, with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal
2973:"Rosa persica - Trees and Shrubs Online"
2809:"The History of Roses — Our Rose Garden"
2706:DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007).
4647:The Gardens of the American Rose Center
4557:Heritage Rose District of New York City
3495:Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis
2767:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2361:
2168:
2166:and is used often as a symbol of such.
1300:subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called
641:it bears. There are over three hundred
2025:, the rose became identified with the
2018:then transformed her into a rosebush.
1990:contains a scene in which the goddess
1976:associates the rose with the story of
6553:National symbols of the United States
4825:National symbols of the United States
3352:"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)"
2062:Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary
956:. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating
871:, which usually have only four. Each
360:
7:
6474:1279f9a7-dc28-4f4d-bab1-3014d75852d6
6386:0f9e6ea5-35e5-41a3-8732-ffb0a962cfa2
3432:participating institution membership
2939:. In Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (ed.).
2494:
2492:
2040:Framed print after 1908 painting by
2023:Christianization of the Roman Empire
1860:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1464:) or for their showy fruit (such as
1130:adding citations to reliable sources
1033:Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of
4745:List of Award of Garden Merit roses
4632:Royal National Rose Society Gardens
3621:. Lexington Books. pp. 64–65.
3604:"Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism"
2444:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2397:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2320:List of Award of Garden Merit roses
2282:List of pests and diseases of roses
1671:, which separates from rose oil. β-
1234:, which are the only roses without
1052:of Colorado. Roses were present in
952:, among the richest sources of any
6438:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002432-2
6087:, beautification and conservation
5311:State flowers of the United States
5039:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)
4714:World Federation of Rose Societies
4507:Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden
3743:World Federation of Rose Societies
1288:(also known as the chestnut rose).
710:, which was perhaps borrowed from
25:
5232:Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
3676:"National Flower | The Rose"
3334:"rosepetal candy – Google Search"
3197:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
2685:"How Did Roses Get Their Thorns?"
1964:, Aphrodite protects the body of
690:development of the wide range of
669:, with smaller numbers native to
5268:
5200:
4778:
4777:
4582:Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden
4186:
3572:Watts, Donald C. (May 2, 2007).
2813:University of Illinois Extension
2260:
2237:
2222:
2201:
2186:
2171:
1816:In France, there is much use of
1106:
601:
571:
184:
5144:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4740:American Garden Rose Selections
3142:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.790.36
2712:Plant Systematics and Evolution
2683:Zimmer, Carl (August 1, 2024).
2426:International Plant Names Index
2379:International Plant Names Index
2194:Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil
2162:The rose is often exchanged on
2136:Other impressionists including
2060:have had a Crown Rosary of the
1928:, is used as a minor source of
1497:having morphed into additional
1427:grown for their flowers in the
1117:needs additional citations for
477:Decne. ex Hurst, nom. illeg.
5011:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean
4912:Liberty Enlightening the World
4642:San Jose Municipal Rose Garden
4567:International Rose Test Garden
3255:"Rosewater recipes – BBC Food"
3094:. May 14, 2001. Archived from
3039:Journal of Experimental Botany
3004:. Cambridge University Press.
2196:with a rose in her hair (1849)
2064:. In the 1400s and 1500s, the
2052:pick either red or white roses
2046:the scene in the Temple Garden
1765:—especially in sweets such as
1504:In the early 19th century the
1458:), ornamental thorns (such as
1:
5625:Pink and white lady's slipper
5018:The Stars and Stripes Forever
2515:"Roses - Rosa | Plants | Kew"
2499:Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961).
1254:for "western rose") contains
1035:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
844:but a few (particularly from
774:A close-up of a climbing rose
525:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
501:(Endl.) Rchb., nom. rejic.
398:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
366:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
4652:Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild
4552:Government Rose Garden, Ooty
4542:Garden Society of Gothenburg
3357:Food and Drug Administration
2977:www.treesandshrubsonline.org
2949:10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27
1868:generally recognized as safe
1847:Rose creams (rose-flavoured
1612:Rose perfumes are made from
910:do not produce hips, as the
5123:Battle Hymn of the Republic
5060:The Army Goes Rolling Along
4709:Royal National Rose Society
4688:All-America Rose Selections
4532:Exposition Park Rose Garden
2436:Harvard University Herbaria
2389:Harvard University Herbaria
2089:in a conflict known as the
1890:L., and vars. of these spp.
1071:A study of the patterns of
6584:
6568:Constantly blooming plants
6075:, state children's flower
5574:White pine cone and tassel
3452:Cyrino, Monica S. (2010).
