40:
260:. After its failure, she insisted on a purge of the Moscow Bolshevik organisation. She was arrested in 1906, but escaped from a police station. She was arrested several times, and in October 1907 was imprisoned in the Lithuania Castle in St Petersburg. After her release in 1909, she was briefly the secretary of the Bolshevik organisation in Baku, before emigrating. She returned to Russia illegally in 1914, and took charge of illegal transport across the Finnish border. In 1915-16 she was the secretary of the Moscow party organisation.
365:
340:
229:
241:. She continued to support Lenin when he appeared to be losing control of the Bolsheviks, who wanted to bring about a reconciliation of the factions of the RSDLP. In July 1904, she travelled to Geneva for the conference of hard line Bolsheviks who formed the 'Bureau of Majority Committees', the forerunner of the
709:
704:
39:
322:
Before
Brusilov set out, a local decision was made to massacre those who had surrendered. According to the historian Donald Rayfield, Kun and Zemlyachka were lovers, and she was "a Cheka sadist who tied the officers in pairs to planks and burned them alive in furnaces or drowned them in barges that
360:
and the head of its complaints bureau. According to a tribute written to mark the 110th anniversary of her birth, she involved hundreds of workers and party members in her campaigns against bureaucracy. She became so well known as "the scourge of bureaucrats and red-tape mongers" that a letter
176:; 20 March 1876 – 21 January 1947) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. As a revolutionary, she was best known by the alias Zemlyachka, though she also used the party pseudonyms 'Demon' and 'Osipov', and her married name was Samoilova.
587:"ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°: ΠΠ± ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π . Π‘. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . (31 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 1939 Π³.)"
361:
reached her from the provinces with the address 'Moscow, Comrade
Zemlyachka'. In February 1934, she was appointed the head of the Transport Commission of the Soviet Control Commission, the successor organisation to Rabkrin.
347:
Between 1921-24, Zemlyachka was the secretary of the
Zamoskvoretsky district committee, Moscow. In 1924, she was sent to South East Russia. In 1925-26, she was the secretary of the Motovilikhsky district party committee, in
353:
236:
Zemlyachka was a delegate to the Second
Congress of the RSDLP, which convened in Brussels in July 1903, but she was arrested by the Belgian police and deported. When the RSDLP split into factions, she joined the
714:
724:
719:
311:, the last city held by the Whites, which offered an amnesty to those who surrendered to the Red Army. They were signed in the name of the former commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army, General
242:
689:
380:
161:
245:, to which she was elected, under the name 'Demon', on Lenin's recommendation. Afterwards she returned to Russia to build the Bolshevik organisation, visiting St Petersburg,
759:
749:
754:
331:
emigre press. A Crimean Cheka report in 1921 showed that 441 people were shot with a modern estimation that 5,000-12,000 people in total were executed in Crimea.
271:, she directed the armed uprising in the Rogozhsk-Simonovsky district of Moscow. In 1918, she supported the 'Left Communists', who opposed the signing of the
764:
699:
379:, Zemlyachka received a major promotion in May 1939, when she was appointed Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission and a Deputy Chairman of the
324:
200:
669:
664:
769:
684:
157:
739:
621:
554:
510:
323:
she sank offshore. Estimates vary of the number killed, which may have been 70,000. Social scientist, Nikolay Zayats, from the
729:
659:
383:. She is the only woman to have served at this level in the Stalinist period, and the first woman to be decorated with the
734:
283:
on the southern front, she supported the 'military opposition', who objected to the deployment of former officers of the
613:
744:
694:
674:
391:
384:
369:
272:
257:
112:
315:, who was persuaded to go to Crimea to supervise their surrender by the Deputy People's Commissar for War,
191:, (Kiev) the daughter of a wealthy Jewish merchant, Samuil Markovich Zalkind. She was educated in a girls'
284:
679:
654:
649:
473:
The
Russian Revolution of 1905, The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism
710:
Members of the
Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
264:
705:
Members of the
Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
268:
196:
192:
131:
617:
550:
506:
316:
276:
246:
327:
has disputed the large, βfantasticβ estimates and attributed this to eyewitness accounts and
312:
546:
525:
364:
218:
208:
75:
643:
304:
222:
533:
349:
267:, Zemlyachka was appointed the secretary of the Moscow party committee. During the
101:
97:
545:
Robert
Gellately (2007). Lenin, Stalin and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.
339:
376:
199:. From age of 17, she was involved in revolutionary activities. A member of the
431:
228:
328:
308:
300:
238:
633:
390:
Zemlyachka died on 21 January, 1947 in Moscow. Her ashes were buried at the
280:
568:
411:"A Fiery Bolshevik: The 110th Anniversary of the Birth of R.S.Zemlyachka".
307:, was evacuating the peninsula. Leaflets were dropped by aeroplane over
357:
296:
204:
93:
363:
338:
227:
213:
432:"ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π ΠΎΠ·Π°Π»ΠΈΡ Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° 1876-1947 ΠΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ"
530:
Stalin and His
Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.
250:
188:
71:
586:
243:
Central
Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
256:
In December 1905, she was in Moscow at the time of the
503:
A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution, 18891-1924
725:
Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
715:
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
569:"On the scale of the Red Terror during the Civil War"
195:
in Kiev, and later at the Faculty of Medicine of the
720:
First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
475:. Chicago: Chicago U.P. pp. 53β54, 218, 257β59.
356:. In 1926, she became a member of the collegium of
153:
145:
137:
127:
119:
108:
82:
53:
21:
381:Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
352:. Between 1924 and 1934, she was a member of the
299:party committee in November 1920, when the last
690:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
8:
456:Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin's widow) (1970).
375:As one of the Old Bolsheviks to survive the
490:. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 248, 265β66.