2850:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6
2477:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2472:Plants of the World Online
2432:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2385:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2279:
2267:Insignia of the Brazilian
2056:Ever since the 1400s, the
1943:
1571:
1531:
1439:
1095:
968:, which then disperse the
891:ovaries that develop into
816:Exterior view of rose buds
29:
6064:
6025:Bougainvillea spectabilis
5317:
5266:
5216:
5116:The Washington Post March
5053:Lift Every Voice and Sing
4773:
4765:Roses in Portland, Oregon
4667:Zakir Hussain Rose Garden
4383:Xiphinema diversicaudatum
4184:
3805:
3419:Oxford English Dictionary
2903:10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x
2732:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3
2605:Mabberley, D. J. (1997).
2210:The Roses of Heliogabalus
1994:, who is identified with
1862:, there are only certain
1797:, or combined with other
359:
352:
338:
333:
320:
313:
181:Scientific classification
179:
164:
155:
138:
129:
53:
5389:Rocky Mountain columbine
4990:The Star-Spangled Banner
4512:All-American Rose Garden
4326:Specific replant disease
4148:Souvenir de la Malmaison
3933:Diana, Princess of Wales
3575:Dictionary of Plant Lore
2248:is a combination of the
1628:and then spread through
1493:with many or all of the
1423:Roses are best known as
1079:of roses indicated that
879:(or in the case of some
782:A bright yellow rose in
730:), itself borrowed from
144:, a wild rose native to
5137:You're a Grand Old Flag
4657:White House Rose Garden
3760:Encyclopædia Britannica
3424:Oxford University Press
2652:10.1126/science.ado1663
2075:The Feast of the Rosary
1376:), others in east Asia.
906:. Many of the domestic
653:. They form a group of
493:Neck., nom. invalid.
6081:, state floral emblem
5359:Saguaro cactus blossom
5151:This Land Is Your Land
4362:Pratylenchus penetrans
4348:Helicotylenchus nannus
4310:Phragmidium mucronatum
3000:The Culture of Flowers
2503:. G. & C. Merriam.
2053:
1747:
1706:
1693:
1609:
1543:
1198:
1184:
1176:
1170:San Marino, California
976:, also eat the seeds.
825:
817:
809:
801:
790:
775:
546:
40:Roses (disambiguation)
6407:Paleobiology Database
5226:National coat of arms
5158:Battle Cry of Freedom
5109:National Emblem March
5004:America the Beautiful
4750:List of rose breeders
4439:Red Rose of Lancaster
3551:Description of Greece
2250:red rose of Lancaster
2146:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2125:Pierre-Joseph Redouté
2081:Roses symbolised the
2039:
1742:
1699:
1686:
1585:
1572:Further information:
1542:Bouquet of pink roses
1541:
1194:'Evêque', painted by
1190:
1182:
1163:
823:
815:
807:
796:
781:
773:
537:
44:Rosa (disambiguation)
36:Rosé (disambiguation)
32:Rose (disambiguation)
5919:Tennessee coneflower
5908:Purple passionflower
5846:Penngift crown vetch
5783:Large white trillium
5489:Syringa, mock orange
4879:Pledge of Allegiance
4869:General Grant (tree)
4760:Miracle of the roses
4592:Parnell Rose Gardens
4587:Parc de la Tête d'or
4522:Château de Bagatelle
4517:Berkeley Rose Garden
4404:Black rose symbolism
3978:Great Maiden's Blush
3492:Clark, Nora (2015).
3159:Stewart, D. (2005).
2996:Goody, Jack (1993).
2687:. The New York Times
2123:artist and botanist
1916:As a food ingredient
1795:flavour ordinary tea
1746:made with rose water
1126:improve this article
1098:List of Rosa species
1050:Florissant Formation
1000:Rosa pimpinellifolia
983:, outgrowths of the
948:), are very rich in
921:Rosa pimpinellifolia
30:For other uses, see
6069:: state wildflower
5701:Pink lady's slipper
4965:Novus ordo seclorum
4910:Statue of Liberty (
4719:Portland Gold Award
4637:Różanka Rose Garden
4612:Rose Garden, Coburg
4547:Giardino delle Rose
4429:Kutno Rose Festival
4369:Pratylenchus vulnus
4196:Rose classification
4108:Princesse de Monaco
4038:Louis de Funès rose
3973:Général Jacqueminot
3943:Duchess of Cornwall
3696:. Growerflowers.com
3680:statesymbolsusa.org
3422:(Online ed.).
3360:. 6 September 2019.
3294:Samanth Subramanian
3230:"Rose Hip Benefits"
3092:FOODNET Uganda 2009
2724:2007PSyEv.266...45D
2567:The Free Dictionary
2131:Henri Fantin-Latour
1858:Under the American
1822:Indian subcontinent
1811:Indian subcontinent
1763:South Asian cuisine
1522:Abney Park Cemetery
169:'Precious Platinum'
5975:Coast rhododendron
5333:Oak-leaf hydrangea
5242:National flowers:
5088:The Air Force Song
4622:Rosendals Trädgård
4617:Rose trial grounds
4572:McGill Rose Garden
4489:White Rose of York
4479:Thousand-year Rose
4444:Rosalia (festival)
4133:Schoener's Nutkana
4128:Royal William rose
3559:2018-09-28 at the
3130:Acta Horticulturae
3052:10.1093/jxb/ers387
2838:Scientific Reports
2350:Rose trial grounds
2276:Pests and diseases
2254:white rose of York
2164:St. Valentines Day
2155:In 1986 President
2054:
1748:
1707:
1694:
1610:
1544:
1199:
1185:
1177:
1166:Huntington Library
1164:Blooming roses at
1015:and protect their
826:
818:
810:
802:
791:
776:
657:that can be erect
553:is either a woody
547:
539:Rosa hemisphaerica
6520:
6519:
6394:Open Tree of Life
6106:Taxon identifiers
6097:
6096:
6005:Indian paintbrush
5778:Scarlet carnation
5768:Wild prairie rose
5747:Flowering dogwood
5523:Wild prairie rose
5479:Hawaiian hibiscus
5277:
5276:
5230:National anthem:
5167:
5166:
5046:God Bless America
5025:Hail to the Chief
4934:West Potomac Park
4791:
4790:
4676:Rose competitions
4627:Roseraie de L'Haÿ
4607:Rosarium Uetersen
4454:Rose Hall of Fame
4424:Gold-dipped roses
4392:
4391:
4355:Meloidogyne hapla
4331:Verticillium wilt
4239:Rose hip seed oil
4217:Uses and products
4113:Princess of Wales
4098:Precious Platinum
3948:Duke of Edinburgh
3913:Chrysler Imperial
3628:978-0-7391-3015-5
3589:978-0-12-374086-1
3505:978-1-4438-7127-3
3465:978-0-415-77523-6
3430:(Subscription or
3296:(27 April 2012).
3172:978-0-934426-99-2
2958:978-3-319-90697-3
2620:978-0-521-41421-0
2340:Rose Hall of Fame
2269:Order of the Rose
2091:Wars of the Roses
2050:Wars of the Roses
1940:Art and symbolism
1902:Rose fruit (hips)
1828:, a concentrated
1809:is common in the
1734:rose hip seed oil
1506:Empress Josephine
1436:Ornamental plants
1425:ornamental plants
1231:Rosa berberifolia
1158:
1157:
1150:
1085:DNA damage repair
1073:natural selection
706:comes from Latin
647:tens of thousands
595:), in the family
532:
531:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
425:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
309:
16:(Redirected from
6575:
6548:Medicinal plants
6513:
6512:
6500:
6499:
6487:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6464:
6463:
6454:
6453:
6441:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6415:
6414:
6402:
6401:
6389:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6366:
6365:
6363:NHMSYS0000462442
6353:
6352:
6340:
6339:
6327:
6326:
6314:
6313:
6301:
6300:
6288:
6287:
6275:
6274:
6262:
6261:
6249:
6248:
6236:
6235:
6223:
6222:
6210:
6209:
6197:
6196:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6073:
5965:American dogwood
5926:
5925:
5915:
5914:
5884:
5883:
5872:Yellow jessamine
5853:
5852:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5810:
5790:
5789:
5759:
5758:
5708:
5707:
5647:
5646:
5616:
5615:
5584:Black-eyed susan
5565:
5564:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5442:
5441:
5411:
5410:
5404:Mirabilis jalapa
5379:California poppy
5340:
5339:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5252:National plant:
5248:Marguerite daisy
5238:St. Lucia amazon
5206:National symbols
5204:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5171:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4781:
4780:
4728:Related articles
4693:Rose of the Year
4602:Rome Rose Garden
4577:Mottisfont Abbey
4464:Rose of the Year
4376:Tylenchorhynchus
4269:
4190:
4043:Margaret McGredy
4013:Julia Child rose
3983:Harison's Yellow
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3652:, pp. 65–67
3650:Cucciniello 2008
3647:
3641:
3640:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3569:
3563:
3544:
3538:
3537:, fragment 288.4
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3023:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2941:Ornamental Crops
2932:
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2915:
2905:
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2407:
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2404:
2403:
2366:
2264:
2241:
2226:
2205:
2190:
2175:
1946:Rose (symbolism)
1607:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1389:Pimpinellifoliae
1257:Rosa minutifolia
1153:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1110:
1102:
679:Northwest Africa
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
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622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
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524:
516:
509:(Gand.) Gand.