295:Zemlyachka was appointed secretary of the
38:
18:
760:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
634:http://www.knowbysight.info/ZZZ/02728.asp
426:
424:
422:
750:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
403:
325:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
755:20th-century Russian women politicians
488:The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia
201:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
7:
14:
203:since 1898, Zemlyachka worked in
16:Russian revolutionary (1876β1947)
765:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
700:People of the Russian Revolution
505:. London: Pimlico. p. 720.
232:Zemlyachka in her youth, c. 1900
162:Council of People's Commissariat
343:Rosalia Zemlyachka in the 1930s
303:left in the war, commanded by
1:
291:Massacre of the 'Wrangelites'
170:Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka
45:
670:Jews from the Russian Empire
665:People from Kiev Governorate
471:Shwarz, Soloman M. (1967).
174:Π ΠΎΠ·Π°Π»ΠΈΡ Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°
786:
614:Cambridge University Press
368:Zemlyachka's grave at the
354:Central Control Commission
290:
58:Rosalia Samoilovna Zalkind
770:University of Lyon alumni
685:Jewish Soviet politicians
173:
37:
28:
740:Soviet women in politics
609:Barbara Evans Clements,
172:, nΓ©e Zalkind (Russian:
29:
501:Figes, Orlando (1997).
392:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
385:Order of the Red Banner
370:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
279:, when she served as a
273:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
113:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
460:. Panther. p. 86.
372:
344:
233:
217:newspaper, founded by
730:Female mass murderers
660:Politicians from Kyiv
486:Keep, J.H.L. (1963).
367:
342:
285:Imperial Russian Army
231:
149:Marxist revolutionary
735:Female war criminals
269:Bolshevik Revolution
211:as an agent for the
265:February Revolution
373:
345:
281:military commissar
234:
197:University of Lyon
132:University of Lyon
23:Rosalia Zemlyachka
591:ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π₯Π₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
567:Zayats, Nikolay.
458:Memories of Lenin
317:Ephraim Sklyansky
277:Russian Civil War
167:
166:
777:
611:Bolshevik Women.
602:
601:
599:
597:
583:
577:
576:
564:
558:
543:
537:
523:
517:
516:
498:
492:
491:
483:
477:
476:
468:
462:
461:
453:
447:
446:
444:
442:
428:
417:
416:
408:
313:Aleksei Brusilov
175:
89:
67:
65:
47:
42:
32:
31:Π ΠΎΠ·Π°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°
19:
785:
784:
780:
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
745:Left communists
640:
639:
630:
606:
605:
595:
593:
585:
584:
580:
566:
565:
561:
544:
540:
526:Donald Rayfield
524:
520:
513:
500:
499:
495:
485:
484:
480:
470:
469:
465:
455:
454:
450:
440:
438:
430:
429:
420:
415:. 1 April 1986.
410:
409:
405:
400:
337:
293:
258:Moscow uprising
185:Rosalia Zalkind
182:
158:Deputy Chairman
128:Alma mater
104:
91:
87:
86:21 January 1947
78:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
783:
781:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Old Bolsheviks
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:Ukrainian Jews
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
642:
641:
638:
637:
629:
628:External links
626:
625:
624:
604:
603:
578:
559:
538:
518:
511:
493:
478:
463:
448:
418:
402:
401:
399:
396:
336:
333:
292:
289:
219:Vladimir Lenin
209:Yekaterinoslav
181:
178:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:Known for
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
92:
90:(aged 70)
84:
80:
79:
76:Russian Empire
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
782:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
645:
635:
632:
631:
627:
623:
622:9780521599207
619:
615:
612:
608:
607:
592:
588:
582:
579:
574:
570:
563:
560:
556:
555:1-4000-4005-1
552:
548:
542:
539:
536:, 2004; p. 83
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
514:
512:0-7126-7327-X
508:
504:
497:
494:
489:
482:
479:
474:
467:
464:
459:
452:
449:
437:
433:
427:
425:
423:
419:
414:
407:
404:
397:
395:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
371:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Baron Wrangel
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:. During the
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
226:
224:
223:Julius Martov
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
177:
171:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:Resting place
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:20 March 1876
56:
52:
41:
36:
27:
20:
610:
594:. Retrieved
590:
581:
572:
562:
541:
534:Random House
529:
521:
502:
496:
487:
481:
472:
466:
457:
451:
439:. Retrieved
435:
412:
406:
389:
374:
346:
335:Later career
321:
294:
262:
255:
235:
212:
187:was born in
184:
183:
169:
168:
102:Soviet Union
98:Russian SFSR
88:(1947-01-21)
680:Soviet Jews
655:1947 deaths
650:1876 births
573:scepsis.net
377:Great Purge
120:Nationality
44:Zemlyachka
644:Categories
532:New York:
329:White army
309:Sevastopol
301:White Army
263:After the
239:Bolsheviks
141:Politician
138:Occupation
64:1876-03-20
636:(Russian)
596:9 January
549:. p. 72.
441:8 January
193:gymnasium
180:Biography
616:, 1997,
115:, Moscow
436:Chronos
358:Rabkrin
297:Crimean
247:Georgia
160:of the
123:Russian
620:
553:
509:
413:Pravda
249:, and
205:Odessa
154:Office
94:Moscow
547:Knopf
398:Notes
214:Iskra
48:1900s
618:ISBN
598:2022
551:ISBN
507:ISBN
443:2022
350:Perm
319:.
251:Baku
221:and
207:and
189:Kyiv
83:Died
72:Kiev
54:Born
253:.
646::
589:.
571:.
528:.
434:.
421:^
394:.
387:.
287:.
225:.
100:,
96:,
74:,
46:c.
600:.
575:.
557:.
515:.
445:.
66:)
62:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