508:
500:
492:
485:(Gand.) Gand.
484:
476:
469:(Gand.) Gand.
468:
460:
453:(Gand.) Gand.
452:
444:
434:
431:
421:
413:
405:
397:
390:(Gand.) Gand.
389:
382:(Gand.) Gand.
381:
374:(Gand.) Gand.
373:
365:
305:
189:
188:
175:garden cultivar
160:
134:
124:
61:
57:Temporal range:
51:
21:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6538:Catalan symbols
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6508:
6503:
6495:
6490:
6482:
6480:
6472:
6467:
6459:
6457:
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6431:
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6405:
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6392:
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6108:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6059:
6015:Paogo (Ulafala)
5923:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5881:
5880:
5850:
5849:
5841:Mountain laurel
5819:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5787:
5786:
5756:
5755:
5705:
5704:
5644:
5643:
5613:
5612:
5609:Dwarf lake iris
5562:
5561:
5467:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5439:
5438:
5408:
5407:
5399:Mountain laurel
5337:
5336:
5313:
5308:
5278:
5273:
5264:
5258:National tree:
5236:National bird:
5212:
5198:
5168:
5163:
4977:
4958:E pluribus unum
4952:In God We Trust
4940:
4898:
4827:
4822:
4792:
4787:
4769:
4723:
4697:
4671:
4527:Europa-Rosarium
4493:
4459:Rose (heraldry)
4388:
4335:
4258:
4212:
4208:Hybrid tea rose
4191:
4182:
4118:Queen Elizabeth
4023:Heidi Klum rose
3883:Bridge of Sighs
3843:American Beauty
3838:Albéric Barbier
3814:
3801:
3796:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3699:
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3692:
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3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3606:. 20 July 2016.
3602:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3561:Wayback Machine
3545:
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2256:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
1948:
1942:
1924:, usually from
1918:
1880:Rosa centifolia
1874:Rose absolute:
1767:Turkish delight
1689:Rosa rubiginosa
1681:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1570:
1536:
1530:
1491:double-flowered
1455:Rosa rubiginosa
1444:
1438:
1421:
1373:Rosa gymnocarpa
1285:Rosa roxburghii
1236:compound leaves
1154:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1069:
1043:
900:aggregate fruit
768:
700:
604:
600:
574:
570:
558:flowering plant
432: Hulthemosa
429:
329:
326:
323:Rosa cinnamomea
304:
183:
141:Rosa rubiginosa
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
55:
47:
28:
27:Genus of plants
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6497:wfo-4000033476
6488:
6478:
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6455:
6442:
6429:
6416:
6403:
6390:
6380:
6367:
6354:
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6328:
6315:
6302:
6289:
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6263:
6250:
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6159:
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6134:
6118:
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6095:
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6037:
6027:
6017:
6007:
5997:
5987:
5977:
5967:
5957:
5947:
5937:
5935:Bluebonnet sp.
5927:
5895:
5885:
5864:
5854:
5833:
5823:
5804:Indian blanket
5791:
5770:
5760:
5739:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5688:
5678:
5668:
5658:
5648:
5627:
5617:
5596:
5586:
5576:
5566:
5558:Louisiana iris
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5443:
5430:Orange blossom
5422:
5412:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5309:
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5292:
5284:
5275:
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5199:
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5189:
5182:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5095:Semper Paratus
5091:
5084:
5081:Semper Fidelis
5077:
5070:
5067:Anchors Aweigh
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5032:Hail, Columbia
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4924:Mount Rushmore
4921:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:American Creed
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4823:
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4774:
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4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:Wohl Rose Park
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Peninsula Park
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
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4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Rose symbolism
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4306:
4304:Powdery mildew
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Silver Jubilee
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Mrs Fred Danks
4055:
4053:Mister Lincoln
4050:
4048:Marilyn Monroe
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Ingrid Bergman
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Double Delight
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Conquista rose
3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Charles Austin
3900:
3898:Cécile Brünner
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Blush Noisette
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3820:Rose cultivars
3816:
3815:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3751:, ed. (1911).
3749:Chisholm, Hugh
3745:
3738:
3737:External links
3735:
3732:
3731:
3706:
3685:
3667:
3654:
3642:
3627:
3609:
3595:
3588:
3564:
3539:
3527:
3511:
3504:
3471:
3464:
3437:
3403:
3381:
3363:
3343:
3325:
3307:
3285:
3267:
3246:
3234:Herbwisdom.com
3221:
3206:
3178:
3171:
3151:
3124:Rosa damascena
3112:
3076:
3045:(4): 847–857.
3025:
3010:
2988:
2964:
2957:
2927:
2890:BMC Plant Biol
2873:
2824:
2800:
2779:10.1086/663965
2773:(3): 239–250.
2753:
2718:(1–2): 45–57.
2698:
2675:
2646:(6708): 1663.
2626:
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2310:
2307:
2280:Main article:
2277:
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2228:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2083:Houses of York
2070:Albrecht Dürer
2021:Following the
1983:The Golden Ass
1952:ancient Greece
1944:Main article:
1941:
1938:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1884:Rosa damascena
1755:Middle Eastern
1680:
1679:Food and drink
1677:
1618:essential oils
1601:
1592:
1569:
1566:
1532:Main article:
1529:
1526:
1440:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1363:
1355:
1343:
1335:
1321:
1313:
1289:
1271:
1243:
1220:Southwest Asia
1216:Simplicifoliae
1156:
1155:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1042:
1039:
1011:and so reduce
989:modified stems
881:Rosa omeiensis
862:Rosa omeiensis
852:or nearly so.
846:Southeast Asia
767:
764:
741:), related to
699:
696:
543:Rosa sulphurea
530:
529:
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6569:
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6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:Garden plants
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
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6408:
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5932:
5928:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5893:Pasque flower
5891:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5855:
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5847:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5816:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5799:Oklahoma rose
5797:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5753:
5752:Carolina lily
5748:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5604:Apple blossom
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5463:Cherokee rose
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:Peach blossom
5418:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:Apple blossom
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:Forget-me-not
5347:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5271:
5261:
5260:Calabash tree
5257:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:National flag
5219:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:Yankee Doodle
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:Marines' Hymn
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4972:Annuit cœptis
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4929:National Mall
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4784:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:Organizations
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Rose hip soup
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Violet Carson
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Queen Sirikit
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Princess Anne
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Mrs. Harkness
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Anne Harkness
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Abraham Darby
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3682:. 6 May 2014.
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3207:0-8117-0616-8
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3113:
3101:on 2012-06-30
3097:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:0-521-41441-5
3007:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2989:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Rose (colour)
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2179:Codex Manesse
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2157:Ronald Reagan
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:Tudor dynasty
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:Rose leaves:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:rainbow roses
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Mediterranean
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:North America
1265:
1264:
1263:Rosa stellata
1259:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:United States
1171:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1115:This section
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:by the early
1055:
1051:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
822:
814:
808:Rose leaflets
806:
800:
795:
789:
785:
780:
772:
765:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:North America
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
598:
592:
568:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
523:
520:
515:
512:
507:
504:
499:
496:
491:
488:
483:
480:
475:
472:
467:
464:
459:
456:
451:
448:
443:
440:
437:
433:
427:
424:
420:
417:
412:
409:
404:
401:
396:
393:
388:
385:
380:
377:
372:
369:
364:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
347:
345:
337:
332:
325:
324:
319:
316:
312:
308:
303:
302:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:Tracheophytes
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
163:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:Eocene–Recent
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6113:
6066:
6055:Yellow elder
6049:
6039:
6029:
6019:
6009:
5999:
5989:
5985:Rhododendron
5979:
5969:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5917:
5906:
5897:
5887:
5875:
5866:
5856:
5844:
5835:
5831:Oregon grape
5825:
5813:
5802:
5793:
5781:
5772:
5762:
5750:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5727:Yucca flower
5721:
5711:
5699:
5696:Purple lilac
5690:
5680:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5638:
5629:
5619:
5607:
5598:
5588:
5578:
5568:
5556:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5461:
5450:
5445:
5433:
5424:
5414:
5402:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5353:
5343:
5331:
5322:
5243:
5102:Semper Supra
4970:
4963:
4956:
4919:Liberty Bell
4911:
4883:
4864:Phrygian cap
4499:Rose gardens
4449:Rose (color)
4434:Rainbow rose
4414:English rose
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4321:Sooty moulds
4308:
4294:Downy mildew
4229:Garden roses
4178:Wife of Bath
4168:Veilchenblau
4143:Soleil d'Or'
4003:Jeanie Deans
3968:Garden Party
3963:English Miss
3809:
3798:
3758:
3754:"Rose"
3723:. Retrieved
3721:. 2019-02-13
3718:
3709:
3698:. Retrieved
3688:
3679:
3670:
3657:
3645:
3618:
3612:
3598:
3574:
3567:
3550:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3494:
3454:
3417:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3366:
3355:
3346:
3338:google.co.uk
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3302:The National
3301:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3259:. Retrieved
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3224:
3196:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3091:
3079:
3042:
3038:
3028:
2999:
2991:
2980:. Retrieved
2976:
2967:
2940:
2930:
2893:
2889:
2844:(1): 15437.
2841:
2837:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2678:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2608:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:
2562:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2500:
2480:. Retrieved
2470:
2465:
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2424:
2418:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2377:
2371:
2364:
2292:
2285:
2208:
2161:
2154:
2142:Paul Cézanne
2138:Claude Monet
2135:
2129:
2118:
2103:
2080:
2073:
2072:'s painting
2055:
2020:
1981:
1959:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1899:Rose flowers
1888:Rosa gallica
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1815:
1749:
1712:are high in
1708:
1701:
1687:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1611:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1520:nursery for
1503:
1472:
1467:Rosa moyesii
1465:
1461:Rosa sericea
1459:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1442:Garden roses
1422:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:(syn. sect.
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1332:North Africa
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1247:Hesperrhodos
1246:
1245:
1229:
1225:Rosa persica
1223:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1192:Rosa gallica
1191:
1144:
1135:
1124:Please help
1119:verification
1116:
1070:
1062:
1044:
1032:
998:
992:
978:
945:
937:
919:
897:
885:Rosa sericea
884:
880:
868:Rosa sericea
866:
860:
854:
827:
759:
752:
745:
738:
734:
727:
719:
707:
703:
701:
692:garden roses
565:
564:
550:
548:
542:
538:
521:
514:Saintpierrea
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
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449:
441:
428:
418:
414:Cockerell
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
343:
339:
321:
315:Type species
300:
299:
243:
230:
217:
204:
166:
139:
48:
18:Rosa (plant)
6306:iNaturalist
6138:Wikispecies
6035:Flores mayo
5995:Wood violet
5210:Saint Lucia
4419:Golden Rose
4279:Anthracnose
4224:Cut flowers
4153:Spice Twice
4093:Pink Wonder
4033:Line Renaud
4018:'Just Joey'
4008:Joanna Hill
3888:Buff Beauty
3863:Beirut Rose
3858:Arthur Bell
3257:. Bbc.co.uk
2691:1 September
2519:www.kew.org
2335:Rose garden
2215:Alma-Tadema
2066:Carthusians
2058:Franciscans
2042:Henry Payne
2027:Virgin Mary
1851:covered in
1803:herbal teas
1783:gulab jamun
1744:Gulab jamun
1703:Rosa rugosa
1700:Farming of
1673:Damascenone
1665:citronellol
1555:greenhouses
1548:cut flowers
1534:Cut flowers
1528:Cut flowers
1477:countries,
1449:Rosa glauca
1402:Cinnamomeae
1367:Gymnocarpae
1275:Platyrhodon
1083:related to
994:Rosa rugosa
946:Rosa rugosa
942:rugosa rose
938:Rosa canina
916:pollination
732:Old Persian
681:. Species,
474:Platyrhodon
445:Chrshan.
442:Juzepczukia
411:Hesperhodos
276:Subfamily:
224:Angiosperms
6527:Categories
5955:Red clover
5666:Bitterroot
4849:Bald eagle
4844:Great Seal
4562:Hex Castle
4484:Tudor rose
4299:Grey mould
4284:Black spot
4254:Rose water
4203:Floribunda
4088:Perle d'Or
3893:Camp David
3848:Angel Face
3725:2024-02-14
3700:2021-02-26
3524:23.185–187
3434:required.)
3392:. Pfaf.org
3320:google.com
3261:2021-02-26
3239:17 January
3020:1148849511
2982:2024-05-19
2896:(1): 371.
2818:2021-02-26
2553:2023-02-24
2548:Britannica
2524:2024-05-03
2482:2024-01-20
2449:2010-06-27
2402:2010-06-27
2356:References
2246:Tudor rose
2106:Tudor rose
2099:Lancashire
2004:René Rapin
1934:Diarrhodon
1818:rose syrup
1751:Rose water
1649:centifolia
1622:rose water
1586:Geraniol (
1578:Rose water
1381:Laevigatae
1359:Gallicanae
1317:Bracteatae
1309:Banksianae
1278:(from the
1250:(from the
1214:(formerly
1201:The genus
1024:sand dunes
926:hypanthium
637:), or the
490:Rhodophora
403:Ernestella
173:hybrid tea
6563:Rosoideae
6241:FloraBase
5945:Sego lily
5877:Goldenrod
5815:Mistletoe
5686:Sagebrush
5676:Goldenrod
5594:Mayflower
5543:Goldenrod
5533:Sunflower
4903:Landmarks
4854:Uncle Sam
4469:Rose show
4409:Blue rose
4163:Sunsprite
4158:Sun Flare
4078:Old Blush
4028:La France
3928:De Rescht
3878:Bonica 82
3637:248733215
3547:Pausanias
3455:Aphrodite
3136:: 251–4.
2787:1058-5893
2740:0378-2697
2440:Libraries
2393:Libraries
2345:Rose show
2095:Yorkshire
2087:Lancaster
2008:Rhodanthe
1974:Pausanias
1958:. In the
1956:Aphrodite
1930:vitamin C
1926:R. canina
1896:Rose buds
1876:Rosa alba
1853:chocolate
1834:ice cream
1826:Rooh Afza
1726:marmalade
1714:vitamin C
1710:Rose hips
1639:damascena
1514:cultivars
1510:Malmaison
1487:cultivars
1409:Synstylae
1347:Chinensis
1339:Carolinae
1211:Hulthemia
1058:Oligocene
1041:Evolution
985:epidermis
950:vitamin C
908:cultivars
850:evergreen
842:deciduous
799:epidermis
702:The name
698:Etymology
683:cultivars
651:cultivars
555:perennial
522:Scheutzia
498:Rhodopsis
461:Lindl.
419:Hulthemia
371:Chabertia
280:Rosoideae
194:Kingdom:
150:West Asia
6469:VicFlora
6458:VASCAN:
6451:40026937
6446:Tropicos
6202:eFloraSA
6123:Wikidata
5656:Hawthorn
5640:Tickseed
5635:Magnolia
5553:Magnolia
5503:Milkweed
5435:Tickseed
5328:Camellia
4859:Columbia
4783:Category
4735:ADR rose
4272:Diseases
4249:Rose oil
4234:Rose hip
4073:Oklahoma
3988:'KORbin'
3868:Belmonte
3808:List of
3557:Archived
3396:13 March
3194:(1974).
3165:. Care.
3105:13 March
3071:23364936
2922:30579326
2868:29133839
2795:83909271
2748:10169419
2670:39088611
2661:11305333
2590:13 March
2315:ADR rose
2309:See also
2299:arachnid
2288:Rosaceae
2252:and the
2231:Viljandi
1988:Apuleius
1922:rose hip
1870:(GRAS).
1801:to make
1661:geraniol
1658:alcohols
1614:rose oil
1574:Rose oil
1518:Loddiges
1240:stipules
1138:May 2021
1005:browsing
981:prickles
966:waxwings
962:thrushes
960:such as
934:dog rose
904:rose hip
889:superior
838:stipules
784:Radovanu
757:Parthian
663:prickles
597:Rosaceae
517:Germ.
506:Ripartia
466:Ozanonia
450:Laggeria
406:Germ.
395:Crepinia
387:Cottetia
379:Chavinia
354:Synonyms
342:List of
334:Species
270:Rosaceae
266:Family:
237:Eudicots
6337:1333135
6324:34015-1
6285:8395064
6067:Italics
4832:Symbols
4397:Culture
4264:Threats
3998:Ispahan
3923:Cupcake
3812:species
3663:La Rosa
3147:Persia.
3062:3594942
2913:6303930
2859:5684293
2720:Bibcode
2640:Science
2150:Trieste
2121:Belgian
2114:England
2112:and of
2012:Artemis
1886:Mill.,
1849:fondant
1807:gulkand
1775:baklava
1759:Persian
1669:alkanes
1568:Perfume
1495:stamens
1483:hybrids
1326:Caninae
1266:, from
1196:Redouté
1092:Species
1075:in the
1021:coastal
1013:erosion
974:finches
930:achenes
912:flowers
893:achenes
857:flowers
834:pinnate
788:Romania
750:Sogdian
743:Avestan
726:βρόδον
714:, from
687:hybrids
643:species
560:of the
541:(syn.:
482:Pugetia
423:Dumort.
363:Bakeria
346:species
296:Genus:
286:Tribe:
260:Rosales
256:Order:
198:Plantae
6510:425714
6420:PLANTS
6412:157343
6399:259066
6383:NZOR:
6272:128746
6259:128746
6181:121288
6155:194483
6152:APDB:
6129:Q34687
5862:Violet
5717:Violet
5499:Violet
5452:Azalea
5254:Bamboo
5246:&
4945:Mottos
4289:Canker
4068:Nevada
3908:Chopin
3635:
3625:
3586:
3554:6.24.7
3535:Ibycus
3502:
3462:
3413:"dia-"
3280:eCurry
3216:799792
3214:
3204:
3169:
3069:
3059:
3018:
3008:
2955:
2937:"Rose"
2920:
2910:
2866:
2856:
2793:
2785:
2746:
2738:
2668:
2658:
2617:
2438:&
2428:(IPNI)
2391:&
2381:(IPNI)
2303:fungal
2295:insect
2217:(1888)
2031:rosary
2016:Apollo
2000:donkey
1978:Adonis
1970:Ibycus
1966:Hector
1830:squash
1791:nougat
1789:, and
1787:knafeh
1761:, and
1728:, and
1663:and L-
1630:Arabia
1626:Persia
1499:petals
1479:Persia
1429:garden
1302:Eurosa
1077:genome
1067:Genome
1054:Europe
1047:Eocene
940:) and
877:sepals
848:) are
830:leaves
766:Botany
746:varəδa
728:wródon
724:Aeolic
720:rhódon
718:ῥόδον
677:, and
671:Europe
659:shrubs
655:plants
639:flower
290:Roseae
250:Rosids
146:Europe
42:, and
6533:Roses
6505:WoRMS
6481:WoI:
6425:ROSA5
6350:24807
6332:IRMNG
6311:53438
6298:10544
6246:21507
6233:1ROSG
6220:29911
6194:63S6D
6168:76081
5513:Peony
4997:Dixie
4982:Songs
4894:Bison
4340:Pests
4083:Peace
3958:Elina
3833:Alain
3799:Roses
3520:Iliad
3428:
3099:(PDF)
3088:(PDF)
2791:S2CID
2744:S2CID
2584:"GOL"
1996:Venus
1961:Iliad
1838:kulfi
1799:herbs
1779:halva
1771:barfi
1722:jelly
1352:Burma
1296:(the
1280:Greek
1252:Greek
1081:genes
1017:roots
970:seeds
958:birds
954:plant
873:petal
739:wurdi
716:Greek
712:Oscan
562:genus
458:Lowea
244:Clade
231:Clade
218:Clade
205:Clade
6461:1627
6433:POWO
6376:3764
6371:NCBI
6345:ITIS
6319:IPNI
6293:GRIN
6280:GBIF
6228:EPPO
6207:Rosa
6176:BOLD
6163:APNI
6144:Rosa
6114:Rosa
6045:Maga
5903:Iris
5737:Rose
5244:Rose
4884:Rose
4839:Flag
4315:rust
3953:Eden
3810:Rosa
3719:TIME
3633:OCLC
3623:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3460:ISBN
3398:2013
3241:2017
3212:OCLC
3202:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3107:2013
3067:PMID
3016:OCLC
3006:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2918:PMID
2864:PMID
2783:ISSN
2736:ISSN
2693:2024
2666:PMID
2615:ISBN
2592:2013
2571:rose
2466:Rosa
2419:Rosa
2372:Rosa
2301:and
2244:The
2144:and
2104:The
2097:and
2085:and
1992:Isis
1920:The
1910:spp.
1907:Rosa
1882:L.,
1878:L.,
1864:Rosa
1836:and
1730:soup
1692:hips
1645:Rosa
1635:Rosa
1576:and
1485:and
1452:and
1419:Uses
1397:Rosa
1298:type
1293:Rosa
1260:and
1228:and
1203:Rosa
1028:deer
1009:sand
997:and
964:and
898:The
883:and
865:and
855:The
828:The
753:ward
735:wrd-
708:rosa
704:rose
685:and
667:Asia
645:and
566:Rosa
551:rose
436:Juz.
344:Rosa
340:See
301:Rosa
171:, a
167:Rosa
148:and
65:PreꞒ
54:Rose
6492:WFO
6484:517
6358:NBN
6267:FoC
6254:FNA
6215:EoL
6189:CoL
5208:of
4889:Oak
3580:322
3138:doi
3134:790
3057:PMC
3047:doi
2945:doi
2908:PMC
2898:doi
2854:PMC
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2775:doi
2771:173
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2716:266
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5991:WI
5981:WV
5971:WA
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5899:TN
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